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Journal articles on the topic 'Archaeology of Europe, the Mediterranean and the Levant'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Ghesini, S., and M. Marini. "Molecular characterization and phylogeny of Kalotermes populations from the Levant, and description of Kalotermes phoeniciae sp. nov." Bulletin of Entomological Research 105, no. 3 (March 17, 2015): 285–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485315000097.

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AbstractThe presence of the yellow-necked drywood termite, Kalotermes flavicollis Fabr., has been reported along most of the Mediterranean coasts of Europe, Africa and Asia. While morphological and genetic data exist on European K. flavicollis populations from western and central Mediterranean regions, data on eastern Mediterranean Kalotermes are scarce, and no genetic data exist to date. In this study, we analyzed 17 Kalotermes sp. colonies from 11 localities in the Levant (Cyprus, Lebanon, and Israel), in order to characterize genetically (mitochondrial DNA: COII, 16S, and control region) these populations. We found that samples from the Levant are genetically different from K. flavicollis, with distance values falling in the range of interspecific distances. In the phylogeny of European Kalotermes populations, samples from the Levant form a clade of their own, sister to a clade including K. flavicollis and Kalotermes italicus. Inside the eastern Mediterranean clade, all the samples from Cyprus are included in a well-supported subclade, suggesting that the colonization of the island might have occurred in a single event. These findings show that the populations we examined do not belong to the species K. flavicollis, but to a new species peculiar to the Levant, that we describe as Kalotermes phoeniciae sp. nov. It is possible that previous reports of K. flavicollis in this region can be attributed to K. phoeniciae.

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2

Kaniewski, David, Nick Marriner, Rachid Cheddadi, Joël Guiot, and Elise Van Campo. "The 4.2 ka BP event in the Levant." Climate of the Past 14, no. 10 (October 22, 2018): 1529–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1529-2018.

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Abstract. The 4.2 ka BP event is defined as a phase of environmental stress characterized by severe and prolonged drought of global extent. The event is recorded from the North Atlantic through Europe to Asia and has led scientists to evoke a 300-year global mega-drought. For the Mediterranean and the Near East, this abrupt climate episode radically altered precipitation, with an estimated 30 %–50 % drop in rainfall in the eastern basin. While many studies have highlighted similar trends in the northern Mediterranean (from Spain to Turkey and the northern Levant), data from northern Africa and the central-southern Levant are more nuanced, suggesting a weaker imprint of this climate shift on the environment and/or different climate patterns. Here, we critically review environmental reconstructions for the Levant and show that, while the 4.2 ka BP event also corresponds to a drier period, a different climate pattern emerges in the central-southern Levant, with two arid phases framing a wetter period, suggesting a W-shaped event. This is particularly well expressed by records from the Dead Sea area.

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3

Abulafia, David. "Sugar in Spain." European Review 16, no. 2 (May 2008): 191–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798708000148.

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Sugar has attracted attention from economic historians, particularly because of its significance in the organisation of labour – notably the role of sugar in the development of slavery in the New World. In a Mediterranean setting, the links to slavery are less obvious, but the gradual westward transfer of sugar technology from the Levant to Sicily (under Muslim rule, and later under Aragonese rule) and to Spain reflects seismic changes in the Mediterranean economy. This was a luxury product and, as demand in western Europe grew, European merchants sought sources of supply closer to home than the eastern Mediterranean. Their reluctance to trade in the Levant reflected political uncertainties in the period when Turkish power was rising in the region. In southern Spain, Valencia (under Christian rule) and Granada (under Muslim rule) became major suppliers to northern Europe by the 15th century. Paradoxically, the survival of the last Muslim state in Spain, Granada, was made possible through the injection of capital by Italian and other merchants trading in sugar. However, the discovery of the Atlantic islands, especially Madeira, gave the Portuguese an opportunity to develop sugar production on a massive scale, again targeting Flanders and northern Europe. The article concludes with the arrival of sugar in the Caribbean, in the wake of Columbus.

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4

Langgut, Dafna, Rachid Cheddadi, Josѐ Sebastián Carrión, Mark Cavanagh, Daniele Colombaroli, Warren John Eastwood, Raphael Greenberg, et al. "The origin and spread of olive cultivation in the Mediterranean Basin: The fossil pollen evidence." Holocene 29, no. 5 (February 14, 2019): 902–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683619826654.

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Olive ( Olea europaea L.) was one of the most important fruit trees in the ancient Mediterranean region and a founder species of horticulture in the Mediterranean Basin. Different views have been expressed regarding the geographical origins and timing of olive cultivation. Since genetic studies and macro-botanical remains point in different directions, we turn to another proxy – the palynological evidence. This study uses pollen records to shed new light on the history of olive cultivation and large-scale olive management. We employ a fossil pollen dataset composed of high-resolution pollen records obtained across the Mediterranean Basin covering most of the Holocene. Human activity is indicated when Olea pollen percentages rise fairly suddenly, are not accompanied by an increase of other Mediterranean sclerophyllous trees, and when the rise occurs in combination with consistent archaeological and archaeobotanical evidence. Based on these criteria, our results show that the southern Levant served as the locus of primary olive cultivation as early as ~6500 years BP (yBP), and that a later, early/mid 6th millennium BP cultivation process occurred in the Aegean (Crete) – whether as an independent large-scale management event or as a result of knowledge and/or seedling transfer from the southern Levant. Thus, the early management of olive trees corresponds to the establishment of the Mediterranean village economy and the completion of the ‘secondary products revolution’, rather than urbanization or state formation. From these two areas of origin, the southern Levant and the Aegean olive cultivation spread across the Mediterranean, with the beginning of olive horticulture in the northern Levant dated to ~4800 yBP. In Anatolia, large-scale olive horticulture was palynologically recorded by ~3200 yBP, in mainland Italy at ~3400 yBP, and in the Iberian Peninsula at mid/late 3rd millennium BP.

