Relevant bibliographies by topics / Archaeological artefect

Academic literature on the topic 'Archaeological artefect'

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Published: 14 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Archaeological artefect"

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Barford, Paul M. "Artefact collecting: creating or destroying the archaeological record?" Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia 25 (December 15, 2020): 39–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/fpp.2020.25.02.

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This paper examines some of the arguments used by archaeologists in favour of collaborating useful for archaeological research and is a form of public engagement with archaeology. It takes as a case study records of 48 600 medieval artefacts removed from archaeological contexts by artefact hunters and recorded by the Portable Antiquities Scheme in England and Wales. The past and potential uses of these records as an archaeological source are objectively reviewed, together with an assessment of the degree to which they provide mitigation of the damage caused to the otherwise unthreatened archaeological record. It is concluded that, although information can be obtained by studying records of findspots of addressed artefacts such as coins, in general the claims made in support of professional archaeological collaboration with this kind of activity prove to be false.
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Figueiredo, E., Rui Jorge C. Silva, Francisco Manuel Braz Fernandes, and M. F. Araújo. "Some Long Term Corrosion Patterns in Archaeological Metal Artefacts." Materials Science Forum 636-637 (January 2010): 1030–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.636-637.1030.

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Long term corrosion phenomena are generally not obtained in laboratorial corrosion experiments. Particular features, such as strong intergranular corrosion, can be an indication of the antiquity of a metallic artefact. In the present study, various corrosion features from several archaeological bronze artefacts, with ages ranging from 2 to 5 millenniums, are examined using optical and scanning electron microscopies. Elemental composition was obtained through micro-EDXRF analyses. Corrosion patterns could, in some occasions, be related to specific thermomechanical treatments performed before burial and, in others, with particular phases present in the artefact.
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DITCHFIELD, P. W., E. WHITFIELD, T. VINCENT, T. PLUMMER, D. BRAUN, A. DEINO, F. HERTEL, J. S. OLIVER, J. LOUYS, and L. C. BISHOP. "Geochronology and physical context of Oldowan site formation at Kanjera South, Kenya." Geological Magazine 156, no. 07 (September 12, 2018): 1190–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756818000602.

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AbstractOldowan sites in primary geological context are rare in the archaeological record. Here we describe the depositional environment of Oldowan occurrences at Kanjera South, Kenya, based on field descriptions and granulometric analysis. Excavations have recovered a large Oldowan artefact sample as well as the oldest substantial sample of archaeological fauna. The deposits at Kanjera South consist of 30 m of fluvial, colluvial and lacustrine sediments. Magneto- and biostratigraphy indicate the Kanjera South Member of the Kanjera Formation was deposited during 2.3–1.92 Ma, with 2.0 Ma being a likely age for the archaeological occurrences. Oldowan artefacts and associated fauna were deposited in the colluvial and alluvial silts and sands of beds KS1–3, in the margins of a lake basin. Field descriptions and granulometric analysis of the sediment fine fraction indicate that sediments from within the main archaeological horizon were emplaced as a combination of tractional and hyperconcentrated flows with limited evidence of debris-flow deposition. This style of deposition is unlikely to significantly erode or disturb the underlying surface, and therefore promotes preservation of surface archaeological accumulations. Hominins were repeatedly attracted to the site locale, and rapid sedimentation, minimal bone weathering and an absence of bone or artefact rounding further indicate that fossils and artefacts were quickly buried.
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Holdaway, SJ, PC Fanning, and DC Witter. "Prehistoric aboriginal occupation of the rangelands: Interpreting the surface archaeological record of far western New South Wales, Australia." Rangeland Journal 22, no. 1 (2000): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj0000044.

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Recent erosion in arid regions of western NSW has exposed large areas that are scattered with stone artefacts manufactured by Aboriginal people in prehistory. These exposures offer an opportunity for archaeologists to study the artefacts abandoned by Aboriginal people through time and to compare those artefacts that accumulate in different parts of the landscape. To reconstruct the nature of prehistoric behaviour in the rangelands, two approaches are needed. First, the geomorphological context of the artefacts needs to be considered since exposure of the artefacts is a function of landscape history. Second, large areas (measured in thousands of square metres) and large numbers of artefacts need to be considered if patterns reflecting long-term abandonment behaviour by Aboriginal people are to be identified. This paper reports on the Western New South Wales Archaeological Program (WNSWAP) which was initiated in 1995 to study surface archaeology in the rangelands. Geomorphological studies are combined with artefact analysis using geographic information system software to investigate Aboriginal stone artefact scatters and associated features such as heat retainer hearths, in a landscape context. Results suggest that apparently random scatters of stone artefacts are in fact patterned in ways which inform on prehistoric Aboriginal settlement of the rangelands. Key words: Aboriginal stone artefacts; rangelands; landscape archaeology; geomorphology; GIs
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Ó Foghlú, Billy, Daryl Wesley, Sally Brockwell, and Helen Cooke. "Implications for culture contact history from a glass artefact on a Diingwulung earth mound in Weipa." Queensland Archaeological Research 19 (December 5, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.25120/qar.19.2016.3499.

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This paper reports on a glass artefact found on an earth mound at Diingwulung in Wathayn Country, near Weipa, far north Queensland. Despite intense research efforts and cultural heritage management surveys over many years, and the fact that they have been reported commonly within the ethnographic literature, such artefacts have been found rarely outside of Aboriginal mission contexts. As well as describing the artefact, its location and the frontier contact complex of the area, this paper includes the background of knapped glass artefacts in Australia, archaeological and ethnographic descriptions of Indigenous glass use in far north Queensland and the methodology of glass artefact analysis. Although it is only a single artefact, we argue that this glass piece has much to reveal not only regarding its chronology, use, and the function of the site where it was found, but also about culture contact, persistence of traditional technology, connections to Country and the continuity and extent of post-contact Indigenous occupation of the area.
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Francis, Victoria. "Twenty Interesting Points: An Analysis of Bone Artefacts from Platypus Rockshelter." Queensland Archaeological Research 13 (December 1, 2002): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.25120/qar.13.2002.68.

