Relevant bibliographies by topics / Archaeological dating – Statistical methods

Academic literature on the topic 'Archaeological dating – Statistical methods'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Archaeological dating – Statistical methods"

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Wilson, Moira A., Andrea Hamilton, Ceren Ince, Margaret A. Carter, and Christopher Hall. "Rehydroxylation (RHX) dating of archaeological pottery." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 468, no. 2147 (July 12, 2012): 3476–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2012.0109.

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We show that the rehydroxylation (RHX) method can be used to date archaeological pottery, and give the first RHX dates for three disparate items of excavated material. These are in agreement with independently assigned dates. We define precisely the mass components of the ceramic material before, during and after dehydroxylation. These include the masses of three types of water present in the sample: capillary water, weakly chemisorbed molecular water and chemically combined RHX water. We describe the main steps of the RHX dating process: sample preparation, drying, conditioning, reheating and measurement of RHX mass gain. We propose a statistical criterion for isolating the RHX component of the measured mass gain data after reheating and demonstrate how to calculate the RHX age. An effective lifetime temperature (ELT) is defined, and we show how this is related to the temperature history of a sample. The ELT is used to adjust the RHX rate constant obtained at the measurement temperature to the effective lifetime value used in the RHX age calculation. Our results suggest that RHX has the potential to be a reliable and technically straightforward method of dating archaeological pottery, thus filling a long-standing gap in dating methods.
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Ramsey, Christopher Bronk. "Probability and Dating." Radiocarbon 40, no. 1 (1997): 461–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200018348.

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Statistical analysis is becoming much more widely used in conjunction with radiocarbon dating. In this paper I discuss the impact of Bayesian analysis (using computer programs such as OxCal) on archaeological research. In addition to simple analysis, the method has implications for the planning of dating projects and the assessment of the reliability of dates in their context.A new formalism for describing chronological models is introduced here: the Chronological Query Language (CQL), an extension of the model definitions found in the program OxCal.New methods of Bayesian analysis can be used to overcome some of the inherent biases in the uncertainty estimates of scientific dating methods. Most of these methods, including 14C, uranium series and thermoluminescence (TL), tend to favor some calendar dates over others. 14C calibration overcomes the problem where this is possible, but a Bayesian approach can be used more generally.
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Bakraji, Elias Hanna, Rana Abboud, and Haissm Issa. "Provenance Study of Archaeological Ceramics from Syria Using XRF Multivariate Statistical Analysis and Thermoluminescence Dating." Journal of Ceramics 2014 (March 11, 2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/681017.

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Thermoluminescence (TL) dating and multivariate statistical methods based on radioisotope X-ray fluorescence analysis have been utilized to date and classify Syrian archaeological ceramics fragment from Tel Jamous site. 54 samples were analyzed by radioisotope X-ray fluorescence; 51 of them come from Tel Jamous archaeological site in Sahel Akkar region, Syria, which fairly represent ceramics belonging to the Middle Bronze Age (2150 to 1600 B.C.) and the remaining three samples come from Mar-Takla archaeological site fairly representative of the Byzantine ceramics. We have selected four fragments from Tel Jamous site to determinate their age using thermoluminescence (TL) method; the results revealed that the date assigned by archaeologists was good. An annular 109Cd radioactive source was used to irradiate the samples in order to determine their chemical composition and the results were treated statistically using two methods, cluster and factor analysis. This treatment revealed two main groups; the first one contains only the three samples M52, M53, and M54 from Mar-Takla site, and the second one contains samples that belong to Tel Jamous site (local).
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Taylor, R. E. "The Contribution of Radiocarbon Dating to New World Archaeology." Radiocarbon 42, no. 1 (2000): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200053017.

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When introduced almost five decades ago, radiocarbon (14C) dating provided New World archaeologists with a common chronometric scale that transcended the countless site-specific and regional schemes that had been developed by four generations of field researchers employing a wide array of criteria for distinguishing relative chronological phases. A topic of long standing interest in New World studies where 14C values have played an especially critical role is the temporal framework for the initial peopling of the New World. Other important issues where 14C results have been of particular importance include the origins and development of New World agriculture and the determination of the relationship between the western and Mayan calendars. It has been suggested that the great success of 14C was an important factor in redirecting the focus of American archaeological scholarship in the 1960s from chronology building to theory building, led to a noticeable improvement in US archaeological field methods, and provided a major catalyst that moved American archaeologists increasingly to direct attention to analytical and statistical approaches in the manipulation and evaluation of archaeological data.
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Buck, C. E., J. B. Kenworthy, C. D. Litton, and A. F. M. Smith. "Combining archaeological and radiocarbon information: a Bayesian approach to calibration." Antiquity 65, no. 249 (December 1991): 808–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00080534.