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5

David Ben-Shlomo, Eleni Nodarou, and Jeremy B. Rutter. "Transport Stirrup Jars from the Southern Levant: New Light on Commodity Exchange in the Eastern Mediterranean." American Journal of Archaeology 115, no. 3 (2011): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.3764/aja.115.3.0329.

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6

Budja, Mihael. "The transition to farming and the ceramic trajectories in Western Eurasia. From ceramic figurines to vessels." Documenta Praehistorica 33 (December 31, 2006): 183–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dp.33.17.

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In Eurasia the invention of ceramic technology and production of fired-clay vessels has not necessarily been related to the dynamics of the transition to farming. The invention of ceramic technology in Europe was associated with female and animal figurine making in Gravettian technocomplex. The fired-clay vessels occurred first in hunter-gatherer contexts in Eastern Eurasia a millennia before the agriculture. The adoption of pottery making in Levant seems to correlate with the collapse of the ‘ritual economy’, social decentralisation and community fragmentation in the Levantine Pre-Pottery Neolithic. In South-eastern Europe the adoption of pottery making was closely associated with social, symbolic and ritual hunter-gatherers’ practices.

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7

Fletcher, Richard Nathan. "Opening the Mediterranean: Assyria, the Levant and the transformation of Early Iron Age trade." Antiquity 86, no. 331 (February 22, 2012): 211–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00062566.

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The evidence for structures of exchange in the Early Iron Age Mediterranean has been rationalised in many ways, variable in terms of both the evidence selected and the arguments applied. However, the most pervasive and tenacious explanation has been based upon a coreperiphery model, which approaches the expansion of Phoenician commerce in the Early Iron Age by conceptualising it as flowing from a largely eastern Mediterranean core to the western Mediterranean periphery. Thus the Early Iron Age expansion has been interpreted as a direct function of Neo-Assyrian imperialism (Frankenstein 1979), an idea that has circulated in the work of many scholars (Shaw 1989; Kuhrt 1995: 403’410; Coldstream 2003: 240’41, 359; Fantalkin 2006).

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8

Guidi, Alessandro, and Massimo Tarantini. "THE EMERGENCE OF STRATIGRAPHIC ARCHAEOLOGY IN MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE." Acta Archaeologica 88, no. 1 (December 2017): 139–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0390.2017.12180.x.

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9

Geddes, David S. "Mesolithic domestic sheep in West Mediterranean Europe." Journal of Archaeological Science 12, no. 1 (January 1985): 25–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-4403(85)90013-5.

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10

Benda, Petr, and Marek Uvizl. "Taxonomic revision of Myotis emarginatus: detailed morphometric analysis and final evaluation of the evidence (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)." Lynx new series 52, no. 1 (2022): 25–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.37520/lynx.2021.003.

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The Geoffroy’s bat, Myotis emarginatus, is the only species distributed in the Palaearctic belonging to the African clade of the genus Myotis. It occurs extensively across several ecologic zones of Europe, north-western Africa, and western and central Asia, and hence it was considered to be a polytypic species. Only one subspecies was reported from Europe and North Africa, up to four subspecies were recognised in Asia. However, the validity of particular taxa as well as the systematic positions of different populations remained ambiguous. Here we present a revision of the intraspecific phylogenetic structure of M. emarginatus based on combination of the available results of a molecular genetic analysis with the results of a thorough morphologic examination of an extensive specimen set from almost the whole range of its distribution. The previously described geographic variability in the mitochondrial markers demonstrated grouping of haplotypes of M. emarginatus into three main lineages that occur in (1) the Mediterranean Basin (including central Europe, the Maghreb and Levant), (2) Oman and south-eastern Iran, and (3) northern Iran and West Turkestan. The morphologic comparison uncovered the existence of four main, geographically exclusive morphotypes in M. emarginatus, concerning the body, skull and tooth sizes, and skull and tooth shapes: (1) rather small bats with short rostrum and high braincase, occurring in Europe and north-western Africa; (2) rather medium-sized bats with long rostrum and short braincase from the Levant including Cyprus; (3) large bats with wide and long rostrum from the south-eastern parts of the Middle East, including Oman, south-eastern Iran and eastern Afghanistan, and (4) large bats with narrow and short rostrum, occurring in Crimea, the Caucasus region, and West Turkestan. As a synthesis of the results of both approaches, we suggest to recognise three subspecies within the Myotis emarginatus species rank – M. e. emarginatus (Geoffroy, 1806) distributed in the Mediterranean, central and western Europe, north-western Africa, and in the Levant; M. e. desertorum (Dobson, 1875) in the south-eastern Middle East, including southern Iran, Oman, and Afghanistan; and M. e. turcomanicus (Bobrinskoj, 1925) in the Caucasus region, Crimea, Transcaucasia, and West Turkestan.

