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Al-Salameen, Zeyad Mahdi Mohammad. "Nabataean economy in the light of archaeological evidence." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.547502.
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The present study deals with the Nabataean economy in the light of archaeological evidence. It depends on some limited historical sources, epigraphy, published data from archaeological excavations and surveys and new data published for the first time after a survey conducted by the author in Bayda, five kilometres north of Petra, Jordan. The study is divided into three chapters. The first chapter is concerned with Nabataean trade, both at local and international levels. This chapter includes a discussion on the Nabataean trade routes, maritime commerce, Nabataean legal and commercial documents, markets and commodities. In addition, this chapter contains a study of the Nabataean metrological system and relevant aspects of Nabataean numismatics. In the second chapter Nabataean agriculture is analysed. The study tries to illuminate further the role of this component in the formation of the Nabataean economy. The study concentrates particularly on the Nabataean agricultural installations, broadly speaking, the wine and olive presses which have been found at certain sites in Nabataea. They are dealt with in terms of their geographical distribution, capacities and other statistical and economic analyses. This study is followed by descriptive, typological and quantitative accounts of wine production at Bayda in particular. In the final chapter diverse industries are listed and discussed. These include: mining, bitumen, perfume, textiles, carpentry and leather industries. These three chapters are followed by general conclusions and appendices including maps, tables, models, figures and plates.
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Sifniotis, Maria. "Representing archaeological uncertainty in cultural informatics." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2012. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/40735/.
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This thesis sets out to explore, describe, quantify, and visualise uncertainty in a cultural informatics context, with a focus on archaeological reconstructions. For quite some time, archaeologists and heritage experts have been criticising the often toorealistic appearance of three-dimensional reconstructions. They have been highlighting one of the unique features of archaeology: the information we have on our heritage will always be incomplete. This incompleteness should be reflected in digitised reconstructions of the past. This criticism is the driving force behind this thesis. The research examines archaeological theory and inferential process and provides insight into computer visualisation. It describes how these two areas, of archaeology and computer graphics, have formed a useful, but often tumultuous, relationship through the years. By examining the uncertainty background of disciplines such as GIS, medicine, and law, the thesis postulates that archaeological visualisation, in order to mature, must move towards archaeological knowledge visualisation. Three sequential areas are proposed through this thesis for the initial exploration of archaeological uncertainty: identification, quantification and modelling. The main contributions of the thesis lie in those three areas. Firstly, through the innovative design, distribution, and analysis of a questionnaire, the thesis identifies the importance of uncertainty in archaeological interpretation and discovers potential preferences among different evidence types. Secondly, the thesis uniquely analyses and evaluates, in relation to archaeological uncertainty, three different belief quantification models. The varying ways that these mathematical models work, are also evaluated through simulated experiments. Comparison of results indicates significant convergence between the models. Thirdly, a novel approach to archaeological uncertainty and evidence conflict visualisation is presented, influenced by information visualisation schemes. Lastly, suggestions for future semantic extensions to this research are presented through the design and development of new plugins to a search engine.
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Hughes, Dennis D. "Human sacrifice in ancient Greece : the literary and archaeological evidence /." The Ohio State University, 1986. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487265143145839.
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Nowak, Troy Joseph. "Archaeological evidence for ship eyes: an analysis of their form and function." Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/5798.
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During the late 19th century, a number of large marble eyes were discovered near the
Athenian naval facilities at Zea. Although initially published as the eyes of ancient
Greek warships, many scholars have doubted the validity of this attribution. A range of
hypotheses have been presented in attempts both to discredit the notion that they are ship
eyes, and to re-classify these objects.
Recent excavations of a Classical Period merchantman at TektaÃÂ Burnu uncovered a
pair of marble discs that again raise questions relating to the identity of the marble eyes
from Zea. A review of alternative hypotheses relating to the identity of these objects
based on textual, archaeological, and representational evidence, coupled with technical
analyses of their construction, form, and decoration, leads to the conclusion that the
marble eyes discovered at Zea, as well as the objects from TektaÃÂ Burnu, adorned the
bows of ancient Greek ships between the 5th and the 3rd centuries BC. Evidence for the
function of these objects is found in the works of Greek authors who show that the eyes
of ancient ships marked the presence of a supernatural consciousness that guided the
ship and helped to avoid hazards. Studies of eye representations on Archaic and Classical Greek domestic articles and
parallels in architectural decoration suggest that ship eyes may have also worked as
apotropaions to counter forces such as envy.
As early as the 5th century BC Greek and Latin authors attest to a fear and
understanding of envy's destructive power, which was believed to attack through the
actions of both gods and mortals. Theories related to the use of eyes as apotropaions that
could counter envy are presented based on analysis of material from the Archaic and
Classical Periods. Links are made between Hellenistic and Roman mariners and their
fear of this force, which was expressed in their use of devices that functioned to protect
them from its ill effects. It is possible that ship eyes in ancient Greece served as both
epiphanies and apotropaions used to counter envy.
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Bezant, Jemma. "Medieval Welsh settlement and territory : archaeological evidence from a Teifi Valley landscape." Thesis, University of Wales Trinity Saint David, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.683279.
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Pomerantz, Solomon. "The prehistory of Madagascar : microbotanical and archaeological evidence from coastal and highland sites." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a0f536e8-9f1f-451b-b02d-cc9365ed3aba.
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Despite nearly one hundred years of archaeological and palaeoecological research in Madagascar, the human colonisation of the island remains poorly understood. Long- standing narratives of this colonisation described the arrival of Austronesian- speaking peoples by AD 400, eventually reaching the Central Highlands by the 12th century. The recent discovery of microlithic tools at the rockshelter of Lakaton'i Anja has radically disrupted conventional narratives for this colonisation by more than doubling the known period of Madagascar's human history, and questioning the presumed Austronesian origins of these first Malagasy peoples. This discovery also challenges existing models for the late Holocene extinction of the island's megafauna. This thesis constitutes the first systematic review in the last thirty years of literature relating to the colonisation of the island, as well as the first to approach this multidisciplinary material in light of new archaeological evidence from Lakaton'i Anja. This study also represents the first comprehensive and comparative phytolith analysis conducted on Madagascar. Despite the wide application of phytolith analysis across regional archaeological and palaeoecological contexts, it has never before been applied here. This thesis explores the botanical impact of these early colonists in and around sites of occupation, as well as tracing the introduction of Asian rice (Oryza sativa) and domesticated bananas (Musa acuminata). New methods of phytolith analysis were developed, adapted, and applied to sediments collected from two seasons of excavations in 2012 and 2013. The sites of Lakaton'i Anja, Mahilaka, and Ankadivory D'Ralambo were re-excavated, as well as the new site of Ampasimahavelona, near Vohémar. This thesis presents and discusses these excavations as well as the earliest evidence for the cultivation of both Musa acuminata and Oryza sativa on Madagascar, and an ultra-high resolution botanical perspective on the last four millennia of Madagascar's prehistory.