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A recent and significant improvement in radiocarbon dating has been the increased ability of the radiocarbon laboratories to provide results combining precision with accuracy. This improvement has been accompanied by increasing recognition that the information must be expressed on the calendar, rather than on the radiocarbon, time-scale. Despite the attempts of Ottaway (1987) and Pearson (1987), archaeologists are not sufficiently aware of the statistical problems involved in the transformation from one scale to the other: ‘Some of the trouble lies in the ignorance of radiocarbon consumers; the many attempts to educate them can have only limited success when radiocarbon study depends on statistical concepts and methods far beyond the average archaeologist’s innumerate grasp’ (Chippindale 1990: 203).
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Lapshin, Andrey, and Irina Lapshina. "The Eighteenth-Century Ceramics from Archaeological Explorations of Tsaritsyn Guard Line." Nizhnevolzhskiy Arheologicheskiy Vestnik, no. 1 (June 2022): 286–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/nav.jvolsu.2022.1.16.

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The research subject is the 18th century ceramics discovered in the course of the reconnaissance excavation at the Tsaritsyn guard line, the 18th century fortification monument, conducted in 2020. The object of study is the “Rampart of the Tsaritsyn guard line (Rampart of Anna Ioannovna)” which is a military engineering complex created in the Volga-Don interfluves in 1718–1720. Archaeological work with research purposes was carried out there at first time. Archaeological explorations led to the discovery of pottery fragments dating back to this period in a new location of the Tsaritsyn guard line. The research purpose is to present and characterize newly discovered 18th century ceramic materials found at the territory of the Tsaritsyn guard line. The research methods include description, typological analysis, statistical characteristic and comparison with the material found at the well-known 18th century archaeological complexes of so-called Cossack towns along the Don River. Identification of a new 18th century location of artefacts, statistical processing, archaeological drawings of found pottery fragments, graphic reconstructions of pottery forms are practical outcomes of the study. The main conclusion of the study is that the discovered ceramic complex in the new location of the Tsaritsyn guard line is similar in type, manufacturing technique, ornamentation and statistical ratio to materials from Cossack towns on the territory of the Volgograd region (Ilovlinsky, Kachalinsky, Starogrigorievsky) which are dated by coins of the first third of the 18th century. The new archeological materials are interpreted in the known data context and supplement the currently quite limited statistical framework of archaeological finds from the Volga-Don region of the early 18th century. The found pottery types can be used to further develop a typology of this period ceramics.
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Alhusseini Ameer Hameed Saffah, Alhusseini Ameer Hameed Saffah. "Magnetometric Methods in Archaeology (on the Example of Excavations in Uruk, Iraq): Systematic Literature Review." Humanitarian Vector 16, no. 6 (December 2021): 49–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.21209/1996-7853-2021-16-6-49-61.

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The article examines various theoretical points of view and concepts that exist in the modern literature on the problem of conceptualization of magnetometry in the aspect of archaeological research. The aim of the article is to characterize magnetometric methods by studying the literature which describes the convergence of magnetometry and archaeological excavation issues, as well as to identify areas for future research developments. In conducting this study, such general scientific methods as a systematic approach, analysis, synthesis, and generalization were used. 72 scientific articles obtained from the results of a bibliographic search in the Scopus and RSCI databases were analyzed. A systematic review of the available scientific literature revealed a limited but rapidly growing coverage of this phenomenon by scientific research, which mainly focused on several aspects: characteristics of magnetometric methods, potential and problems of their use in archaeology; archaeological exploration-magnetic susceptibility studies, magnetometric studies; archaeomagnetic dating. Magnetometric methods are widely used in archaeological research of the city of Uruk and its surroundings. An analysis of the literature has provided insight into the important contribution of the information stored in the magnetic record to the modern archaeology of Uruk. The magnetometer study will continue and provide a comprehensive picture of the Uruk structure over time. Further research efforts to expand the scope of research on the possibilities of using magnetometry in archaeology can be aimed at overcoming a number of problems. The prospects for expanding the use of magnetometry in archaeology are associated with overcoming a number of methodological and technological limitations. Combining the magnetometry data and the results of statistical studies, such as Bayesian statistics, reduces the number of errors of each method and leads to an increase in the accuracy of the results.
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Panzeri, Laura, Francesco Maspero, Anna Galli, Emanuela Sibilia, and Marco Martini. "Luminescence and Radiocarbon Dating of Mortars at Milano-Bicocca Laboratories." Radiocarbon 62, no. 3 (February 14, 2020): 657–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2020.6.

