Journal articles on the topic 'Archaeological 3D models'
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Bornik, Alexander, and Wolfgang Neubauer. "3D Visualization Techniques for Analysis and Archaeological Interpretation of GPR Data." Remote Sensing 14, no. 7 (April 1, 2022): 1709. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14071709.
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The non-invasive detection and digital documentation of buried archaeological heritage by means of geophysical prospection is increasingly gaining importance in modern field archaeology and archaeological heritage management. It frequently provides the detailed information required for heritage protection or targeted further archaeological research. High-resolution magnetometry and ground-penetrating radar (GPR) became invaluable tools for the efficient and comprehensive non-invasive exploration of complete archaeological sites and archaeological landscapes. The analysis and detailed archaeological interpretation of the resulting large 2D and 3D datasets, and related data from aerial archaeology or airborne remote sensing, etc., is a time-consuming and complex process, which requires the integration of all data at hand, respective three-dimensional imagination, and a broad understanding of the archaeological problem; therefore, informative 3D visualizations supporting the exploration of complex 3D datasets and supporting the interpretative process are in great demand. This paper presents a novel integrated 3D GPR interpretation approach, centered around the flexible 3D visualization of heterogeneous data, which supports conjoint visualization of scenes composed of GPR volumes, 2D prospection imagery, and 3D interpretative models. We found that the flexible visual combination of the original 3D GPR datasets and images derived from the data applying post-processing techniques inspired by medical image analysis and seismic data processing contribute to the perceptibility of archaeologically relevant features and their respective context within a stratified volume. Moreover, such visualizations support the interpreting archaeologists in their development of a deeper understanding of the complex datasets as a starting point for and throughout the implemented interactive interpretative process.
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Nobles, Gary R., and Christopher H. Roosevelt. "Filling the Void in Archaeological Excavations: 2D Point Clouds to 3D Volumes." Open Archaeology 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 589–614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opar-2020-0149.
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Abstract 3D data captured from archaeological excavations are frequently left to speak for themselves. 3D models of objects are uploaded to online viewing platforms, the tops or bottoms of surfaces are visualised in 2.5D, or both are reduced to 2D representations. Representations of excavation units, in particular, often remain incompletely processed as raw surface outputs, unable to be considered individual entities that represent the individual, volumetric units of excavation. Visualisations of such surfaces, whether as point clouds or meshes, are commonly viewed as an end result in and of themselves, when they could be considered the beginning of a fully volumetric way of recording and understanding the 3D archaeological record. In describing the creation of an archaeologically focused recording routine and a 3D-focused data processing workflow, this article provides the means to fill the void between excavation-unit surfaces, thereby producing an individual volumetric entity that corresponds to each excavation unit. Drawing on datasets from the Kaymakçı Archaeological Project (KAP) in western Turkey, the article shows the potential for programmatic creation of volumetric contextual units from 2D point cloud datasets, opening a world of possibilities and challenges for the development of a truly 3D archaeological practice.
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Kersten, T. P., and D. Stallmann. "AUTOMATIC TEXTURE MAPPING OF ARCHITECTURAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL 3D MODELS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XXXIX-B5 (July 28, 2012): 273–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xxxix-b5-273-2012.
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Fazio, Leonarda, and Mauro Lo Brutto. "3D survey for the archaeological study and virtual reconstruction of the “Sanctuary of Isis” in the ancient Lilybaeum (Italy)." Virtual Archaeology Review 11, no. 22 (January 28, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/var.2020.11928.
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<p class="VARKeywords">In recent years, the use of three-dimensional (3D) models in cultural and archaeological heritage for documentation and dissemination purposes has increased. New geomatics technologies have significantly reduced the time spent on fieldwork surveys and data processing. The archaeological remains can be documented and reconstructed in a digital 3D environment thanks to the new 3D survey technologies. Furthermore, the products generated by modern surveying technologies can be reconstructed in a virtual environment on effective archaeological bases and hypotheses coming from a detailed 3D data analysis. However, the choice of technologies that should be used to get the best results for different archaeological remains and how to use 3D models to improve knowledge and dissemination to a wider audience are open questions.</p><p class="VARKeywords">This paper deals with the use of terrestrial laser scanners and photogrammetric surveys for the virtual reconstruction of an archaeological site. In particular, the work describes the study for the 3D documentation and virtual reconstruction of the “Sanctuary of Isis” in <em>Lilybaeum,</em> the ancient city of Marsala (southern Italy). The "Sanctuary of Isis" is the only Roman sacred building known in this archaeological area. Based on the survey data, it has been possible to recreate the original volumes of the ancient building and rebuild the two best-preserved floors –a geometric mosaic and an <em>opus spicatum</em>– for a first digital reconstruction of the archaeological complex in a 3D environment.</p>
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Stampouloglou, M., O. Toska, S. Tapinaki, G. Kontogianni, M. Skamantzari, and A. Georgopoulos. "3D DOCUMENTATION AND VIRTUAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESTORATION OF MACEDONIAN TOMBS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W11 (May 5, 2019): 1073–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w11-1073-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Archaeology as a science is based on finding and displaying the remains of the past. In recent years, with the progress of technology, the science of archeology has been expanding and evolving. Three-dimensional digitization has become an integral part of the archiving, documentation and restoration effort of cultural heritage, offering important benefits in studies for reconstruction and restoration tasks of architectural creations, archaeological sites, historic monuments and objects of art in general. The three-dimensional models are now available for many applications. In this paper such 3D models of two prominent Macedonian tombs in Northern Greece were exploited for their virtual restoration. Virtual restoration of monuments is of special importance to archaeological research, as it provides the necessary tools to investigate alternative solutions to the serious issue of archaeological restoration. These solutions do not interfere with the real monument, thus respecting its value and the international conventions. Digital 3D models have begun to be more beneficial in a science such as archaeology as they offer easy access to both archaeological and geometric information to a wider audience as well as a high degree of interaction possibilities with the user.</p>
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Lorenzo, Gabriela, Luciano Lopez, Reinaldo A. Moralejo, and Luis M. Del Papa. "Fotogrametría SFM aplicada a la determinación taxonómica de restos arqueofaunísticos." Virtual Archaeology Review 10, no. 20 (January 28, 2019): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/var.2019.11094.