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<p>While bone artefacts have been largely ignored in Australian archaeology, a wide range of functions for this artefact type are noted ethnographically. Twenty bone artefacts from Platypus Rockshelter, southeast Queensland, were used to test the applicability of residue analysis for functional assessment of archaeological bone artefacts. Analysis produced both predicted and unexpected results when compared with the known range of functions and results from other studies at this site. Plant and animal residues were observed on the artefacts, ranging from blood and collagen to starch raphides and the mineral, vivianite. These results have implications for site occupation as well as more general ones for the study of bone artefacts.</p>
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Miljković, V., and D. Gajski. "ADAPTATION OF INDUSTRIAL HYPERSPECTRAL LINE SCANNER FOR ARCHAEOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B5 (June 15, 2016): 343–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b5-343-2016.

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The spectral characteristic of the visible light reflected from any of archaeological artefact is the result of the interaction of its surface illuminated by incident light. Every particular surface depends on what material it is made of and/or which layers put on it has its spectral signature. Recent archaeometry recognises this information as very valuable data to extend present documentation of artefacts and as a new source for scientific exploration. However, the problem is having an appropriate hyperspectral imaging system available and adopted for applications in archaeology. In this paper, we present the new construction of the hyperspectral imaging system, made of industrial hyperspectral line scanner ImSpector V9 and CCD-sensor PixelView. The hyperspectral line scanner is calibrated geometrically, and hyperspectral data are geocoded and converted to the hyperspectral cube. The system abilities are evaluated for various archaeological artefacts made of different materials. Our experience in applications, visualisations, and interpretations of collected hyperspectral data are explored and presented.
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Miljković, V., and D. Gajski. "ADAPTATION OF INDUSTRIAL HYPERSPECTRAL LINE SCANNER FOR ARCHAEOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B5 (June 15, 2016): 343–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b5-343-2016.

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The spectral characteristic of the visible light reflected from any of archaeological artefact is the result of the interaction of its surface illuminated by incident light. Every particular surface depends on what material it is made of and/or which layers put on it has its spectral signature. Recent archaeometry recognises this information as very valuable data to extend present documentation of artefacts and as a new source for scientific exploration. However, the problem is having an appropriate hyperspectral imaging system available and adopted for applications in archaeology. In this paper, we present the new construction of the hyperspectral imaging system, made of industrial hyperspectral line scanner ImSpector V9 and CCD-sensor PixelView. The hyperspectral line scanner is calibrated geometrically, and hyperspectral data are geocoded and converted to the hyperspectral cube. The system abilities are evaluated for various archaeological artefacts made of different materials. Our experience in applications, visualisations, and interpretations of collected hyperspectral data are explored and presented.
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Kapuci, Umut. "Aydın Arkeoloji Müzesi’nden Bargasa/Piginda Heykeltıraşlık Eserleri." Denizli İli, Tavas İlçesi, Yaka Mahallesi’ndeki Kilise Kurtarma Kazısı ve Artemis Sibyrallis’e Ait Yeni Bir Yazıtın Ön Değerlendirmesi 1, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 23–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.53538/arm.2021.1/02.

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Bu çalışmada, günümüzde Aydın Arkeoloji Müzesi’nde korunan ve Aydın ili, Bozdoğan ilçesi, Bozdoğan İlkokulu’ndan getirilerek müzeye kazandırılan bir büst ile birlikte figürlü bir masa ayağı parçası ele alınmıştır. Amaç, tekil örnekler olsa da Karia Bölgesi’nin Roma İmparatorluk Dönemi heykeltıraşlık literatürüne katkı sağlayarak Bargasa/Piginda buluntusu eserleri bilim dünyasına sunmaktır. Bu doğrultuda plastik eserlerin tipolojik ve stilistik açıdan ait oldukları dönem özellikleri ve heykeltıraşlık merkezleri belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Figürlü masa ayağı bu çalışmada ilk kez değerlendirilmekte, daha önce kataloğu yayımlanmış büst ise farklı önerilerle yeniden ele alınmaktadır. Çalışma içeriğinde irdelenen eserlerin kazı malzemesi olmaması ve envanter kayıtlarında buluntu durumları ile ilgili bilgi bulunmaması nedeniyle genel olarak Karia Bölgesi ve yakın coğrafyadaki Roma İmparatorluk Dönemi heykeltıraşlık eserleriyle analoji yoluyla tarihlenebilmiştir. Araştırma içeriğinde değerlendirilen figürlü masa ayağı parçası için Roma İmparatorluk Dönemi’nde İS 1. yüzyılın ikinci yarısı -Flaviuslar Dönemi-, privat erkek büstü için İS 3. yüzyılın ikinci çeyreği -Asker İmparatorlar Dönemi- tarihi önerilmektedir. Analojik değerlendirmeler sonucunda, incelenen yontuların Aphrodisias, Tralleis ve Nysa gibi yakın merkezlerdeki eserlerin stil özelliklerini yansıttığı anlaşılmıştır.
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Boëda, Eric, Marcos Ramos, Antonio Pérez, Christine Hatté, Christelle Lahaye, Mario Pino, David Hérisson, et al. "24.0 kyr cal BP stone artefact from Vale da Pedra Furada, Piauí, Brazil: Techno-functional analysis." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 10, 2021): e0247965. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247965.

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Current archaeological paradigm proposes that the first peopling of the Americas does not exceed the Last Glacial Maximum period. In this context, the acceptance of the anthropogenic character of the earliest stone artefacts generally rests on the presence of projectile points considered no more as typocentric but as typognomonic, since it allows, by itself, to certify the human character of the other associated artefacts. In other words, without this presence, nothing is certain. Archaeological research at Piauí (Brazil) attests to a Pleistocene human presence between 41 and 14 cal kyr BP, without any record of lithic projectile points. Here, we report the discovery and interpretation of an unusual stone artefact in the Vale da Pedra Furada site, in a context dating back to 24 cal kyr BP. The knapping stigmata and macroscopic use-wear traces reveal a conception centred on the configuration of double bevels and the production in the same specimen of at least two successive artefacts with probably different functions. This piece unambiguously presents an anthropic character and reveals a technical novelty during the Pleistocene occupation of South America.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Archaeological artefect"

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Archer, John. "Conservation of archaeological artefacts by thermal methods." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.294071.