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ABSTRACTThis work shows the results of optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and radiocarbon (14C) dating applied to mortars of historical structures in northern Italy. All the results are compared with archaeological evidence and thermoluminescence (TL) dating of bricks. The main issue for OSL mortar dating is that the quartz grains contained in the mortar may be only partially bleached, leading to an overestimation of the sample age. In order to identify the best protocol to apply, both multi-grain (MG) and single grain (SG) methods were used. The minimum age model (MAM) statistical approach was applied to refine their accuracy. However, the identification of the bleached grains is not always successful, indicating that further investigations are needed to develop suitable dating protocol. For the 14C technique, a crucial aspect is the selection of anthropogenic calcite. In this work the mortars were treated using a Cryosonic method to select anthropogenic calcite from raw material, and the obtained powder was sieved to select the finer fraction. Unfortunately, only in two cases an acceptable amount of sample could be obtained. All the fractions were dated via accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS), and the results compared with independently obtained dates. The results show that the execution of the dating analysis requires previous characterizations to assess the nature of the mortar components and avoid unusable fractions.
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Ledger, Paul M., Véronique Forbes, Edouard Masson-MacLean, and Richard A. Knecht. "Dating and Digging Stratified Archaeology in Circumpolar North America: A View from Nunalleq, Southwestern Alaska." ARCTIC 69, no. 4 (November 30, 2016): 378. http://dx.doi.org/10.14430/arctic4599.

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Through the case study of the Thule-era village site of Nunalleq (GDN-248), this paper presents 14C dating results and perspectives on the issues associated with radiocarbon dating stratified archaeological sites in circumpolar North America. The objective was to investigate relative variation in the 14C age of ecofacts with the aim of establishing a hierarchy of dating suitability for Nunalleq that could more widely inform 14C sample selection on archaeological sites across the North American sub-Arctic and Arctic and Greenland. Owing to the complexities associated with interpreting and establishing the relative chronology of the deeply stratified sod deposits at Nunalleq, we adopted open-area excavation and single-context recording methods. This approach, we suggest, allowed us to eliminate stratigraphic complexity as a source of variation in 14C measurements and to assess the taphonomic issues associated with dating different ecofacts. In total, 16 samples were submitted for dating, comprising two sets of eight different ecofacts, one from each of two stratigraphically contemporary but spatially discrete contexts. In most instances, the 14C ages of ecofacts were statistically indistinguishable between the two contexts and support the relative chronological relationships established by excavation. Only Elymus arenarius (grass) manufactures and Heleomyzidae (fly) puparia produced different ages in the two contexts, variations that suggest that these items are unreliable dating materials. As noted in previous studies, Phoca sp. (seal) and Oncorhynchus sp. (salmon) bone collagen demonstrated a strong marine reservoir effect (c. 700 14C yr.). Picea sp. (wood chips) were marginally older than seeds from edible berries (Rubus chamaemorus and Empetrum nigrum) and caribou (Rangifer tarandus) bone collagen, which provided the most consistent ages.
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Bronk Ramsey, Christopher. "Radiocarbon Calibration and Analysis of Stratigraphy: The OxCal Program." Radiocarbon 37, no. 2 (1995): 425–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200030903.

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People usually study the chronologies of archaeological sites and geological sequences using many different kinds of evidence, taking into account calibrated radiocarbon dates, other dating methods and stratigraphic information. Many individual case studies demonstrate the value of using statistical methods to combine these different types of information. I have developed a computer program, OxCal, running under Windows 3.1 (for IBM PCs), that will perform both 14C calibration and calculate what extra information can be gained from stratigraphic evidence. The program can perform automatic wiggle matches and calculate probability distributions for samples in sequences and phases. The program is written in C++ and uses Bayesian statistics and Gibbs sampling for the calculations. The program is very easy to use, both for simple calibration and complex site analysis, and will produce graphical output from virtually any printer.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Archaeological dating – Statistical methods"

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Karlsberg, Angela Jane. "Flexible Bayesian methods for archaeological dating." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2006. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/12848/.