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<p>Photogrammetry has recently been incorporated into archaeological research, replacing much more expensive techniques while still generating high resolution results. This technique converts two dimensional (2D) images into three-dimensional (3D) models, allowing for the complex analysis of geometric and spatial information. It has become one of the most used methods for the 3D recording of cultural heritage objects. Among its possible archaeological uses are: digitally documenting an archaeological dig at low cost, aiding the decision-making process (Dellepiane et al., 2013); spatial surveying of archaeological sites; 3D model generation of archaeological objects and digitisation of archaeological collections (Adami et al., 2018; Aparicio Resco et al., 2014; Cots et al., 2018; Iturbe et al., 2018; Moyano, 2017).</p><p>The objective of this paper is to show the applicability of 3D models based on SfM (Structure from Motion) photogrammetry for archaeofauna analyses. We created 3D models of four camelid (Lama glama) bone elements (skull, radius-ulna, metatarsus and proximal phalange), aiming to demonstrate the advantages of 3D models over 2D osteological guides, which are usually used to perform anatomical and systematic determination of specimens.</p><p>Photographs were taken with a 16 Megapixel Nikon D5100 DSLR camera mounted on a tripod, with the distance to the object ranging between 1 and 3 m and using a 50mm fixed lens. Each bone element was placed on a 1 m tall stool, with a green, high contrast background. Photographs were shot at regular intervals of 10-15º, moving in a circle. Sets of around 30 pictures were taken from three circumferences at vertical angles of 0º, 45º and 60º. In addition, some detailed and overhead shots were taken from the dorsal and ventral sides of each bone element. Each set of dorsal and ventral photos was imported to Agisoft Photoscan Professional. A workflow (Fig. 4) of alignment, tie point matching, high resolution 3D dense point cloud construction, and creation of a triangular mesh covered with a photographic texture was performed. Finally the dorsal and ventral models were aligned and merged and the 3D model was accurately scaled. In order to determine accuracy of the models, linear measurements were performed and compared to a digital gauge measurement of the physical bones, obtaining a difference of less than 0.5 mm.</p><p>Furthermore, five archaeological specimens were selected to compare our 3D models with the most commonly used 2D camelid atlas (Pacheco Torres et al., 1986; Sierpe, 2015). In the particular case of archaeofaunal analyses, where anatomical and systematic determination of the specimens is the key, digital photogrammetry has proven to be more effective than traditional 2D documentation methods. This is due to the fact that 2D osteological guides based on drawings or pictures lack the necessary viewing angles to perform an adequate and complete diagnosis of the specimens. Using new technology can deliver better results, producing more comprehensive information of the bone element, with great detail and geometrical precision and not limited to pictures or drawings at particular angles. In this paper we can see how 3D modelling with SfM-MVS (Structure from Motion-Multi View Stereo) allows the observation of an element from multiple angles. The possibility of zooming and rotating the models (Figs. 6g, 6h, 7d, 8c) improves the determination of the archaeological specimens.</p><p>Information on how the 3D model was produced is essential. A metadata file must include data on each bone element (anatomical and taxonomic) plus information on photographic quantity and quality. This file must also contain the software used to produce the model and the parameters and resolution of each step of the workflow (number of 3D points, mesh vertices, texture resolution and quantification of the error of the model). In short, 3D models are excellent tools for osteological guides.</p>
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Ebolese, D., M. Lo Brutto, and G. Dardanelli. "UAV SURVEY FOR THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL MAP OF <i>LILYBAEUM</i> (MARSALA, ITALY)." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W11 (May 4, 2019): 495–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w11-495-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Collecting information and mapping are fundamental aspects of systematic archaeological excavation, documentation and interpretation. The process of recording physical evidence is the first step in the archaeological study with the goal to derive spatial and semantic information from the gathered and available data. Archaeological reports always include 2D maps, sections, data distribution and other spatial data. Indeed, the representation is inseparable from the archaeological practice, but this is undoubtedly a time-consuming activity. Nowadays, archaeologists can take advantages of various recording techniques to produce highly accurate 3D models and ortho-images of archaeological sites. Far from replacing the more traditional techniques, the development of new geomatics techniques tries to answer, in a more efficient way, to the needs of archaeological research. The use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) has become more popular in archaeological excavations. In particular, UAV systems become a useful, versatile and cost-effective approach to record large archaeological areas in order to measure and completely document them. They are the fastest way to produce high-resolution 3D models of entire sites and allow archaeologists to collect accurate spatial data that can be used for spatial analyses using GIS platform. The paper presents the results of several UAV surveys of the archaeological remains of <i>Lilybaeum</i>, the ancient city of Marsala (Southern Italy), performed in the Archaeological Park of “Lilibeo”. The UAV acquisitions were planned and carried out to complete the previous traditional documentation of the site. Very detailed 3D models and high-resolution ortho-images, together with some new field campaigns, have been used for new analysis and documentation of the site and for the realization of the archaeological map of <i>Lilybaeum</i>.</p>
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Lo Brutto, M., R. Sciortino, and A. Garraffa. "RPAS AND TLS TECNIQUES FOR ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY: THE CASE STUDY OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE OF ERACLEA MINOA (ITALY)." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W3 (February 23, 2017): 433–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w3-433-2017.
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Digital documentation and 3D modelling of archaeological sites are important for understanding, definition and recognition of the values of the sites and of the archaeological finds. The most part of archaeological sites are outdoor location, but a cover to preserve the ruins protects often parts of the sites. The possibility to acquire data with different techniques and merge them by using a single reference system allows creating multi-parties models in which 3D representations of the individual objects can be inserted. <br><br> The paper presents the results of a recent study carried out by Geomatics Laboratory of University of Palermo for the digital documentation and 3D modelling of Eraclea Minoa archaeological site. This site is located near Agrigento, in the south of Sicily (Italy) and is one of the most famous ancient Greek colonies of Sicily. The paper presents the results of the integration of different data source to survey the Eraclea Minoa archaeological site. The application of two highly versatile recording systems, the TLS (Terrestrial Laser Scanning) and the RPAS (Remotely Piloted Aircraft System), allowed the Eraclea Minoa site to be documented in high resolution and with high accuracy. The integration of the two techniques has demonstrated the possibility to obtain high quality and accurate 3D models in archaeological survey.
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Ebolese, D., M. Lo Brutto, and A. Burgio. "3D MODELING OF TWO <i>LOUTERIA</i> FRAGMENTS BY IMAGE-BASED APPROACH." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-5/W1 (May 16, 2017): 573–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-5-w1-573-2017.
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The paper presents a digital approach to the reconstruction and analysis of two small-sized fragments of <i>louteria</i>, a kind of large terracotta vase, found during an archaeological survey in the south of Sicily (Italy), in the area of Cignana near the Greek colony of Akragas (nowadays Agrigento). The fragments of <i>louteria</i> have been studied by an image-based approach in order to achieve high accurate and very detailed 3D models. The 3D models have been used to carry out interpretive and geometric analysis from an archaeological point of view. Using different digital tools, it was possible to highlight some fine details of the <i>louteria</i> decorations and to better understand the characteristics of the two fragments. The 3D models provide also the possibility to study and to document these archaeological finds in a digital environment.
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Kaimaris, D., T. Roustanis, K. Klimantakis, I. A. Karolos, and P. Patias. "POSSIBILITIES OF SPATIAL CORRELATION OF 3D MODELS IN AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL AUGMENTED REALITY APPLICATION." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLVI-M-1-2021 (August 28, 2021): 355–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlvi-m-1-2021-355-2021.