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Thomas, Gwyn Thomas. "Studies of archaeological copper corrosion phenomena." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.388850.

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Edwards, Robert. "The chemistry of tin and lead archaeological artefacts." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.366456.

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The present work explores the long term corrosion phenomena of lead and tin in saline and other conditions. Thermodynamic results are presented for the minerals abhurite, blixite, mendipite, paralaurionite, stannite and the compounds Pb706Cl2.2H20 and Sn30(OH)2S04 at 298.2K and P = 105 Pa. At this temperature laurionite is stable, rather than its dimorph, paralaurionite, and mendipite is in fact metastable, being thermodynamically stable above 29 0 C. Kinetic influences are significant with respect to the sequence of formation of solid phases in the PbO - H20 - HCl system, and these have been elucidated for some important reactions. Penfieldite and fiedlerite appear to be metastable at all temperatures at 105 Pa. These results have been used to develop a model for the formation of lead(II) oxy- and hydroxy- chloride phases that are known as minerals and as corrosion products of lead-containing artefacts. The effect of C02 on the system is also discussed. A new synthesis of sn30(OH)2S04 is described, and its stability constant in aqueous solution has been determined by direct ~easurement of the activities of Sn2+ and s04 2- using ion selective electrodes. The true formula·of abhurite is Sn2l06(OH)14Cl16' which corresponds to a synthetic phase of known crystal structure. The results have been used to assess the relative stabilities of these compounds in the natural environment and their modes of occurrence in relation to other secondary Sn(II) and Sn(IV) species. Finally, some divalent metal hexahydroxystannates have been made, and their role in the corrosion of tin and its alloys assessed. The electrochemical oxidation of stannite has been studied and some correlation has been made between the supergene minerals formed and solution chemistry.
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Susino, George J. "Analysis of lithic artefact microdebitage for chronological determination of archaeological sites." Access electronically, 2004. http://www.library.uow.edu.au/adt-NWU/public/adt-NWU20050914.150905/index.html.

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Susino, George J. "Analysis of lithic artefact microdebitage for chronological determination of archaeological sites /." Oxford : Archaeopress, 2007. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb41079617m.

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Nasanen, Liisa Maria Elina. "Stabilisation of archaeological copper alloy artefacts using subcritical fluid technology." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2018. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/114466/.

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The research presented aimed to investigate potential of subcritical fluid technology to effect Cl- release and transform compounds of copper alloy artefacts of cultural significance. The work intended to determine the most effective pH, temperature, and time combination subcritical treatment variables to: 1. transform or solvate insoluble or sparingly soluble copper compounds containing Cl - CuCl and Cu2(OH)3Cl (atacamite and clinoatacamite); 2. examine impact on typical patina compounds Cu2O and ‎Cu2CO3(OH)2 and to establish optimal conditions for their retention throughout treatment. Additionally, the research expected to offer guidance on the values of the operational parameters to use when applying subcritical treatment to archaeological copper alloy objects. The series of experiments yielded preliminary results on solvation, extraction, chemical transformation, and physical modification of the predominant corrosion products found on copper alloy artefacts. Experiments were completed using analogue pressed pellets of corrosion products, naturally corroded copper coupons and archaeological artefacts, with specific focus on corrosion profiles, metallography and microstructure. The results of extraction show significant amounts of Cl- are removed and thus the reactivity of objects is reduced. While this study conclusively demonstrated subcritical treatment is capable of both removal and transformation of Cl-bearing compounds commonly present in copper alloy objects, it cannot be recommended for treating archaeological objects based on these results alone. Aesthetic and physical changes are unpredictable and may be unacceptable. Accepting these changes cannot directly be balanced against the proven effectiveness of subcritical treatment for removing Cl, nor its rapid treatment time.
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Whyman, Mark. "Late Roman Britain in transition, A.D. 300-500 : a ceramic perspective from East Yorkshire." Thesis, University of York, 2001. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/2515/.

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Bland, Helen Alicia. "Chemical investigations of ancient biomolecules in artefacts and ecofacts from Qasr Ibrim, Egyptian Nubia." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.310603.

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Dain-Owens, Anne Peregrine. "The damaging effect of surface-traffic-generated soil pressures on buried archaeological artefacts." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.515103.

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Zhang, Fangjin. "Optimising additive manufacturing for fine art sculpture and digital restoration of archaeological artefacts." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2014. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/14886.

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Additive manufacturing (AM) has shown itself to be beneficial in many application areas, including product design and manufacture, medical models and prosthetics, architectural modelling and artistic endeavours. For some of these applications, coupling AM with reverse engineering (RE) enables the utilisation of data from existing 3D shapes. This thesis describes the application of AM and RE within sculpture manufacture, in order to optimise the process chains for sculpture reproduction and relic conservation and restoration. This area poses particular problems since the original artefacts can often be fragile and inaccessible, and the finishing required on the AM replicas is both complex and varied. Several case studies within both literature and practical projects are presented, which cover essential knowledge of producing large scale sculptures from an original models as well as a wide range of artefact shapes and downstream finishing techniques. The combination of digital technologies and traditional art requires interdisciplinary knowledge across engineering and fine art. Also, definitions and requirements (e.g. 'accuracy'), can be applied as both engineering and artistic terms when specifications and trade-offs are being considered. The thesis discusses the feasibility for using these technologies across domains, and explores the potential for developing new market opportunities for AM. It presents and analyses a number of case study projects undertaken by the author with a view to developing cost and time models for various processes used. These models have then been used to develop a series of "process maps", which enable users of AM in this area to decide upon the optimum process route to follow, under various circumstances. The maps were validated and user feedback obtained through the execution of two further sculpture manufacturing projects. The thesis finishes with conclusions about the feasibility of the approach, its constraints, the pros and cons of adopting AM in this area and recommendations for future research.
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Books on the topic "Archaeological artefect"

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Hurcombe, L. M. Archaeological artefacts as material culture. London: Routledge, 2007.