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Karagiorgou, Olga. "Urbanism and economy in Late Antique Thessaly 3rd-7th century A.D. : the archaeological evidence." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.369613.
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Cooper, James Eric. "Medieval Cappadocia (9th to mid 11th centuary)and the Byzantine Elite : the Archaeological Evidence." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.517061.
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Berry, Michael Gerald. "Stratigraphic and material interpretations of site evidence : investigations towards the nature of archaeological deposits." Thesis, University of York, 2008. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/14115/.
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This dissertation addresses the failure in common practice to fully integrate different parts of the archaeological record systematically, thus leading to a breakdown between excavation theory and practice. The relationship between deposit and assemblage, and thereby the use of deposit status designation is examined. A more accurate definition of status is adopted, overcoming the conceptual inadequacy linking find to deposit. The analysis of status is based on the following basic assumptions: firstly, that status is the relationship between the find and the context; secondly, that this relationship is based upon information on the function, chronology and spatial characteristics of the finds and contexts. With the concept of deposit status established, this thesis presents a method that ates all the relevant elements of the archaeological record that enable an understanding of deposit signatures; deposits and assemblages. Deposit types are examined, checking the relationships between basic physical descriptions and interpreted function. Assemblage data for ceramics and faunal remains are integrated based upon quantification that reflects their separate formafion histories. The resulting deposit signatures provide a platform for new and interesting means of reating site narrative. The new narratives reflect developments and changes in eposit formation, and ultimately, the landuse history of a site. This thesis demonstrates that the integration of finds and site data allows for more fruitful interpretation of excavation data. This approach helps to match site details with specific research agendas in both academic and commercial contexts, and can help achieve the maximum potential for research output.
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Seki, Yuji, Juan Pablo Villanueva, Masato Sakai, Diana Alemán, Mauro Ordóñez, Walter Tosso, Araceli Espinoza, Kinya Inokuchi, and Daniel Morales. "New Evidence Unearthed from the Pacopampa Archaeological Site in the North Highlands of Perú." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/113343.
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In this article, we present data recently recovered from excavations at the Pacopampa archaeological site, carried out by the Pacopampa Archaeological Project, the National University of San Marcos, Perú, and the National Museum of Ethnology, Japan. The principal objective of this project is to reconfirm the chronology of the site, which is characterized by two phases previously developed by Peruvian archaeologists using radiocarbon data and their relation to architectural components. Although not all of the site’s architectural design is known, there is evidence to suggest that the ceremonial center at the site was established during the Pacompampa I phase (cal BC 1200-800), and was completely modified during the Pacopampa II phase (cal BC 800-500). The architecture presently observed from the surface of the site generally belongs to the last phase. The architectural changes at the site reflect a shift in power manipulated by leaders. Moreover, we have discovered a later occupation at the site, Pacopampa III phase (cal BC 500-1), which dates just before the abandonment of the Sunken Court located on the uppermost platform. The Sunken Court was sealed ritually in the last phase by the Cajamarca Culture during the Early Intermediate Period.En este artículo se presentan los avances del Proyecto Arqueológico Pacopampa, organizado por la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos y el National Museum of Ethnology de Osaka, Japón. El principal logro de este proyecto, que investiga en el sitio del mismo nombre desde 2005, es la verificación cronológica del asentamiento —caracterizada por la presencia de dos fases propuestas por anteriores investigadores— sobre la base de fechados radiocarbónicos y la correlación estratigráfica de sus componentes arquitectónicos. Aunque no se conoce la configuración arquitectónica en su integridad, se ha podido determinar que el centro ceremonial fue edificado en la fase Pacopampa I (c. 1200-900 a.C. [calib.]), y que fue totalmente remodelado en la fase Pacopampa II (c. 900-500 a.C. [calib.]), a la que corresponden casi todas las estructuras visibles en la superficie. Esta reconfiguración podría haber respondido a un cambio en el manejo del poder en el sitio. Además, se ha reportado una tercera fase de ocupación (Pacopampa III, c. 500-1 a.C. [calib.]), anterior a su abandono total, el que es evidente al observar el sello ritual de la Plaza Cuadrangular Hundida de la tercera plataforma en la última fase, que corresponde a la cultura Cajamarca, es decir, ya en el Periodo Intermedio Temprano.
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Flatman, Joe. "The illuminated ark : interrogating evidence from manuscript illuminations and archaeological remains for medieval vessels /." Oxford : Hedges, 2007. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy0714/2007367595.html.
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Taylor, Glen. "Yahweh and the Sun : biblical and archaeological evidence for sun worship in ancient Israel /." Sheffield : Sheffield Academic Press, 1993. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb356280593.
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Grabundzija, Ana [Verfasser]. "Archaeological Evidence for Early Wool Exploitation in South East and Central Europe / Ana Grabundzija." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1212854314/34.
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English, Judie. "Pattern and progress : field systems of the second and early first millennia BC in southern Britain." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2012. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/42961/.