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Abstract. The use of Augmented Reality (AR) technology is widespread in countless archaeological sites and a variety of applications. Archaeological excavations lead to archaeological finds, some of which are transported for preservation and then for exhibition in museums (jewelry, vases, etc.), while another part of them is documented in detail and remains in situ (eg building walls), roads, grave covers, etc.). However, after the registration of the archaeological finds, it is impossible to observe them. As part of our research project, we will develop for the first time AR methodology and procedures for the observation of covered archaeological finds on mobile devices (smart phones, tablets), which were registered after their documentation. AR technology in recent years has seen great growth in terms of implementation platforms and available software, as well as the tools developed to support it. These tools either make their appearance in the form of frameworks, extending the capabilities of an existing engine, or function as independent services. At the same time, progress has been made in the field of sensors of mobile devices, which makes the compatibility of hardware and software another issue to be researched. As part of the development of the above application for mobile devices, an evaluation is made of the most widespread AR Frameworks that support the Unity3d Game Engine and the compatibility / interoperability with the sensors of different categories of mobile devices. The frameworks were checked and evaluated for placement and tracking of the positions of the 3D covered objects. In this paper also, methodologies and techniques used in space detection and tracking are presented and evaluated.
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Di Salvo, Cristina, Marco Mancini, Gian Paolo Cavinato, Massimiliano Moscatelli, Maurizio Simionato, Francesco Stigliano, Rossella Rea, and Antonio Rodi. "A 3D Geological Model as a Base for the Development of a Conceptual Groundwater Scheme in the Area of the Colosseum (Rome, Italy)." Geosciences 10, no. 7 (July 10, 2020): 266. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10070266.
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Geological models are very useful tools for developing conceptual schemes owing to their capacity to optimize the management of stratigraphic information. This is particularly true in areas where archaeological heritage is exposed to hydrogeological hazards; 3D models can constitute the first step toward the construction of numerical models created to understand processes and plan mitigation actions to improve visitor safety and preserve archaeological heritage. This paper illustrates the results of a 3D hydrostratigraphic model of the site of the Colosseum in the Central Archaeological Area of Rome. In recent years, this area has experienced numerous floods caused by intense meteorological events. A new borehole survey provided the opportunity to update previous maps and cross sections and build a local scale 3D model. The resulting conceptual model was used to identify primary gaps in existing knowledge about the groundwater system and to optimize the planning of a piezometer monitoring network. Further studies can then focus on the development of groundwater numerical models to verify hypotheses regarding inflow-outflow dynamics and facilitate the optimization of water management.
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Fiorillo, Fausta, Belén Jiménez Fernández-Palacios, Fabio Remondino, and Salvatore Barba. "3d Surveying and modelling of the Archaeological Area of Paestum, Italy." Virtual Archaeology Review 4, no. 8 (November 20, 2015): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/var.2013.4306.
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<p>The intention of this interdisciplinary work is the integration of different 3D recording techniques and instruments to survey the archaeological area of Paestum (Italy) and obtain digital models of the main structures and temples of the site. The ancient city of Paestum, included in the UNESCO World Heritage list since 1998, is one of the most important archaeological sites in Italy, preserving the vestiges and ruins of Greek and Roman times, including three Doric temples. Photogrammetry and terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) acquisitions were integrated in order to exploit the intrinsic advantages of the actual 3D surveying techniques and produces digital models, orthoimages, maps and other geometric representations useful for archaeological, architectural and communication needs.</p>
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Martínez Carrillo, Ana, Arturo Ruiz Rodríguez, and Miguel Ángel Rubio Paramio. "Digitalización y visualización 3D de cerámica arqueológica." Virtual Archaeology Review 1, no. 2 (May 25, 2010): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/var.2010.4715.
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<p>The documentation system of the archaeological material has development in the last years thanks to the application of new technologies. These innovations have been quite useful in the field of the documentation, analysis and visualization of the archaeological artefacts.</p><p>In this article a methodology for the achievement of 3D model of archaeological pottery is exposed. This methodology fits within the CATA project (Archaeological Wheel Pottery of Andalusia in its acronyms in Spanish). The main objective of the project is the implementation of a database which is accessible by Internet, containing assorted information about pottery vessels and fragments found in Andalusia in different periods. This reference collection contains information concerning not only the manufacture process, the description of the surface treatment, or the context of finding of the ceramics, but also 3D models that allows a better knowledge of the vessel.</p>
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Polig, Martina, Sorin Hermon, and Joachim Bretschneider. "Resolution and Quality Issues in 3D Analysis of Inscribed Signs: An Example from Cypro-Minoan Inscriptions." Journal on Computing and Cultural Heritage 15, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3465334.
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A recurrent demand in many archaeological digital documentation systems is the need for an accurate as possible registration of data. Somehow, contrary to this request, are efforts led by various computer science groups dealing with 3D documentation and focusing on developing fast and cheap solutions to record 3D models of archaeological assets. The aim of the article is to highlight the importance of aligning the 3D documentation strategy to the archaeological aims, by detailing all factors to be considered when deciding on one documentation strategy over another. The archaeological question discussed here, part of the PhD thesis of one of the co-authors (MP), relates to the Cypro-Minoan signatory and its diachronic variability. The 3D geometric characterization of signs and subsequent shape analysis is the method chosen to reach this goal. A major effort to be invested in correctly determining the shape and variability of each sign, is in assuring that the 3D captured shape is as close as possible to the archaeological reality, which is a common problem not only in palaeographical analysis but also in other fields, where features of interest are in the sub-millimetre range. The paper will illustrate how different data acquisition approaches and post-processing steps such as alignment methods and error treatment may distort the visualised result and thus have a negative impact on planned analysis. Thus, it will argue for the importance of more detailed paradata to allow an informed assessment of the reliability of 3D models and it proposes a list of values and decision-making steps that help make the 3D digitization process more robust and verifiable.
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Tzvetkov, Jordan. "Spatial modeling of archaeological landscapes with UAV and digital photogrammetry." Aerospace Research in Bulgaria 32 (2020): 41–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/arb.v32.e04.
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The aim of this article is to present the results of spatial (2D and 3D) modeling of selected archaeological landscapes (Kaliakra, Chirakman, Provadia-Solnitsata, Debelt-Deultum, Halka Bunar) which was part of the project “Archaeological map of Bulgaria” during 2017 – 2018. To create these spatial models we used aerial (UAV) photography and digital photogrammetry. The main goal of this research was to prove the potential of UAV deployment of creating low-cost spatial models for archaeological tasks.
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Polo, María-Eugenia, Ángel M. Felicísimo, and Guadalupe Durán-Domínguez. "Accurate 3D models in both geometry and texture: An archaeological application." Digital Applications in Archaeology and Cultural Heritage 27 (December 2022): e00248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.daach.2022.e00248.