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Martin, Kuna, Bintliff J. L, and Venclová Natalie, eds. The future of surface artefact survey in Europe. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic, 2000.

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Archer, John. Conservation of archaeological artefacts by thermal methods. Portsmouth: Portsmouth Polytechnic,Dept. of Chemistry, 1991.

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Cahn, R. W. Artifice and artefacts: 100 essays in materials science. Bristol, UK: Institute of Physics Pub., 1992.

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J, Schofield A., ed. Interpreting artefact scatters: Contributions to ploughzone archaeology. Oxford: Oxbow, 1991.

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Interpreting silent artefacts: Petrographic approaches to archaeological ceramics. Oxford: Archaeopress, 2009.

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Quinn, Patrick S. Interpreting silent artefacts: Petrographic approaches to archaeological ceramics. Oxford: Archaeopress, 2009.

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Susino, George J. Analysis of lithic artefact microdebitage for chronological determination of archaeological sites. Oxford: Archaeopress, 2007.

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Allen, Steven J. The illustration of wooden artefacts: An introduction and guide to the depiction of wooden objects from archaeological excavations. Oxford: Association of Archaeological Illustrators & Surveyors, 1994.

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Mygland, Sigrid Samset. Children in medieval Bergen: An archaeological analysis of child-related artefacts. Bergen: Fagbokforlaget, 2007.

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Book chapters on the topic "Archaeological artefect"

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Angelucci, Diego E. "Lithic Artefacts." In Archaeological Soil and Sediment Micromorphology, 223–30. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118941065.ch27.

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Nicolas, Théophane, Ronan Gaugne, Cédric Tavernier, Valérie Gouranton, and Bruno Arnaldi. "Preservative Approach to Study Encased Archaeological Artefacts." In Digital Heritage. Progress in Cultural Heritage: Documentation, Preservation, and Protection, 332–41. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13695-0_32.

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Priyadarshini, R., and A. Soumya. "Survey: Classification and Reconstruction of Archaeological Artefacts." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 439–52. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2188-1_35.

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Gratuze, Bernard. "Provenance Analysis of Glass Artefacts." In Modern Methods for Analysing Archaeological and Historical Glass, 311–43. Oxford, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118314234.ch14.

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Tronner, K., A. G. Nord, and G. Ch Borg. "Corrosion of Archaeological Bronze Artefacts in Acidic Soil." In Acid Reign ’95?, 2725–30. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0864-8_140.

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Bintliff, John. "The Role of Science in Archaeological Regional Surface Artefact Survey." In Optical Technologies in the Humanities, 9–28. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60872-8_2.

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Müller, F. "Gold Deposits and the Archaeological Distribution of Gold Artefacts." In Prehistoric Gold in Europe, 183–98. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-1292-3_13.

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Gavalas, Damianos, Vlasios Kasapakis, Evangelia Kavakli, Panayiotis Koutsabasis, Despina Catapoti, and Spyros Vosinakis. "ARtefact: A Conceptual Framework for the Integrated Information Management of Archaeological Excavations." In Extended Reality, 211–23. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15553-6_16.

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Holdaway, Simon J., Joshua Emmitt, and Rebecca Phillipps. "Recreating context for museum collections using digital technologies as a form of curation." In The Oxford Handbook of Museum Archaeology, 353—C17.P112. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198847526.013.16.

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Abstract While the objects retained from archaeological investigations provide some information in their own right, it is the contexts and relationships among objects that offer the greatest potential for inferring the actions of past peoples. Here we report on a series of studies that combine observations obtained from museum artefact collections, information gained from published reports, and records of artefacts observed in the field but not collected. When combined and examined with contemporary methods and technologies, these show new types of patterns considerably enhancing the interpretative potential of any one data source. Digital technologies enable the integration of diverse data sets, raising questions about the goal of archaeological curation. A century of archaeological investigation in the Fayum north shore, Egypt, focusing on the early use of domestic species provides a case study with artefact collections from multiple studies in the region dispersed in multiple museums around the world.
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Allison, Penelope M. "Terminology for type classification and artefact function." In The Insula of the Menander at Pompeii. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199263127.003.0010.

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This chapter discusses Latin, Greek and Italian artefact labels used in the Giornali degli Scavi and in the Pompeian inventories on which this artefact catalogue is based, as well as English labels frequently used by modern scholars for Roman artefacts more generally. Scholars tend to use these labels to distinguish artefacts according to shape or form. In general, they have followed Daremberg and Saglio’s detailed study of Greek and Latin terminology. However, some of these labels (e.g., unguentarium) are not original Latin words but have been invented by archaeologists for certain forms of artefacts. Essentially, archaeologists, writing typological catalogues of Roman artefacts, have tended to formalize nomenclature to enable them to classify excavated material according to form and type, in a manner which is comprehensible to other archaeologists. That said, however, the use of this nomenclature is not always consistent across the discipline. More significantly, this formalization often ascribes function to Roman artefacts without adequate validation. Labelling is useful for organizing the material typologically for production-oriented studies, but it can sometimes be misleading for consumption-oriented studies and for studies concerned with artefact function. An important issue, especially with regard to Latin labels for found objects, is that textual nomenclature and archaeological form are not necessarily equivalent. For example, Apicius’ frequent use of the term caccabus, for cooking pot, probably signifies that this was a more generic term than ahenum, rather than that the two terms represent two different forms that are distinguishable in the material record. Such lack of correspondence between the textual terminology and the material record is apparent when one compares, for example, the discussion of the term fritillus by Daremberg and Saglio with the uses and formalization of this term by archaeologists. The following list and discussion identifies the types of Pompeian artefacts to which a specific, largely standardized, nomenclature has been assigned, in both the Pompeii archives and in publications of Pompeii material. By understanding which term is used for which artefact, it is often possible to ascertain the type of an artefact catalogued in the Giornali degli Scavi or in the Pompeii inventories when that particular artefact is no longer extant.
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Conference papers on the topic "Archaeological artefect"

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de Francquen, Cécile. "Beyond the artefact : promoting technology | Hơn cả cổ vật : quảng bá sự kỷ thuật học." In The SEAMEO SPAFA International Conference on Southeast Asian Archaeology and Fine Arts (SPAFACON2021). SEAMEO SPAFA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26721/spafa.pqcnu8815a-32.