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Statistical models for the calibration of both independent and related groups of radiocarbon determinations are now well established and there exists a number of software packages such as BCal, OxCal and CALIB that can perform the necessary calculations to implement them. When devising new statistical models it is important to understand the motivations and needs of the archaeologists. When researchers select samples for radiocarbon dating, they are often not interested in when a specific plant or animal died. Instead, they want to use the radiocarbon evidence to help them to learn about the dates of other events, which cannot be dated directly but which are of greater historical or archaeological significance (e.g. the founding of a site). Our initial research focuses on formulating prior distributions that reliably represent a priori information relating to the rate of deposition of dateable material within an archaeological time period or phase. In archaeology, a phase is defined to be a collection of excavated material (context or layers) bounded early and late by events that are of archaeological importance. Current software for estimating boundary dates only allows for one possible type of a priori distribution, which assumes that material suitable for dating was deposited at a uniform rate between the start and end points of the phase. Although this model has been useful for many real problems, researchers have become increasingly aware of its limitations. We therefore propose a family of alternative prior models (with properties tailored to particular problems within archaeological research) which includes the uniform as a special case and allows for more realistic and robust modelling of the deposition process. We illustrate, via two case studies, the difference in archaeological conclusions drawn from the data when implementing both uniform and non-uniform prior deposition models. The second area of research, that we take the first steps towards tackling, is spatiotemporal modelling of archaeological calibration problems. This area of research is of particular interest to those studying the response of plants and animals, including humans, to climate change. In archaeological problems our temporal information typically arises from radiocarbon dating, which leads to estimated rather than exactly known calendar dates. Many of these problems have some form of spatial structure yet it is very rare that the spatial structure is formally accounted for. The combination of temporal uncertainty and spatial structure means that we cannot use standard models to tackle archaeological problems of this kind. Alongside this, our knowledge of past landscapes is generally very poor as they were often very different from modern ones; this limits the amount of spatial detail that can be included in the modelling. In this thesis we aim to make reliable inferences in spatio-temporal problems by carefully devising a model that takes account of the temporal uncertainty as well as incorporating spatial structure, to provide probabilistic solutions to the questions posed. We illustrate the properties of both the conventional models and the spatio-temporal models using a case study relating to the radiocarbon evidence for the Late glacial reoccupation of NW Europe.
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Okasha, Mahmoud Khaled Mohamed. "Statistical methods in dendrochronology." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.295760.

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Sanderson, D. C. W. "Thermoluminescence dating of Scottish vitrified forts : development, evaluation and demonstration of the potential of thermoluminescence dating techniques to resolve outstanding chronological problems associated with Scottish vitrified forts." Thesis, University of the West of Scotland, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.376105.

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The Scottish vitrified forts form a unique assemblage of archaeological monuments exhibiting the common feature of partly melted masonry generally found in the vicinity of a ruined wall. Although they have received considerable attention from scholars since their discovery in the late eighteenth century many questions relating to origins, purpose and chronology remain unanswered. This work represents the first coherent attempt to develop and apply direct dating to vitrified rocks _ using thermoluminescence (TL) techniques to establish the time elapsed since the last heating of the sample. The technique is based on equating the thermoluminescence acquired by minerals within vitrified rocks, during the period following vitrification, to the levels of natural ionising radiation within and around the samples. Study sites were selected on the basis of a mineralogical, analytical and dosimetric survey of material from museum collections, and sampled from secure contexts using a portable diamond coring tool. Radiation dose rates to the samples were determined using a combination of thermoluminescence and low level counting methods coupled to standard microdosimetric models for specific mineral phases. A promising new method of rapid beta dose rate measurement was developed during this work. Thermoluminescence measurements of separated mineral extracts were performed using computerised eqUipment to determine the total radiation dose experienced since firing. Particular attention was paid to the form of the radiation dose dependence of samples from different Sites, and to the stability and reproducibility of TL signals. Coherent thermoluminescence ages were obtained from the sites of Finavon,Craig Phadrig, Dun Lagaidh, Langwell, Knockfarrel and Tap 0 Noth, using feldspar fractions extracted from the samples, and indicate a long time span for the monuments stretching from the 2nd millenium Be to the first millenium AD. This evidence considerably extends the timespan attributable to the monuments and paves the way for further work to establish the relationship between the morphology and chronology of a wider range of sites.
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Tilahun, Gelila. "Statistical Methods for Dating Collections of Historical Documents." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/29890.