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Stampouloglou, Maria, Olympia Toska, Sevi Tapinaki, Georgia Kontogianni, Margarita Skamantzari, and Andreas Georgopoulos. "Archaeological anastylosis of two Macedonian tombs in a 3D virtual environment." Virtual Archaeology Review 11, no. 22 (January 28, 2020): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/var.2020.11877.
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<p class="VARAbstract">Archaeological restoration of monuments is a practice requiring extreme caution and thorough study. Archaeologists and conservation experts are very reluctant to proceed to restoration and indeed to reconstruction actions without detailed consultation and thought. Nowadays, anastylosis executed on the real object is practically prohibited. Contemporary technologies have provided archaeologists and other conservation experts with the tools to embark on virtual restorations or anastyloses, thus testing various alternatives without physical intervention on the monument itself. In this way, the values of the monuments are respected according to international conventions. In this paper, two such examples of virtual archaeological anastyloses of two important Macedonian tombs in northern Greece are presented. The anastyloses were performed on three-dimensional (3D) models which have been produced using modern digital 3D documentation techniques, such as image-based modelling and terrestrial laser scanning. The reader is introduced to the history and importance –as well as the peculiarities– of the Macedonian tombs. In addition, the two tombs are described in detail mainly from an archaeological point of view The process of field data acquisition and processing to produce the 3D models are described. Simple and more or less standard methods were employed in acquiring the raw data. Processing was carried out using commercial software. The resulting 3D models and other documentation products are assessed for their accuracy and completeness. The decisions for the virtual anastylosis are explained in detail and the actual process is also described. The restored monuments are presented and evaluated by the conservation experts. Thus, it is shown how important virtual anastylosis of monuments is to archaeological researchers, as it enables them to conduct in-depth studies, without actually tampering with the monuments themselves. Digital 3D models are contributing to many disciplines, especially in archaeology, as they enable a wider audience to easily access both archaeological and geometric information as well as offering a high degree of interaction possibilities.</p>
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Inzerillo, L. "SMART SfM: SALINAS ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W5 (August 18, 2017): 369–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w5-369-2017.
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In these last years, there has been an increasing use of the Structure from Motion (SfM) techniques applied to Cultural Heritage. The accessibility of SfM software can be especially advantageous to users in non-technical fields or to those with limited resources. Thanks to SfM using, everyone can make with a digital camera a 3D model applied to an object of both Cultural Heritage, and physically Environment, and work arts, etc. One very interesting and useful application can be envisioned into museum collection digitalization.<br><br> In the last years, a social experiment has been conducted involving young generation to live a social museum using their own camera to take pictures and videos. Students of university of Catania and Palermo were involved into a national event #digitalinvasion (2015-2016 editions) offering their personal contribution: they realized 3D models of the museums collection through the SfM techniques. In particular at the National Archaeological Museum Salinas in Palermo, it has been conducted an organized survey to recognize the most important part of the archaeological collection. It was a success: in both #digitalinvasion National Event 2015 and 2016 the young students of Engineering classes carried out, with Photoscan Agisoft, more than one hundred 3D models some of which realized by phone camera and some other by reflex camera and some other with compact camera too. The director of the museum has been very impressed from these results and now we are going to collaborate at a National project to use the young generation crowdsourcing to realize a semi-automated monitoring system at Salinas Archaeological Museum.
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D’Amelio, S., V. Maggio, and B. Villa. "3D MODELING FOR UNDERWATER ARCHAEOLOGICAL DOCUMENTATION: METRIC VERIFICATIONS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-5/W5 (April 9, 2015): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-5-w5-73-2015.
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The survey in underwater environment has always presented considerable difficulties both operative and technical and this has sometimes made it difficult to use the techniques of survey commonly used for the documentation of Cultural Heritage in dry environment. The work of study concerns the evaluation in terms of capability and accuracy of the Autodesk123DCatch software for the reconstruction of a three-dimensional model of an object in underwater context. The subjects of the study are models generated from sets of photographs and sets of frames extracted from video sequence. The study is based on comparative method, using a reference model, obtained with laser scanner technique.
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Grickevich, Marina, Irina Andreeva, Alexander Belitskii, and Alexander Khoperskov. "Digital Technologies as Basis for Archaeological Heritage Preservation: 3D-Modeling for Geoinformation System." SHS Web of Conferences 50 (2018): 01064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20185001064.
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Modern information technologies provide unique opportunities of cultural heritage preservation and creation of new software tools analyzing archaeological data. In the current article, we discuss the features of designing services of the system supplying work with spatially distributed archaeological data by example of the specialized geoportal implementation at Volgograd State University. The design of the database with geospatial reference supported by the geoinformation system has been considered as well. A set of services for creation, visualization and publishing of 3D models is described. Our approach allows combining a digital terrain model with a 3D model of the archaeological excavation.
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Richards-Rissetto, H., D. Newton, and A. Al Zadjali. "A 3D POINT CLOUD DEEP LEARNING APPROACH USING LIDAR TO IDENTIFY ANCIENT MAYA ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES." ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences VIII-M-1-2021 (August 27, 2021): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-viii-m-1-2021-133-2021.
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Abstract. Airborne light detection and ranging (LIDAR) systems allow archaeologists to capture 3D data of anthropogenic landscapes with a level of precision that permits the identification of archaeological sites in difficult to reach and inaccessible regions. These benefits have come with a deluge of LIDAR data that requires significant and costly manual labor to interpret and analyze. In order to address this challenge, researchers have explored the use of state-of-the-art automated object recognition algorithms from the field of deep learning with success. This previous research, however, has been limited to the exploration of deep learning processes that work with only 2D data, which excludes the use of available 3D data. Our research addresses this gap and contributes knowledge on the use of deep learning-based processes that can classify archaeological sites from LIDAR generated 3D point cloud datasets. LIDAR data from the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Copan, Honduras is used as the primary dataset to compare the classification accuracy of deep learning models using 2D and 3D data. The results demonstrate that models using 3D point cloud datasets provide the greatest classification accuracy in identifying Maya archaeological sites while requiring less data preparation. Further, the research contributes knowledge on the efficacy of data augmentation strategies when working with small 3D datasets.
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Tejeda-Sánchez, C., A. Muñoz-Nieto, and P. Rodríguez-Gonzálvez. "GEOMATIC ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECONSTRUCTION AND A HYBRID VIEWER FOR THE ARCHAELOGICAL SITE OF CÁPARRA (SPAIN)." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2 (May 30, 2018): 1105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-1105-2018.
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Visualization and analysis use to be the final steps in Geomatics. This paper shows the workflow followed to set up a hybrid 3D archaeological viewer. Data acquisition of the site survey was done by means of low-cost close-range photogrammetric methods. With the aim not only to satisfy the general public but also the technicians, a large group of Geomatic products has been obtained (2d plans, 3d models, orthophotos, CAD models coming from vectorization, virtual anastylosis, and cross sections). Finally, all these products have been integrated into a three-dimensional archaeological information system. The hybrid archaeological viewer designed allows a metric and quality approach to the scientific analysis of the ruins, improving, thanks to the implementation of a database, and its potential for queries, the benefits of an ordinary topographic survey.
