Academic literature on the topic 'Archaeological evidence'
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Journal articles on the topic "Archaeological evidence"
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Menon, Jaya, and Supriya Varma. "Reading Archaeological Evidence." Indian Historical Review 37, no. 2 (December 2010): 187–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/037698361003700201.
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Sackett, James. "Neanderthal Behaviour:the Archaeological Evidence." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 7, no. 1 (April 1997): 148–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774300001530.
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Saláta, D., E. Krausz, L. Reményi, Ákos Kenéz, and Á. Pető. "Combining historical land-use and geoarchaeological evidence to support archaeological site detection." Agrokémia és Talajtan 63, no. 1 (June 1, 2014): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/agrokem.63.2014.1.11.
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The present state of our landscapes is not only the result of various natural processes, but of the anthropogenic effect that humankind had since its occurrence within the landscape. These processes reach back as far as the beginning of the known archaeological eras. One of the major problems in the reconstruction of landscape evolution is bridging the gap between the archaeologically well-defined periods and the extensively documented last three centuries. Remains of the various archaeological periods are conserved in the soil and form part of the soil’s memory function; but soils develop and might get destroyed over time. However, soils also bridge the heritage of once lived cultures with those events of the last few centuries that are reconstructable, based on written and map sources. It must be noted that the possibility of human-induced soil destruction is significantly higher within the mentioned centuries, therefore the understanding of land-use changes, land-use trajectories are essential in assessing the possible degradation of soils, archaeological sites and heritage.The present contribution attempts to integrate the tools of geoarchaeology, soil science and landscape ecology with the archaeological knowledge of the Cikola valley (Mezőföld, Hungary). The historic land-use changes within the target area of the valley were detected and quantified with the trajectory tracking method. This was compared to soil conditions, geoarchaeological data and to information collected through on-site archaeological field walking. The comparisons of archaeological sites that have been less or more intensively used in the past, differ both in soil conditions, and in the condition of the archaeological phenomena they preserve. The trajectory values gave a good estimate on the possible and predictable disturbance of the archaeological phenomena preserved at the examined sites.
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Anderson, T. "Archaeological evidence for os tibiale." Foot 9, no. 4 (December 1999): 201–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1054/foot.1999.0557.
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Wylie, Alison. "How Archaeological Evidence Bites Back." Science, Technology, & Human Values 42, no. 2 (October 11, 2016): 203–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0162243916671200.
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Archaeological data are shadowy in a number of senses. They are notoriously incomplete and fragmentary, and the sedimented layers of interpretive scaffolding on which archaeologists rely to constitute these data as evidence carry the risk that they will recognize only those data that conform to expectation. These epistemic anxieties further suggest that, once recovered, there is little prospect for putting “legacy” data to work in new ways. And yet the “data imprints” of past lives are a rich evidential resource; archaeologists successfully mine old data sets for new insights that redirect inquiry, often calling into question assumptions embedded in the scaffolding that made their recovery possible in the first place. I characterize three strategies by which archaeologists address the challenges posed by legacy data: secondary retrieval and recontextualization of primary data, and the use old data in experimental simulations of the cultural past under study. By these means, archaeologists establish evidential claims of varying degrees of credibility, not by securing empirical bedrock but through a process of continuously building and rebuilding provisional empirical foundations.
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Emmerich Kamper, Theresa. "Leather Tanneries: the Archaeological Evidence." Post-Medieval Archaeology 52, no. 3 (September 2, 2018): 428–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00794236.2018.1515418.
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McKenzie, Judith. "Glimpsing Alexandria from archaeological evidence." Journal of Roman Archaeology 16 (2003): 35–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047759400012988.
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Hogg, Erin A., and John R. Welch. "Archaeological Evidence in the Tsilhqot’in Decision." Canadian Journal of Archaeology 44, no. 2 (2020): 155–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.51270/44.2.155.
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The 2014 Supreme Court of Canada Tsilhqot’in decision provides the first declaration of Aboriginal title to Canadian soil. Aboriginal title requires evidence of continuous, exclusive, and sufficient occupation of a territory. In the earlier trial before the British Columbia Supreme Court the Tsilhqot’in First Nations presented a substantial corpus of archaeological evidence to complement historical evidence, oral histories, and Tsilhqot’in testimony regarding the locations of Tsilhqot’in villages and the type and duration of their occupations. We examined this body of archaeological data in the context of the judicial proceedings to understand which data were considered favourably by the court and why. We found that the trial court accepted archaeological data as evidence of occupation on definite tracts of land at the time of sovereignty, agreeing with the Tsilhqot’in plaintiffs that the evidence met the legal standards for continuous and sufficient occupation. Because the Supreme Court Tsilhqot’in decision is the paramount statement on Aboriginal title, the treatment and consideration of archaeological data in that decision will likely set standards for and guide improvements to the applications of archaeological data in title cases.
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Becker, Marshall Joseph. "Archaeological Evidence for When Life Begins." Anthropology News 38, no. 5 (May 1997): 13–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/an.1997.38.5.13.3.
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Marcus, Joyce. "The Archaeological Evidence for Social Evolution." Annual Review of Anthropology 37, no. 1 (October 2008): 251–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.37.081407.085246.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Archaeological evidence"
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Al-Salameen, Zeyad Mahdi Mohammad. "Nabataean economy in the light of archaeological evidence." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.547502.
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The present study deals with the Nabataean economy in the light of archaeological evidence. It depends on some limited historical sources, epigraphy, published data from archaeological excavations and surveys and new data published for the first time after a survey conducted by the author in Bayda, five kilometres north of Petra, Jordan. The study is divided into three chapters. The first chapter is concerned with Nabataean trade, both at local and international levels. This chapter includes a discussion on the Nabataean trade routes, maritime commerce, Nabataean legal and commercial documents, markets and commodities. In addition, this chapter contains a study of the Nabataean metrological system and relevant aspects of Nabataean numismatics. In the second chapter Nabataean agriculture is analysed. The study tries to illuminate further the role of this component in the formation of the Nabataean economy. The study concentrates particularly on the Nabataean agricultural installations, broadly speaking, the wine and olive presses which have been found at certain sites in Nabataea. They are dealt with in terms of their geographical distribution, capacities and other statistical and economic analyses. This study is followed by descriptive, typological and quantitative accounts of wine production at Bayda in particular. In the final chapter diverse industries are listed and discussed. These include: mining, bitumen, perfume, textiles, carpentry and leather industries. These three chapters are followed by general conclusions and appendices including maps, tables, models, figures and plates.