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Analytical survey of the above ground evidence has been undertaken on twelve areas of prehistoric fields in southern Britain. In all cases at least two phases were noted, one directly overlying the other; in ten of these areas the earlier phase comprised an extensive rectilinear grid and the later smaller areas of aggregated fields. The earlier field systems could be externally bounded and left little land unenclosed for open grazing and timber production, movement was only allowed along high ridges. It is suggested that the earliest of these fields date to the beginning of the 2nd millennium, on both sides of the Channel, where they were regarded as symbolic of status within a period of visible ostentatious possessions. The majority were created in the middle centuries of that period, possibly as a reaction to perceived land pressure. No settlements could be identified as coeval with these fields. The later fields represent a major contraction of enclosed land and their design is more suited to stock, rather than arable, production. Larger areas around the fields were marked by linear ditch systems or by cross ridge dykes. Settlements were frequently, and presumably deliberately, placed over the boundaries of the earlier fields, possibly in an act of incorporation; these settlements tend to date to the two centuries on either side of 1000BC, and it is likely, though not certain, that the later fields were contemporary with these settlements. The production of stock as evidence of wealth led to feasting, as exemplified by midden sites, and to a raiding culture within which aggression is more likely, but warfare not proven. The point is made that, with no structure visible at excavation across lynchets, analytical survey is the best method of recording phase differences. Also, given the lack of below ground evidence these sites, though widespread, are a diminishing resource and protection of the best examples is highly desirable.
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Ritchie, Graham. "The changing coastal landscapes of Sicily : sea-level change, natural catastrophe and geomorphological modification of the Sicilian coastline : their impact on the visibility of archaeological evidence for human occupation." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/25792.
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Deteriorating climate in the period leading up to the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) 20,000 years ago caused global sea levels to fall to a lowstand of 125m below modern levels. This resulted in the recession of the Sicilian palaeoshoreline by up to 150km and the emergence of vast tracts of coastal lowland. Following climate amelioration and deglaciation, rising sea levels inundated these formerly exposed areas. The earliest indication of a modern human presence on Sicily comes from Fontana Nuova, in the southeast of the island. The timing of this occupation, on the basis of cross-dating of Aurignacian lithic typology, is about 37,000 BP – a time when sea levels around the Sicilian coastline were some 40-80m lower than at present. The oldest scientifically-dated human remains come from Addaura Caprara, dated to 15,643–15,177 cal BP. Some archaeologists interpret the evidence as suggesting a brief, solitary visit to the island at around 37,000 BP followed by a gap of some 20,000 years before the establishment of a permanent presence during the 16th millennium BP. Others dismiss the veracity of the evidence from Fontana Nuova and hold that Sicily was never settled until some considerable time after the LGM. Until late 20th-century studies demonstrated the attractions of coastal ecotones, absence of evidence was sometimes interpreted as a rejection of coastal landscapes by Upper Palaeolithic and Mesolithic hunter-gatherers. My thesis will argue that Sicily was not uninhabited for 20,000 years or more but that any evidence for human coastal presence throughout prehistory is potentially submerged. I consider the attractions of coastlands for early modern humans. I discuss the physical background to glaciation and deglaciation resulting in sea-level change. By combining data on absolute sea-level change with evidence for terrestrial displacement resulting from tectonic forces, I have determined relative sea-level change affecting the coastlines of Sicily from 37,000 BP until the Iron Age (ending c750 BC). The results have been combined with digital bathymetric data within an ESRI ArcMap GIS program to produce a series of maps at archaeologically-significant dates. The very areas that are now recognised as being attractive to modern humans will be shown to be submerged today. With reference to modern scientific techniques and their application by specialists in a variety of locations, I shall demonstrate that the successful recovery of submerged archaeological evidence is achievable. I shall also consider a number of phenomena revealed by my field observations that have conspired to conceal or destroy the coastal archaeological record, the absence of such evidence being used illegitimately to support claims for an unpopulated island. These phenomena include natural catastrophes such as earthquakes and related tsunamis, volcanic activity and landslides. Additionally, coastline modification resulting from river estuary migration, and anthropogenic impacts will be considered.
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Bass, Bryon. "An archaeological assessment of the prehistoric and protohistoric evidence from the island of Korčula, Croatia." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/21479.
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This thesis explores various aspects of the archaeological evidence found on the island of Korčula, Croatia, and its nearby islets. The specific geographic nature of the island allows for a defined and critical analysis of past occupations. While the overall temporal occupations on Korčula fall within known regional sequences, the nature of many aspects of the island's archaeological records seems to be unique. These features permit investigations into the nature of settlement patterns and resource exploitations along the Dalmatian Coast. In this regard, Korčula is an ideal case study for regional socio-cultural and economic organization. The research focuses on the prehistoric and protohistoric periods. The prehistoric period ranges from the Mesolithic through to the Iron Age. The protohistoric period is generally assigned to the Iron Age Illyrian occupations, which are primarily associated with Late Archaic Greek evidence. The data for the thesis has been gathered and examined through numerous methods. A bibliographic review establishes the background to the island as well as the Dalmatian Coast region. The primary archaeological field sampling techniques applied include systematic landscape survey, test excavations, and artifact surface collections. A comprehensive computer data base was designed along with a museum documentation system and a bilingual sites and monuments registry. Numerous specialized examinations (pedological profiles, X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction of clay source materials and pottery) have also been conducted to gain further insight into the nature of the archaeological record, with an emphasis on the potential for future research applications.
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Banker, Catherine Mary Courser. "A structural history of the Old Stone Hotel in Daggett utilizing archaeological and documentary evidence." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1994. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/856.
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Findlater, George MacRae. "Imperial control in Roman and Byzantine Arabia : a landscape interpretation of archaeological evidence in Southern Jordan." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/9789.