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11

Benyovsky Latin, Irena. "Eastern Adriatic cities and their role in Venetian (long distance) commercial activities during the 13th and the first half of the 14th century." Review of Croatian history 18, no. 1 (December 14, 2022): 31–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.22586/review.v18i1.24278.

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The main strategy was to maintain the sea route from the northernmost point of the Adriatic to the Levant, and to introduce the necessary legal, commercial, and administrative practices modelled upon its own. During the 13th and 14th centuries Venice worked on gaining military and economic control over the Eastern Adriatic and “prepared the ground” for its later long dominance in that area. In this period, from Venetian perspective, the cities were primarily strategic and exchange points – and were increasingly perceived as the natural hub of connections between the Mediterranean and Central Europe or the West and the Levant. The infrastructures that supported the Venetian long-distance trade in the 13th and 14th centuries were related to security, equipment, and the possibility of transit, as well as supplying enough manpower on the way.

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12

Greathead, D. J. "Exoprosopa pandora (Fabricius, 1805) (Diptera: Bombyliidae) and related species in Europe and the Mediterranean Basin." Insect Systematics & Evolution 32, no. 3 (2001): 279–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187631201x00218.

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AbstractAnthrax pandora Fabricius, the type species of the genus Exoprosopa Macquart, was described from Algeria but the species has seldom been recognised by subsequent authors. Comparison of specimens from Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco with photographs of the badly damaged syntypes showed that Exoprosopa baccha Loew syn. n. is a synonym and establishes the distribution of E. pandora as North Africa, the Levant and southern Balkans. A key is provided for the identification of E. pandora and similar species from Europe and the Mediterranean Basin (viz., E. bowdeni Sanchez-Terrón, E. capucina (Fabricius), E. cleomene Egger, E. italica (Rossi), E. jacchus (Fabricius)) and their distributions are clarified.

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13

Ireland, Patrick R. "Female Migrant Domestic Workers in Southern Europe and the Levant: Towards an Expanded Mediterranean Model?" Mediterranean Politics 16, no. 3 (November 2011): 343–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13629395.2011.613669.

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14

BOUSTANI, MIRA, PIERRE RASMONT, HOLGER H. DATHE, GUILLAUME GHISBAIN, MAX KASPAREK, DENIS MICHEZ, ANDREAS MÜLLER, et al. "The bees of Lebanon (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila)." Zootaxa 4976, no. 1 (May 27, 2021): 1–146. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4976.1.1.

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The study of wild bees has markedly increased in recent years due to their importance as pollinators of crops and wild plants, and this interest has been accentuated by increasing evidence of global declines in their abundance and species richness. Though best studied in Europe and North America, knowledge on the current state of wild bees is scarce in regions where they are particularly diversified, such as the Mediterranean basin. The eastern Mediterranean country of Lebanon, located at the heart of the Levant in a biodiversity hotspot, is particularly poorly studied. The aim of this paper is to produce a first annotated checklist of the wild bees of Lebanon from new and museum collections, literature records, and verified occurrences from online databases. The present list totals 573 species for Lebanon of which 289 are reported for the first time, but the estimated diversity is likely to be closer to 700. Preliminary information on local distributions and flower records are also presented. The local species assemblages indicate affinities with montane habitats of the Mediterranean and Anatolia and the semi-arid habitats of the Levant and north Africa. This study also encourages further research on local wild bee faunas and the use of this knowledge for conservation purposes.

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15

Hall, Mark, and Klavs Randsborg. "The First Millennium A. D. in Europe and the Mediterranean." American Journal of Archaeology 98, no. 2 (April 1994): 382. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/506666.

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16

Fort, Joaquim, Toni Pujol, and Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza. "Palaeolithic Populations and Waves of Advance." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 14, no. 1 (April 2004): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774304000046.

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The wave-of-advance model has been previously applied to Neolithic human range expansions, yielding good agreement to the speeds inferred from archaeological data. Here, we apply it for the first time to Palaeolithic human expansions by using reproduction and mobility parameters appropriate to hunter-gatherers (instead of the corresponding values for preindustrial farmers). The order of magnitude of the predicted speed is in agreement with that implied by the AMS radiocarbon dating of the lateglacial human recolonization of northern Europe (14.2–12.5 kyr bp). We argue that this makes it implausible for climate change to have limited the speed of the recolonization front. It is pointed out that a similar value for the speed can be tentatively inferred from the archaeological data on the expansion of modern humans into the Levant and Europe (42–36 kyr bp).

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17

Langgut, Dafna, Rachid Cheddadi, and Gonen Sharon. "Climate and environmental reconstruction of the Epipaleolithic Mediterranean Levant (22.0–11.9 ka cal. BP)." Quaternary Science Reviews 270 (October 2021): 107170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.107170.

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18

Barker, Graeme. "Regional archaeological projects." Archaeological Dialogues 3, no. 2 (December 1996): 160–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s138020380000074x.