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The problem in this thesis was originally motivated by problems presented with documents of Early England Data Set (DEEDS). The central problem with these medieval documents is the lack of methods to assign accurate dates to those documents which bear no date. With the problems of the DEEDS documents in mind, we present two methods to impute missing features of texts. In the first method, we suggest a new class of metrics for measuring distances between texts. We then show how to combine the distances between the texts using statistical smoothing. This method can be adapted to settings where the features of the texts are ordered or unordered categoricals (as in the case of, for example, authorship assignment problems). In the second method, we estimate the probability of occurrences of words in texts using nonparametric regression techniques of local polynomial fitting with kernel weight to generalized linear models. We combine the estimated probability of occurrences of words of a text to estimate the probability of occurrence of a text as a function of its feature -- the feature in this case being the date in which the text is written. The application and results of our methods to the DEEDS documents are presented.
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Books on the topic "Archaeological dating – Statistical methods"

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G, Cavanagh William, and Litton Clifford D, eds. Bayesian approach to interpreting archaeological data. Chichester, England: Wiley, 1996.

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The birth of prehistoric chronology: Dating methods and dating systems in nineteenth-century Scandinavian archaeology. Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]: Cambridge University Press, 1987.

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Fomenko, A. T. Geometrical and statistical methods of analysis of star configurations: Dating Ptolemy's Almagest. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1993.

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Fomenko, A. T. Empirico-statistical analysis of narrative material and its applications to historical dating. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, 1994.

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Tabor, R. W. Reproducibility of the K-Ar ages of rocks and minerals: An empirical approach : derivation of a model for estimating the statistical error in K-Ar ages. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. G.P.O., 1985.

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Mark, Gillings, ed. Spatial technology and archaeology: The archaeological applications of GIS. London: Taylor & Francis, 2002.

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Fomenko, A. T. Empirico-Statistical Analysis of Narrative Material and its Applications to Historical Dating: Volume II: The Analysis of Ancient and Medieval Records. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994.

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Göran, Burenhult, and Arvidsson Johan, eds. Archaeological informatics: Pushing the envelope CAA 2001 : Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology, proceedings of the 29th conference, Gotland, April 2001. Oxford, England: Archaeopress, 2002.

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C, Eade J. Early Javanese inscriptions: A new dating method. Leiden: Brill, 2000.

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Scientific dating methods. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic,c, 1991.

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Book chapters on the topic "Archaeological dating – Statistical methods"

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Feathers, James K. "Luminescence Dating of Archaeological Sediments." In Encyclopedia of Scientific Dating Methods, 1. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6326-5_55-1.

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Feathers, James. "Luminescence Dating of Archaeological Sediments." In Encyclopedia of Scientific Dating Methods, 1–9. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6326-5_55-2.

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Feathers, James. "Luminescence Dating of Archaeological Sediments." In Encyclopedia of Scientific Dating Methods, 404–9. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6304-3_55.

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Hoffmann, Dirk. "Carbonates, Speleothem Archaeological (U-Series)." In Encyclopedia of Scientific Dating Methods, 144–47. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6304-3_243.

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Hoffmann, Dirk. "Carbonates, Speleothem Archaeological (U-Series)." In Encyclopedia of Scientific Dating Methods, 1–6. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6326-5_243-1.

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Fomenko, A. T. "New Statistical Methods for Dating." In Empirico-Statistical Analysis of Narrative Material and its Applications to Historical Dating, 39–87. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1410-5_2.

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Fomenko, A. T. "Methods for the Statistical Analysis of Narrative Texts." In Empirico-Statistical Analysis of Narrative Material and its Applications to Historical Dating, 1–111. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1413-6_1.

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Fomenko, A. T. "New Experimental and Statistical Methods for Dating Events of Ancient History, and Their Applications to the Global Chronology of Ancient and Medieval History." In Empirico-Statistical Analysis of Narrative Material and its Applications to Historical Dating, 88–201. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1410-5_3.

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Pastoors, Andreas, and Tilman Lenssen-Erz. "Introduction." In Reading Prehistoric Human Tracks, 1–11. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60406-6_1.