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Archaeological analyses usually rely on the physical traits of objects to draw conclusions about the societies that used them. Without questioning the importance of these studies, I would like to draw attention to the fact that the analyses of artefacts in archaeology often only questions the artefact in and for itself. What if we look beyond the artefact and get direct information on the human behaviours used to make them? This paper promotes the study of technical processes as means to address groups’ identities, contacts and history. Các phân tích khảo cổ học thường dựa vào các đặc điểm vật chất của cổ vật để đưa ra kết luận về xã hội mà nó thuộc về. Bài báo này không chất vấn tầm quan trọng của những nghiên cứu khảo cổ học như trên mà lưu ý đến thực tế là các phân tích về cổ vật trong khảo cổ học thường chỉ nghiên cứu về bản thân cổ vật đó. Sẽ thế nào nếu như chúng ta nghiên cứu hơn cả hình dáng của cổ vật mà trực tiếp thu thập thông tin nghiên cứu về hành vi của nhóm người đã tạo ra nó? Bài báo này chú trọng tới việc nghiên cứu các quy trình kỹ thuật,coi đó như một phương tiện nhằm tìm ra danh tính, cách thức trao đổi và lịch sử của các nhóm cộng đồng này.
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Clark, Robin J. H., P. M. Champion, and L. D. Ziegler. "Raman Microscopy and the Identification of Pigments in Archaeological Artefacts." In XXII INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY. AIP, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3482431.

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Bruno, Fabio, Maurizio Muzzupappa, Alessandro Gallo, Loris Barbieri, Daniele Galati, Francesco Spadafora, Barbara Davidde Petriaggi, and Roberto Petriaggi. "Electromechanical devices for supporting the restoration of underwater archaeological artefacts." In OCEANS 2015 - Genova. IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/oceans-genova.2015.7271597.

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Stoean, Ruxandra, Nebojsa Bacanin, Leonard Ionescu, Marinela Boicea, Alina-Maria Garau, and Cristina-Camelia Ghitescu. "Semantic Segmentation for Corrosion Detection in Archaeological Artefacts before Restoration." In 2021 23rd International Symposium on Symbolic and Numeric Algorithms for Scientific Computing (SYNASC). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/synasc54541.2021.00049.

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Melchor, Jose Manuel, and Jose Madrid. "DOCUMENTACIÓN Y ANÁLISIS DE PIEZAS ARQUEOLÓGICAS DEL MUSEO DE BURRIANA MEDIANTE EL USO DE RX DIGITAL." In ARQUEOLÓGICA 2.0 - 8th International Congress on Archaeology, Computer Graphics, Cultural Heritage and Innovation. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/arqueologica8.2016.2987.

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This paper is the result of the research conducted on more than 200 archaeological artefacts from the Museum of Burriana as a result of 6 years of scientific collaboration between the Museum and the Instituto Universitario para la Restauración del Patrimonio of the Universitat Politècnica de València. Digital X-rays Technology has been used on these artefacts. This technique has allowed achieving valuable information in different aspects of the artefacts: from its content (in the case of well-preserved specimens) to technical manufacturing, or analysis of evidence of previous restoration interventions. The application of Digital X-ray Technology has shown a number of important benefits; not only at the economic level and data manipulation, but also allowing as data collectors that can be further processed and thereby obtain outcome. These results can be used into different 2D or 3D formats.
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Farjas, Mercedes, Francisco J. Garcia-Lazaro, Daniel Jimenez, Jean J. Bondier, Julio Zancajo Jimeno, and Jorge Martínez Moreno. "Geodesic Approach to an Artefact - 3D Scanner Virtual Modeling versus Archaeological Tracings (First Part)." In 2009 15th International Conference on Virtual Systems and Multimedia (VSMM). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/vsmm.2009.14.

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Malcheva, G., K. Blagoev, M. Grozeva, V. Tankova, V. Steflekova, S. Alexandrov, T. Hristova, G. Ivanov, and G. Nekhrizov. "Qualitative and quantitative laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy analysis of archaeological metal artefacts." In International Conference and School on Quantum Electronics "Laser Physics and Applications" - ICSQE 2016, edited by Tanja Dreischuh, Sanka Gateva, Albena Daskalova, and Alexandros Serafetinides. SPIE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2262447.

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Hermon, Sorin. "BUILDING DIGILAB – TOWARDS A DATA-DRIVEN RESEARCH IN CULTURAL HERITAGE." In VIRTUAL ARCHAEOLOGY. SIBERIAN FEDERAL UNIVERSITY, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17516/sibvirarch-012.

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E-RIHS – The European Research Infrastructure on Heritage Science, aims at providing new knowledge on the research, conservation and restoration of works of art, heritage assets, monuments and sites. As such, the target of its scientific investigation (paintings, sculptures, manuscripts, frescoes, icons, archaeological artefacts, building facades, architectural remains or heritage buildings, coins or ancient musical instruments, just to name a few) are stored in the hundreds of museums, art galleries, private collections and various other institutions, scattered all over Europe.
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BOUTAINE, JEAN LOUIS. "SOME EXAMPLES OF EXAMINATION, CHARACTERISATION, ANALYSIS & CONSERVATION TECHNIQUES DEDICATED TO ARCHAEOLOGICAL ARTEFACTS." In Science for Cultural Heritage - Technological Innovation and Case Studies in Marine and Land Archaeology in the Adriatic Region and Inland - VII International Conference on Science, Arts and Culture. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814307079_0010.