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Martinez Carrillo, Ana Luisa. "MOOCs en la Educación Superior: Diseñando un MOOC para la enseñanza y el aprendizaje del registro arqueológico / MOOCs in High Education: Designing a MOOC for Teaching and Learning the Recording in Archaeological Sites." Revista Internacional de Tecnologías en la Educación 5, no. 2 (February 4, 2019): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.37467/gka-revedutech.v5.1837.
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ABSTRACTIn this article the methodology carried out for the design of a Mooc applied to the teaching and learning of the archaeological recovering is presented. Specifically, it has been carried out for the archaeological settlement of Cástulo (Linares, Jaén), introducing multimedia materials in the form of 3d models. The main result that is expected to be obtained is the knowledge of the archaeological system through the anticipation of knowledge in a virtual way.RESUMENEn este artículo se presenta la metodología llevada a cabo para el diseño de un Mooc aplicado a la enseñanza y el aprendizaje del registro arqueológico. Concretamente se ha realizado ex profeso para el asentamiento arqueológico de Cástulo (Linares, Jaén), introduciendo material multimedia en forma de modelos 3D. El principal resultado que se espera obtener es agilizar el conocimiento del sistema de registro arqueológico mediante la anticipación de los conocimientos de manera virtual.
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Chistyakov, Pavel V., Ekaterina N. Bocharova, and Ksenia A. Kolobova. "Processing Three-Dimensional Models of Archaeological Artifacts." Archaeology and Ethnography 20, no. 7 (2021): 48–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2021-20-7-48-61.
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This article provides a detailed account of the process of scanning, post-processing and further manipulation of three-dimensional models obtained with structured light scanners. Purpose. The purpose of the study is determined by the need for national archaeologists to learn the methods of three-dimensional modeling for the implementation of scientific research corresponding to international standards. Unfortunately, this direction in national archaeology began to develop in a relatively recent time and there is a lag in the application of three-dimensional modeling of national archaeology compared to the world level. Results. Any archaeological, experimental or ethnographic artifact can be used for three-dimensional scanning. To perform post-processing of three-dimensional models it is necessary to carry out primary scanning of an artifact by one of the existing algorithms. The algorithm for creating models, their positioning, simplification, saving in various formats and export is described. The main sequence of 3D models post-processing includes: processing of groups of scanned projections (their cleaning and alignment), creation of artifact model and processing/rectification of the resulting model using special software. Conclusion. As a result of correct implementation of the algorithm, the researcher receives a scaled model completely corresponding to the original artifact. Obtaining a scalable, texture-free three-dimensional model of the artifact, which fully corresponds to the original and exceeds a photograph in the quality of detail transfer, allows a scientist to conduct precise metric measurements and any procedures of non-invasive manipulation of the models. The ability to access a database of three-dimensional models of archaeological collections greatly simplifies the work of archaeologists, especially in situations when country borders are closed.
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Grilli, Eleonora, and Fabio Remondino. "Classification of 3D Digital Heritage." Remote Sensing 11, no. 7 (April 8, 2019): 847. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11070847.
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In recent years, the use of 3D models in cultural and archaeological heritage for documentation and dissemination purposes is increasing. The association of heterogeneous information to 3D data by means of automated segmentation and classification methods can help to characterize, describe and better interpret the object under study. Indeed, the high complexity of 3D data along with the large diversity of heritage assets themselves have constituted segmentation and classification methods as currently active research topics. Although machine learning methods brought great progress in this respect, few advances have been developed in relation to cultural heritage 3D data. Starting from the existing literature, this paper aims to develop, explore and validate reliable and efficient automated procedures for the classification of 3D data (point clouds or polygonal mesh models) of heritage scenarios. In more detail, the proposed solution works on 2D data (“texture-based” approach) or directly on the 3D data (“geometry-based approach) with supervised or unsupervised machine learning strategies. The method was applied and validated on four different archaeological/architectural scenarios. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach is reliable and replicable and it is effective for restoration and documentation purposes, providing metric information e.g. of damaged areas to be restored.
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Nolan, Kevin C., Michael J. Shott, and Eric Olson. "The Central Ohio Archaeological Digitization Survey." Advances in Archaeological Practice 10, no. 1 (January 26, 2022): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aap.2021.33.
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AbstractSignificant parts of the archaeological record are in private hands, including those of responsible and responsive stewards (RRS). This is not necessarily a bad thing. The Central Ohio Archaeological Digitization Survey (COADS) engages RRS in collaborative study of central Ohio prehistory. COADS leverages the mass of RRS data constructively to add depth and breadth to a regional archaeological record. We recorded over 12,000 diagnostic points and about 5,000 other stone tools from 32 RRS collections. All were scanned as two-dimensional (2D) images, and a sample as three-dimensional (3D) models for landmark-based geometric morphometric (LGM) analysis and GIS analysis of prehistoric land use. The resulting dataset is >4.7 times the number of diagnostics recorded in the Ohio SHPO database for the region, shedding new light on land use and tool use over millennia. In addition to academic research, COADS creates an accessible collection of 3D models available to RRS colleagues and to society at large. This reciprocal sharing mutually benefits professionals and the RRS community. Professionals are not the only ones who research the cultural past; the more and better we collaborate with RRS and others with legitimate interests, the better our common understanding of that past.
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Calisi, D., F. Cottefoglie, L. D'Agostini, F. Giannone, F. Nenci, P. Salonia, M. Zaratti, and V. A. Ziparo. "ROBOTICS AND VIRTUAL REALITY FOR CULTURAL HERITAGE DIGITIZATION AND FRUITION." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-5/W1 (May 16, 2017): 503–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-5-w1-503-2017.
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In this paper we present our novel approach for acquiring and managing digital models of archaeological sites, and the visualization techniques used to showcase them. In particular, we will demonstrate two technologies: our robotic system for digitization of archaeological sites (DigiRo) result of over three years of efforts by a group of cultural heritage experts, computer scientists and roboticists, and our cloud-based archaeological information system (ARIS). Finally we describe the viewers we developed to inspect and navigate the 3D models: a viewer for the web (ROVINA Web Viewer) and an immersive viewer for Virtual Reality (ROVINA VR Viewer).