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AbstractThis book explains that after long periods of prehistoric research in which the importance of the archaeological as well as the natural context of rock art has been constantly underestimated, research has now begun to take this context into focus for documentation, analysis, interpretation and understanding. Human footprints are prominent among the long-time under-researched features of the context in caves with rock art. In order to compensate for this neglect an innovative research program has been established several years ago that focuses on the merging of indigenous knowledge and western archaeological science for the benefit of both sides. The book composes first the methodological diversity in the analysis of human tracks. Here major representatives of anthropological, statistical and traditional approaches feature the multi-layered methods available for the analysis of human tracks. It second compiles case studies from around the globe of prehistoric human. For the first time the most important sites which have been found worldwide are published in a single publication. The third focus of this book is on first hand experiences of researchers with indigenous tracking experts from around the globe, expounding on how archaeological science can benefit from the ancestral knowledge.
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Herz, Norman, and Ervan G. Garrison. "Chemical Methods." In Geological Methods for Archaeology. Oxford University Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195090246.003.0008.

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Time is nature's way of keeping everything from happening at once" (anonymous). Time is a continuum—we sense this continuum as a succession of events. In archaeological matters it is one of the most salient attributes. To determine time accurately the archaeologist must rely on modern dating techniques. Age determination by chemical methods relies on the constancy or predictability of rates of chemical processes. For instance the oxidation of iron—rust—could be used for dating purposes if one could determine a chemical rate, in this case that of oxidation, that applied to more than the singular event. Unfortunately, the rate of the oxidation of iron is highly variable, being affected by temperature, available moisture, and the particular type of iron (mild, cast, stainless, etc.). Another common chemical change is the patination of certain types of glass. Yet here, too, the process is highly variable, making dating impractical. Still, there have been attempts to use patination and rock "varnish" for archaeological dating, as we shall see. In the main, chemical dating is used to determine relative ages since absolute ages require calibration for each sample and its find site using independent dating measures such as radiometric or dendrochronological techniques. We shall first discuss the relative techniques based on the uptake or decrease in fluorine, uranium, and nitrogen found in bone. This is most appropriate because these chemical techniques played a key role in unmasking one of the most famous frauds in the history of science: Piltdown Man. Next we shall examine the two most accepted chemical processes utilized in absolute age determination, which are based, respectively, on amino acid racemization and obsidian hydration. Finally, we shall examine a few techniques that show some promise for the dating of archaeological materials or deposits, such as those using patination ("varnish") and cation ratios. Our points of reference are those events we view as, in some sense, marking a change in the state of things. Stylistic or formal change in an archaeological facies can be a chronological landmark for the archaeologist and allows us to divide the continuum of time into discrete segments or phases.
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Conference papers on the topic "Archaeological dating – Statistical methods"

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Kameneva, Svetlana Vladimirovna. "STATISTICAL METHODS IN ARCHAEOLOGY." In IV Международная научно-практическая конференция "Научные исследования и инновации". KDU, Moscow, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31453/kdu.ru.978-5-7913-1168-9-2021-6-17.

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The use of statistical methods in the analysis of archaeological problems is an effective interdisciplinary approach. The article briefly describes the chronology using of statistical methods in archaeology, provides examples using of basic statistical methods in the analysis of the ceramic ornament the Zmeisky settlement in North Ossetia and more modern archaeological finds made by the Azov archaeological expedition in the Krasnodar region.
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Hookk, D. "Web Analytics as a tool for analyzing a network resource with a variety of sources on the archaeological research materials." In Historical research in the context of data science: Information resources, analytical methods and digital technologies. LLC MAKS Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29003/m1837.978-5-317-06529-4/384-390.

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Despite the already introduced concept of Webometrics, the visitors counter has considered as a main indicator of the effectiveness of the museum open sources. The article presents the statistical data and observations made during the work on the start-up project “Digital Encyclopedia of the Hermitage. Vol. 1. Archaeology”, as well as during the COVID-19 quarantine period, when communication with virtual visitors became a priority in museums.
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Bigongiari, Matteo, and Federico Cioli. "Rilievo digitale e analisi dell’ala lusignana del castello di Kyrenia." In FORTMED2020 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Valencia: Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2020.2020.11396.