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The dominant interpretation of Roman imperialism in the provinces of Arabia and then Palaestina Tertia holds that the Empire was seeking to combat external military threats from nomads. This interpretation is based on archaeological evidence of Roman military sites forming a static defensive system linked by a road network. Recent scholarship in Jordan has questioned this interpretation. Alternative hypotheses have been advanced proposing that these sites acted as points of provincial control or were situated to maintain routes for long distance trade. It is proposed here that these interpretations of imperial control are flawed, either because of poorly realised explanatory models or improperly sampled datasets. In contrast, this study achieves an integration of textual and archaeological data through the conceptual framework of landscape. This approach stresses the spatial correlates of human behaviour and allows an alternative interpretation of imperial control to be validated. This study proposes the hypothesis that the aim of Roman imperialism in this area was to control directly imperial material resources. It does not present a historical reconstruction but demonstrates the power of a landscape approach over other models in the interpretation of Roman imperial control in southern Jordan. A rigorous review of existing textual and archaeological evidence from southern Jordan to establish military spatial and temporal development concludes that the scale of military fluctuations to support the hypothesis of a desert frontier sy~tem has been exaggerated. To test this conclusion primary data from the Dana Archaeological Survey (DAS), a three-year survey project directed by the author, was rigorously correlated with existing datasets. By strictly defining military sites and emphasising these monuments as part of wider settlement pattern, the survey demonstrated that military variability was in fact highly conservative and cannot support the hypothesis of frontier defence or provincial control. The DAS data was then used to test an alternative hypothesis that military variation is linked to the control of trade and wider socio-economic integration. This was achieved by correlating military sites with the wider settlement hierarchy through patterns of ceramic continuity. However, contrary to previous interpretations showing highly variable settlement change, the results proved that the correlation with military sites is not exact. These results were then compared with critically evaluated data from four other surveys (Wadi Hasa Survey, Southern Ghors and North Arabah Survey, Limes Arabicus survey and the Kerak Plateau Survey), which broadly supported the DAS results. This study makes clear that there is a spatial correlation between the existence of imperial estates, industrial centres and military sites. Archaeological evidence of an imperial estate in the DAS project area is presented and is contrasted with the different spatial and temporal features of a civilian estate. This imperial estate can be spatially correlated with several military sites. A review of the historical and textual evidence for imperial estates in Arabia suggests a provincial-wide pattern. This re-interpretation of the imperial landscape in southern Jordan views the location of military sites and the road network as a part of a vast integrated resourcing system of the Eastern Empire.
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Buckberry, Jo. "Osteological evidence of corporal and capital punishment in later Anglo-Saxon England." http://catalogue.brad.ac.uk/record=b2193549~S1, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/7184.
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noRecent research by Andrew Reynolds has interrogated the archaeological record for evidence of Anglo-Saxon execution cemeteries (Reynolds 2009). This paper will discuss how osteological evidence can aid our interpretation of Anglo-Saxon capital punishment and give insight into the type of evidence that might aid in the identification of corporal punishment from skeletal populations. The importance of correctly interpreting skeletal trauma is essential, but this can be supported by scrutinising the palaeodemographic profile of execution populations, burial position, an understanding the decomposition process and the significance of post-depositional disturbance of burials. It will lay down a framework for the successful identification of corporal and capital p unishments, with reference to Anglo-Saxon documentary sources.
Full text of the author's final draft is unavailable due to copyright restrictions.
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Kennedy, Michael Anthony. "An investigation of hunter-gatherer shellfish foraging practices : archaeological and geochemical evidence from Bodega Bay, California /." For electronic version search Digital dissertations database. Restricted to UC campuses. Access is free to UC campus dissertations, 2004. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, Davis, 2005.Degree granted in Anthropology. Dissertation completed in 2004; degree granted in 2005. Also available via the World Wide Web. (Restricted to UC campuses)
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Marsden, Peter R. V. "Shipping and the port of London, from Roman times to the 13th century : some archaeological evidence." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.316832.
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Locker, Alison Mary. "The role of stored fish in England 900-1750AD; the evidence from historical and archaeological data." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2000. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/43755/.
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This thesis examines the historical and archaeological data for the consumption of herring and the gadid fishes (primarily cod, haddock, whiting, ling and hake) as stored fish cured by salting, drying and smoking. The thesis is divided into three parts, in the first part the historical evidence for developing fisheries, storage methods, marketing and consumption is discussed with an evaluation of the nutritional changes to the fish as a result of storage. In part two factors affecting fish bone preservation and recovery are presented and the authors own recording criteria. A new methodology is introduced using the documented data for portions and rations from monasteries and the forces, showing herring and the gadids by volume offish eaten compared with the number of bones counted. Distribution of body parts as evidence for stored and fresh fish in the large gadids, hitherto only used to show processing is adapted for application to the data sample which largely represents consumption. In part three the 20 sites comprising the data sample are described. Portion and body part methods are applied to the herring and gadid bones from these assemblages. In the majority of sites herring predominate by number of bones, by portion cod becomes the primary fish in many cases. Evidence for stored cod, ling and hake were found by body part distribution in many assemblages. The results of this study have shown that the archaeological data when expressed as a volume of fish supports the historical evidence for cod as the prime fish among these species, both as fresh and stored. Fish assemblages transcribed into portion from bone numbers present fish as a volume of food and often relegate herring, excessively favoured by bone numbers, into a subsidiary position.
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Haakanson, Sven David. "Ethnoarchaeology of the Yamal Nenets : utilizing emic and etic evidence in the interpretation of archaeological residues /." Ann Arbor (Mich.) : UMI dissertation services, 2000. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37717292g.
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Monnier, Gilliane Fanny. "a re-evaluation of the archaeological evidence for a Lower-Middle Paleolithic divison in Western Europe /." Ann Arbor (Mich.) : UMI dissertation services, 2001. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb399404979.
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Foard, Glenn. "Integrating Documentary and Archaeological Evidence in the Investigation of Battles : A Case Study from Seventeenth-Century England." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.502105.
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This thesis examines the ways in which mo~ t~
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Quine, Gillian. "A reconsideration of the evidence of the 'shieling' in the Kingdom of Man and the Isles, with particular reference to Man." Thesis, Durham University, 1990. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1504/.
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Bradley, Cynthia Smith. "Remaking the Mazeway : skeletal and archaeological evidence for a variant Ancestral Pueblo mortuary rite at Wallace Ruin (USA)." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/29156.