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Landes, T., M. Heissler, M. Koehl, T. Benazzi, and T. Nivola. "UNCERTAINTY VISUALIZATION APPROACHES FOR 3D MODELS OF CASTLES RESTITUTED FROM ARCHEOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W9 (January 31, 2019): 409–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w9-409-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> In the cultural heritage field, several specialists like archaeologists, architects, geomaticians, historians, etc. are used to work together. With the upcoming technologies allowing to capture efficiently data in the field, to digitize historical documents, to collect worldwide information related to the monuments under study, the wish to summarize all the sources of data (including the knowledge of the specialists) into one 3D model is a big challenge. In order to guarantee the reliability of the proposed reconstructed 3D model, it is of crucial importance to integrate the level of uncertainty assigned to it. From a geometric point of view, uncertainty is often defined, quantified and expressed with the help of statistical measures. However, for objects reconstructed based on archaeological assumptions, statistical measures are not appropriate. This paper focuses on the decomposition of 3D models into levels of uncertainties (LoUs) and on the best way to visualize them through two case studies: the castle of Kagenfels and the Horbourg-Wihr Castellum, both located in Alsace, France. The first one is well documented through still ongoing excavations around its remains, whereas the second one disappeared under the urbanization of the city. An approach enabling, on the 3D models, not only to quantify but also to visualize uncertainties coming from archaeological assumptions is addressed. Finally, the efficiency of the approach for qualifying the proposed 3D model of the reconstructed castle regarding its reliability is demonstrated.</p>
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Barba, Salvatore, Maurizio Barbarella, Alessandro Di Benedetto, Margherita Fiani, Lucas Gujski, and Marco Limongiello. "Accuracy Assessment of 3D Photogrammetric Models from an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle." Drones 3, no. 4 (October 15, 2019): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones3040079.
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The unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photogrammetric survey of an archaeological site has proved itself to be particularly efficient. In order to obtain highly accurate and reliable results, it is necessary to design carefully the flight plan and the geo-referencing, while also evaluating the indicators of the accuracy rate. Using as a test case a UAV photogrammetric survey conducted on the archaeological site of the Roman Amphitheatre of Avella (Italy), in this paper, we propose a pipeline to assess the accuracy of the results according to some quality indicators. The flight configuration and the georeferencing chosen is then be checked via the residuals on the ground control points (GCPs), evenly distributed on the edges and over the entire area. With the aim of appraising the accuracy of the final model, we will suggest a method for the outlier detection, taking into account the statistical distribution (both global and of portion of the study object) of the reprojection errors. A filter to reduce the noise within the model will then be implemented through the detection of the angle formed by homologous rays, in order to reach a compromise between the number of the usable points and the reduction of the noise linked to the definition of the 3D model.
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Diamanti, E., and F. Vlachaki. "3D RECORDING OF UNDERWATER ANTIQUITIES IN THE SOUTH EUBOEAN GULF." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-5/W5 (April 9, 2015): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-5-w5-93-2015.
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An underwater archaeological survey was initiated in 2006 by the Hellenic Institute of Marine Archaeology in collaboration with the Ephorate of Underwater Antiquities of Greece, in the South Euboean Gulf. The survey is being conducted under the direction of the archaeologist Dr G. Koutsouflakis and in the course of the project important shipwrecks of Classical, Roman, and Byzantine periods have been brought to light, adding tangible evidence on ancient seafaring and maritime trade. The South Euboean Gulf archaeological survey has presented many challenges to the documentation team of H.I.M.A, and has served as a case-study for 3D recording applied on ancient wrecks, found at medium depths (22-47m) and under the conditions that are imposed during an archaeological survey of a certain geographical region. This paper focuses on the implementation of photogrammetric and geodetic techniques used for acquisition and processing of collected data, in order to generate 3D models for six different wrecks, resulting in a fast, reliable and cost efficient method to record underwater archaeological sites.
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Molloy, Barry, and Marina Milić. "Wonderful Things? A Consideration of 3D Modelling of Objects in Material Culture Research." Open Archaeology 4, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 97–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opar-2018-0006.
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Abstract The role of 3D modelling in archaeology is increasing exponentially, from fieldwork to architecture to material culture studies. For the study of archaeological objects the roles of digital and print models for public engagement has been much considered in recent literature. For model makers, focus has typically been placed on exceptional and visually striking objects with inherent appeal. In contrast, this paper explores some of the potential roles for 3D digital models for routine artefact research and publication. Particular emphasis is placed on the challenges this technology raises for archaeological theory and practice. Following a consideration of how 3D models relate to established illustration and photographic traditions, the paper evaluates some of the unique features of 3D models, focussing on both positive and negative aspects of these. This is followed by a discussion of the role of potential research connections between digital and craft models in experimental research. Our overall objective is to emphasise a need to engage with the ways in which this gradual development has begun to change aspects of longestablished workflows. In turn, the increasing use of this technology is argued to have wider ramifications for the development of archaeology, and material culture studies in particular, as a discipline that requires reflection.
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Gautier, Quentin Kevin, Thomas G. Garrison, Ferrill Rushton, Nicholas Bouck, Eric Lo, Peter Tueller, Curt Schurgers, and Ryan Kastner. "Low-cost 3D scanning systems for cultural heritage documentation." Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development 10, no. 4 (May 27, 2020): 437–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jchmsd-03-2020-0032.
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PurposeDigital documentation techniques of tunneling excavations at archaeological sites are becoming more common. These methods, such as photogrammetry and LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging), are able to create precise three-dimensional models of excavations to complement traditional forms of documentation with millimeter to centimeter accuracy. However, these techniques require either expensive pieces of equipment or a long processing time that can be prohibitive during short field seasons in remote areas. This article aims to determine the effectiveness of various low-cost sensors and real-time algorithms to create digital scans of archaeological excavations.Design/methodology/approachThe authors used a class of algorithms called SLAM (Simultaneous Localization and Mapping) along with depth-sensing cameras. While these algorithms have largely improved over recent years, the accuracy of the results still depends on the scanning conditions. The authors developed a prototype of a scanning device and collected 3D data at a Maya archaeological site and refined the instrument in a system of natural caves. This article presents an analysis of the resulting 3D models to determine the effectiveness of the various sensors and algorithms employed.FindingsWhile not as accurate as commercial LiDAR systems, the prototype presented, employing a time-of-flight depth sensor and using a feature-based SLAM algorithm, is a rapid and effective way to document archaeological contexts at a fraction of the cost.Practical implicationsThe proposed system is easy to deploy, provides real-time results and would be particularly useful in salvage operations as well as in high-risk areas where cultural heritage is threatened.Originality/valueThis article compares many different low-cost scanning solutions for underground excavations, along with presenting a prototype that can be easily replicated for documentation purposes.
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Barrile, Vincenzo, Ernesto Bernardo, Antonino Fotia, and Giuliana Bilotta. "Integration of Laser Scanner, Ground-Penetrating Radar, 3D Models and Mixed Reality for Artistic, Archaeological and Cultural Heritage Dissemination." Heritage 5, no. 3 (July 4, 2022): 1529–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage5030080.