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Explicitly regional projects have been a comparatively recent phenomenon in Mediterranean archaeology. Classical archaeology is by far the strongest discipline in the university, museum and antiquities services career structures within the Mediterranean countries. It has always been dominated by the ‘Great Tradition’ of classical art and architecture: even today, a university course on ‘ancient topography’ in many departments of classical archaeology will usually deal predominantly with the layout of the major imperial cities and the details of their monumental architecture. The strength of the tradition is scarcely surprising in the face of the overwhelming wealth of the standing remains of the Greek and Roman cities in every Mediterranean country. There has been very little integration with prehistory: early prehistory is still frequently taught within a geology degree, and later prehistory is still invariably dominated by the culture-history approach. Prehistory in many traditional textbooks in the north Mediterranean countries remains a succession of invasions and migrations, first of Palaeolithic peoples from North Africa and the Levant, then of neolithic farmers, then metal-using élites from the East Mediterranean, followed in an increasingly rapid succession by Urnfielders, Dorians and Celts from the North, to say nothing of Sea Peoples (from who knows where?!). For the post-Roman period, church archaeology has a long history, but medieval archaeology in the sense of dirt archaeology is a comparatively recent discipline: until the 1960s in Italy, for example, ‘medieval archaeology’ meant the study of the medieval buildings of the historic cities, a topic outside the responsibility of the State Archaeological Service (the Superintendency of Antiquities) and within that of the parallel ‘Superintendencies’ for monuments, libraries, archives and art galleries.

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19

Turner, Alan. "Assessing earliest human settlement of Eurasia: Late Pliocene dispersions from Africa." Antiquity 73, no. 281 (September 1999): 563–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x0006511x.

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Continued discussion of the timing and intensity of earliest human occupation of Europe takes little account of the wider patterning of mammalian dispersions between Africa and Eurasia as guide. Viewed as a palaeontological event, the maximum period of such movement appears to be of latest Pliocene age, while conditions during the Early Pleistocene seem to have been particularly unsuited to dispersions through the Levant.

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20

Eshel, Tzilla, Yigal Erel, Naama Yahalom-Mack, Ofir Tirosh, and Ayelet Gilboa. "Lead isotopes in silver reveal earliest Phoenician quest for metals in the west Mediterranean." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 13 (February 25, 2019): 6007–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1817951116.

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When and why did the Phoenicians initiate long-term connections between the Levant and western Europe? This is one of the most hotly debated questions in ancient Mediterranean history and cultural research. In this study, we use silver to answer this question, presenting the largest dataset of chemical and isotopic analyses of silver items from silver hoards found in Phoenician homeland sites. Intertwining lead isotope analysis of silver items with precise archaeological context and chronology, we provide analytical evidence for the onset of Phoenician westward expansion. We suggest that the quest for silver instigated a long, exploratory phase, first in Anatolia (Asia Minor) and Sardinia, and subsequently in the Iberian Peninsula. This phase preceded the establishment of sustainable, flourishing Phoenician colonies in the West by over a century. In so doing, our results buttress the “precolonization” theory, accord it a firm chronological framework, and demonstrate that the quest for silver (and probably other metals) was an incentive for Phoenician westward expansion. Furthermore, our results show that the Phoenicians introduced innovative silver production methods to historic Europe.

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Fregel, Rosa, Fernando L. Méndez, Youssef Bokbot, Dimas Martín-Socas, María D. Camalich-Massieu, Jonathan Santana, Jacob Morales, et al. "Ancient genomes from North Africa evidence prehistoric migrations to the Maghreb from both the Levant and Europe." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 26 (June 12, 2018): 6774–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1800851115.

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The extent to which prehistoric migrations of farmers influenced the genetic pool of western North Africans remains unclear. Archaeological evidence suggests that the Neolithization process may have happened through the adoption of innovations by local Epipaleolithic communities or by demic diffusion from the Eastern Mediterranean shores or Iberia. Here, we present an analysis of individuals’ genome sequences from Early and Late Neolithic sites in Morocco and from Early Neolithic individuals from southern Iberia. We show that Early Neolithic Moroccans (∼5,000 BCE) are similar to Later Stone Age individuals from the same region and possess an endemic element retained in present-day Maghrebi populations, confirming a long-term genetic continuity in the region. This scenario is consistent with Early Neolithic traditions in North Africa deriving from Epipaleolithic communities that adopted certain agricultural techniques from neighboring populations. Among Eurasian ancient populations, Early Neolithic Moroccans are distantly related to Levantine Natufian hunter-gatherers (∼9,000 BCE) and Pre-Pottery Neolithic farmers (∼6,500 BCE). Late Neolithic (∼3,000 BCE) Moroccans, in contrast, share an Iberian component, supporting theories of trans-Gibraltar gene flow and indicating that Neolithization of North Africa involved both the movement of ideas and people. Lastly, the southern Iberian Early Neolithic samples share the same genetic composition as the Cardial Mediterranean Neolithic culture that reached Iberia ∼5,500 BCE. The cultural and genetic similarities between Iberian and North African Neolithic traditions further reinforce the model of an Iberian migration into the Maghreb.

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22

Wells, Peter S., and Klavs Randsborg. "The First Millennium A. D. in Europe and the Mediterranean: An Archaeological Essay." Journal of Field Archaeology 20, no. 2 (1993): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/529960.

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23

Fromherz, Allen. "A Vertical Sea: North Africa and the Medieval Mediterranean." Review of Middle East Studies 46, no. 1 (2012): 64–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2151348100003001.