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This thesis presents the results of a multi-disciplinary investigation of a variant Ancestral Pueblo mortuary rite at Wallace Ruin, southwest Colorado (USA). This multi-storey building is one of four Lakeview Group great houses connected to the Pueblo II regional system centred at Pueblo Bonito of Chaco Canyon some 100 km to the south. From c. AD 1060-1150, Wallace Ruin functioned as a ritual-economic centre with a small residential component. Then, habitation of this great house, the Lakeview Group and all domiciles within 10 kilometres ceased. However, three or more decades later at least six rooms were used as a non-residential, Pueblo III mortuary facility for a minimum of 32 individuals. This utilisation was in marked contrast to the enduring Ancestral Pueblo practice of residential burial, usually in the extramural midden. The interrogation of several hypotheses regarding this anomaly entails a bioarchaeological approach that integrates skeletal evidence with spatial analyses regarding diachronic mortuary location choices at Wallace Ruin. Taphonomic methods that segregate bone displacements during corpse decomposition in a filled versus a void space provide accurate determinations of the depositional versus discovered mortuary microenvironments. The diachronic analysis of data from roughly 200 San Juan Region sites reveals additional ways in which Wallace’s Pueblo III mortuary program departs from longstanding communities of practice, whether great house or domicile. Chief among these are the use of a surface room floor and the postural arrangement of supine bodies with knees upright. These results, in combination with material culture evidence, form the basis of this thesis: The Pueblo III mortuary program at Wallace Ruin is a variant rite that entails a Mesa Verde Region reformulation of a Pueblo Bonito house society. The sanctioned retrieval of objects of memory offers a plausible explanation for intentional intrusions into two mortuary contexts. Beyond addressing questions concerning Wallace Ruin, a major contribution of this study includes advancement of the house society model as an interpretive scheme for evaluating Mesa Verde Region socio-ritual dynamics. This research also demonstrates the effectiveness of anthropologie de terrain (Duday, 2006) to retrospectively determine the original status of Ancestral Pueblo mortuary microenvironments. The refinement developed for this study, in which Range of Motion criteria are used to detect large-scale movements of lower limbs during corpse decomposition, is suitable for bioarchaeological analyses the world over.
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Waugh, Karen Elizabeth. "Germans beyond the Limes : a reassessment of the archaeological evidence in the Limesvorland of southern Germania Inferior/Secunda." Thesis, Durham University, 1998. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1130/.
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Gowland, Rebecca Louise. "Age as an aspect of social identity in fourth-to-sixth- century AD England : the archaeological funerary evidence." Thesis, Durham University, 2002. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1007/.
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Riley, Frank Richard. "The role of the traditional Mediterranean diet in the development of Minoan Crete : archaeological, nutritional and biochemical evidence." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/17530.
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Bibliography: pages 245-268.Archaeological evidence reveals that a diet consisting of mainly of cereals, pulses and olives, supplemented by fish and with a low percentage of animal products, was consumed on Crete in the Minoan period, as it was up to this century. Modem clinical and biochemical research indicates that this traditional 'Mediterranean diet' offers certain nutritional and health benefits depending on the balances of the components - particularly relating to moderately high carbohydrate intake, low saturated (mainly animal) fatty acids and the presence of beneficial fatty acids of vegetable (especially olive) and fish origin. It has been demonstrated that intake of these latter fatty acids is associated with reduction in cardiac pathology and the development of visual and mental acuity in neonatal infants. Beneficial effects in certain cancers and auto-immune diseases are also being investigated. Lipid analyses of samples of Cretan olive oil and Aegean fish (identified taxonomically from faunal remains and Minoan frescoes) confirm good levels of both essential and other dietary fatty foods. An assessment of the nutritional benefits of the Minoan diet and its possible role in the development of Minoan Crete are investigated, using archaeological, demographic, biochemical and skeletal evidence.
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Forsythe, Lauren Ann. "Dental Microwear Evidence for Variation in Dietary Texture Among Humans at the Carrier Mills Archaeological District, Saline County, Illinois." Available to subscribers only, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1967978651&sid=2&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Miller, Holly. "The origins of nomadic pastoralism in the Southern Levant : stable isotope, chipped stone and architectural analysis of archaeological evidence." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.569131.
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Herded animals were introduced to the steppic region of Eastern Jordan, where they are found at Wadi Jilat sites 13 and 25, late in the seventh millennium cal BC, coinciding with the Pre-Pottery Neolithic C of the Mediterranean region of the Southern Levant, and the Early Late Neolithic of the more arid areas. This introduction of sheep and goats occurs sometime after the initial evidence for domestic caprines at 'Ain Ghazal, a Mediterranean region village site that borders the steppe, where they are known from 6000-6500 cal BC, during the Pre- Pottery Neolithic B. The debate over the mechanisms for the introduction of these animals to the arid areas, bringing about the origins of nomadic pastoralism, forms the basis for this study. To achieve a greater understanding of the social structures and identities of the groups herding animals in the steppe, it is necessary to identify whether it was indigenous steppic communities or village-based pastoralists that were exploiting the region. This research compiles three bodies of evidence, representing different aspects of the pastoralist lifeway, to answer this question; evidence for herding movements, chipped stone production and short- occupation structures were analysed in order to look at developments in the steppe that occurred alongside the introduction of animals at WJ13 and WJ25. Indications of herding movements from these sites, along with the Mediterranean zone comparative, 'Ain Ghazal, were revealed through carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) stable isotopic analysis of caprine bones. This was used to pinpoint the foraging range of the herded animals, suggesting the regions in which they, and accompanying herders, spent lengths of time. It was determined that differences in the isotopic ratios of animals from WJ13 and WJ25 signify that different herding strategies were used to bring animals to the two sites; at WJ25, this included the movement of animals in the Mediterranean regions of the Southern Levant, while at WJ13, animal forage range was restricted to the steppe. This led to the rejection of the theory that all herding was village based on the grounds of the WJ13 evidence. Chipped stone assemblages from two floor areas of the case study sites were analysed to look at the production and organisational strategies involved. Technical skills are often learned behaviours, therefore expressions of traits common to the Wadi Jilat, the Azraq Basin or the wider Southern Levantine records found in the WJ13 and WJ25 production evidence were assessed. This was used to further indicate that WJ25 has closer links to communities of the Mediterranean region than WJ13 which shows continuities to steppic traditions. The third aspect of analysis draws on the human experience of the built environments of WJ13 and WJ25, in comparison to earlier PPNB Wadi Jilat sites 7 and 26, and contemporary Mediterranean comparative Basta. This methodology was used to show that the occupancy and organisation of buildings in the ELN was different to preceding strategies in the same region, and those employed at the large village sites. It is suggested that this reconfiguration is part of the development of the nomadic pastoral lifeway and that understanding these regional changes is crucial for our understanding of the archaeology of the wider Southern Levantine Neolithic.
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Caughron, Sarah Mistak. "CLIMATIC VARIABILITY AT MODOC ROCK SHELTER (ILLINOIS) AND WATSON BRAKE (LOUISIANA): BIOMETRIC AND ISOTOPIC EVIDENCE FROM ARCHAEOLOGICAL FRESHWATER MUSSEL SHELL." MSSTATE, 2009. http://sun.library.msstate.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-10292009-110726/.
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This thesis assesses climate change during the Hypsithermal Climatic Interval through the analysis of freshwater mussel remains from archaeological sites in Eastern North America. Modern climate data was used as a model to test the mosaic consequences of climate change. Freshwater mussels: can be used as indicators of precipitation by examining changes in overall size through time: larger mussels are found in larger streams, while smaller mussels are found in smaller streams. This study combines morphometric and isotopic data from archaeological freshwater mussels at Modoc Rock Shelter, Watson Brake, Plum Creek, Owens site, and Landerneau mounds to assess past climatic conditions. At Modoc Rock Shelter, oxygen isotopic data corroborate morphometric data and show that climate was fluctuating with a period of stability at the onset of the Hypsithermal. The oxygen isotopic data sets from the Louisiana sites show that the mid-Holocene was much warmer than the late-Holocene.
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Neilson, Ruth Amelia. "Bronze Age Connections: An investigation regarding the archaeological and textual evidence for contact between the Mycenaean Greeks and the Hittites." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Humanities, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/3282.
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Vella, Nicholas C. "Ritual, landscape and territory : Phoenician and Punic non-funerary religious sites in the Mediterranean : an analysis of the archaeological evidence." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/0f6f0164-73e9-48a4-a2b3-b137f3c5ccf3.
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Capuzzo, Giacomo. "Space-temporal analysis of radiocarbon evidence and associated archaeological record: from danube to ebro rivers and from bronze to iron ages." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/283401.
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En esta tesis se ha abordado el problema histórico de la estandardización cultural que caracteriza las fases finales de la Edad del Bronce. En particular, se han analizado diferentes fenómenos de expansión y adopción de innovación que tuvieron lugar en Europa en el segundo milenio a.C.
Al abordar estos temas hemos decidido seguir un enfoque cuantitativo. Desde un punto de vista metodológico, el punto de partida ha sido el desarrollo de la base de datos EUBAR que recoge más de 1700 dataciones radiocarbónicas de contextos arqueológicos georreferenciados, definidos por un conjunto de variables de presencia/ausencia de algunos tipos funcionales. La región analizada abarca un área desde el Ebro hasta el río Danubio (NE de la Península Ibérica, sur de Francia, norte de Italia, Suiza, Austria y sur de Alemania); la horquilla cronológica va de 1750 a 750 a.C. El análisis crítico de cada datación, en relación a la información tafonómica y estratigráfica de cada muestra, representa la columna vertebral de la base de datos.
El primer logro ha sido proporcionar un nuevo modelo cronológico basado en el análisis estadístico bayesiano de las dataciones 14C procedentes de contextos arqueológicos fiables ubicados en el norte de Italia y en el sur de Francia. Aunque el número de fechas fiables sigue siendo bajo, ha sido posible desarrollar cuatro modelos diferentes con el programa OxCal, dos contiguos y dos secuenciales. Centrándose en la estadística descriptiva, la cronología radiocarbónica del norte de Italia parece ser ligeramente más alta que la convencional, mientras que para el sur de Francia la cronología tradicional se ve confirmada por los modelos bayesianos.
El segundo logro ha sido utilizar las dataciones recolectadas para averiguar la presencia de episodios de cambio demográfico en el área investigado entre 1800 y 800 a.C. A través del análisis de frecuencias de las fechas radiocarbónicas incluidas en la base de datos EUBAR hemos podido inferir la estacionariedad poblacional a escala macro del Danubio al Ebro. Por el contrario, las funciones de densidad de probabilidad acumulada y los histogramas de las medianas muestran la existencia de discontinuidades a nivel local.
El tercer logro ha sido detectar tres fenómenos de adopción de innovación, que tuvieron lugar en el segundo milenio a.C., es decir, las necrópolis de incineración, las vasijas con asas de apéndice de botón y los cuchillos de metal. En particular, se ha podido observar que la adopción del ritual funerario de la cremación dentro del fenómeno de los Campos de Urnas siguió una tendencia exponencial positiva a escala macro con fechas de aparición diferentes en regiones diferentes. Asimismo, se ha podido modelizar la difusión en el espacio y en el tiempo de la adopción del nuevo ritual funerario. El resultado ha sido la existencia de un claro gradiente espacio-temporal de Este hacia Oeste, del Noroeste de la región alpina hacia el noreste de la Península Ibérica. La misma direccionalidad ha sido reconocida también para la adopción de las asas de apéndice de botón.
Finalmente la tesis propone la arquitectura de un modelo basado en agentes para explicar los fenómenos de difusión y adopción de innovación en las primeras sociedades complejas.In this thesis we have approached the historical problem of cultural standardization at the end of Bronze Age. In particular, we have analyzed phenomena of expansion and adoption of innovation which took place in the 2nd millennium BC in Europe. To tackle this issue, we have decided to follow a quantitative approach. From a methodological point of view, the starting point has been the development of the EUBAR database which collects more than 1700 14C dates of georeferenced archaeological contexts, defined by a set of variables of presence/absence of some functional types. The analyzed region embraces an area from the Ebro to the Danube River (namely, NE Iberian Peninsula, Southern France, Northern Italy, Switzerland, Austria and Southern Germany); the time-span is 1750-750 BC. The critical analysis of each dating, concerning the taphonomic and stratigraphic information of each sample, represents the backbone of the database. The first goal has been to propose a new chronological model based on Bayesian statistical analysis of 14C dates from reliable archaeological contexts in northern Italy and southern France. Although the number of reliable dates for macroscale research remains low, it has been possible to develop four different models with the software OxCal, two contiguous ones and two sequential ones. Focusing on descriptive statistics, the 14C chronology of northern Italy seemed to be slightly higher than the conventional one, while that of southern France is confirmed by the Bayesian models. In both cases, the results claim the absolute necessity of an increase in the amount of 14C dates from selected archaeological contexts. The second goal has been to model demographic continuities and discontinuities between 1800 and 800 BC; the last term is due to the “Hallstatt disaster”. Through the analysis of frecuency of radiocarbon dates collected in the EUBAR database we have infered population stationarity on a macro-scale from the Danube to the Ebro. On the contrary, summed probability calibrated distributions (SCPDs) and histograms of medians show that episodes of change express locally. The third goal has been to detect three phenomena of adoption of innovation which took place in the 2nd millennium BC, i.e. cremation burials, vases with handles with vertical expansion and metal knives. In particular we have been able to observe that the adoption of cremation rite within the Urnfield culture followed a positive exponential trend on a macro-scale with different beginnings in different regions. Such an assumption allowed modeling the spatio-temporal diffusion of cremation burials which has shown to be characterized by a clear east to west gradient from the North-Western Alpine region to the NE of Iberian Peninsula. The same east to west directivity has been recognized for vases with handles with vertical expansion. Eventually the thesis proposes the architecture of an Agent Based Model for explaining phenomena of diffusion and adoption of innovation in early complex societies.
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Baharal, Drora. "Victory of propaganda : the dynastic aspect of the Imperial propaganda of the Severi : the literary and archaeological evidence AD 193-235 /." Oxford : Tempus reparatum, 1996. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb36184305j.
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Lambert, Tracey Jennifer, and n/a. "Imprints in the dust : historical and archaeological evidence of mining methods used on goldfields in south-eastern New South Wales and north-eastern Victoria during the 19th and early 20th century." University of Canberra. Resource, Environmental & Heritage Sciences, 1997. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20061113.152342.
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Speed, Christopher. "Experimental archaeology and the formation processes of the archaeological record : the effects of trampling and soil fauna on geological evidence of metalworking." Thesis, University of Reading, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.617033.
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This is an experimental investigation of some archaeological site formation processes. The investigation used laboratory based container experiments to study differential earthworm bioturbation of soil lead and copper with macro-artefacts using Lumbricus terrestris and Eisenia fetida, during six month studies. A second experiment traced the geochemistry of experimental metal working at Butser Ancient Farm, Hampshire, both spatially and in depth profile. Soil chemical analysis in all cases followed a similar technique, using aqua regia pseudo-total extraction soil digests, followed by analysis using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICPOES). The soil chemical patterns developed in a new experimental metalworking hut at Butser Ancient Farm were confined almost totally to the top 5cm of the soil profile, but could not conclusively be related to the number of episodes of metalworking in the hut. This was mostly due to the effects of trampling, and frequent reconstruction of the metalworking furnaces. Thirdly, the effects of trampling on artificially seeded macro-artefacts were related to chemical traces within the soil at experimental metal working sites at Butser Ancient Farm. Sedimentological models were adapted to analyse the differential movement of the macro-artefacts, and used to suggest movement pathways around the experimental metalworking areas. The models developed from these experimental investigations were used to inform interpretations of activity areas on an excavation at Insula IX, Si1chester, Hampshire, using Middle Range Theory to relate the observed experimental patterns to the excavated archaeology. Suggestions are made that the use of the distributions of a population of chemical concentrations can give better interpretations of activity areas than the use of individual concentration values. This may be a way of overcoming the great inherent variability in soil samples, while keeping current soil sampling regimes, and a manageable number of samples. It is further suggested that acid soil digests can possibly conflate high element concentrations arising from several different formation pathways. The bioturbation studies suggested some differential separation of soil chemical values and macro-artefacts initially arising from a single artificial assemblage. The geochemical and trampling experiments allowed some more sophisticated interpretations of soil chemical patterns to be suggested.
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Ravn, Mads. "Germanic social structure (c. AD 200-600) : a methodological study in the use of archaeological and historical evidence in migration age Europe." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1998. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/272489.
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Lafrenz, Kathryn A. "Tracing the source of the elephant and hippopotamus ivory from the 14th century B.C. Uluburun shipwreck the archaeological, historical, and isotopic evidence /." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2003. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0000243.
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Lafrenz, Kathryn Anne. "Tracing the Source of the Elephant and Hippopotamus Ivory from the 14th Century B.C. Uluburun Shipwreck: The Archaeological, Historical, and Isotopic Evidence." Scholar Commons, 2004. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/1122.
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The aim of this study is to establish the provenance of the elephant and hippopotamus ivory recovered from the 14th century B.C. Uluburun shipwreck in order to reconstruct the trade mechanisms and associated social relationships (e.g. diplomacy) operating in the eastern Mediterranean during the Late Bronze Age (LBA). Elephant ivory came either from Northeastern Libya, Southeastern Sudan via Egypt or northwestern Syria during this period. Hippopotamus ivory likewise was obtained from Syria, Palestine, or Egypt.
The Uluburun's cargo is reconstructed by the excavator, George Bass, as "royal," and primarily originates from Cyprus and Syro-Palestine. Indeed, LBA trade is largely understood as gift-exchange between ruling elites, thereby reflecting a trade system organized by and for a centralized authority. With the transition to the Iron Age, an identifiable merchant class developed and decentralized trade (relative to the preceding era) under a system of cabotage shipping. If the ivory is shown to derive from several regions instead of a single location, a revision of LBA trade must be fashioned to include ruling elites acting as "merchants" to a larger degree than previously assumed, or the web of social relationships involved in "international" diplomacy as much more intricate. Indeed, the mechanisms of the LBA trade must be established to provide a complete picture of trade, especially since the import and historical data is biased towards a simplistic, centralized trade system.
The δ13C, δ15N, and δ18O reflect the climate and vegetation of the area in which a population dwells, so that areas with similar climate/vegetation will produce similar isotopic signatures, though these areas may be geographically seperated. Nevertheless, examining 87Sr/86Sr ratios will distinguish between populations because 87Sr/86Sr mirrors the isotopic signature of the underlying rock, and is sufficiently unique to each region to warrant differentiation.
Isotopic ratio analysis (carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and/or strontium) was conducted on the collagen and apatite components of the ivory using mass spectrometry to differentiate between regions and therefore provide the provenance. Ultimately a source determination utilizing HR-ICP-MS for 87Sr/86Sr was not successful. Future provenance research on ivory should employ TIMS, and consider triangulating 87Sr/86Sr against lead and neodymium isotopes.
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Piccinini, Jessica. "The customers of the oracle of Dodona through the analysis of the literary and archaeological evidence up to the mid-4th century BC." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.560477.
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Studies published to date on the oracle of Dodona in Epirus have to different extents been coloured by, or fully reliant on, the possibility of unravelling divinatory practice, especially in the wake of Parke. Despite a plethora of attempts at identifying how the priestesses and/or priests give the responses of the oracle at Dodona, such a prospect has remained unrealised and at the moment it is impossible to determine the oracular practices in detail. Today new prospects in the study of shrines demand that we turned from attempting to understand how the oracle of Dodona worked, so as to concentrate on who consulted it. The present investigation aims to give a comprehensive study of the catchment area of the shrine of Dodona through the identification of its clients. All available sources have been considered, from the very first attestation of worship at Dodona, in the second millennium, to the mid- 4th century BC, when the geopolitical dynamics of Greece, and especially of Epirus, changed drastically. My thesis responds to the need, on the one hand, for an interdisciplinary analysis of the sources to gain a wider and exhaustive scenario, with a critique of the several archaeological and historical interpretations proposed until today, and, on the other, for the creation of the first corpus of all extant evidence. So far modern scholars have relegated the oracle to a marginal position in the ancient Greek world, considering it as a shrine consulted for private questions by people circulating in the area of the Adriatic Sea. From the analysis of the sources (material and literary evidence), the scenario I have drawn is wholly different. From the 6th century onwards, not only private individuals, but also communities consulted and made offering to the oracle. The catchment area of the shrine grew, passing from an almost local to an interregional (6th cent.) and then pan-Hellenic dimension (5th - 4th cent). The sanctuary attracted devotees not only from local and neighbouring regions, Epirus, Thessaly, the Corinthian colonies of the Adriatic, as one might expect, but also from Boiotia, Magna Graecia, Sicily, Athens, Cyprus, and the Peloponnese, particularly from Sparta.
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Maleszka-Ritchie, Monika. "The evidence for standardisation within the archaeological and historical records of the Baltic Viking Age : implications for our understanding of trade and exchange." Thesis, University of York, 2007. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/9920/.
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Nijboer, Albert J. "From household production to workshops : archaeological evidence for economic transformations, pre-monetary exchange and urbanisation in central Italy from 800 to 400 BC /." Groningen : University of Groningen, Department of Mediterranean archaeology, 1998. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37322085z.
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Chepey, Stuart Douglas. "Nazirites in late Second Temple Judaïsm : a survey of ancient Jewish writings, the New Testament, archaeological evidence, and other writings from late antiquity /." Leiden : Brill, 2005. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39998496x.
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Junkkaala, Eero. "Three conquests of Canaan : a comparative study of two Egyptian military campaigns and Joshua 10-12 in the light of recent archaeological evidence /." [Åbo] : [Parainen] : Åbo Akademi University Press ; Distribution: Tibo-Trading, 2006. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb409817167.
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Mukherjee, Anna Jane. "The importance of pigs in the later British Neolithic : integrating stable isotope evidence from lipid residues in archaeological potsherds, animal bone, and modern animal tissues." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.416805.
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Straube, Beverly Ann. ""And he that in Virginia shall copper coin receive" : explicating an undocumented fiscal scheme in the early English settlement at Jamestown through the archaeological evidence." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/28779.
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Traditionally, coins and exonumia found in archaeological contexts have been examined in a way that fails to utilize their full potential for making substantive contributions to historical questions. Often bearing dates and/or dateable iconography, these numismatic objects are used primarily to provide temporal data for archaeological contexts or sites; and, as material culture related to the economic sphere, the function of these objects is assumed. When archaeological excavations in England’s North American colonies uncover European coins and exonumia that are obsolete in their original countries of origin, they are often interpreted as items imported for the Indian trade without consideration of their full social and cultural contexts. Since 1994, archaeological excavations on the c. 1607-24 site of James Fort, the initial English settlement at Jamestown, have uncovered over two hundred Dutch and English tokens and Irish coins that are both unusual for the Virginia context and are no longer current in their original settings. This thesis examines this unusual group of base metal coins and exonumia found in the fort’s tightly dated discrete contexts as evidence of an undocumented scheme of token currency in the early English colony. The research incorporates a biographical approach to the data, weaving together numismatic scholarship, evidence from archaeological contexts, and contemporary historical accounts. The use of token currency in Bermuda and Newfoundland, two early English colonies established subsequent to Jamestown, provides evidence of parallel adaptive measures required to fulfil local needs in New World settlements. In conclusion, familial and commercial links connecting the leaders of the Virginia enterprise, English governmental officials, and the Royal Mint are suggested as agencies for the obsolete coins and tokens at Jamestown. Using numismatic objects as portals to Jamestown’s past, this study demonstrates new understandings may be gained from beginning an historical inquiry with contextually relevant material culture.
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Kontogiorgos, Dimitris. "Investigating Site Formation Processes through geoarchaeological and microartifact analysis of archaeological sediments: The evidence from the Neolithic tell/extended site at Paliambela (Pieria region, Northern Greece)." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.489665.
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Geoarchaeology is the field of study that applies the concepts and methods of the geosciences to archaeological research. Geoarchaeological studies are important to archaeology because they can significantly enhance the archaeological interpretation. This thesis presents a geoarchaeological investigation of the processes involved in the formation of the Neolithic site at Paliambela in the Northern Pieria region of Central Macedonia, Northern Greece which unusually comprises both a tell and flat/extended componet. Chapter 1 presents an overview of geoarchaeology and its potentiality to unravel site formation processes. As geoarchaeology is an indispensable part of modem archaeological research can be used in concert with other archaeological subdisciplines such as archaeometry, to sharpen the interpretation of archaeological data and allow us to understand prehistory more fully. In this respect, Chapter 2 sets out the methods utilized ./ for the purposes of this study which were: particle-size analysis, microartifact analysis, magnetic susceptibility measurements, and organic carbon determination. Combinations of these methods can provide information critical to an understanding of the dynamics of the site's stratigraphy and ofthe formation of the deposits. ~hapter 3 presents and interprets the results of geoarchaeological analysis of core-data and of selected deposits (pits and ditches of the Neolithic period and pits of the Byzantine-Ottoman period) within the site while Chapter 4 explores the spatial organization of these deposits in more detail. The overall outcome of this analysis (Chapter 5) is the recognition that the formation of the archaeological deposits from both parts of the site, both temporally and spatially, was largely the result of differences in human activities and probably in the organization of human activities that seem to preserve to two components of the Neolithic site as spatially distinct over time while differences between the Neolithic and Byzantine-Ottoman contexts broadly indicate differences in the living environment between the prehistoric and historic settlement.