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Three-dimensional digital acquisition techniques can be useful in archaeology because they make a further technological contribution to the visualization of finds and structures. The possibility of integrating three-dimensional models from different acquisition systems (laser scanner, UAV, reflex and Georadar) is even more exciting. One of the peculiarities of these integration techniques is the possibility of promoting the dissemination of knowledge through virtual reality, augmented reality and mixed reality, given the widespread use of mobile devices. This does not mean, of course, that with the mere creation of a 3D model (and allowing it to be viewed in 3D), the public automatically obtains more information about heritage. In fact, visiting a cultural heritage site in person allows one to receive much more information on finds and structures. However, if this is not possible, technologies that use 3D Virtual Reality help to provide a small knowledge base to those who cannot use the museum. We underline the importance of an integrated visualization from an archaeological and architectural perspective to obtain understanding of the structure with the integration of the two models with different data. The work that we present is part of a multidisciplinary project to recover and disseminate information about the Reggio Calabria’s (southern Italy) artistic, archaeological and cultural heritage. This work’s goal is the realization of a unique 3D model of the church “Madonna dei Poveri” (3D model of a buried part with 3D model of visible parts) by combining different geomatics techniques to show and investigate the interior and exterior parts (3D model obtained by laser scanner and photogrammetry), and the underground crypts (3D model obtained by Georadar), which are lying below the present surface and are no longer accessible due to coverage by post-depositional processes (Georadar). Finally, an app (using augmented reality and virtual reality) and a first experimentation of Mixed Reality is developed for the dissemination of the archaeological and cultural heritage information on the area of interest.
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Mileto, Camilla, Fernando Vegas López-Manzanares, Valentina Cristini, and Pedro M. Cabezos Bernal. "Burial architecture. 3D dissemination study for a selection of Byzantine graves." Virtual Archaeology Review 12, no. 24 (January 19, 2021): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/var.2021.13187.
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<p class="VARAbstract">The former polis of Tall-as-Sin (in the current province of Deir ez-Zor, Syria) grew considerably during Justinian's reign in the 6<sup>th</sup> century AD. Its cemetery, outside the walls, presents an extraordinary Byzantine necropolis, where 163 hypogea graves were documented, thanks to recent archaeological campaigns financed by the Ministry of Culture (PAMES-Sirio Euphrates Middle Archaeological Project). This paper presents the research for obtaining three-dimensional (3D) models of graves, selected in the cemetery, by combining information (obtained from planimetric and photographic surveys of the site) with taxonomic features (types of arcosolia, vaults, accesses, stairways...). The 3D modelling process is carried out using data collected during the survey of the graves. These data are then used to restore the surfaces which cover the burial chambers dug out in the ground. The modelling technique was based on generating surfaces, incorporating the different sections and profiles obtained during the data collection phase. The surfaces generated enclose the volume of the dug-out space so that the definitive grave models were obtained using a simple Boolean operation, removing these volumes from a prism-shaped piece representing a portion of the land, thus emptying the interior. The result has provided a reliable and rigorous graphic basis for the design and printing of 3D mockups, contributing to the dissemination of the exhibition called "A retrospective on five years of archaeological activities in Syria".</p><p><strong>Highlights:</strong></p><ul><li><p>Contributing to Byzantine architecture classification in the Middle East, including specific case-studies, interesting both from archaeological and architectural research fields.</p></li><li><p>Experimenting and investigating tools for the study, representation and conservation of archaeological finds, combining 3D digital and 3D printing mockups.</p></li><li><p>Incorporating resources for promoting and disseminating archaeological and architectural heritage, raising awareness among local Syrian population and authorities, allowing them to rediscover their own heritage, often neglected.</p></li></ul>
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Mouget, A., and G. Lucet. "Photogrammetric Archaeological Survey with UAV." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences II-5 (May 28, 2014): 251–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsannals-ii-5-251-2014.
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This document describes a way to obtain various photogrammetric products from aerial photograph using a drone. The aim of the project was to develop a methodology to obtain information for the study of the architecture of pre-Columbian archaeological sites in Mexico combining the manoeuvrability and low cost of a drone with the accuracy of the results of the open source photogrammetric MicMac software. It presents the UAV and the camera used, explains how to manipulate it to carry out stereoscopic photographs, the flight and camera parameters chosen, the treatments performed to obtain orthophotos and 3D models with a centimetric resolution, and finally outlines the quality of the results.
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Tataurova, Larisa V. "3D Modeling of Dwellings from Russian Archaeological Sites in Siberia: Reliability of Approximation." Archaeology and Ethnography 18, no. 7 (2019): 164–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2019-18-7-164-176.
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Purpose. The dwelling, as one of the basic elements of the life-support system, more and more often is becoming a focus of researchers’ interest when they excavate archaeological sites where Russian population lived during the New Age in Siberia. On the basis of materials obtained from the excavations, various types of reconstruction are carried out, including 3D models. Written and ethnographic sources are used to create such models as comparative materials. Results. The sources studied give information about the area of the buildings, but indicators of the possible height of these constructions in the 17th – 18th centuries remain hypothetical. Our material is based on representative ethnographic information and archaeological materials on the dwellings of Russian population in the Irtysh River area near Tara, Mangazeya and Sayan ostrog. We used published written sources that contained information about probable height characteristics of dwellings during the 17th – 18th centuries, made our calculations and created 3D models of dwellings, which were analyzed. Conclusion. The main conclusion drawn from the results of our work is that the accuracy of reproduction of certain properties of the original object while making a 3D model should be based not only on the search for analogues, but also take into account the cultural landscape surrounding the object in the studied period of time.
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Clini, P., N. Frapiccini, M. Mengoni, R. Nespeca, and L. Ruggeri. "SFM TECHNIQUE AND FOCUS STACKING FOR DIGITAL DOCUMENTATION OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL ARTIFACTS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B5 (June 15, 2016): 229–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b5-229-2016.
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Digital documentation and high-quality 3D representation are always more requested in many disciplines and areas due to the large amount of technologies and data available for fast, detailed and quick documentation. This work aims to investigate the area of medium and small sized artefacts and presents a fast and low cost acquisition system that guarantees the creation of 3D models with an high level of detail, making the digitalization of cultural heritage a simply and fast procedure. The 3D models of the artefacts are created with the photogrammetric technique Structure From Motion that makes it possible to obtain, in addition to three-dimensional models, high-definition images for a deepened study and understanding of the artefacts. For the survey of small objects (only few centimetres) it is used a macro lens and the focus stacking, a photographic technique that consists in capturing a stack of images at different focus planes for each camera pose so that is possible to obtain a final image with a higher depth of field. The acquisition with focus stacking technique has been finally validated with an acquisition with laser triangulation scanner Minolta that demonstrates the validity compatible with the allowable error in relation to the expected precision.
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Clini, P., N. Frapiccini, M. Mengoni, R. Nespeca, and L. Ruggeri. "SFM TECHNIQUE AND FOCUS STACKING FOR DIGITAL DOCUMENTATION OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL ARTIFACTS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B5 (June 15, 2016): 229–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b5-229-2016.