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An extraordinary letter was discovered in a neglected pile of medieval diplomatic correspondence in the Vatican Libraries: a letter from Al-Murtada the Almohad, Muslim Caliph in Marrakech to Pope Innocent IV (1243–1254). The letter, written in finest official calligraphy, proposes an alliance between the Caliph and the Vicar of Christ, the leader of an institution that had called for organized crusades against the Islamic world. While the history of Pope Innocent IV’s contacts with the Muslim rulers of Marrakech remains obscure, the sources indicate that Pope Innocent IV sent envoys south to Marrakech. One of these envoys was Lope d’Ayn. Lope became Bishop of Marrakech, shepherd of a flock of paid Christian mercenaries who were sent to Marrakech by that sometime leader of the reconquista, Ferdinand III of Castile, in a deal he had struck with the Almohads. Although they now had Christians fighting for them and cathedral bells competing with the call to prayer, the Almohads were powerful agitators of jihad against the Christians only decades before. Scholars know only a little about Lope d’Ayn’s story or the historical context of this letter between Caliph Murtada and the Pope. Although very recent research is encouraging, there is a great deal to know about the history of the mercenaries of Marrakech or the interactions between Jews, Muslims and Christians that occurred in early thirteenth century Marrakech. The neglect of Lope d’Ayn and the contacts between the Papacy and the Almohads is only one example of a much wider neglect of North Africa contacts with Europe in the secondary literature in English. While scholarship in English has focused on correspondence, commerce and travel from West to East, between Europe, the Levant and Egypt, there were also important cultural bridges being crossed between North and South, between North Africa and Europe in the Medieval Western Mediterranean.

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Carrión, José S., and Michael J. Walker. "Background to Neanderthal presence in Western Mediterranean Europe." Quaternary Science Reviews 217 (August 2019): 7–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.10.011.

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25

SHEA, J. "Transitions or turnovers? Climatically-forced extinctions of Homo sapiens and Neanderthals in the east Mediterranean Levant." Quaternary Science Reviews 27, no. 23-24 (November 2008): 2253–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.08.015.

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26

Shea, John J. "Lithic Modes A–I: A New Framework for Describing Global-Scale Variation in Stone Tool Technology Illustrated with Evidence from the East Mediterranean Levant." Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 20, no. 1 (February 12, 2012): 151–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10816-012-9128-5.

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27

Steel, Louise. "Networking Patterns of the Bronze and Iron Age Levant: The Lebanon and Its Mediterranean Connections. Claude Doumet-Serhal, Anne Rabate, and Andrea Resek." Near Eastern Archaeology 73, no. 2-3 (June 2010): 204–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/nea25754052.

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Kyriakidis, Phaedon, Theodora Moutsiou, Andreas Nikolaidis, Christian Reepmeyer, Georgios Leventis, Stella Demesticha, Evangelos Akylas, et al. "Virtual Sea-Drifting Experiments between the Island of Cyprus and the Surrounding Mainland in the Early Prehistoric Eastern Mediterranean." Heritage 5, no. 4 (October 12, 2022): 3081–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage5040160.

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Seaborne movement underpins frontier research in prehistoric archaeology, including water-crossings in the context of human dispersals, and island colonisation. Yet, it also controls the degree of interaction between locations, which in turn is essential for investigating the properties of maritime networks. The onset of the Holocene (circa 12,000 years ago) is a critical period for understanding the origins of early visitors/inhabitants to the island of Cyprus in the Eastern Mediterranean in connection with the spread of Neolithic cultures in the region. The research undertaken in this work exemplifies the synergies between archaeology, physical sciences and geomatics, towards providing novel insights on the feasibility of drift-induced seaborne movement and the corresponding trip duration between Cyprus and coastal regions on the surrounding mainland. The overarching objective is to support archaeological inquiry regarding the possible origins of these visitors/inhabitants—Anatolia and/or the Levant being two suggested origins.

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Joffe, Alexander. "THE RISE OF SECONDARY STATES IN THE IRON AGE LEVANT." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 45, no. 4 (2002): 425–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852002320939311.

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AbstractThis paper examines the formation of states during the Iron Age of the eastern Mediterranean, with particular emphasis on the Levantine states of Israel, Judah, Ammon, and Moab. Using archaeology and texts it proposes that the formation of secondary states was fundamentally different from that of early states such as in Mesopotamia and Egypt. Secondary states in the Levant needed to create not new bureaucratic methods, but new social identities, novel ethnic categories and boundaries. New ideologies were disseminated through material culture which was saturated with symbols of identity, from royal architecture through personal emblems. Cet article examine la formation des états pendant l'âge de fer du méditerranéen oriental, avec l'emphase particulière sur des états de Levantine de l'Israel, du Judah, de l'Ammon, et du Moab. En utilisant l'archéologie et les textes il propose que la formation des états secondaires ait été fondamentalement différente de celle des états tôt comme dans Mesopotamia et l'Egypte. Les états secondaires dans le Levant ont dû ne pas créer des méthodes bureaucratiques nouvelles, mais de nouvelles identités sociales, des catégories de roman et des bornes ethniques. De nouvelles idéologies ont été diffusées par la culture matérielle qui a été saturée avec des symboles d'identité, de l'architecture royale par les emblèmes personnels.

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Morris, Sarah P. "Dairy Queen. Churns and milk products in the Aegean Bronze Age." Opuscula. Annual of the Swedish Institutes at Athens and Rome 7 (November 2014): 205–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.30549/opathrom-07-12.