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Digital survey and analysis of the lusignan wing of Kyrenia CastleThe paper illustrates the documentation and analysis methods of a wing of the Kyrenia castle in Cyprus. The laser-scanner and photogrammetry Structure from Motion (SfM) survey campaigns took place during the international workshop “Reading and designing the Kyrenia Castle” held in May 2018 in Girne, involving the Girne American University (Cyprus) and the University of Florence. The survey required a more in-depth analysis of the environments around the courtyard, in particular those located on the eastern front, which host numerous archaeological finds, including the Kyrenia shipwreck, dating back to the fourth century BC. The analysis was based on the drawings (plans, elevations and sections) served as support for diagnostic and material investigations aimed at highlighting the state of superficial conservation and structures and their historical stratigraphy.
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Тишкин, Алексей А., and Николай Н. Серегин. "Turkic enclosures of the Mongolian Altai: new data on the traditions of the ritual practices of nomads in the Early Middle Ages." In Hadak útján. A népvándorláskor kutatóinak XXIX. konferenciája. Budapest, 2019. november 15–16. 29th. Bölcsészettudományi Kutatóközpont Magyar Őstörténeti Kutatócsoport, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55722/arpad.kiad.2021.4.1_04.

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From 2007 to 2015, the Buyant Russian­Mongolian archaeological expedition conducted in the territory of the Mongolian Altai targeted the research of ritual structures of the Turkic time (6th–8th cc. AD), which in scientific literature are called enclosures because of the square or rectangular shape of the base structure in the form of installed stone slabs. During the fieldwork, several hundreds of these monuments were discovered. The largest concentration was recorded in the northern part of the mountain range. 27 Turkic enclosures have been excavated in the Mongolian Altai during the years of work of Buyant expedition and their relative chronology is discussed in this paper. We outline the evolution of the tradition of the constructions of Turkic enclosures through different historical periods. We discuss their purpose on the basis of their structural design and associated material finds. Of particular importance are the stone sculptures and the Turkic inscriptions discovered alongside the enclosures. We propose the use of natural science dating methods and the decoding of the found texts for further research into these early medieval enclosures.
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Reports on the topic "Archaeological dating – Statistical methods"

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Downes, Jane, ed. Chalcolithic and Bronze Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.184.

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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings:  Building the Scottish Bronze Age: Narratives should be developed to account for the regional and chronological trends and diversity within Scotland at this time. A chronology Bronze Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report iv based upon Scottish as well as external evidence, combining absolute dating (and the statistical modelling thereof) with re-examined typologies based on a variety of sources – material cultural, funerary, settlement, and environmental evidence – is required to construct a robust and up to date framework for advancing research.  Bronze Age people: How society was structured and demographic questions need to be imaginatively addressed including the degree of mobility (both short and long-distance communication), hierarchy, and the nature of the ‘family’ and the ‘individual’. A range of data and methodologies need to be employed in answering these questions, including harnessing experimental archaeology systematically to inform archaeologists of the practicalities of daily life, work and craft practices.  Environmental evidence and climate impact: The opportunity to study the effects of climatic and environmental change on past society is an important feature of this period, as both palaeoenvironmental and archaeological data can be of suitable chronological and spatial resolution to be compared. Palaeoenvironmental work should be more effectively integrated within Bronze Age research, and inter-disciplinary approaches promoted at all stages of research and project design. This should be a two-way process, with environmental science contributing to interpretation of prehistoric societies, and in turn, the value of archaeological data to broader palaeoenvironmental debates emphasised. Through effective collaboration questions such as the nature of settlement and land-use and how people coped with environmental and climate change can be addressed.  Artefacts in Context: The Scottish Chalcolithic and Bronze Age provide good evidence for resource exploitation and the use, manufacture and development of technology, with particularly rich evidence for manufacture. Research into these topics requires the application of innovative approaches in combination. This could include biographical approaches to artefacts or places, ethnographic perspectives, and scientific analysis of artefact composition. In order to achieve this there is a need for data collation, robust and sustainable databases and a review of the categories of data.  Wider Worlds: Research into the Scottish Bronze Age has a considerable amount to offer other European pasts, with a rich archaeological data set that includes intact settlement deposits, burials and metalwork of every stage of development that has been the subject of a long history of study. Research should operate over different scales of analysis, tracing connections and developments from the local and regional, to the international context. In this way, Scottish Bronze Age studies can contribute to broader questions relating both to the Bronze Age and to human society in general.
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