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ПРОНИН, Г. Н. "Rescue Excavations in Smolensk in 2011–2012." In Тверь, тверская земля и сопредельные территории в эпоху средневековья. Crossref, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.25681/iaras.2018.978-5-9906508-3-1.312-327.

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Публикация посвящена результатам археологических работ в г. Смоленске, проводившихся на берегу р. Днепр. Выявлен культурный слой, находки древнерусского времени, а также XVI–XVII вв. и XVIII–XIX вв. Установлено, что ранний культурный слой перекрыт мощными отложениями позднего времени или подсыпками техногенного происхождения. The report deals with results of archaeological excavations which took place on Dnieper riverside in Smolensk. The excavations revealed occupation layer and findings of Old Russian period as well as artefacts of XVI–XVII centuries and XVIII–XIX centuries. The results showed that earlier occupation layer was covered by thick sediments of later period or banking of anthropogenic nature.
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Reports on the topic "Archaeological artefect"

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Bouso Garcia, Mònica. To publish or not to publish unprovenanced archaeological artefacts? Edicions de la Universitat de Lleida, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21001/rap.2020.30.21.

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Tankova, Vani, Georgi Nekhrizov, Galina Malcheva, Vasilka Steflekova, and Kiril Blagoev. Application of Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy for Elemental Analysis of Archaeological Artefacts. "Prof. Marin Drinov" Publishing House of Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, May 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7546/crabs.2019.05.04.

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Goh, Geok Yian, and John Miksic. The Istana Kampung Gelam (IKG) Site: A Preliminary Report. National University of Singapore Press, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56159/sitereport10.

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Archaeological research at the Kampong Gelam site began in March 2000 and was concluded on 21 September 2000. The database accompanying this report, however, contains data entries for artefacts from later excavations that have found their way into the collection which the authors and their team analysed and processed. The finds were mostly 19th and 20th century ceramics and earthenware.
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Downes, Jane, ed. Chalcolithic and Bronze Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.184.

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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings:  Building the Scottish Bronze Age: Narratives should be developed to account for the regional and chronological trends and diversity within Scotland at this time. A chronology Bronze Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report iv based upon Scottish as well as external evidence, combining absolute dating (and the statistical modelling thereof) with re-examined typologies based on a variety of sources – material cultural, funerary, settlement, and environmental evidence – is required to construct a robust and up to date framework for advancing research.  Bronze Age people: How society was structured and demographic questions need to be imaginatively addressed including the degree of mobility (both short and long-distance communication), hierarchy, and the nature of the ‘family’ and the ‘individual’. A range of data and methodologies need to be employed in answering these questions, including harnessing experimental archaeology systematically to inform archaeologists of the practicalities of daily life, work and craft practices.  Environmental evidence and climate impact: The opportunity to study the effects of climatic and environmental change on past society is an important feature of this period, as both palaeoenvironmental and archaeological data can be of suitable chronological and spatial resolution to be compared. Palaeoenvironmental work should be more effectively integrated within Bronze Age research, and inter-disciplinary approaches promoted at all stages of research and project design. This should be a two-way process, with environmental science contributing to interpretation of prehistoric societies, and in turn, the value of archaeological data to broader palaeoenvironmental debates emphasised. Through effective collaboration questions such as the nature of settlement and land-use and how people coped with environmental and climate change can be addressed.  Artefacts in Context: The Scottish Chalcolithic and Bronze Age provide good evidence for resource exploitation and the use, manufacture and development of technology, with particularly rich evidence for manufacture. Research into these topics requires the application of innovative approaches in combination. This could include biographical approaches to artefacts or places, ethnographic perspectives, and scientific analysis of artefact composition. In order to achieve this there is a need for data collation, robust and sustainable databases and a review of the categories of data.  Wider Worlds: Research into the Scottish Bronze Age has a considerable amount to offer other European pasts, with a rich archaeological data set that includes intact settlement deposits, burials and metalwork of every stage of development that has been the subject of a long history of study. Research should operate over different scales of analysis, tracing connections and developments from the local and regional, to the international context. In this way, Scottish Bronze Age studies can contribute to broader questions relating both to the Bronze Age and to human society in general.
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Saville, Alan, and Caroline Wickham-Jones, eds. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Scotland : Scottish Archaeological Research Framework Panel Report. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, June 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.06.2012.163.