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This article assembles examples of an unusual vessel found in domestic contexts of the Early Bronze Age around the Aegean and in the Eastern Mediterranean. Identified as a “barrel vessel” by the excavators of Troy, Lesbos (Thermi), Lemnos (Poliochni), and various sites in the Chalkidike, the shape finds its best parallels in containers identified as churns in the Chalcolithic Levant, and related vessels from the Eneolithic Balkans. Levantine parallels also exist in miniature form, as in the Aegean at Troy, Thermi, and Poliochni, and appear as part of votive figures in the Near East. My interpretation of their use and development will consider how they compare to similar shapes in the archaeological record, especially in Aegean prehistory, and what possible transregional relationships they may express along with their specific function as household processing vessels for dairy products during the third millennium BC.

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Wood, Jonathan R., Ignacio Montero-Ruiz, and Marcos Martinón-Torres. "From Iberia to the Southern Levant: The Movement of Silver Across the Mediterranean in the Early Iron Age." Journal of World Prehistory 32, no. 1 (January 22, 2019): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10963-018-09128-3.

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32

Castaldini, Alberto. "Along the Routes of the Ecumene: The Journey of Sir George Wheler to the Levant (1675–1676)." Perspektywy Kultury 30, no. 3 (December 20, 2020): 197–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.35765/pk.2020.3003.13.

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The article presents the French edition—printed in The Hague in 1723— of a significant example of travel literature from the end of the 17th century: A Journey into Greece (1682) by Sir George Wheler (1651–1724). The book made a profound mark on the studies of archeology, epigraphy, and the numismatics of the Balkans, Greece, and the Byzantine world. The article illustrates the significant data collected by the English traveler, botanist, scholar of classical antiquity, and clergyman, relating to the cultural and confessional mosaic in the space of southeastern Europe. His descriptions should be interpreted as a representative portrait of the remains of the ancient Euro‑Mediterranean ecumene. The traveler-churchman’s spirit of observation and sensitivity made Wheler a model author in the scholarly travel literature of the 17th century.

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33

Jones, Emily Lena. "Compositional variability in Mediterranean archaeofaunas from Upper Paleolithic Southwest Europe." Quaternary Science Reviews 184 (March 2018): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2017.11.018.

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Wells, Peter S., and David S. Geddes. "Neolithic, Chalcolithic, and Early Bronze in West Mediterranean Europe." American Antiquity 51, no. 4 (October 1986): 763–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/280864.

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Gilmour, Garth H. "The Nature and Function of Astragalus Bones from Archaeological Contexts in the Levant and Eastern Mediterranean." Oxford Journal of Archaeology 16, no. 2 (July 1997): 167–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0092.00032.

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36

Weninger, Bernhard, Eva Alram-Stern, Eva Bauer, Lee Clare, Uwe Danzeglocke, Olaf Jöris, Claudia Kubatzki, Gary Rollefson, Henrieta Todorova, and Tjeerd van Andel. "Climate Forcing Due to the 8200 Cal yr BP Event Observed at Early Neolithic Sites in the Eastern Mediterranean." Quaternary Research 66, no. 3 (November 2006): 401–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2006.06.009.

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AbstractWe explore the hypothesis that the abrupt drainage of Laurentide lakes and associated rapid switch of the North Atlantic thermohaline circulation 8200 yr ago had a catastrophic influence on Neolithic civilisation in large parts of southeastern Europe, Anatolia, Cyprus, and the Near East. The event at 8200 cal yr BP is observed in a large number of high-resolution climate proxies in the Northern Hemisphere, and in many cases corresponds to markedly cold and arid conditions. We identify the relevant archaeological levels of major Neolithic settlements in Central Anatolia, Cyprus, Greece and Bulgaria, and examine published stratigraphic, architectural, cultural and geoarchaeological studies for these sites. The specific archaeological events and processes we observe at a number of these sites during the study interval 8400–8000 cal yr BP lead us to refine some previously established Neolithisation models. The introduction of farming to South-East Europe occurs in all study regions (Thrace, Macedonia, Thessaly, Bulgaria) near 8200 cal yr BP. We observe major disruptions of Neolithic cultures in the Levant, North Syria, South-East Anatolia, Central Anatolia and Cyprus, at the same time. We conclude that the 8200 cal yr BP aridity event triggered the spread of early farmers, by different routes, out of West Asia and the Near East into Greece and Bulgaria.

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Bar-Matthews, M., J. Keinan, and A. Ayalon. "Hydro-climate research of the late quaternary of the Eastern Mediterranean-Levant region based on speleothems research – A review." Quaternary Science Reviews 221 (October 2019): 105872. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.105872.

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38

Kaul, Flemming. "Middle Bronze Age Long Distance Exchange through Europe and Beyond." Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 26, no. 2 (December 18, 2020): 266–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700577-12341372.

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Abstract The introduction of the folding stool and the single-edged razor into Southern Scandinavia, as well as the testimony of chariot use during the Nordic Bronze Age Period II (1500-1300 BC), give evidence of the transfer of ideas from the Mediterranean to the North. Recent analyses of the chemical composition of blue glass beads from well-dated Danish Bronze Age burials have revealed evidence for the opening of long distance exchange routes around 1400 BC between Egypt, Mesopotamia and South Scandinavia. When including comparative material from glass workshops in Egypt and finds of glass from Mesopotamia, it becomes clear that glass from those distant lands reached Scandinavia. The routes of exchange can be traced through Europe based on finds of amber from the North and glass from the South.

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39

Leighton, Robert. "Antiquarianism and Prehistory in West Mediterranean Islands." Antiquaries Journal 69, no. 2 (September 1989): 183–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003581500085401.