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Digital documentation and high-quality 3D representation are always more requested in many disciplines and areas due to the large amount of technologies and data available for fast, detailed and quick documentation. This work aims to investigate the area of medium and small sized artefacts and presents a fast and low cost acquisition system that guarantees the creation of 3D models with an high level of detail, making the digitalization of cultural heritage a simply and fast procedure. The 3D models of the artefacts are created with the photogrammetric technique Structure From Motion that makes it possible to obtain, in addition to three-dimensional models, high-definition images for a deepened study and understanding of the artefacts. For the survey of small objects (only few centimetres) it is used a macro lens and the focus stacking, a photographic technique that consists in capturing a stack of images at different focus planes for each camera pose so that is possible to obtain a final image with a higher depth of field. The acquisition with focus stacking technique has been finally validated with an acquisition with laser triangulation scanner Minolta that demonstrates the validity compatible with the allowable error in relation to the expected precision.
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Apollonio, Fabrizio I., Massimo Ballabeni, and Marco Gaiani. "Fuentes de color mejoradas para el modelado tridimensional de artefactos arqueológicos de tamaño medio localizados in situ." Virtual Archaeology Review 5, no. 10 (May 2, 2014): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/var.2014.4218.
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The paper describes a color enhanced processing system - applied as case study on an artifact of the Pompeii archaeological area - developed in order to enhance different techniques for reality-based 3D models construction and visualization of archaeological artifacts. This processing allows rendering reflectance properties with perceptual fidelity on a consumer display and presents two main improvements over existing techniques: a. the color definition of the archaeological artifacts; b. the comparison between the range-based and photogrammetry-based pipelines to understand the limits of use and suitability to specific objects.
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Katsichti, V., G. Kontogianni, and A. Georgopoulos. "3D DOCUMENTATION OF FRAIL ARCHAEOLOGICAL FINDS USING LOW-COST INSTRUMENTATION." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W17 (November 29, 2019): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w17-157-2019.
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Abstract. In archaeological excavations, many small fragments or artefacts are revealed whose fine details sometimes should be captured in 3D. In general, 3D documentation methods fall into two main categories: Range-Based modelling and Image-Based modelling. In Range Based modelling, a laser scanner (Time of Flight, Structured light, etc.) is used for the raw data acquisition in order to create the 3D model of an object. The above method is accurate enough but is still very expensive in terms of equipment. On the other hand, Image-Based modelling, is affordable because the equipment required is merely a camera with the appropriate lens, and possibly a turntable and a tripod. In this case, the 3D model of an object is created by suitable processing of images which are taken around the object with a large overlap. In this paper, emphasis is given on the effectiveness of 3D models of frail archaeological finds originate from the palatial site of Ayios Vasileios in Laconia in the south-eastern Peloponnese, using low-cost equipment and methods. The 3D model is also produced using various, mainly freeware, hence low-cost, software and the results are compared to those from a well-established commercial one.
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Liang, Jiafang. "Mixing Worlds." Advances in Archaeological Practice 9, no. 3 (August 2021): 250–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aap.2021.16.
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OverviewSpatial and shape data represented by 3D digital models have become a central component of our archaeological datasets. Immersive visual and audio interaction with these models offers an intuitive way to use these data. The mixing of the virtual with the real world suits archaeological work particularly well, and the technologies of augmented reality (AR) and mixed reality (MR) enable this type of interaction. Much past work on these technologies has involved public engagement, but they also hold the potential for valuable deployment directly in archaeological practice and research, especially the seamless integration offered by MR. This review examines the range of experiments archaeologists are currently undertaking with AR and MR, and it looks to the future applications of these technologies.
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Morandi, S., M. Tremari, and A. Mandelli. "TOWARDS THE ENHANCEMENT OF "MINOR" ARCHAEOLOGICAL HERITAGE." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W3 (February 23, 2017): 503–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w3-503-2017.
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The research is an analysis of the recording, reconstruction and visualisation of the 3D data of a XVIII century watermill, identified in an emergency archaeological excavation during the construction of the mini-hydroelectric plant on the bank of the Adda river in the municipality of Pizzighettone (Cremona, Lombardy, Italy). <br><br> The work examines the use and the potentials of modern digital 3D modelling techniques applied to archaeological heritage aimed to increase the research, maintenance and presentation with interactive products. The use of three-dimensional models managed through AR (Augmented Reality) and VR (Virtual Reality) technologies with mobile devices gives several opportunities in the field of study and communication. It also improves on-site exploration of the landscape, enhancing the “minor” archaeological sites, daily subjected to numerous emergency works and facilitating the understanding of heritage sites.
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Pavelka, K., C. Pappi, and K. Pavelka jr. "MODERN POSSIBILITIES OF DOCUMENTATION AND REPLICATION OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL FINDS." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLVI-M-1-2021 (August 28, 2021): 531–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlvi-m-1-2021-531-2021.
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Abstract. This contribution deals with the documentation of archaeological finds using close-range photogrammetry. The method of close-range photogrammetry is presented in the form of modern technology SfM (Structure from Motion), which has become very popular in the last ten years and has infiltrated a number of fields other than geodesy. Archaeological excavations and documentation of finds were carried out as part of the Iraqi / Kurdistan expedition in 2018. Photogrammetry was used experimentally to create 3D models using a conventional digital camera. The results are satisfactory, and it was possible to create copies of the findings using rapid prototyping technology (3D printing). However, processing is not entirely simple and creating a quality model is time consuming.
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Barrile, Vincenzo, Ernesto Bernardo, Antonino Fotia, and Giuliana Bilotta. "A Combined Study of Cultural Heritage in Archaeological Museums: 3D Survey and Mixed Reality." Heritage 5, no. 3 (June 21, 2022): 1330–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage5030069.
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Nowadays, a great interest in historical installations like museographic devices in international museological studies (capable of giving space form during user communication) is largely attributable to new techniques of immediate communication. Tools and libraries for virtual, augmented, and mixed reality content have recently become increasingly available. Despite its increased cost and investment, these are new ways for increasing visitor presence in museums. The purpose of this paper is to describe the potential of a tourist/archaeological application suitably developed and implemented by us. The application was developed in Unity3D and allows the user to view cultural heritage in a virtual environment, making information, multimedia content, and metrically precise 3D models available and accessible (obtained after a phase of reducing the mesh border), useful for obtaining good 3D printing reproduction. The strengths of our application (compared to the many already in the literature, which are also used as research ideas) stem from the possibility of using and easily integrating different techniques (3D models, building information models, virtual and augmented reality) allowing the choice of different 3D models (depending on the user’s needs) on some of which (again depending on the application needs) were tested and performed simplification and size reduction processes, to make the application loading phase faster and the user experience easier and better. Another application cue was to finalize an application to relate the elements of the museum with some archaeological elements of the territory according to historical period and element type.
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Chiabrando, Filiberto, Francesco D'Andria, