Journal articles on the topic 'Archaeological dating – Statistical methods'
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Wilson, Moira A., Andrea Hamilton, Ceren Ince, Margaret A. Carter, and Christopher Hall. "Rehydroxylation (RHX) dating of archaeological pottery." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 468, no. 2147 (July 12, 2012): 3476–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2012.0109.
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We show that the rehydroxylation (RHX) method can be used to date archaeological pottery, and give the first RHX dates for three disparate items of excavated material. These are in agreement with independently assigned dates. We define precisely the mass components of the ceramic material before, during and after dehydroxylation. These include the masses of three types of water present in the sample: capillary water, weakly chemisorbed molecular water and chemically combined RHX water. We describe the main steps of the RHX dating process: sample preparation, drying, conditioning, reheating and measurement of RHX mass gain. We propose a statistical criterion for isolating the RHX component of the measured mass gain data after reheating and demonstrate how to calculate the RHX age. An effective lifetime temperature (ELT) is defined, and we show how this is related to the temperature history of a sample. The ELT is used to adjust the RHX rate constant obtained at the measurement temperature to the effective lifetime value used in the RHX age calculation. Our results suggest that RHX has the potential to be a reliable and technically straightforward method of dating archaeological pottery, thus filling a long-standing gap in dating methods.
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Ramsey, Christopher Bronk. "Probability and Dating." Radiocarbon 40, no. 1 (1997): 461–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200018348.
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Statistical analysis is becoming much more widely used in conjunction with radiocarbon dating. In this paper I discuss the impact of Bayesian analysis (using computer programs such as OxCal) on archaeological research. In addition to simple analysis, the method has implications for the planning of dating projects and the assessment of the reliability of dates in their context.A new formalism for describing chronological models is introduced here: the Chronological Query Language (CQL), an extension of the model definitions found in the program OxCal.New methods of Bayesian analysis can be used to overcome some of the inherent biases in the uncertainty estimates of scientific dating methods. Most of these methods, including 14C, uranium series and thermoluminescence (TL), tend to favor some calendar dates over others. 14C calibration overcomes the problem where this is possible, but a Bayesian approach can be used more generally.
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Bakraji, Elias Hanna, Rana Abboud, and Haissm Issa. "Provenance Study of Archaeological Ceramics from Syria Using XRF Multivariate Statistical Analysis and Thermoluminescence Dating." Journal of Ceramics 2014 (March 11, 2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/681017.
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Thermoluminescence (TL) dating and multivariate statistical methods based on radioisotope X-ray fluorescence analysis have been utilized to date and classify Syrian archaeological ceramics fragment from Tel Jamous site. 54 samples were analyzed by radioisotope X-ray fluorescence; 51 of them come from Tel Jamous archaeological site in Sahel Akkar region, Syria, which fairly represent ceramics belonging to the Middle Bronze Age (2150 to 1600 B.C.) and the remaining three samples come from Mar-Takla archaeological site fairly representative of the Byzantine ceramics. We have selected four fragments from Tel Jamous site to determinate their age using thermoluminescence (TL) method; the results revealed that the date assigned by archaeologists was good. An annular 109Cd radioactive source was used to irradiate the samples in order to determine their chemical composition and the results were treated statistically using two methods, cluster and factor analysis. This treatment revealed two main groups; the first one contains only the three samples M52, M53, and M54 from Mar-Takla site, and the second one contains samples that belong to Tel Jamous site (local).
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Taylor, R. E. "The Contribution of Radiocarbon Dating to New World Archaeology." Radiocarbon 42, no. 1 (2000): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200053017.
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When introduced almost five decades ago, radiocarbon (14C) dating provided New World archaeologists with a common chronometric scale that transcended the countless site-specific and regional schemes that had been developed by four generations of field researchers employing a wide array of criteria for distinguishing relative chronological phases. A topic of long standing interest in New World studies where 14C values have played an especially critical role is the temporal framework for the initial peopling of the New World. Other important issues where 14C results have been of particular importance include the origins and development of New World agriculture and the determination of the relationship between the western and Mayan calendars. It has been suggested that the great success of 14C was an important factor in redirecting the focus of American archaeological scholarship in the 1960s from chronology building to theory building, led to a noticeable improvement in US archaeological field methods, and provided a major catalyst that moved American archaeologists increasingly to direct attention to analytical and statistical approaches in the manipulation and evaluation of archaeological data.
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Buck, C. E., J. B. Kenworthy, C. D. Litton, and A. F. M. Smith. "Combining archaeological and radiocarbon information: a Bayesian approach to calibration." Antiquity 65, no. 249 (December 1991): 808–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00080534.
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A recent and significant improvement in radiocarbon dating has been the increased ability of the radiocarbon laboratories to provide results combining precision with accuracy. This improvement has been accompanied by increasing recognition that the information must be expressed on the calendar, rather than on the radiocarbon, time-scale. Despite the attempts of Ottaway (1987) and Pearson (1987), archaeologists are not sufficiently aware of the statistical problems involved in the transformation from one scale to the other: ‘Some of the trouble lies in the ignorance of radiocarbon consumers; the many attempts to educate them can have only limited success when radiocarbon study depends on statistical concepts and methods far beyond the average archaeologist’s innumerate grasp’ (Chippindale 1990: 203).
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Lapshin, Andrey, and Irina Lapshina. "The Eighteenth-Century Ceramics from Archaeological Explorations of Tsaritsyn Guard Line." Nizhnevolzhskiy Arheologicheskiy Vestnik, no. 1 (June 2022): 286–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/nav.jvolsu.2022.1.16.
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The research subject is the 18th century ceramics discovered in the course of the reconnaissance excavation at the Tsaritsyn guard line, the 18th century fortification monument, conducted in 2020. The object of study is the “Rampart of the Tsaritsyn guard line (Rampart of Anna Ioannovna)” which is a military engineering complex created in the Volga-Don interfluves in 1718–1720. Archaeological work with research purposes was carried out there at first time. Archaeological explorations led to the discovery of pottery fragments dating back to this period in a new location of the Tsaritsyn guard line. The research purpose is to present and characterize newly discovered 18th century ceramic materials found at the territory of the Tsaritsyn guard line. The research methods include description, typological analysis, statistical characteristic and comparison with the material found at the well-known 18th century archaeological complexes of so-called Cossack towns along the Don River. Identification of a new 18th century location of artefacts, statistical processing, archaeological drawings of found pottery fragments, graphic reconstructions of pottery forms are practical outcomes of the study. The main conclusion of the study is that the discovered ceramic complex in the new location of the Tsaritsyn guard line is similar in type, manufacturing technique, ornamentation and statistical ratio to materials from Cossack towns on the territory of the Volgograd region (Ilovlinsky, Kachalinsky, Starogrigorievsky) which are dated by coins of the first third of the 18th century. The new archeological materials are interpreted in the known data context and supplement the currently quite limited statistical framework of archaeological finds from the Volga-Don region of the early 18th century. The found pottery types can be used to further develop a typology of this period ceramics.
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Alhusseini Ameer Hameed Saffah, Alhusseini Ameer Hameed Saffah. "Magnetometric Methods in Archaeology (on the Example of Excavations in Uruk, Iraq): Systematic Literature Review." Humanitarian Vector 16, no. 6 (December 2021): 49–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.21209/1996-7853-2021-16-6-49-61.
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The article examines various theoretical points of view and concepts that exist in the modern literature on the problem of conceptualization of magnetometry in the aspect of archaeological research. The aim of the article is to characterize magnetometric methods by studying the literature which describes the convergence of magnetometry and archaeological excavation issues, as well as to identify areas for future research developments. In conducting this study, such general scientific methods as a systematic approach, analysis, synthesis, and generalization were used. 72 scientific articles obtained from the results of a bibliographic search in the Scopus and RSCI databases were analyzed. A systematic review of the available scientific literature revealed a limited but rapidly growing coverage of this phenomenon by scientific research, which mainly focused on several aspects: characteristics of magnetometric methods, potential and problems of their use in archaeology; archaeological exploration-magnetic susceptibility studies, magnetometric studies; archaeomagnetic dating. Magnetometric methods are widely used in archaeological research of the city of Uruk and its surroundings. An analysis of the literature has provided insight into the important contribution of the information stored in the magnetic record to the modern archaeology of Uruk. The magnetometer study will continue and provide a comprehensive picture of the Uruk structure over time. Further research efforts to expand the scope of research on the possibilities of using magnetometry in archaeology can be aimed at overcoming a number of problems. The prospects for expanding the use of magnetometry in archaeology are associated with overcoming a number of methodological and technological limitations. Combining the magnetometry data and the results of statistical studies, such as Bayesian statistics, reduces the number of errors of each method and leads to an increase in the accuracy of the results.
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Panzeri, Laura, Francesco Maspero, Anna Galli, Emanuela Sibilia, and Marco Martini. "Luminescence and Radiocarbon Dating of Mortars at Milano-Bicocca Laboratories." Radiocarbon 62, no. 3 (February 14, 2020): 657–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2020.6.
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ABSTRACTThis work shows the results of optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and radiocarbon (14C) dating applied to mortars of historical structures in northern Italy. All the results are compared with archaeological evidence and thermoluminescence (TL) dating of bricks. The main issue for OSL mortar dating is that the quartz grains contained in the mortar may be only partially bleached, leading to an overestimation of the sample age. In order to identify the best protocol to apply, both multi-grain (MG) and single grain (SG) methods were used. The minimum age model (MAM) statistical approach was applied to refine their accuracy. However, the identification of the bleached grains is not always successful, indicating that further investigations are needed to develop suitable dating protocol. For the 14C technique, a crucial aspect is the selection of anthropogenic calcite. In this work the mortars were treated using a Cryosonic method to select anthropogenic calcite from raw material, and the obtained powder was sieved to select the finer fraction. Unfortunately, only in two cases an acceptable amount of sample could be obtained. All the fractions were dated via accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS), and the results compared with independently obtained dates. The results show that the execution of the dating analysis requires previous characterizations to assess the nature of the mortar components and avoid unusable fractions.
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Ledger, Paul M., Véronique Forbes, Edouard Masson-MacLean, and Richard A. Knecht. "Dating and Digging Stratified Archaeology in Circumpolar North America: A View from Nunalleq, Southwestern Alaska." ARCTIC 69, no. 4 (November 30, 2016): 378. http://dx.doi.org/10.14430/arctic4599.
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Through the case study of the Thule-era village site of Nunalleq (GDN-248), this paper presents 14C dating results and perspectives on the issues associated with radiocarbon dating stratified archaeological sites in circumpolar North America. The objective was to investigate relative variation in the 14C age of ecofacts with the aim of establishing a hierarchy of dating suitability for Nunalleq that could more widely inform 14C sample selection on archaeological sites across the North American sub-Arctic and Arctic and Greenland. Owing to the complexities associated with interpreting and establishing the relative chronology of the deeply stratified sod deposits at Nunalleq, we adopted open-area excavation and single-context recording methods. This approach, we suggest, allowed us to eliminate stratigraphic complexity as a source of variation in 14C measurements and to assess the taphonomic issues associated with dating different ecofacts. In total, 16 samples were submitted for dating, comprising two sets of eight different ecofacts, one from each of two stratigraphically contemporary but spatially discrete contexts. In most instances, the 14C ages of ecofacts were statistically indistinguishable between the two contexts and support the relative chronological relationships established by excavation. Only Elymus arenarius (grass) manufactures and Heleomyzidae (fly) puparia produced different ages in the two contexts, variations that suggest that these items are unreliable dating materials. As noted in previous studies, Phoca sp. (seal) and Oncorhynchus sp. (salmon) bone collagen demonstrated a strong marine reservoir effect (c. 700 14C yr.). Picea sp. (wood chips) were marginally older than seeds from edible berries (Rubus chamaemorus and Empetrum nigrum) and caribou (Rangifer tarandus) bone collagen, which provided the most consistent ages.
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Bronk Ramsey, Christopher. "Radiocarbon Calibration and Analysis of Stratigraphy: The OxCal Program." Radiocarbon 37, no. 2 (1995): 425–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200030903.
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People usually study the chronologies of archaeological sites and geological sequences using many different kinds of evidence, taking into account calibrated radiocarbon dates, other dating methods and stratigraphic information. Many individual case studies demonstrate the value of using statistical methods to combine these different types of information. I have developed a computer program, OxCal, running under Windows 3.1 (for IBM PCs), that will perform both 14C calibration and calculate what extra information can be gained from stratigraphic evidence. The program can perform automatic wiggle matches and calculate probability distributions for samples in sequences and phases. The program is written in C++ and uses Bayesian statistics and Gibbs sampling for the calculations. The program is very easy to use, both for simple calibration and complex site analysis, and will produce graphical output from virtually any printer.
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Ledger, Paul M., Véronique Forbes, Edouard Masson-Maclean, Charlotta Hillerdal, W. Derek Hamilton, Ellen McManus-Fry, Ana Jorge, Kate Britton, and Richard A. Knecht. "THREE GENERATIONS UNDER ONE ROOF? BAYESIAN MODELING OF RADIOCARBON DATA FROM NUNALLEQ, YUKON-KUSKOKWIM DELTA, ALASKA." American Antiquity 83, no. 3 (May 3, 2018): 505–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aaq.2018.14.
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This article presents the results of a program of radiocarbon dating and Bayesian modeling from the precontact Yup'ik site of Nunalleq (GDN-248) in subarctic southwestern Alaska. Nunalleq is deeply stratified, presenting a robust relative chronological framework of well-defined individual house floors abundant in ecofacts suitable for radiocarbon dating. Capitalizing on this potential, we present the results of one of the first applications of Bayesian statistical modeling of radiocarbon data from an archaeological site in the North American Arctic. Using these methods, we demonstrate that it is possible to generate robust, high-resolution chronological models from Arctic archaeology. Radiocarbon dates, procured prior to the program of dating and modeling presented here, suggested an approximately three-century duration of occupation at the site. The results of Bayesian modeling nuance this interpretation. While it is possible that there may have been activity for almost three centuries (beginning in the late fourteenth century), occupation of the dwelling complex, which dominates the site, was more likely to have endured for no more than a century. The results presented here suggest that the occupation of Nunalleq likely encompassed three generations beginning cal AD 1570–1630 before being curtailed by conflict around cal AD 1645–1675.
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Bayliss, Alex, Christopher Bronk Ramsey, Johannes van der Plicht, and Alasdair Whittle. "Bradshaw and Bayes: Towards a Timetable for the Neolithic." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 17, S1 (January 30, 2007): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774307000145.
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The importance of chronology is reasserted as a means to achieving history and a sense of temporality. A range of current methods for estimating the dates and durations of archaeological processes and events are considered, including visual inspection of graphs and tables of calibrated dates and the summing of the probability distributions of calibrated dates. These approaches are found wanting. The Bayesian statistical framework is introduced, and a worked example presents simulated radiocarbon dates as a demonstration of the explicit, quantified, probabilistic estimates now possible on a routine basis. Using this example, the reliability of the chronologies presented for the five long barrows considered in this series of papers is explored. It is essential that the ‘informative’ prior beliefs in a chronological model are correct. If they are not, the dating suggested by the model will be incorrect. In contrast, the ‘uninformative’ prior beliefs have to be grossly incorrect before the outputs of the model are importantly wrong. It is also vital that the radiocarbon ages included in a model are accurate, and that their errors are correctly estimated. If they are not, the dating suggested by a model may also be importantly wrong. Strenuous effort and rigorous attention to archaeological and scientific detail are inescapable if reliable chronologies are to be built. The dates presented in the following papers are based on models. ‘All models are wrong, some models are useful’ (Box 1979, 202). We hope readers will find them useful, and will employ ‘worry selectivity’ to determine whether and how each model may be importantly wrong. The questions demand the timetable, and our prehistories deserve both.
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Brovender, Yurii, Hennadii Haiko, and Olena Brovender. "Mining under the early metal in the context of Kartamysh ore occurrence of Ukrainian Donbas." Mining of Mineral Deposits 15, no. 3 (September 2021): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.33271/mining15.03.045.
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Purpose is to identify process engineering of mining under the Late Bronze age (18th-13th centuries BCE) in the context of copper deposits in the Eastern Ukraine. Among other things, it concerns analysis of manufacturing artifacts (i.e. ore production and preparation) in Kartamysh archeological area within the copper-ore territory of Bakhmut basin of Donbas. Methods. Following methods have been applied: a comparative historical method supported by typological archaeological approach; statistical procedures; engineering and geological methods to determine extraction volumes and evaluate copper ore extraction from the mines in Kartamysh archaeological area as well as structural and technologic analysis; functional and typological analysis; traceological analysis; experimental modelling; and carbon dating. Findings. Analysis of the specialized mining artifacts in Kartamysh archaeological area as well as mining artifacts within other copper-ore deposits in Bakhmut basin, extracted actively under the Late Bronze age, has made it possible to consider newly a number of important issues connected with process engineering of mining, specialization and labour division of ancient miners as well as evaluate significance of Donbas copper mines for the system of metal production development in the Eastern Europe of the second millennium BCE. Originality.Analysis of Kartamysh archaeological area, where the majority of business performance objects are connected with mining, has helped the authors consider specialization of the industrial systems (i.e. different-purpose mine workings, various mining tools, and areas to prepare ore) right from the viewpoint of the production method. Since similar situation is typical for other Donets complex artifacts, being involved in scientific terminology as the mining and smelting one, it would be more reasonable to represent it as Donets ore mining system owing to its specialization in the integrated copper ore extraction and preparation. Practical implications.The research results develop the history of mining science and engineering inclusive of ancient mining history in the Eastern Ukraine. They may be applied to train mining experts and in the process of creation of museum exhibitions (looking ahead, creation of Kartamysh skansen) while synthesizing technical and humanitarian aspects of engineering activities.
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Al-Bashaireh, Khaled. "Use of Lightweight Lime Mortar in the Construction of the West Church of Umm el-Jimal, Jordan: Radiocarbon Dating and Characterization." Radiocarbon 58, no. 3 (July 11, 2016): 583–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2016.40.
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AbstractLightweight concrete was widely used and mainly spread during the Roman period. This technology was used in the West Church, Umm el-Jimal, Jordan. The date of construction of the West Church is debated and different dates have been suggested based on its architectural styles and comparisons with other churches. This research aims to radiocarbon date the construction of the dome (church), archaeometrically characterize the mortar, and determine the source of the scoria. Three charcoals and two broken pieces comprising scoria from the mortar of the fallen dome and six large scoria samples from Quais cone were collected. The research used different analytical methods including accelerator mass spectrometry 14C, X-ray diffraction, petrographic microscopy, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. 14C determinations dated the dome (church) to the Late Roman–Early Byzantine periods, which contradicted the archaeological data. Analytical results showed that the mortar is lime-based and hydraulic. The similarities in the mineralogical composition, macroscopic and microscopic features, and chemical composition (compared statistically) of the scoria samples and the short distance between Umm el-Jimal and the Quais volcanic cone very likely indicate that the Quais volcanic cone is the source of the scoria used in the fallen dome.
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Bellanger, L., R. Tomassone, and P. Husi. "A Statistical Approach for Dating Archaeological Context." Journal of Data Science 6, no. 2 (July 11, 2021): 135–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.6339/jds.2008.06(2).269.
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Bellanger, L., R. Tomassone, and P. Husi. "A Statistical Approach for Dating Archaeological Contexts." Journal of Data Science 6, no. 3 (July 11, 2021): 135–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.6339/jds.2008.06(3).503.
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Bellanger, Lise, and Philippe Husi. "Statistical tool for dating and interpreting archaeological contexts using pottery." Journal of Archaeological Science 39, no. 4 (April 2012): 777–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2011.06.031.
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Griffiths, Seren. "We’re All Cultural Historians Now: Revolutions In Understanding Archaeological Theory And Scientific Dating." Radiocarbon 59, no. 5 (July 31, 2017): 1347–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2017.20.
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ABSTRACTRadiocarbon dating has had profound implications for archaeological understanding. These have been identified as various “revolutions,” with the latest—Bayesian chronological statistical analyses of large datasets—hailed as a “revolution in understanding.” This paper argues that the full implications of radiocarbon (14C) data and interpretation on archaeological theory have yet to be recognized, and it suggests that responses in Britain to earlier revolutions in archaeological understanding offer salutary lessons for contemporary archaeological practice. This paper draws on the work of David Clarke and Colin Renfrew to emphasize the importance of critical considerations of the relationships between archaeological theory and scientific method, and to emphasize that seemingly neutral aspects of archaeological thought are highly laden interpretatively, and have significant implications for the kinds of archaeology that we write.
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Preusser, Frank, Detlev Degering, Markus Fuchs, Alexandra Hilgers, Annette Kadereit, Nicole Klasen, Matthias Krbetschek, Daniel Richter, and Joel Q. G. Spencer. "Luminescence dating: basics, methods and applications." E&G Quaternary Science Journal 57, no. 1/2 (August 1, 2008): 95–149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3285/eg.57.1-2.5.
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Abstract. Luminescence dating is a tool frequently used for age determination of Quaternary materials such as archaeological artefacts, volcanic deposits and a variety of sediments from different environmental settings. The present paper gives an overview of the physical basics of luminescence dating, the necessary procedures from sampling to age calculation, potential problems that may interfere with correct age calculation as well as procedures to identify and resolve those problems. Finally, a brief summary of the most common fields of application is given ranging from artefacts to the variety of different sediments suitable for luminescence dating.
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Marom, Anat, James S. O. McCullagh, Thomas F. G. Higham, and Robert E. M. Hedges. "Hydroxyproline Dating: Experiments on the 14C Analysis of Contaminated and Low-Collagen Bones." Radiocarbon 55, no. 2 (2013): 698–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200057854.
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Dating of the amino acid hydroxyproline from bone collagen has been shown to produce accurate and reliable radiocarbon dates. This article presents further application of the method demonstrating it can be used to obtain dates for both low-collagen and contaminated bones, extending the capability of 14C dating archaeological bone from conventional limits imposed by alternative pretreatment methods. The method therefore has the potential for significantly benefiting the accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) dating community in the 14C dating of archaeological bone.
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Scott, E. Marian. "Models, Data, Statistics, And Outliers—A Statistical Revolution In Archaeology and 14C Dating." Radiocarbon 53, no. 4 (2011): 559–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200039035.
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Increasingly, the uses of data arc becoming more and more sophisticated as the archaeological and chronological questions being asked become more complex. Statistical models and tools for inference arc a routine part of an archaeological investigation encouraged through the availability of software, and with each release of that software, additional functionality is being added. This comes with enormous benefit but also at a cost—the dreaded black box. Therefore, this article, as the first in a series of short articles, will attempt to cover some of the things one needs to know to make the most of the power of the statistical revolution, while avoiding the pitfalls.
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Dee, Michael, David Wengrow, Andrew Shortland, Alice Stevenson, Fiona Brock, Linus Girdland Flink, and Christopher Bronk Ramsey. "An absolute chronology for early Egypt using radiocarbon dating and Bayesian statistical modelling." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 469, no. 2159 (November 8, 2013): 20130395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2013.0395.
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The Egyptian state was formed prior to the existence of verifiable historical records. Conventional dates for its formation are based on the relative ordering of artefacts. This approach is no longer considered sufficient for cogent historical analysis. Here, we produce an absolute chronology for Early Egypt by combining radiocarbon and archaeological evidence within a Bayesian paradigm. Our data cover the full trajectory of Egyptian state formation and indicate that the process occurred more rapidly than previously thought. We provide a timeline for the First Dynasty of Egypt of generational-scale resolution that concurs with prevailing archaeological analysis and produce a chronometric date for the foundation of Egypt that distinguishes between historical estimates.
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BELLANGER, L., PH HUSI, and R. TOMASSONE. "STATISTICAL ASPECTS OF POTTERY QUANTIFICATION FOR THE DATING OF SOME ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONTEXTS*." Archaeometry 48, no. 1 (January 31, 2006): 169–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4754.2006.00249.x.
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Schneider, Ágnes. "Multivariate Statistical Analysis of Archaeological Contexts: The case study of the Early La Tène Cemetery of Szentlőrinc, Hungary." Dissertationes Archaeologicae 3, no. 7 (October 16, 2020): 101–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17204/dissarch.2019.101.
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This study would like to provide an open-source and reproducible workflow for multivariate statistical analysis of archaeological contexts, e.g. cemeteries. Further the study does not wish to republish the cemetery – it only discusses diagnostic artifact types which can be used for dating this specific cemetery.Also, the study shows that multivariate statistical analysis can be useful and that a bigger sample size (cemetery), higher number of artifacts and more associated artifact types in closed contexts can deliver better and more useful information for dating cemeteries or even building regional chronologies.
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Soshnikov, A. "CRITICISM OF THE RELIABILITY OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL DATING OF CULTURAL ARTIFACTS." UKRAINIAN CULTURAL STUDIES, no. 2 (7) (2020): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/ucs.2020.2(7).10.
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The purpose of the article is to join the discussion about the degree of reliability of archaeological dating of cultural artifacts. Research methodology of the article: the main methods of archaeological dating of cultural artifacts are analyzed. The following conclusions are presented in the article: the concept of "archaeological source" is one of the basic categories of archeology, which largely determines the empirical activity of a scientist. In the domestic science, the term still does not have a unified understanding, as, indeed, most categories theoretical level. Perhaps the only one an indisputable point in the definition of the term is what archaeological sources are both material remains and observations of the researcher during field and chamber work. In the course of the study, it was concluded that archeology is not capable of either confirming or refuting the traditional chronological scheme, since it is impossible to date objects of material culture without relying on written records. The only thing that archaeological methods can give so far is the establishment of the relative sequence of layers and cultures. But between these results and the absolute age of these layers, there is a gap that has been filled so far based on the traditional grid. Generalization of the main methods of archaeological dating of cultural artifacts represents the novelty of the article. The practical significance of the article is the correction of the existing methods of archaeological dating of cultural artifacts. Archeology is neither able to confirm nor refute the traditional chronological scheme, because the objects of material culture cannot be dated without relying on written records. When, it would seem, it is possible to date an architectural structure absolutely reliably, the obtained result contradicts traditional ideas. The only thing that archaeological methods can give so far is to establish the relative sequence of layers and cultures. But between these results and the absolute age of these layers – a whole gap, which is still filled, based on the traditional grid.
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Dergachev, V. A., S. S. Vasiliev, A. A. Sementsov, G. I. Zaitseva, K. A. Chugunov, and I. Ju Sljusarenko. "Dendrochronology and Radiocarbon Dating Methods in Archaeological Studies of Scythian Sites." Radiocarbon 43, no. 2A (2001): 417–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200038273.
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We propose a new method of cross-dating the wood samples based on the classical methods of spectral estimation. This method uses the average cross-spectral density as a function of the relative position of the series. Because it is not sensitive to phase shifts in data it is appropriate for cross-dating samples originating from geographically distinct areas.The accuracy of cross dating depends on the integrity of the samples used, and in the case of well-preserved wood samples, the precision of relative age comparison may reach a single year. The method was tested on two dendrochronological series from Scythian barrows of known age in Southern Siberia: the Pazyryk barrows (the Altai Mountains) and the Dogee-Baary-2 burials (Western Sayan Mountains) separated by 450 km. The analysis has shown that the Pazyryk barrow is younger by 80 ± 4 yr than the Dogee-Baary −2 burials. This result is in agreement with the new chronology of Scythian-related sites suggested for Southern Siberia and Central Asia.
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Quarta, Gianluca, Lucio Calcagnile, and Massimo Vidale. "Integrating Non-Destructive Ion Beam Analysis Methods and AMS Radiocarbon Dating for the Study of Ancient Bronze Statues." Radiocarbon 54, no. 3-4 (2012): 801–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200047457.
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Analytical methods based on particle accelerators are widely used in cultural heritage diagnostics and archaeological sciences from the absolute dating of organic materials by means of radiocarbon accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) to the analysis of the elemental composition of a wide range of materials (metals, obsidians, pottery) via ion beam analysis (IBA) techniques. At CEDAD (Centre for Dating and Diagnostics), the accelerator facility of the University of Salento, AMS 14C dating and PIXE (particle-induced X-ray emission)-PIGE (particle-induced gamma-ray emission) compositional analysis in external beam mode are combined to study certain archaeological materials. We present a review of the combined application of these analytical methods in the study of casting cores of the Riace bronzes, 2 classical Greek statues of extraordinary importance for the history of art.
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Di Lazzaro, Paolo, Anthony C. Atkinson, Paola Iacomussi, Marco Riani, Marco Ricci, and Peter Wadhams. "Statistical and Proactive Analysis of an Inter-Laboratory Comparison: The Radiocarbon Dating of the Shroud of Turin." Entropy 22, no. 9 (August 24, 2020): 926. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22090926.
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We review the sampling and results of the radiocarbon dating of the archaeological cloth known as the Shroud of Turin, in the light of recent statistical analyses of both published and raw data. The statistical analyses highlight an inter-laboratory heterogeneity of the means and a monotone spatial variation of the ages of subsamples that suggest the presence of contaminants unevenly removed by the cleaning pretreatments. We consider the significance and overall impact of the statistical analyses on assessing the reliability of the dating results and the design of correct sampling. These analyses suggest that the 1988 radiocarbon dating does not match the current accuracy requirements. Should this be the case, it would be interesting to know the accurate age of the Shroud of Turin. Taking into account the whole body of scientific data, we discuss whether it makes sense to date the Shroud again.
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Kim, Jangsuk, David K. Wright, Youngseon Lee, Jaeyong Lee, Seonho Choi, Junkyu Kim, Sung-Mo Ahn, et al. "AMS Dates from Two Archaeological Sites of Korea: Blind Tests." Radiocarbon 58, no. 1 (January 21, 2016): 115–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2015.10.
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AbstractIn interpreting radiocarbon dating results, it is important that archaeologists distinguish uncertainties derived from random errors and those from systematic errors, because the two must be dealt with in different ways. One of the problems that archaeologists face in practice, however, is that when receiving dating results from laboratories, they are rarely able to critically assess whether differences between multiple 14C dates of materials are caused by random or systematic errors. In this study, blind tests were carried out to check four possible sources of errors in dating results: repeatability of results generated under identical field and laboratory conditions, differences in results generated from the same sample given to the same laboratory submitted at different times, interlaboratory differences of results generated from the same sample, and differences in the results generated between inner and outer rings of wood. Five charred wood samples, collected from the Namgye settlement and Hongreyonbong fortress, South Korea, were divided into 80 subsamples and submitted to five internationally recognized 14C laboratories on a blind basis twice within a 2-month interval. The results are generally in good statistical accordance and present acceptable errors at an archaeological scale. However, one laboratory showed a statistically significant variance in ages between batches for all samples and sites. Calculation of the Bayesian partial posterior predictive p value and chi-squared tests rejected the null hypothesis that the errors randomly occurred, although the source of the error is not specifically known. Our experiment suggests that it is necessary for users of 14C dating to establish an organized strategy for dating sites before submitting samples to laboratories in order to avoid possible systematic errors.
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Pazdur, Mieczyslaw F., Romuald Awsiuk, Tomasz Goslar, Anna Pazdur, Adam Walanus, and Andrzej Zastawny. "Gliwice Radiocarbon Dates XI." Radiocarbon 36, no. 2 (1994): 257–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200040558.
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The following list presents results of dating archaeological samples from Poland processed between 1979 and 1985. Three carbon dioxide-filled proportional counters (L1, L2 and L3) of different sizes were used for dating (Pazdur et al. 1982). Procedures for sample pretreatment, counting, statistical analysis and age calculations were essentially the same as previously described (Pazdur et al. 1982, 1985). All results are reported as conventional 14C dates in years before ad 1950. Unless explicitly stated, the results are not corrected for isotopic fractionation.
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Bayliss, Alex. "Rolling Out Revolution: Using Radiocarbon Dating in Archaeology." Radiocarbon 51, no. 1 (2009): 123–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200033750.
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Sixty years ago, the advent of radiocarbon dating rewrote archaeological chronologies around the world. Forty years ago, the advent of calibration signaled the death knell of the diffusionism that had been the mainstay of archaeological thought for a century. Since then, the revolution has continued, as the extent of calibration has been extended ever further back and as the range of material that can be dated has been expanded. Now a new revolution beckons, one that could allow archaeology to engage in historical debate and usher in an entirely new kind of (pre)history. This paper focuses on more than a decade of experience in utilizing Bayesian approaches routinely for the interpretation of14C dates in English archaeology, discussing both the practicalities of implementing these methods and their potential for changing archaeological thinking.
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Hambach, Ulrich, Christian Rolf, and Elisabeth Schnepp. "Magnetic dating of Quaternary sediments, volcanites and archaeological materials: an overview." E&G Quaternary Science Journal 57, no. 1/2 (August 1, 2008): 25–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3285/eg.57.1-2.2.
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Abstract. Magnetic dating includes all approaches dealing with the temporal variation of the Earth’s magnetic field (EMF) as well as with the application of climate dependent variations of rock magnetic properties of sedimentary sequences and their correlation to independently dated palaeoclimatic archives. Palaeomagnetism has an outstanding impact on geosciences in general and especially on Quaternary chronology and palaeoclimate research. Palaeomagnetic dating employs the temporal variation of the direction as well as the intensity of the EMF on time scales from 102 to 107 years. The well-known temporal pattern of reversals of the EMF on time scales from 104 to 107 years and the shorter secular variation (amplitude 10-30°, time scale 1 to 103 years) provide an excellent tool for stratigraphic subdivisions. Records of the intensity variations of the EMF as well as the indirect dating by means of correlating rock magnetic property variations from sedimentary archives to dated palaeoclimatic records also serve as dating tools. Field methods as well as laboratory methods and techniques in data analysis will not be discussed in this paper. It is our aim to give a short and subjective overview on palaeomagnetism and magnetic susceptibility stratigraphy as dating tools in Quaternary science.
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Caracuta, V., G. Fiorentino, M. Turchiano, and G. Volpe. "Dating Historical Contexts: Issues, Plant Material, and Methods to Date the Late Roman Site of Faragola, Apulia (SE Italy)." Radiocarbon 56, no. 2 (2014): 679–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/56.17463.
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Charred plant materials found in archaeological contexts are usually considered the most reliable remains for radiocarbon dating. Usually, seeds and fruits are preferred to wood fragments because their short lifecycle reduces the range of uncertainty of the14C measurement. A selection of short-lived samples, mainly from barley and wheat, from the Late Roman site of Faragola (SE Italy) were14C dated; however, the14C dates obtained were not always consistent with the chronology provided by other archaeological evidence. A careful analysis of all the macrobotanical remains found in each of the dated contexts provides insight into the origin of the plant material, helping to distinguish betweenin situand non-in situmaterial. The14C dates are reconsidered in the context of findings and the kind of material selected for dating. Using the archaeological context, a Bayesian model was employed to reduce the range of the calibrated date and thereby refine the chronology of the site on an absolute basis.
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Caracuta, V., G. Fiorentino, M. Turchiano, and G. Volpe. "Dating Historical Contexts: Issues, Plant Material, and Methods to Date the Late Roman Site of Faragola, Apulia (SE Italy)." Radiocarbon 56, no. 02 (2014): 679–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200049717.
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Charred plant materials found in archaeological contexts are usually considered the most reliable remains for radiocarbon dating. Usually, seeds and fruits are preferred to wood fragments because their short lifecycle reduces the range of uncertainty of the14C measurement. A selection of short-lived samples, mainly from barley and wheat, from the Late Roman site of Faragola (SE Italy) were14C dated; however, the14C dates obtained were not always consistent with the chronology provided by other archaeological evidence. A careful analysis of all the macrobotanical remains found in each of the dated contexts provides insight into the origin of the plant material, helping to distinguish betweenin situand non-in situmaterial. The14C dates are reconsidered in the context of findings and the kind of material selected for dating. Using the archaeological context, a Bayesian model was employed to reduce the range of the calibrated date and thereby refine the chronology of the site on an absolute basis.
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Komar, O. V. "EXPERIENCE OF USE OF THE RADIOCARBON METHOD DATING OF EARLY SLAVIC SITES FROM UKRAINE (1970—1987)." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 30, no. 1 (March 25, 2019): 254–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2019.01.20.
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The introduction of radiocarbon dating method in USSR and Ukrainian archeology was much slower compared to world practice. Natural scientific methods of dating in archeology have found quick application for the study of prehistoric sites — from the Paleolithic to the late Bronze Age. Much more time passed before the method began to be used for dating of sites of the 1st and 2nd millennium AD.
The initiative of serial sampling from the medieval archaeological complexes of Ukraine for radiocarbon analysis initially came not from archaeologists. This led at the first stage to a confrontation between traditional archaeological methods of analysis and the new «revolutionary» approaches of the natural sciences.
In 1968 mathematician A. S. Buhai collected 63 samples of charcoal from different parts of the «Zmievi Valy» («Snake Ramparts») and hillforts of the Kyiv region. At least 34 results were obtained from 3 different laboratories. All results attributed the time of existence of fortifications not to the Middle Ages, but to the 2nd century BC — 7th century AD, what caused the emergence of the sensational concept of the Early Slavic state in the Middle Dnieper region long before the formation of the Old Rus’ state.
Institute of Archaeology (Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR) has developed a big project for complex researches of these fortifications led by M. P. Kuchera. During 1974—1985, many fortifications of «Zmievi Valy» in different regions were studied archaeologically. The facts of overlapping of settlements of the 3th—7th centuries AD by ramparts as well as the presence of Old Rus’ artifacts of the 10th—13th centuries in the body of wooden and earth structures of ramparts were recorded. Stratigraphic and archaeological data confidently dated the ramparts to the Middle Ages, while 28 radiocarbon dates for samples, carefully selected from wooden constructions of fortifications, showed a chaotic spread of dates from the 24th century BC until the 14th century AD. The verdict of M. P. Kuchera on the possibility of using the radiocarbon dating method for the archeology of Middle Ages was naturally negative.
Geologist L. V. Firsov faced a similar problems after collecting in 1970 of 57 samples from archaeological complexes of Chersonesos and 33 samples from other sites of Crimea. Believing in the high accuracy of the radiocarbon dating method, he tried to explain the wide scatter of radiocarbon dates from the same medieval objects by their existence for half a millennium, what was rejected by archaeologists.
The Institute Archeology and the Radiocarbon Laboratory of the Institute of Geochemistry and Mineral Physics af the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR managed joint project to get answers to the topical questions of Ukrainian archaeologists concerning the possibilities of the radiocarbon dating method in archeology. Two institutes approved a joint plan theme for 1973—1978 «Determination of the age of archeological sites by the natural scientific methods», for which a Coordination Council was established, led by D. Ya. Telegin and E. V. Sobotovich. According to the first report of the group, 237 samples were collected from various archaeological sites, for which 148 datings were successfully obtained (62.4 %).
Cooperation continued further, but radiocarbon dates for archaeological cultures of the historical period from Ukraine had a little accuracy again on this stage of the radiocarbon method development (1974—1987). Thus, out of 31 examined medieval samples only 5 matched to archeological datings. 12 samples from sites of 6th — 10th centuries gave 7 dates, only 4 of them were in agreement with archaeological dating. For 12 samples from sites of Zarubyntsi and Chernyakhiv cultures 5 dates were received, and only one was in agreement with archaeological dating. The problem of the difference in these cases cannot be solved with the help of modern calibration of radiocarbon dates.
After the complete fiasco of the initial stage of the radiocarbon dating of the medieval archaeological objects from Ukraine (1970—1973), a small step forward was made in 1974—1987. But this did not convince archaeologists in the rationality of using the method of radiocarbon dating for cultures with a wide choice of dating markers. The situation remained stable until the present stage of development of the accelerator mass spectrometry dating which makes again actual the renewal of the program of radiocarbon dating for the Early Slavic cultures of the 1st millennium AD.
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Yu, Lupeng, Ping An, and Zhongping Lai. "Different implications of OSL and radiocarbon ages in archaeological sites in the Qaidam Basin, Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau." Geochronometria 43, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 188–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geochr-2015-0048.
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AbstractBoth Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) dating and14C dating are main dating method for archaeological sites, while their disagreements are quite often. In the Qaidam Basin (QB), human activity remains (HMRs) are frequently found within aeolian sediments, offering opportunities to make comparison between OSL and14C ages, and to discuss their potential disagreements in archaeological sites. In this study, we present comparison between 18(10 of them had been published) OSL and 17 AMS14C ages for samples from aeolian sediments in the eastern QB, including some samples from archaeological sites. Comparisons show better agreement in natural aeolian section, but more disagreements in sections with many HARs. This should be due to postdepositional anthropogenic disturbance, which can cause different influences to OSL and14C ages. The age disagreement might display their different significances, with14C chronology represent human activities, while OSL chronology more likely to reveal ages of original stratigraphy. Field hearth experiment was taken to check to what extent can heat from a hearth affect luminescence signals in the surrounding sediments. Results show that both OSL and Thermoluminescence signals in sediments under the hearths are not easy to be reset by the heat due to the poor downward thermal conductivity into the humid soil. This reminds the risk of OSL age overestimation for hearths. This study emphasizes the importance of cross-check between different dating methods for chronology building in archaeological contexts, and the necessity to analyze the dating materials, depositional process, and post-depositional disturbance when age disagreement is discovered.
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KINOSHITA, ANGELA, HENRY L. SULLASI, VIVIANE K. ASFORA, RENATA L. AZEVEDO, PEDRO GUZZO, NIEDE GUIDON, ANA MARIA G. FIGUEIREDO, HELEN KHOURY, ANNE-MARIE PESSIS, and OSWALDO BAFFA. "Dating of fossil human teeth and shells from Toca do Enoque site at Serra das Confusões National Park, Brazil." Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 88, no. 2 (June 7, 2016): 847–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201620150083.
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ABSTRACT This work reports the dating of a fossil human tooth and shell found at the archaeological site Toca do Enoque located in Serra das Confusões National Park (Piauí, Brazil). Many prehistoric paintings have been found at this site. An archaeological excavation unearthed three sepulchers with human skeletons and some shells. Two Brazilian laboratories, in Ribeirão Preto (USP) and Recife (UFPE), independently performed Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) measurements to date the tooth and the shell and obtain the equivalent dose received by each sample. The laboratories determined similar ages for the tooth and the shell (~4.8 kyBP). The results agreed with C-14 dating of the shell and other samples (charcoal) collected in the same sepulcher. Therefore, this work provides a valid inter-comparison of results by two independent ESR-dating laboratories and between two dating methods; i.e., C-14 and ESR, showing the validity of ESR dating for this range of ages.
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McCullagh, James S. O., Anat Marom, and Robert E. M. Hedges. "Radiocarbon Dating of Individual Amino Acids from Archaeological Bone Collagen." Radiocarbon 52, no. 2 (2010): 620–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200045653.
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Since the development of accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) for radiocarbon dating in the late 1970s, its ability to date small samples of bone has been of huge importance in archaeology and Quaternary paleoecology. The conventional approach to sample preparation has been to extract and gelatinize protein, which is then combusted and graphitized for analysis. However, this “bulk protein” can contain a heterogeneous mixture of non-collagenous molecules, including humic acids and other soil components that may be of a different age than the bone and therefore affect the accuracy of its 14C date. Sample pretreatment methods have been an important area of development in recent years but still show inadequacies for the dating of severely contaminated bone. The idea of isolating and dating individual compounds such as single amino acids, to improve dating accuracy, has been discussed in the literature since the 1960s. Hydroxyproline, for example, makes up over 10% of bone collagen but is extremely rare in most other animal proteins, increasing the chances of its presence being endogenous to the individual being dated. Its successful isolation has therefore been considered a potential “gold standard” for dating archaeological bone; however, extracting and suitably purifying single amino acids from bone has proved a challenging task.
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Rutgers, Leonard V., Klaas van der Borg, and Arie F. M. de Jong. "Radiocarbon Dates from the Catacombs of St. Callixtus in Rome." Radiocarbon 47, no. 3 (2005): 395–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200035177.
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This paper reports the first chronological assessment of the Christian catacombs of Rome by radiocarbon dating. The organic materials dated were found in a set of burial rooms in the so-called Liberian region of the catacombs of St. Callixtus on the Appian Way. 14C dating of small samples by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) represents a major advance over traditional archaeological dating methods used in catacomb archaeology; however, AMS 14C dating raises questions about sample reliability and chronological evaluation. We briefly explore these questions.
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Nelson, Michelle S., Harrison J. Gray, Jack A. Johnson, Tammy M. Rittenour, James K. Feathers, and Shannon A. Mahan. "User Guide for Luminescence Sampling in Archaeological and Geological Contexts." Advances in Archaeological Practice 3, no. 2 (May 2015): 166–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/2326-3768.3.2.166.
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AbstractLuminescence dating provides a direct age estimate of the time of last exposure of quartz or feldspar minerals to light or heat and has been successfully applied to deposits, rock surfaces, and fired materials in a number of archaeological and geological settings. Sampling strategies are diverse and can be customized depending on local circumstances, although all sediment samples need to include a light-safe sample and material for dose-rate determination. The accuracy and precision of luminescence dating results are directly related to the type and quality of the material sampled and sample collection methods in the field. Selection of target material for dating should include considerations of adequacy of resetting of the luminescence signal (optical and thermal bleaching), the ability to characterize the radioactive environment surrounding the sample (dose rate), and the lack of evidence for post-depositional mixing (bioturbation in soils and sediment). Sample strategies for collection of samples from sedimentary settings and fired materials are discussed. This paper should be used as a guide for luminescence sampling and is meant to provide essential background information on how to properly collect samples and on the types of materials suitable for luminescence dating.
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Zaitseva, Ganna I., Göran Possnert, Andrey Yu Alekseev, Valentin A. Dergachev, and Anatoly A. Sementsov. "The First 14C Dating of Monuments in European Scythia." Radiocarbon 40, no. 2 (1997): 767–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200018713.
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The first radiocarbon dates for the famous monuments of European Scythia were produced for the Kelermes, Seven Brothers, Solocha and Chertomlyk barrows (burial mounds) by both accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) and conventional methods. The obtained 14C dates confirmed the traditional archaeological chronology, which was based on the analysis of written data and typological comparisons of Scythian artifacts with similar objects found in the Ancient East and Greece. The 14C dates for the European Scythian monuments are compared with the Asian ones. The 14C chronology of the European Scythian monuments shows chronological synchronisms between the Asiatic and European monuments. The calibrated ages for the investigated barrows generally agree with the archaeological data.
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Cordero, Roberto, N. G. Guida, and J. L. Nogueira. "INGEIS Radiocarbon Laboratory Dates III." Radiocarbon 39, no. 1 (1997): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200040911.
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The following list presents results of dating of 55 paleoenvironmental and archaeological samples from Argentina, processed between 1984 and 1986 by M. A. Albero and F. Angiolini. Procedures for sample pretreatment, counting, statistical analysis and age calculation were essentially the same as previously described by Albero and Angiolini (1985). Results are reported as conventional 14C dates in years before ad 1950. They are corrected for isotopic fractionation.
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Gillespie, Richard. "Dating the First Australians." Radiocarbon 44, no. 2 (2002): 455–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200031830.
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The dating of selected archaeological and megafaunal sites from the Australian region is reviewed, with emphasis on recent work at some of the oldest sites. Improved chemical procedures with decreased analytical background for 14C analysis, combined with new luminescence dating methods, has confirmed many of the results processed decades ago and significantly increased the maximum age for some others. The oldest occupation horizons in four different regions reliably dated by defendable multi-method results are in the range 42–48,000 calendar years ago, overlapping with the age range for similarly well-dated undisturbed sites containing the youngest extinct megafauna. There is less secure evidence suggesting some archaeology may be earlier and some megafauna may have survived later than this period.
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Nonni, Sara, Fabio Marzaioli, Michele Secco, Isabella Passariello, Manuela Capano, Carmine Lubritto, Silvano Mignardi, Cristina Tonghini, and Filippo Terrasi. "14C Mortar Dating: The Case of the Medieval Shayzar Citadel, Syria." Radiocarbon 55, no. 2 (2013): 514–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200057647.