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Why research Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Scotland? Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology sheds light on the first colonisation and subsequent early inhabitation of Scotland. It is a growing and exciting field where increasing Scottish evidence has been given wider significance in the context of European prehistory. It extends over a long period, which saw great changes, including substantial environmental transformations, and the impact of, and societal response to, climate change. The period as a whole provides the foundation for the human occupation of Scotland and is crucial for understanding prehistoric society, both for Scotland and across North-West Europe. Within the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic periods there are considerable opportunities for pioneering research. Individual projects can still have a substantial impact and there remain opportunities for pioneering discoveries including cemeteries, domestic and other structures, stratified sites, and for exploring the huge evidential potential of water-logged and underwater sites. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology also stimulates and draws upon exciting multi-disciplinary collaborations. Panel Task and Remit The panel remit was to review critically the current state of knowledge and consider promising areas of future research into the earliest prehistory of Scotland. This was undertaken with a view to improved understanding of all aspects of the colonization and inhabitation of the country by peoples practising a wholly hunter-fisher-gatherer way of life prior to the advent of farming. In so doing, it was recognised as particularly important that both environmental data (including vegetation, fauna, sea level, and landscape work) and cultural change during this period be evaluated. The resultant report, outlines the different areas of research in which archaeologists interested in early prehistory work, and highlights the research topics to which they aspire. The report is structured by theme: history of investigation; reconstruction of the environment; the nature of the archaeological record; methodologies for recreating the past; and finally, the lifestyles of past people – the latter representing both a statement of current knowledge and the ultimate aim for archaeologists; the goal of all the former sections. The document is reinforced by material on-line which provides further detail and resources. The Palaeolithic and Mesolithic panel report of ScARF is intended as a resource to be utilised, built upon, and kept updated, hopefully by those it has helped inspire and inform as well as those who follow in their footsteps. Future Research The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarized under four key headings:  Visibility: Due to the considerable length of time over which sites were formed, and the predominant mobility of the population, early prehistoric remains are to be found right across the landscape, although they often survive as ephemeral traces and in low densities. Therefore, all archaeological work should take into account the expectation of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic ScARF Panel Report iv encountering early prehistoric remains. This applies equally to both commercial and research archaeology, and to amateur activity which often makes the initial discovery. This should not be seen as an obstacle, but as a benefit, and not finding such remains should be cause for question. There is no doubt that important evidence of these periods remains unrecognised in private, public, and commercial collections and there is a strong need for backlog evaluation, proper curation and analysis. The inadequate representation of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic information in existing national and local databases must be addressed.  Collaboration: Multi-disciplinary, collaborative, and cross- sector approaches must be encouraged – site prospection, prediction, recognition, and contextualisation are key areas to this end. Reconstructing past environments and their chronological frameworks, and exploring submerged and buried landscapes offer existing examples of fruitful, cross-disciplinary work. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology has an important place within Quaternary science and the potential for deeply buried remains means that geoarchaeology should have a prominent role.  Innovation: Research-led projects are currently making a substantial impact across all aspects of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology; a funding policy that acknowledges risk and promotes the innovation that these periods demand should be encouraged. The exploration of lesser known areas, work on different types of site, new approaches to artefacts, and the application of novel methodologies should all be promoted when engaging with the challenges of early prehistory.  Tackling the ‘big questions’: Archaeologists should engage with the big questions of earliest prehistory in Scotland, including the colonisation of new land, how lifestyles in past societies were organized, the effects of and the responses to environmental change, and the transitions to new modes of life. This should be done through a holistic view of the available data, encompassing all the complexities of interpretation and developing competing and testable models. Scottish data can be used to address many of the currently topical research topics in archaeology, and will provide a springboard to a better understanding of early prehistoric life in Scotland and beyond.
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Hall, Mark, and Neil Price. Medieval Scotland: A Future for its Past. Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.165.

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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings. Underpinning all five areas is the recognition that human narratives remain crucial for ensuring the widest access to our shared past. There is no wish to see political and economic narratives abandoned but the need is recognised for there to be an expansion to more social narratives to fully explore the potential of the diverse evidence base. The questions that can be asked are here framed in a national context but they need to be supported and improved a) by the development of regional research frameworks, and b) by an enhanced study of Scotland’s international context through time. 1. From North Britain to the Idea of Scotland: Understanding why, where and how ‘Scotland’ emerges provides a focal point of research. Investigating state formation requires work from Medieval Scotland: a future for its past ii a variety of sources, exploring the relationships between centres of consumption - royal, ecclesiastical and urban - and their hinterlands. Working from site-specific work to regional analysis, researchers can explore how what would become ‘Scotland’ came to be, and whence sprang its inspiration. 2. Lifestyles and Living Spaces: Holistic approaches to exploring medieval settlement should be promoted, combining landscape studies with artefactual, environmental, and documentary work. Understanding the role of individual sites within wider local, regional and national settlement systems should be promoted, and chronological frameworks developed to chart the changing nature of Medieval settlement. 3. Mentalities: The holistic understanding of medieval belief (particularly, but not exclusively, in its early medieval or early historic phase) needs to broaden its contextual understanding with reference to prehistoric or inherited belief systems and frames of reference. Collaborative approaches should draw on international parallels and analogues in pursuit of defining and contrasting local or regional belief systems through integrated studies of portable material culture, monumentality and landscape. 4. Empowerment: Revisiting museum collections and renewing the study of newly retrieved artefacts is vital to a broader understanding of the dynamics of writing within society. Text needs to be seen less as a metaphor and more as a technological and social innovation in material culture which will help the understanding of it as an experienced, imaginatively rich reality of life. In archaeological terms, the study of the relatively neglected cultural areas of sensory perception, memory, learning and play needs to be promoted to enrich the understanding of past social behaviours. 5. Parameters: Multi-disciplinary, collaborative, and cross-sector approaches should be encouraged in order to release the research potential of all sectors of archaeology. Creative solutions should be sought to the challenges of transmitting the importance of archaeological work and conserving the resource for current and future research.
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Dalglish, Chris, and Sarah Tarlow, eds. Modern Scotland: Archaeology, the Modern past and the Modern present. Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.163.