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Sifniotis, Maria. "Representing archaeological uncertainty in cultural informatics." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2012. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/40735/.
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This thesis sets out to explore, describe, quantify, and visualise uncertainty in a cultural informatics context, with a focus on archaeological reconstructions. For quite some time, archaeologists and heritage experts have been criticising the often toorealistic appearance of three-dimensional reconstructions. They have been highlighting one of the unique features of archaeology: the information we have on our heritage will always be incomplete. This incompleteness should be reflected in digitised reconstructions of the past. This criticism is the driving force behind this thesis. The research examines archaeological theory and inferential process and provides insight into computer visualisation. It describes how these two areas, of archaeology and computer graphics, have formed a useful, but often tumultuous, relationship through the years. By examining the uncertainty background of disciplines such as GIS, medicine, and law, the thesis postulates that archaeological visualisation, in order to mature, must move towards archaeological knowledge visualisation. Three sequential areas are proposed through this thesis for the initial exploration of archaeological uncertainty: identification, quantification and modelling. The main contributions of the thesis lie in those three areas. Firstly, through the innovative design, distribution, and analysis of a questionnaire, the thesis identifies the importance of uncertainty in archaeological interpretation and discovers potential preferences among different evidence types. Secondly, the thesis uniquely analyses and evaluates, in relation to archaeological uncertainty, three different belief quantification models. The varying ways that these mathematical models work, are also evaluated through simulated experiments. Comparison of results indicates significant convergence between the models. Thirdly, a novel approach to archaeological uncertainty and evidence conflict visualisation is presented, influenced by information visualisation schemes. Lastly, suggestions for future semantic extensions to this research are presented through the design and development of new plugins to a search engine.
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Hughes, Dennis D. "Human sacrifice in ancient Greece : the literary and archaeological evidence /." The Ohio State University, 1986. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487265143145839.
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Nowak, Troy Joseph. "Archaeological evidence for ship eyes: an analysis of their form and function." Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/5798.
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During the late 19th century, a number of large marble eyes were discovered near the
Athenian naval facilities at Zea. Although initially published as the eyes of ancient
Greek warships, many scholars have doubted the validity of this attribution. A range of
hypotheses have been presented in attempts both to discredit the notion that they are ship
eyes, and to re-classify these objects.
Recent excavations of a Classical Period merchantman at TektaÃÂ Burnu uncovered a
pair of marble discs that again raise questions relating to the identity of the marble eyes
from Zea. A review of alternative hypotheses relating to the identity of these objects
based on textual, archaeological, and representational evidence, coupled with technical
analyses of their construction, form, and decoration, leads to the conclusion that the
marble eyes discovered at Zea, as well as the objects from TektaÃÂ Burnu, adorned the
bows of ancient Greek ships between the 5th and the 3rd centuries BC. Evidence for the
function of these objects is found in the works of Greek authors who show that the eyes
of ancient ships marked the presence of a supernatural consciousness that guided the
ship and helped to avoid hazards. Studies of eye representations on Archaic and Classical Greek domestic articles and
parallels in architectural decoration suggest that ship eyes may have also worked as
apotropaions to counter forces such as envy.
As early as the 5th century BC Greek and Latin authors attest to a fear and
understanding of envy's destructive power, which was believed to attack through the
actions of both gods and mortals. Theories related to the use of eyes as apotropaions that
could counter envy are presented based on analysis of material from the Archaic and
Classical Periods. Links are made between Hellenistic and Roman mariners and their
fear of this force, which was expressed in their use of devices that functioned to protect
them from its ill effects. It is possible that ship eyes in ancient Greece served as both
epiphanies and apotropaions used to counter envy.
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Bezant, Jemma. "Medieval Welsh settlement and territory : archaeological evidence from a Teifi Valley landscape." Thesis, University of Wales Trinity Saint David, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.683279.
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Pomerantz, Solomon. "The prehistory of Madagascar : microbotanical and archaeological evidence from coastal and highland sites." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a0f536e8-9f1f-451b-b02d-cc9365ed3aba.
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Despite nearly one hundred years of archaeological and palaeoecological research in Madagascar, the human colonisation of the island remains poorly understood. Long- standing narratives of this colonisation described the arrival of Austronesian- speaking peoples by AD 400, eventually reaching the Central Highlands by the 12th century. The recent discovery of microlithic tools at the rockshelter of Lakaton'i Anja has radically disrupted conventional narratives for this colonisation by more than doubling the known period of Madagascar's human history, and questioning the presumed Austronesian origins of these first Malagasy peoples. This discovery also challenges existing models for the late Holocene extinction of the island's megafauna. This thesis constitutes the first systematic review in the last thirty years of literature relating to the colonisation of the island, as well as the first to approach this multidisciplinary material in light of new archaeological evidence from Lakaton'i Anja. This study also represents the first comprehensive and comparative phytolith analysis conducted on Madagascar. Despite the wide application of phytolith analysis across regional archaeological and palaeoecological contexts, it has never before been applied here. This thesis explores the botanical impact of these early colonists in and around sites of occupation, as well as tracing the introduction of Asian rice (Oryza sativa) and domesticated bananas (Musa acuminata). New methods of phytolith analysis were developed, adapted, and applied to sediments collected from two seasons of excavations in 2012 and 2013. The sites of Lakaton'i Anja, Mahilaka, and Ankadivory D'Ralambo were re-excavated, as well as the new site of Ampasimahavelona, near Vohémar. This thesis presents and discusses these excavations as well as the earliest evidence for the cultivation of both Musa acuminata and Oryza sativa on Madagascar, and an ultra-high resolution botanical perspective on the last four millennia of Madagascar's prehistory.
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Karagiorgou, Olga. "Urbanism and economy in Late Antique Thessaly 3rd-7th century A.D. : the archaeological evidence." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.369613.