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This paper reports the results from applying the Cryo2SoniC (Cryobreaking, Sonication, Centrifugation) protocol to some lime mortars sampled from the citadel of Shayzar (Syria). The overall aims of this project are 1) to use the properties offered by high-precision accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon dating for the evaluation of absolute chronology with its typical robust time constraints (i.e. 25 14C yr), and 2) to apply the dating directly to the citadel structures in order to prevent possible biasing effects potentially affecting indirect 14C dating on organic materials found at the study site. The analyses presented in this paper have been mainly performed as a preliminary check of the Cryo2SoniC methodology in order to assess its applicability to this study site by comparing observed mortar results with archaeological expectations about the citadel development phasing and charcoals found encased in mortars. Petrographic and mineralogical thin-section analyses by optical microscopy (TSOM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy plus energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) investigations were carried out for characterization of the mortar samples to verify the occurrence of some features, related to their production technology, which may introduce dating offsets. The resulting 14C calibrated ages were in agreement with the archaeological expectations based on type and stratigraphic site reconstructions, in situ inscriptions, and written sources. Such results showed also a general (with 1 exception) statistical agreement among the charcoals and the analyzed mortars simultaneously, confirming the archaeological expectations for the Shayzar citadel. Results presented in this paper indicate good accuracy for the applied procedure for chronology reconstruction and highlight the capability of Cryo2SoniC to further characterize the Shayzar site.
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Wallner, Mario, Michael Doneus, Ingrid Kowatschek, Alois Hinterleitner, Felix Köstelbauer, and Wolfgang Neubauer. "Interdisciplinary Investigations of the Neolithic Circular Ditch Enclosure of Velm (Lower Austria)." Remote Sensing 14, no. 11 (June 1, 2022): 2657. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14112657.
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Middle Neolithic circular enclosures, known as Kreisgrabenanlage (KGA), are the oldest known monumental sites in Central Europe, dating roughly to 4850–4600/4500 BC. These large prehistoric monuments are mainly discovered by aerial archaeology and have been investigated by geophysical prospection and archaeological excavations since the 1960s. The site of Velm (Lower Austria) was discovered by aerial photographs in 2001. Due to its unusual location on a flat gravel plateau, the enclosure has become the object of intensive interdisciplinary research in recent years. In 2016, two motorized ground-penetrating radar (GPR) surveys were conducted, resulting in a detailed three-dimensional dataset visualizing the circular ditches, palisades and dwellings of an adjacent settlement. The high contrast between the gravel sediments and the humic earthen backfill of the ditches, palisades and individual postholes resulted in a highly detailed visualization of the Middle Neolithic monument. Based on this survey, selected structures were investigated by targeted archaeological excavations to evaluate the GPR results and to take samples for radiocarbon dating. This paper presents a synopsis of all the methods used. An integrated interpretation of aerial photo information, magnetometry and GPR is conducted, and it is shown to what extent these could be verified by the targeted archaeological excavation. By a detailed analysis of all applied archaeological prospection methods, it is now possible to interpret the monument in its entirety and confirm its dating to the Middle Neolithic Lengyel cultural complex.
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Lycett, Stephen J., and James D. Keyser. "Dating Crow Rock Art through Multivariate Statistical Comparison with Biographic Artworks." American Antiquity 84, no. 4 (August 6, 2019): 632–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aaq.2019.48.
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Historic period Plains biographic art provides narratives of the deeds and actions of Indigenous peoples of the region. The Crow (Apsáalooke) are one such people with a rich record of biographic drawings in rock art and portable works. However, chronological and stylistic links between these two media have long been thought out of reach, even though such links are essential if the abundant Historic period rock art is to be fully incorporated into discussions of Apsáalooke history and their connection better ascertained to documented historical and ethnohistorical events and trends. Indeed, the lack of such a framework locks away a vast wealth of history in these hundreds of rock art pictures. In this article we present a statistical framework for comparing better-dated Crow portable artworks with their rock art equivalents. We are able to place rock art imagery from five sites into a relatively fine-grained chronological order, which permits a better understanding of changing patterns in Crow stylistic imagery. This permits a direct association with changing historical circumstances and facilitates a better understanding of the link between social history and the changing patterns seen in these artworks. Moreover, in one case, our analysis provides archaeological confirmation of Crow ethnohistory.
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Manning, Katie, Adrian Timpson, Sue Colledge, Enrico Crema, Kevan Edinborough, Tim Kerig, and Stephen Shennan. "The chronology of culture: a comparative assessment of European Neolithic dating approaches." Antiquity 88, no. 342 (December 2014): 1065–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00115327.
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Archaeologists have long sought appropriate ways to describe the duration and floruit of archaeological cultures in statistical terms. Thus far, chronological reasoning has been largely reliant on typological sequences. Using summed probability distributions, the authors here compare radiocarbon dates for a series of European Neolithic cultures with their generally accepted ‘standard’ date ranges and with the greater precision afforded by dendrochronology, where that is available. The resulting analysis gives a new and more accurate description of the duration and intensity of European Neolithic cultures.
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Weinand, Daniel C., Richard R. Polhemus, Sarah A. Blankenship, and Jan F. Simek. "First Reported Samples from the Radiocarbon Laboratory of the University of Tennessee Center for Archaeometry and Geochronology: Dates from the Mccrosky Island Archaeological Site (40SV43), Sevier County, Tennessee, USA." Radiocarbon 50, no. 1 (2008): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200043435.
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This study presents the results of archaeological samples submitted for dating at the recently constructed University of Tennessee Center for Archaeometry and Geochronology (UTCAG) radiocarbon dating laboratory (Knoxville, Tennessee, USA). The samples selected for this initial study were obtained from excavations at the McCrosky Island site (40SV43) in Sevier County, Tennessee, USA. Three of the samples dated were split between the UTCAG laboratory and another laboratory to assess the UTCAG laboratory protocols. In an effort to further validate the laboratory methods employed, several other samples were submitted without prior knowledge of contextual data. The dates obtained for these samples were then compared to their association with recovered artifacts and/or archaeological context.
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Stahle, David W., Edward R. Cook, and James W. C. White. "Tree-Ring Dating of Baldcypress and the Potential for Millennia-Long Chronologies in the Southeast." American Antiquity 50, no. 4 (October 1985): 796–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/280168.
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AbstractThe tree-ring dating of baldcypress has been achieved in the southeastern United States, and the first 500 to 600 year long baldcypress chronologies have been developed from remnant stands of old-growth trees. An 800 year long cypress tree-ring chronology based on living trees and extended with long dead submerged logs has recently been dated, demonstrating the feasibility for very long chronology extension using progressively older sources of preserved cypress wood from old-growth trees, historic buildings, prehistoric archaeological sites, and natural deposits of submerged and buried logs and stumps. The longevity, climate sensitivity, and excellent preservation of ancient baldcypress wood make this species the only realistic prospect for millennia-long tree-ring chronologies extending to the mid-holocene in the Southeast, with important potential applications to the tree-ring dating of prehistoric archaeological sites, paleoclimatic reconstruction, and the calibration of independent dating methods.
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Li, Xiaoyuan, Xianjun Wu, Yang Zhao, Qiaoyan Wen, Zhongbu Xie, Yinhong Yuan, Tong Tong, Xinyu Shen, and Hua Tong. "Composition/structure and lacquering craft analysis of Wenzhou Song dynasty lacquerware." Analytical Methods 8, no. 35 (2016): 6529–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ay01694d.
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Several archaeological lacquerware samples tracing back to the Song dynasty (A.D. 960–A.D. 1279) and an ancient lacquer box remnant dating from the Yuan dynasty (A.D. 1271–A.D. 1368) were analyzed by various analytical methods in this article.