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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings:  HUMANITY The Panel recommends recognition that research in this field should be geared towards the development of critical understandings of self and society in the modern world. Archaeological research into the modern past should be ambitious in seeking to contribute to understanding of the major social, economic and environmental developments through which the modern world came into being. Modern-world archaeology can add significantly to knowledge of Scotland’s historical relationships with the rest of the British Isles, Europe and the wider world. Archaeology offers a new perspective on what it has meant to be a modern person and a member of modern society, inhabiting a modern world.  MATERIALITY The Panel recommends approaches to research which focus on the materiality of the recent past (i.e. the character of relationships between people and their material world). Archaeology’s contribution to understandings of the modern world lies in its ability to situate, humanise and contextualise broader historical developments. Archaeological research can provide new insights into the modern past by investigating historical trends not as abstract phenomena but as changes to real lives, affecting different localities in different ways. Archaeology can take a long-term perspective on major modern developments, researching their ‘prehistory’ (which often extends back into the Middle Ages) and their material legacy in the present. Archaeology can humanise and contextualise long-term processes and global connections by working outwards from individual life stories, developing biographies of individual artefacts and buildings and evidencing the reciprocity of people, things, places and landscapes. The modern person and modern social relationships were formed in and through material environments and, to understand modern humanity, it is crucial that we understand humanity’s material relationships in the modern world.  PERSPECTIVE The Panel recommends the development, realisation and promotion of work which takes a critical perspective on the present from a deeper understanding of the recent past. Research into the modern past provides a critical perspective on the present, uncovering the origins of our current ways of life and of relating to each other and to the world around us. It is important that this relevance is acknowledged, understood, developed and mobilised to connect past, present and future. The material approach of archaeology can enhance understanding, challenge assumptions and develop new and alternative histories. Modern Scotland: Archaeology, the Modern past and the Modern present vi Archaeology can evidence varied experience of social, environmental and economic change in the past. It can consider questions of local distinctiveness and global homogeneity in complex and nuanced ways. It can reveal the hidden histories of those whose ways of life diverged from the historical mainstream. Archaeology can challenge simplistic, essentialist understandings of the recent Scottish past, providing insights into the historical character and interaction of Scottish, British and other identities and ideologies.  COLLABORATION The Panel recommends the development of integrated and collaborative research practices. Perhaps above all other periods of the past, the modern past is a field of enquiry where there is great potential benefit in collaboration between different specialist sectors within archaeology, between different disciplines, between Scottish-based researchers and researchers elsewhere in the world and between professionals and the public. The Panel advocates the development of new ways of working involving integrated and collaborative investigation of the modern past. Extending beyond previous modes of inter-disciplinary practice, these new approaches should involve active engagement between different interests developing collaborative responses to common questions and problems.  REFLECTION The Panel recommends that a reflexive approach is taken to the archaeology of the modern past, requiring research into the nature of academic, professional and public engagements with the modern past and the development of new reflexive modes of practice. Archaeology investigates the past but it does so from its position in the present. Research should develop a greater understanding of modern-period archaeology as a scholarly pursuit and social practice in the present. Research should provide insights into the ways in which the modern past is presented and represented in particular contexts. Work is required to better evidence popular understandings of and engagements with the modern past and to understand the politics of the recent past, particularly its material aspect. Research should seek to advance knowledge and understanding of the moral and ethical viewpoints held by professionals and members of the public in relation to the archaeology of the recent past. There is a need to critically review public engagement practices in modern-world archaeology and develop new modes of public-professional collaboration and to generate practices through which archaeology can make positive interventions in the world. And there is a need to embed processes of ethical reflection and beneficial action into archaeological practice relating to the modern past.
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Hunter, Fraser, and Martin Carruthers. Iron Age Scotland. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.193.

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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings:  Building blocks: The ultimate aim should be to build rich, detailed and testable narratives situated within a European context, and addressing phenomena from the longue durée to the short-term over international to local scales. Chronological control is essential to this and effective dating strategies are required to enable generation-level analysis. The ‘serendipity factor’ of archaeological work must be enhanced by recognising and getting the most out of information-rich sites as they appear. o There is a pressing need to revisit the archives of excavated sites to extract more information from existing resources, notably through dating programmes targeted at regional sequences – the Western Isles Atlantic roundhouse sequence is an obvious target. o Many areas still lack anything beyond the baldest of settlement sequences, with little understanding of the relations between key site types. There is a need to get at least basic sequences from many more areas, either from sustained regional programmes or targeted sampling exercises. o Much of the methodologically innovative work and new insights have come from long-running research excavations. Such large-scale research projects are an important element in developing new approaches to the Iron Age.  Daily life and practice: There remains great potential to improve the understanding of people’s lives in the Iron Age through fresh approaches to, and integration of, existing and newly-excavated data. o House use. Rigorous analysis and innovative approaches, including experimental archaeology, should be employed to get the most out of the understanding of daily life through the strengths of the Scottish record, such as deposits within buildings, organic preservation and waterlogging. o Material culture. Artefact studies have the potential to be far more integral to understandings of Iron Age societies, both from the rich assemblages of the Atlantic area and less-rich lowland finds. Key areas of concern are basic studies of material groups (including the function of everyday items such as stone and bone tools, and the nature of craft processes – iron, copper alloy, bone/antler and shale offer particularly good evidence). Other key topics are: the role of ‘art’ and other forms of decoration and comparative approaches to assemblages to obtain synthetic views of the uses of material culture. o Field to feast. Subsistence practices are a core area of research essential to understanding past society, but different strands of evidence need to be more fully integrated, with a ‘field to feast’ approach, from production to consumption. The working of agricultural systems is poorly understood, from agricultural processes to cooking practices and cuisine: integrated work between different specialisms would assist greatly. There is a need for conceptual as well as practical perspectives – e.g. how were wild resources conceived? o Ritual practice. There has been valuable work in identifying depositional practices, such as deposition of animals or querns, which are thought to relate to house-based ritual practices, but there is great potential for further pattern-spotting, synthesis and interpretation. Iron Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report v  Landscapes and regions:  Concepts of ‘region’ or ‘province’, and how they changed over time, need to be critically explored, because they are contentious, poorly defined and highly variable. What did Iron Age people see as their geographical horizons, and how did this change?  Attempts to understand the Iron Age landscape require improved, integrated survey methodologies, as existing approaches are inevitably partial.  Aspects of the landscape’s physical form and cover should be investigated more fully, in terms of vegetation (known only in outline over most of the country) and sea level change in key areas such as the firths of Moray and Forth.  Landscapes beyond settlement merit further work, e.g. the use of the landscape for deposition of objects or people, and what this tells us of contemporary perceptions and beliefs.  Concepts of inherited landscapes (how Iron Age communities saw and used this longlived land) and socal resilience to issues such as climate change should be explored more fully.  Reconstructing Iron Age societies. The changing structure of society over space and time in this period remains poorly understood. Researchers should interrogate the data for better and more explicitly-expressed understandings of social structures and relations between people.  The wider context: Researchers need to engage with the big questions of change on a European level (and beyond). Relationships with neighbouring areas (e.g. England, Ireland) and analogies from other areas (e.g. Scandinavia and the Low Countries) can help inform Scottish studies. Key big topics are: o The nature and effect of the introduction of iron. o The social processes lying behind evidence for movement and contact. o Parallels and differences in social processes and developments. o The changing nature of houses and households over this period, including the role of ‘substantial houses’, from crannogs to brochs, the development and role of complex architecture, and the shift away from roundhouses. o The chronology, nature and meaning of hillforts and other enclosed settlements. o Relationships with the Roman world
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