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In the West Mediterranean islands before the mid-nineteenth century, discoveries of fossil bones, prehistoric deposits in caves and megalithic monuments stimulated ideas about the remote past, as in other parts of Europe where similar phenomena were observed. Many of these ideas were characteristic of a pre-scientific age and their sources are sometimes obscure. Their inspiration can often be traced to the Bible, classical texts, folklore, as well as to advances in palaeontology and direct observation of antiquities. The study of fossils and prehistoric remains progressed gradually, following a similar pattern elsewhere. Two lines of enquiry emerged, one closely linked with progress in the natural sciences and the other concerned with ancient monuments and the background to the classical world.

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Oliveira, Hugo R., Huw Jones, Fiona Leigh, Diane L. Lister, Martin K. Jones, and Leonor Peña-Chocarro. "Phylogeography of einkorn landraces in the Mediterranean basin and Central Europe: population structure and cultivation history." Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 3, no. 4 (August 17, 2011): 327–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12520-011-0076-x.

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41

Peters, Edward. "Quid nobis cum pelago? The New Thalassology and the Economic History of Europe." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 34, no. 1 (July 2003): 49–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002219503322645457.

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The long debate about the nature and decline of the ancient Mediterranean economy and the appearance of a distinctive northern European economy has been considerably enriched by recent research in archaeology, ecology, numismatics, and communications history. Particularly striking has been the expansion of research into untraditional areas—microregional histories of the Mediterranean, hagiography, and the evidence of physical mobility. The result of this expansion has been to redefine the problem of the ancient and the later economies and to suggest new methods for continuing research.

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Pompei, Fiorenza, Fulvio Cruciani, Rosaria Scozzari, and Andrea Novelletto. "Phylogeography of Y chromosomal haplogroups as reporters of Neolithic and post-Neolithic population processes in the Mediterranean area." Documenta Praehistorica 35 (December 31, 2008): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dp.35.5.

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The phylogeny of the human Y chromosome as defined by unique event polymorphisms is being worked out in fine detail. The emerging picture of the geographic distribution of different branches of the evolutionary tree (haplogroups), and the possibility of genetically dating their antiquity, are important tools in the reconstruction of major peopling, population resettlement and demographic expansion events. In the last 10 000 years many such events took place, but they are so close together in time that the populations that experienced them carry Y chromosomal types which can hardly be distinguished genetically. Nevertheless, under some circumstances, one can detect departures from the model of a major dispersal of people over much of the territory, as classically claimed for the European Neolithic. The results of three studies of haplogroups relevant for Southern European populations are discussed. These analyses seem to resolve the signal of recent post-Neolithic events from the noise of the main East-to-West Palaeolithic/early Neolithic migrations. They also confirm that, provided an appropriate level of resolution is used, patterns of diversity among chromosomes which originated outside Europe may often be recognized as the result of discontinuous processes which occurred within Europe.

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Dolfini, Andrea. "The Emergence of Metallurgy in the Central Mediterranean Region: A New Model." European Journal of Archaeology 16, no. 1 (2013): 21–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1461957112y.0000000023.

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This study seeks to discuss the origins and early spread of metal technology in the central Mediterranean region. Neolithic and Copper Age evidence of metal-working and metal-using is first reviewed. It is claimed in particular that copper tools were first used, and probably also made, south of the Alps in the late Neolithic, and that complex polymetallic metallurgy developed in the early Copper Age after a short-lived intensification phase in the final Neolithic. In the second section, current models explaining the emergence of metallurgy in this region are then discussed, and a new proposal is put forward. This claims that metal technology, coming from eastern Europe, was imported into the whole of the east-central alpine region in the third quarter of the fifth millennium BC. Thence, it would have swiftly spread throughout northern Italy, central Italy, and Sardinia, and would have reached Corsica, southern Italy, and Sicily somewhat later. Finally, it is argued that the Copper Age metalworking communities dwelling in the western part of the central Mediterranean, and especially those located in west-central Italy, would have played a key role in transmitting knowledge of extractive metallurgy further west in the late fourth millennium BC.

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Arnold, Bettina. "‘Drinking the Feast’: Alcohol and the Legitimation of Power in Celtic Europe." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 9, no. 1 (April 1999): 71–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774300015213.

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Drinking and feasting were an integral part of life in Iron Age Europe and the British Isles. The distribution of food and especially drink in prescribed fashion played a key role in establishing and maintaining social relationships. Alcoholic beverages were important consumable status items in prehistoric Europe, serving as a social lubricant as well as a social barrier. The metal, ceramic and wooden vessels required for the preparation, distribution and consumption of these beverages were a vehicle for inter- and intragroup competition, and underwent considerable change, both symbolic and material, through time. This article will attempt a cognitive analysis of the material culture of Iron Age drinking and feasting by integrating archaeological and documentary evidence. The impact of contact with the Mediterranean world, gender configurations, and the ideology of power and patronage will be discussed in relation to changing material culture assemblages.

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45

Sharon, Ilan, Ayelet Gilboa, A. J. Timothy Jull, and Elisabetta Boaretto. "Report on the First Stage of the Iron Age Dating Project in Israel: Supporting a Low Chronology." Radiocarbon 49, no. 1 (2007): 1–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200041886.