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Cooper, James Eric. "Medieval Cappadocia (9th to mid 11th centuary)and the Byzantine Elite : the Archaeological Evidence." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.517061.
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Berry, Michael Gerald. "Stratigraphic and material interpretations of site evidence : investigations towards the nature of archaeological deposits." Thesis, University of York, 2008. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/14115/.
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This dissertation addresses the failure in common practice to fully integrate different parts of the archaeological record systematically, thus leading to a breakdown between excavation theory and practice. The relationship between deposit and assemblage, and thereby the use of deposit status designation is examined. A more accurate definition of status is adopted, overcoming the conceptual inadequacy linking find to deposit. The analysis of status is based on the following basic assumptions: firstly, that status is the relationship between the find and the context; secondly, that this relationship is based upon information on the function, chronology and spatial characteristics of the finds and contexts. With the concept of deposit status established, this thesis presents a method that ates all the relevant elements of the archaeological record that enable an understanding of deposit signatures; deposits and assemblages. Deposit types are examined, checking the relationships between basic physical descriptions and interpreted function. Assemblage data for ceramics and faunal remains are integrated based upon quantification that reflects their separate formafion histories. The resulting deposit signatures provide a platform for new and interesting means of reating site narrative. The new narratives reflect developments and changes in eposit formation, and ultimately, the landuse history of a site. This thesis demonstrates that the integration of finds and site data allows for more fruitful interpretation of excavation data. This approach helps to match site details with specific research agendas in both academic and commercial contexts, and can help achieve the maximum potential for research output.
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Seki, Yuji, Juan Pablo Villanueva, Masato Sakai, Diana Alemán, Mauro Ordóñez, Walter Tosso, Araceli Espinoza, Kinya Inokuchi, and Daniel Morales. "New Evidence Unearthed from the Pacopampa Archaeological Site in the North Highlands of Perú." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/113343.
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In this article, we present data recently recovered from excavations at the Pacopampa archaeological site, carried out by the Pacopampa Archaeological Project, the National University of San Marcos, Perú, and the National Museum of Ethnology, Japan. The principal objective of this project is to reconfirm the chronology of the site, which is characterized by two phases previously developed by Peruvian archaeologists using radiocarbon data and their relation to architectural components. Although not all of the site’s architectural design is known, there is evidence to suggest that the ceremonial center at the site was established during the Pacompampa I phase (cal BC 1200-800), and was completely modified during the Pacopampa II phase (cal BC 800-500). The architecture presently observed from the surface of the site generally belongs to the last phase. The architectural changes at the site reflect a shift in power manipulated by leaders. Moreover, we have discovered a later occupation at the site, Pacopampa III phase (cal BC 500-1), which dates just before the abandonment of the Sunken Court located on the uppermost platform. The Sunken Court was sealed ritually in the last phase by the Cajamarca Culture during the Early Intermediate Period.En este artículo se presentan los avances del Proyecto Arqueológico Pacopampa, organizado por la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos y el National Museum of Ethnology de Osaka, Japón. El principal logro de este proyecto, que investiga en el sitio del mismo nombre desde 2005, es la verificación cronológica del asentamiento —caracterizada por la presencia de dos fases propuestas por anteriores investigadores— sobre la base de fechados radiocarbónicos y la correlación estratigráfica de sus componentes arquitectónicos. Aunque no se conoce la configuración arquitectónica en su integridad, se ha podido determinar que el centro ceremonial fue edificado en la fase Pacopampa I (c. 1200-900 a.C. [calib.]), y que fue totalmente remodelado en la fase Pacopampa II (c. 900-500 a.C. [calib.]), a la que corresponden casi todas las estructuras visibles en la superficie. Esta reconfiguración podría haber respondido a un cambio en el manejo del poder en el sitio. Además, se ha reportado una tercera fase de ocupación (Pacopampa III, c. 500-1 a.C. [calib.]), anterior a su abandono total, el que es evidente al observar el sello ritual de la Plaza Cuadrangular Hundida de la tercera plataforma en la última fase, que corresponde a la cultura Cajamarca, es decir, ya en el Periodo Intermedio Temprano.
Books on the topic "Archaeological evidence"
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Leather tanneries: The archaeological evidence. London: Archetype Books, in association with the Archaeological Leather Group, 2011.
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Richard, Neave, ed. Making faces: Using forensic and archaeological evidence. College Station: Texas A & M University Press, 1997.
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Jesus and his world: The archaeological evidence. Louisville, Ky: Westminster John Knox Press, 2012.
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Richard, Neave, ed. Making faces: Using forensic and archaeological evidence. London: Published for the Trustees of the British Museum by British Museum Press, 1997.
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Ancient mesopotamian materials and industries: The archaeological evidence. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994.
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The final days of Jesus: The archaeological evidence. New York: HarperOne, 2009.
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Patrick, Culbert T., ed. Classic Maya political history: Hieroglyphic and archaeological evidence. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
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Snyder, Graydon F. Ante pacem: Archaeological evidence of church life before Constantine. Macon, Ga: Mercer University Press, 2003.
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Ante pacem: Archaeological evidence of church life before Constantine. [Macon, Ga.]: Mercer, 1985.
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Gowen, Margaret. Three Irish gas pipelines: New archaeological evidence in Munster. Dublin: Wordwell, 1988.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Archaeological evidence"
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Olovčić, Almir. "Archaeological Evidence Collection." In Manual of Crime Scene Investigation, 65–83. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003129554-4.
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Sarde, Vijay. "The Archaeological Evidence." In The Archaeology of the Nātha Sampradāya in Western India, 12th to 15th Century, 41–87. London: Routledge India, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003379362-3.
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Canti, Matthew. "Environmental Archaeological Evidence: Preservation." In Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology, 3740–48. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30018-0_847.
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Canti, Matthew. "Environmental Archaeological Evidence: Preservation." In Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology, 1–9. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51726-1_847-2.
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Canti, Matthew. "Environmental Archaeological Evidence: Preservation." In Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology, 2391–99. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0465-2_847.
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Horne, Tom. "Archaeological and historical evidence." In A Viking Market Kingdom in Ireland and Britain, 52–89. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429341625-3.
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Thompson, Shane M. "Archaeological Evidence from Syria." In Displays of Cultural Hegemony and Counter-Hegemony in the Late Bronze and Iron Age Levant, 60–72. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781032250557-5.
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Nol, Hagit. "Settlement patterns through archaeological evidence." In Settlement and Urbanization in Early Islamic Palestine, 7th-11th Centuries, 183–242. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003176169-6.
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Therrien, Monika. "Interpreting Documentary and Archaeological Evidence." In The Routledge Handbook of the Archaeology of Indigenous-Colonial Interaction in the Americas, 94–108. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429274251-8.
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van Doesburg, Jan. "Manors (curtes): new archaeological evidence from the Netherlands." In Ruralia, 221–35. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/m.ruralia.1.101612.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Archaeological evidence"
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Ozheredova, A. Y. "CHINESE PORCELAIN IN SIBERIA (ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE)." In Международная научная конференция "Мир Центральной Азии-V", посвященная 100-летию Института монголоведения,буддологии и тибетологии Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук. Новосибирск: Сибирское отделение РАН, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53954/9785604788981_93.
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Lychagina, Evgeniia, Alexey Sarapulov, and Evgeniy Mitroshin. "Fishing equipment in archaeological materials of the Chashkinskiy microregion." In SUBSISTENCE STRATEGIES IN THE STONE AGE, DIRECT AND INDIRECT EVIDENCE OF FISHING AND GATHERING. Institute for the History of Material Culture Russian Academy of Science, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31600/978-5-907053-00-7-2018-159-161.
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IKE-UCHI, MASAYUKI. "RECENT ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE SUGGESTS MUCH EARLIER EMERGENCE OF HUMAN UG." In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference (EVOLANG9). WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814401500_0077.
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Spallone, Roberta, and Fabrizio Zannoni. "The Citadel of Turin: geometric design and underground archaeological evidence." In FORTMED2020 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Valencia: Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2020.2020.11466.
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The Citadel of Turin (1564) is one of the first pentagonal modern fortification. For over two centuries it was the fulcrum of Turin defences, finally unarmed and largely dismantled during the second half of the nineteenth century. However, the lower sections of main defences and detached works were spared and buried inside the filled ditches, as well as the underground countermine system. Significant historical drawings, documenting the building of external defences are selected aiming to recognize geometric criteria that rules the subsequent phases, and to relate the designed fortification with the archaeological evidence.
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Chandnasaro, Dharakorn. "The Series of Archaeological Dance: A Historical Study and Dance Move Recording with Labanotation | ระบำชุดโบรณคดี: กรศึกษเชิงประวัติศสตร์ และกรบันทึกท่ร ด้วยลบนโนเทชัน." In The SEAMEO SPAFA International Conference on Southeast Asian Archaeology and Fine Arts (SPAFACON2021). SEAMEO SPAFA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26721/spafa.pqcnu8815a-26.
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The Series of Archaeological Dances is a creative work of Thai dance inspired by information and evidence of ancient antiquities and sites discovered in Thailand to make the archaeological evidence found to be alive again in the form of Thai theatre and dance. The name of the historical period of art identified by the scholars are used to define the names of five performance of the Archaeological Dances, namely, Dvāravatī Dance, Srīvijaya Dance, Lopburi Dance, Chiang Saen Dance, and Sukhothai Dance. Each performance has its own unique style with no related content to each other. This series of dances were premiered on 25 May 1967, in front of King Rama IX and Queen Sirikit. Regarding to the movement of the body, there is unique identity that reflects the ethnicity of the area and the civilization from the land where the archaeological evidence of each era was discovered. They were created according to the imagination of the choreographers of the dance posture. In addition, The Series of Archaeological Dances are popularly performed on various occasions continuously until present day. ระบำชุดโบรำณคดี เป็นผลงำนสร้ำงสรรค์ด้ำนนำฏศิลป์ของประเทศไทยที่ได้รับแรงบันดำลใจจำกข้อมูลและหลัก ฐำนด้ำนศิลปะโบรำณวัตถุสถำนที่ถูกค้นพบได้ในพื้นที่ประเทศไทย เพื่อต้องกำรให้หลักฐำนโบรำณคดีที่ค้นพบได้ กลับมำมีชีวิตชีวำอีกครั้งในรูปแบบของนำฏศิลป์ โดยใช้ชื่อยุคสมัยทำงศิลปะที่นักวิชำกำรประวัติศำสตร์ระบุไว้ มำ กำหนดเป็นชื่อของกำรแสดงจำนวน 5 ชุด คือ ระบำทวำรวดี ระบำศรีวิชัย ระบำลพบุรี ระบำเชียงแสน และระบำ สุโขทัย กำรแสดงแต่ละชุดเป็นลักษณะแบบเอกเทศ ไม่มีเนื้อหำเกี่ยวข้องกัน จัดแสดงรอบปฐมทัศน์เมื่อวันที่ 25 พฤษภำคม พ.ศ. 2510 ต่อหน้ำพระที่นั่งของในหลวงรัชกำลที่ 9 และพระรำชินีในรัชกำลที่ 9 ในด้ำนกำรเคลื่อนไหว ร่ำงกำยมีเอกลักษณ์ที่สะท้อนควำมเป็นชำติพันธุ์ของพื้นที่และอำรยธรรมดินแดนที่ค้นพบหลักฐำนโบรำณคดีแต่ละ ยุคสมัย ซึ่งใช้รูปแบบกำรสร้ำงสรรค์ของนำฏศิลป์ไทยตำมจินตนำกำรของผู้ประดิษฐ์ท่ำรำ นอกจำกนี้ระบำชุด โบรำณคดีได้รับควำมนิยมในกำรจัดแสดงอย่ำงต่อเนื่องในวำระต่ำง ๆ มำจนถึงปัจจุบัน
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Barone, Ilaria, Matteo Rossi, Rita Deiana, and Alessandro Mazzariol. "Evidence of attenuation and interference phenomena in GPR signals for archaeological application." In 2021 11th International Workshop on Advanced Ground Penetrating Radar (IWAGPR). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iwagpr50767.2021.9843180.
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Ivanishcheva, Marina, and Elizaveta Ivanishcheva. "Archaeological objects and fisheries facilities in the Neolithic site Tudozero (South Onega area)." In SUBSISTENCE STRATEGIES IN THE STONE AGE, DIRECT AND INDIRECT EVIDENCE OF FISHING AND GATHERING. Institute for the History of Material Culture Russian Academy of Science, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31600/978-5-907053-00-7-2018-135-140.
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Kissné Bendefy, Márta, Zsolt Petkes, and Attila Türk. "Archaeological evidence for leatherworking in the Hungarian Conquest period (Sárbogárd-Tringer-tanya, Grave 33)." In Hadak útján XXIV. : A népvándorláskor fiatal kutatóinak XXIV. konferenciája. PPKE BTK Régészeti Tanszék, MTA BTK Magyar Őstörténeti Témacsoport, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.55722/arpad.kiad.2017.3.2_23.
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The study describes the finds uncovered in Grave 33 of the burial ground investigated at Sárbogárd-Tringer-tanya and offers a new assessment of the grave goods, with a particular focus on the remains of a leather belt and leather purse as well as the remnants of a leather garment, whose 10th-century use could thus be conclusively demonstrated in the period’s archaeological legacy. The examination of the archaeological finds by a conservator specialising in leather provides many new insights into the leatherworking of the ancient Hungarians of the 10th century. 10th-century leatherworking was practiced on a much higher level than earlier believed. The finds from Sárbogárd provide evidence that the tanners of the 10th century were familiar with alum tawing and, also, that the various leather articles whose workmanship surpassed the more simple objects made as part of a home craft industry were created by highly skilled leatherworkers.
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Vasilieva, Natalia. "Field Conservation of Waterlogged Organic Archaeological Finds of the Pile-Dwelling Site Serteya II." In SUBSISTENCE STRATEGIES IN THE STONE AGE, DIRECT AND INDIRECT EVIDENCE OF FISHING AND GATHERING. Institute for the History of Material Culture Russian Academy of Science, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31600/978-5-907053-00-7-2018-229-232.
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Yukongdi, Pakpadee. "Khao San Dam: The Archaeological Evidence of Burnt Rice Festival in Southern Thailand | ข้าวสารดำา: หลักฐานทางโบราณคดีเกี่ยวกับประเพณีการเผาข้าวในภาคใต้ของ ประเทศไทย." In The SEAMEO SPAFA International Conference on Southeast Asian Archaeology and Fine Arts (SPAFACON2021). SEAMEO SPAFA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26721/spafa.pqcnu8815a-08.
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Recently in 2021the 11th office of the Fine Arts Department, Songkhla has reported their annual excavations in Trang Province that archaeologists have found some set of rice while excavation in process namely,1) Khao Kurum Archaeological Site, Huai Yod District and 2) Napala Archaeological Site, Muang District. The artifacts which were found associated with the rice grains on the habitation layer consisted of potsherds, animal bones, grindstone, beads, etc. The grains of rice are short and brown in colour which is examined as carbonized since the beginning at its first left. The primary examination by archaeologists has classified the rice of Napala Archaeological Site as short grain of probably Orysa sativa (Indica or Aus) rice. AMS Radiocarbon dating by Beta Analytic Testing Laboratory shows the AMS standard results and calibration dating of charred material measured radiocarbon age:1440±30BP. Because of their geographical location, both sites are incredibly located on one side of the hill slope, where they were suitable for habitat and plantation, especially tiny paddy fields and farms with sufficient water supply either small stream or well. The found rice, which now still grows uphill, probably called ‘Khao rai’ needs less water or no marsh. Comparative study of ethnographic “Atong” 1 of 12 sub-tribes of the “Garos” Tibeto-Burman in Meghalaya, India which originated slash-and-burnt socio-groups, have shown an interest in growing rice activity. According to their ritual ceremony for planting of paddy, other grain, and seeds takes place. There are many ritualistic offerings of rice such as (1) flattened rice by asking for permission to cultivate the land from the first harvested paddy in May. (2) After the harvesting in September or October, the 1st ceremony of the agricultural year is a thanksgiving ceremony to mark the end of a period of toil in the fields and harvesting of bumper crops, which is probably the most important festival of the Garos locally called “Maidan syla” meant to celebrate the after-harvested festival or burnt rice festival. Their 2nd ceremony is to revive the monsoon clouds. People throw cooked rice on the floor to symbolize hailstones. Noticing the rice, were probably the assemblage of “Khao San Dam” in many activities of these ceremonies, that is the archaeological evidence found in Khao Kurum and Napala Archaeological Sites. In the Southern part of Thailand, once the crops have already cultivated, people celebrate to welcome their outcrops most probably at the end of September to October and mark their end of plantation before the monsoon come. People prepare 4 main rice desserts put together with other necessity stuffs in the “hmrub” special large containers and donate to the ancestors through Buddhist ceremony. Though archaeological evidence shows that southern peninsular was where the migrants from the west especially India origins, who shared same habitat of hillslope, might brought their different traditions through both land trans-peninsular and sea routes then settled down inner western or eastern coast since prehistoric times. The beliefs in animism might belong to some other western migrants and with having “hmrub” is one of their unique cultural characteristic material and tradition remain. Once they settled down then converged to Buddhism, the ritual ceremony may be changed due to religion, but tradition remains the same today, that is, Bun Duean Sib on the 10th of the lunar month or September-October.
Reports on the topic "Archaeological evidence"
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Schwall, Christoph, and Tatjana M. Gluhak. The volcanic rock grinding stones from Selinunte, Sicily (Italy): Archaeological evidence and geochemical provenance analyses. Universitat de Lleida. Departament d'Història. Secció d'Arqueologia, Prehistòria i Història Antiga, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21001/rap.2019.extra-4.14.
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Saville, Alan, and Caroline Wickham-Jones, eds. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Scotland : Scottish Archaeological Research Framework Panel Report. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, June 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.06.2012.163.
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Why research Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Scotland? Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology sheds light on the first colonisation and subsequent early inhabitation of Scotland. It is a growing and exciting field where increasing Scottish evidence has been given wider significance in the context of European prehistory. It extends over a long period, which saw great changes, including substantial environmental transformations, and the impact of, and societal response to, climate change. The period as a whole provides the foundation for the human occupation of Scotland and is crucial for understanding prehistoric society, both for Scotland and across North-West Europe. Within the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic periods there are considerable opportunities for pioneering research. Individual projects can still have a substantial impact and there remain opportunities for pioneering discoveries including cemeteries, domestic and other structures, stratified sites, and for exploring the huge evidential potential of water-logged and underwater sites. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology also stimulates and draws upon exciting multi-disciplinary collaborations. Panel Task and Remit The panel remit was to review critically the current state of knowledge and consider promising areas of future research into the earliest prehistory of Scotland. This was undertaken with a view to improved understanding of all aspects of the colonization and inhabitation of the country by peoples practising a wholly hunter-fisher-gatherer way of life prior to the advent of farming. In so doing, it was recognised as particularly important that both environmental data (including vegetation, fauna, sea level, and landscape work) and cultural change during this period be evaluated. The resultant report, outlines the different areas of research in which archaeologists interested in early prehistory work, and highlights the research topics to which they aspire. The report is structured by theme: history of investigation; reconstruction of the environment; the nature of the archaeological record; methodologies for recreating the past; and finally, the lifestyles of past people – the latter representing both a statement of current knowledge and the ultimate aim for archaeologists; the goal of all the former sections. The document is reinforced by material on-line which provides further detail and resources. The Palaeolithic and Mesolithic panel report of ScARF is intended as a resource to be utilised, built upon, and kept updated, hopefully by those it has helped inspire and inform as well as those who follow in their footsteps. Future Research The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarized under four key headings: Visibility: Due to the considerable length of time over which sites were formed, and the predominant mobility of the population, early prehistoric remains are to be found right across the landscape, although they often survive as ephemeral traces and in low densities. Therefore, all archaeological work should take into account the expectation of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic ScARF Panel Report iv encountering early prehistoric remains. This applies equally to both commercial and research archaeology, and to amateur activity which often makes the initial discovery. This should not be seen as an obstacle, but as a benefit, and not finding such remains should be cause for question. There is no doubt that important evidence of these periods remains unrecognised in private, public, and commercial collections and there is a strong need for backlog evaluation, proper curation and analysis. The inadequate representation of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic information in existing national and local databases must be addressed. Collaboration: Multi-disciplinary, collaborative, and cross- sector approaches must be encouraged – site prospection, prediction, recognition, and contextualisation are key areas to this end. Reconstructing past environments and their chronological frameworks, and exploring submerged and buried landscapes offer existing examples of fruitful, cross-disciplinary work. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology has an important place within Quaternary science and the potential for deeply buried remains means that geoarchaeology should have a prominent role. Innovation: Research-led projects are currently making a substantial impact across all aspects of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology; a funding policy that acknowledges risk and promotes the innovation that these periods demand should be encouraged. The exploration of lesser known areas, work on different types of site, new approaches to artefacts, and the application of novel methodologies should all be promoted when engaging with the challenges of early prehistory. Tackling the ‘big questions’: Archaeologists should engage with the big questions of earliest prehistory in Scotland, including the colonisation of new land, how lifestyles in past societies were organized, the effects of and the responses to environmental change, and the transitions to new modes of life. This should be done through a holistic view of the available data, encompassing all the complexities of interpretation and developing competing and testable models. Scottish data can be used to address many of the currently topical research topics in archaeology, and will provide a springboard to a better understanding of early prehistoric life in Scotland and beyond.
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Downes, Jane, ed. Chalcolithic and Bronze Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.184.
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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings: Building the Scottish Bronze Age: Narratives should be developed to account for the regional and chronological trends and diversity within Scotland at this time. A chronology Bronze Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report iv based upon Scottish as well as external evidence, combining absolute dating (and the statistical modelling thereof) with re-examined typologies based on a variety of sources – material cultural, funerary, settlement, and environmental evidence – is required to construct a robust and up to date framework for advancing research. Bronze Age people: How society was structured and demographic questions need to be imaginatively addressed including the degree of mobility (both short and long-distance communication), hierarchy, and the nature of the ‘family’ and the ‘individual’. A range of data and methodologies need to be employed in answering these questions, including harnessing experimental archaeology systematically to inform archaeologists of the practicalities of daily life, work and craft practices. Environmental evidence and climate impact: The opportunity to study the effects of climatic and environmental change on past society is an important feature of this period, as both palaeoenvironmental and archaeological data can be of suitable chronological and spatial resolution to be compared. Palaeoenvironmental work should be more effectively integrated within Bronze Age research, and inter-disciplinary approaches promoted at all stages of research and project design. This should be a two-way process, with environmental science contributing to interpretation of prehistoric societies, and in turn, the value of archaeological data to broader palaeoenvironmental debates emphasised. Through effective collaboration questions such as the nature of settlement and land-use and how people coped with environmental and climate change can be addressed. Artefacts in Context: The Scottish Chalcolithic and Bronze Age provide good evidence for resource exploitation and the use, manufacture and development of technology, with particularly rich evidence for manufacture. Research into these topics requires the application of innovative approaches in combination. This could include biographical approaches to artefacts or places, ethnographic perspectives, and scientific analysis of artefact composition. In order to achieve this there is a need for data collation, robust and sustainable databases and a review of the categories of data. Wider Worlds: Research into the Scottish Bronze Age has a considerable amount to offer other European pasts, with a rich archaeological data set that includes intact settlement deposits, burials and metalwork of every stage of development that has been the subject of a long history of study. Research should operate over different scales of analysis, tracing connections and developments from the local and regional, to the international context. In this way, Scottish Bronze Age studies can contribute to broader questions relating both to the Bronze Age and to human society in general.
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Dalglish, Chris, and Sarah Tarlow, eds. Modern Scotland: Archaeology, the Modern past and the Modern present. Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.163.
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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings: HUMANITY The Panel recommends recognition that research in this field should be geared towards the development of critical understandings of self and society in the modern world. Archaeological research into the modern past should be ambitious in seeking to contribute to understanding of the major social, economic and environmental developments through which the modern world came into being. Modern-world archaeology can add significantly to knowledge of Scotland’s historical relationships with the rest of the British Isles, Europe and the wider world. Archaeology offers a new perspective on what it has meant to be a modern person and a member of modern society, inhabiting a modern world. MATERIALITY The Panel recommends approaches to research which focus on the materiality of the recent past (i.e. the character of relationships between people and their material world). Archaeology’s contribution to understandings of the modern world lies in its ability to situate, humanise and contextualise broader historical developments. Archaeological research can provide new insights into the modern past by investigating historical trends not as abstract phenomena but as changes to real lives, affecting different localities in different ways. Archaeology can take a long-term perspective on major modern developments, researching their ‘prehistory’ (which often extends back into the Middle Ages) and their material legacy in the present. Archaeology can humanise and contextualise long-term processes and global connections by working outwards from individual life stories, developing biographies of individual artefacts and buildings and evidencing the reciprocity of people, things, places and landscapes. The modern person and modern social relationships were formed in and through material environments and, to understand modern humanity, it is crucial that we understand humanity’s material relationships in the modern world. PERSPECTIVE The Panel recommends the development, realisation and promotion of work which takes a critical perspective on the present from a deeper understanding of the recent past. Research into the modern past provides a critical perspective on the present, uncovering the origins of our current ways of life and of relating to each other and to the world around us. It is important that this relevance is acknowledged, understood, developed and mobilised to connect past, present and future. The material approach of archaeology can enhance understanding, challenge assumptions and develop new and alternative histories. Modern Scotland: Archaeology, the Modern past and the Modern present vi Archaeology can evidence varied experience of social, environmental and economic change in the past. It can consider questions of local distinctiveness and global homogeneity in complex and nuanced ways. It can reveal the hidden histories of those whose ways of life diverged from the historical mainstream. Archaeology can challenge simplistic, essentialist understandings of the recent Scottish past, providing insights into the historical character and interaction of Scottish, British and other identities and ideologies. COLLABORATION The Panel recommends the development of integrated and collaborative research practices. Perhaps above all other periods of the past, the modern past is a field of enquiry where there is great potential benefit in collaboration between different specialist sectors within archaeology, between different disciplines, between Scottish-based researchers and researchers elsewhere in the world and between professionals and the public. The Panel advocates the development of new ways of working involving integrated and collaborative investigation of the modern past. Extending beyond previous modes of inter-disciplinary practice, these new approaches should involve active engagement between different interests developing collaborative responses to common questions and problems. REFLECTION The Panel recommends that a reflexive approach is taken to the archaeology of the modern past, requiring research into the nature of academic, professional and public engagements with the modern past and the development of new reflexive modes of practice. Archaeology investigates the past but it does so from its position in the present. Research should develop a greater understanding of modern-period archaeology as a scholarly pursuit and social practice in the present. Research should provide insights into the ways in which the modern past is presented and represented in particular contexts. Work is required to better evidence popular understandings of and engagements with the modern past and to understand the politics of the recent past, particularly its material aspect. Research should seek to advance knowledge and understanding of the moral and ethical viewpoints held by professionals and members of the public in relation to the archaeology of the recent past. There is a need to critically review public engagement practices in modern-world archaeology and develop new modes of public-professional collaboration and to generate practices through which archaeology can make positive interventions in the world. And there is a need to embed processes of ethical reflection and beneficial action into archaeological practice relating to the modern past.
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Hall, Mark, and Neil Price. Medieval Scotland: A Future for its Past. Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.165.
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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings. Underpinning all five areas is the recognition that human narratives remain crucial for ensuring the widest access to our shared past. There is no wish to see political and economic narratives abandoned but the need is recognised for there to be an expansion to more social narratives to fully explore the potential of the diverse evidence base. The questions that can be asked are here framed in a national context but they need to be supported and improved a) by the development of regional research frameworks, and b) by an enhanced study of Scotland’s international context through time. 1. From North Britain to the Idea of Scotland: Understanding why, where and how ‘Scotland’ emerges provides a focal point of research. Investigating state formation requires work from Medieval Scotland: a future for its past ii a variety of sources, exploring the relationships between centres of consumption - royal, ecclesiastical and urban - and their hinterlands. Working from site-specific work to regional analysis, researchers can explore how what would become ‘Scotland’ came to be, and whence sprang its inspiration. 2. Lifestyles and Living Spaces: Holistic approaches to exploring medieval settlement should be promoted, combining landscape studies with artefactual, environmental, and documentary work. Understanding the role of individual sites within wider local, regional and national settlement systems should be promoted, and chronological frameworks developed to chart the changing nature of Medieval settlement. 3. Mentalities: The holistic understanding of medieval belief (particularly, but not exclusively, in its early medieval or early historic phase) needs to broaden its contextual understanding with reference to prehistoric or inherited belief systems and frames of reference. Collaborative approaches should draw on international parallels and analogues in pursuit of defining and contrasting local or regional belief systems through integrated studies of portable material culture, monumentality and landscape. 4. Empowerment: Revisiting museum collections and renewing the study of newly retrieved artefacts is vital to a broader understanding of the dynamics of writing within society. Text needs to be seen less as a metaphor and more as a technological and social innovation in material culture which will help the understanding of it as an experienced, imaginatively rich reality of life. In archaeological terms, the study of the relatively neglected cultural areas of sensory perception, memory, learning and play needs to be promoted to enrich the understanding of past social behaviours. 5. Parameters: Multi-disciplinary, collaborative, and cross-sector approaches should be encouraged in order to release the research potential of all sectors of archaeology. Creative solutions should be sought to the challenges of transmitting the importance of archaeological work and conserving the resource for current and future research.
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Atkinson, Dan, and Alex Hale, eds. From Source to Sea: ScARF Marine and Maritime Panel Report. Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.126.
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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under four headings: 1. From Source to Sea: River systems, from their source to the sea and beyond, should form the focus for research projects, allowing the integration of all archaeological work carried out along their course. Future research should take a holistic view of the marine and maritime historic environment, from inland lakes that feed freshwater river routes, to tidal estuaries and out to the open sea. This view of the landscape/seascape encompasses a very broad range of archaeology and enables connections to be made without the restrictions of geographical or political boundaries. Research strategies, programmes From Source to Sea: ScARF Marine and Maritime Panel Report iii and projects can adopt this approach at multiple levels; from national to site-specific, with the aim of remaining holistic and cross-cutting. 2. Submerged Landscapes: The rising research profile of submerged landscapes has recently been embodied into a European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Action; Submerged Prehistoric Archaeology and Landscapes of the Continental Shelf (SPLASHCOS), with exciting proposals for future research. Future work needs to be integrated with wider initiatives such as this on an international scale. Recent projects have begun to demonstrate the research potential for submerged landscapes in and beyond Scotland, as well as the need to collaborate with industrial partners, in order that commercially-created datasets can be accessed and used. More data is required in order to fully model the changing coastline around Scotland and develop predictive models of site survival. Such work is crucial to understanding life in early prehistoric Scotland, and how the earliest communities responded to a changing environment. 3. Marine & Maritime Historic Landscapes: Scotland’s coastal and intertidal zones and maritime hinterland encompass in-shore islands, trans-continental shipping lanes, ports and harbours, and transport infrastructure to intertidal fish-traps, and define understanding and conceptualisation of the liminal zone between the land and the sea. Due to the pervasive nature of the Marine and Maritime historic landscape, a holistic approach should be taken that incorporates evidence from a variety of sources including commercial and research archaeology, local and national societies, off-shore and onshore commercial development; and including studies derived from, but not limited to history, ethnology, cultural studies, folklore and architecture and involving a wide range of recording techniques ranging from photography, laser imaging, and sonar survey through to more orthodox drawn survey and excavation. 4. Collaboration: As is implicit in all the above, multi-disciplinary, collaborative, and cross-sector approaches are essential in order to ensure the capacity to meet the research challenges of the marine and maritime historic environment. There is a need for collaboration across the heritage sector and beyond, into specific areas of industry, science and the arts. Methods of communication amongst the constituent research individuals, institutions and networks should be developed, and dissemination of research results promoted. The formation of research communities, especially virtual centres of excellence, should be encouraged in order to build capacity.
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Hunter, Fraser, and Martin Carruthers. Iron Age Scotland. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.193.
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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings: Building blocks: The ultimate aim should be to build rich, detailed and testable narratives situated within a European context, and addressing phenomena from the longue durée to the short-term over international to local scales. Chronological control is essential to this and effective dating strategies are required to enable generation-level analysis. The ‘serendipity factor’ of archaeological work must be enhanced by recognising and getting the most out of information-rich sites as they appear. o There is a pressing need to revisit the archives of excavated sites to extract more information from existing resources, notably through dating programmes targeted at regional sequences – the Western Isles Atlantic roundhouse sequence is an obvious target. o Many areas still lack anything beyond the baldest of settlement sequences, with little understanding of the relations between key site types. There is a need to get at least basic sequences from many more areas, either from sustained regional programmes or targeted sampling exercises. o Much of the methodologically innovative work and new insights have come from long-running research excavations. Such large-scale research projects are an important element in developing new approaches to the Iron Age. Daily life and practice: There remains great potential to improve the understanding of people’s lives in the Iron Age through fresh approaches to, and integration of, existing and newly-excavated data. o House use. Rigorous analysis and innovative approaches, including experimental archaeology, should be employed to get the most out of the understanding of daily life through the strengths of the Scottish record, such as deposits within buildings, organic preservation and waterlogging. o Material culture. Artefact studies have the potential to be far more integral to understandings of Iron Age societies, both from the rich assemblages of the Atlantic area and less-rich lowland finds. Key areas of concern are basic studies of material groups (including the function of everyday items such as stone and bone tools, and the nature of craft processes – iron, copper alloy, bone/antler and shale offer particularly good evidence). Other key topics are: the role of ‘art’ and other forms of decoration and comparative approaches to assemblages to obtain synthetic views of the uses of material culture. o Field to feast. Subsistence practices are a core area of research essential to understanding past society, but different strands of evidence need to be more fully integrated, with a ‘field to feast’ approach, from production to consumption. The working of agricultural systems is poorly understood, from agricultural processes to cooking practices and cuisine: integrated work between different specialisms would assist greatly. There is a need for conceptual as well as practical perspectives – e.g. how were wild resources conceived? o Ritual practice. There has been valuable work in identifying depositional practices, such as deposition of animals or querns, which are thought to relate to house-based ritual practices, but there is great potential for further pattern-spotting, synthesis and interpretation. Iron Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report v Landscapes and regions: Concepts of ‘region’ or ‘province’, and how they changed over time, need to be critically explored, because they are contentious, poorly defined and highly variable. What did Iron Age people see as their geographical horizons, and how did this change? Attempts to understand the Iron Age landscape require improved, integrated survey methodologies, as existing approaches are inevitably partial. Aspects of the landscape’s physical form and cover should be investigated more fully, in terms of vegetation (known only in outline over most of the country) and sea level change in key areas such as the firths of Moray and Forth. Landscapes beyond settlement merit further work, e.g. the use of the landscape for deposition of objects or people, and what this tells us of contemporary perceptions and beliefs. Concepts of inherited landscapes (how Iron Age communities saw and used this longlived land) and socal resilience to issues such as climate change should be explored more fully. Reconstructing Iron Age societies. The changing structure of society over space and time in this period remains poorly understood. Researchers should interrogate the data for better and more explicitly-expressed understandings of social structures and relations between people. The wider context: Researchers need to engage with the big questions of change on a European level (and beyond). Relationships with neighbouring areas (e.g. England, Ireland) and analogies from other areas (e.g. Scandinavia and the Low Countries) can help inform Scottish studies. Key big topics are: o The nature and effect of the introduction of iron. o The social processes lying behind evidence for movement and contact. o Parallels and differences in social processes and developments. o The changing nature of houses and households over this period, including the role of ‘substantial houses’, from crannogs to brochs, the development and role of complex architecture, and the shift away from roundhouses. o The chronology, nature and meaning of hillforts and other enclosed settlements. o Relationships with the Roman world