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The traditional chronology of ancient Israel in the 11th–9th centuries BCE was constructed mainly by correlating archaeological phenomena with biblical narratives and with Bible-derived chronology. The chronology of Cyprus and Greece, and hence of points further west, are in turn based on that of the Levant. Thus, a newly proposed chronology, about 75–100 yr lower than the conventional one, bears crucial implications not only for biblical history and historiography but also for cultural processes around the Mediterranean. A comprehensive radiocarbon program was initiated to try and resolve this dilemma. It involves several hundreds of measurements from 21 sites in Israel. Creating the extensive databases necessary for the resolution of tight chronological problems typical of historical periods involves issues of quality control, statistical treatment, modeling, and robustness analysis. The results of the first phase of the dating program favor the new, lower chronology.

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Editorial board. "Foreword." Ex Novo: Journal of Archaeology 6 (February 11, 2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/vol6isspp1.

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Making Archaeology Public. A View from the Mediterranean, Eastern Europe and Beyond The concept of Public Archaeology has profoundly changed since Mc Grimsey’s first formulation in the early 1970s, as it developed a solid conceptual and practical framework along the years that makes it now an independent branch of archaeology. However, in English-speaking and Northern European countries, the perception of archaeology as a common good was widely spread even before the actual formalization of Public Archaeology as a specific curriculum offered by several universities. Not surprisingly, such an earlier interest led to the development of a markedly North Europe-centric perspective on the topic, which keeps steering much of the current reflection on Public Archaeology despite the emergence of multiple and alternative standpoints on the matter, further deepening the great divide between the archaeologies of Northern and Southern European countries.

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47

Pinar Gil, Joan. "Cast bronze vessels in the northern Adriatic region (c. 600 AD)." Arheološki vestnik 73 (July 7, 2022): 313–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3986/av.73.09.

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Although cast bronze vessels of the 6th–8th centuries are not recorded in particularly large numbers, their production and distribution provide a representative sample of the general economic trends and of the evolution of trade networks in the post-Roman Mediterranean. The geographical dissemination of these objects shows that at the turn of the 6th century, the northern Adriatic region became the main gateway of ‘eastern-style’ vessels into Central Europe and the Western Mediterranean. The region was thus replacing the Rome area as the main Western hub for redistributing this type of object. From the northern Adriatic area, several types of vessels were distributed both over land along the Po and Rhine valleys and through maritime routes connecting the Adriatic with Carthage and the Spanish Levant. The intrinsic features and the depositional contexts of the post-Roman cast bronze vessels suggest that they were manufactured according to different quality standards, which targeted different social milieus. Furthermore, mapping the distribution of the different quality standards reveals that each of them might have been distributed by different networks of merchants and unveils the impact of transportation costs on the final price of these products.

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Forenbaher, Stašo. "Archaeological record of the Adriatic offshore islands as an indicator of long-distance interaction in prehistory." European Journal of Archaeology 11, no. 2-3 (2008): 223–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461957109106375.

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This article explores the proposition that the archaeological record of small, remote islands with scarce resources reflects the intensity of long-distance interaction in prehistory, taking as an example the Adriatic offshore islands. The best represented periods, the early Neolithic and the end of the Copper Age, correspond to the times of large-scale stylistic unity, the former, of the Mediterranean Impressed Wares, and the latter, of Bell Beakers. During those periods, radical innovations were introduced over vast areas of Europe, first, a new subsistence economy, and second, a different kind of social organization. In both cases, long-distance interaction would have played a crucial role.

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Obuch, Ján, and Petr Benda. "Food of the Barn Owl (Tyto alba) in the Eastern Mediterranean." Slovak Raptor Journal 3, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10262-012-0032-4.

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Food of the Barn Owl (Tyto alba) in the Eastern Mediterranean The composition of the Barn Owl (Tyto alba) diet analysed from pellets collected in several regions of the Eastern Mediterranean is presented. In total, 27 samples from 21 sites in S Italy, S Greece (incl. Crete), S Turkey, NW Syria, SW Lebanon, N Israel, and N Egypt were composed of 8842 prey individuals. Mammals represented the dominant part of the prey (90% of the identified prey individuals, comprising 44 species). Birds were less abundant (7%), however, their diversity was enormous (64 species). Amphibians and reptiles were rarely represented in the diet (0.9%), while invertebrates we found more often (2.2%). The relative abundance of particular prey items in the Barn Owl diet was analysed in four geographical regions: (a) SE Europe (Calabria, Peloponnese, Crete), (b) Levantine parts of Turkey and Syria, (c) Lebanon and N Israel, and (d) N Egypt. In complex evaluation of the sample set, endemic forms composed a special group of prey items: Microtus savii, Sorex samniticus, and Talpa romana in Calabria; Microtus thomasi in Peloponnese; Acomys minous in Crete; and Gerbillus amoenus in Egypt. Another group of prey is represented by typical Levantine species: Microtus guentheri, Meriones tristrami, Apodemus mystacinus, and Rana ridibunda. Apodemus flavicollis and Crocidura leucodon were more abundant in Calabria while less abundant in the Levant. Synanthropic mammals (Mus spp., Rattus rattus, Suncus etruscus, Crocidura suaveolens) and birds (Passer domesticus) represented a significant part of the diet in the majority of the studied area.

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Carrión, José S. "Book Review: The nature of Mediterranean Europe: an ecological history." Holocene 11, no. 5 (July 2001): 625–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095968360101100518.

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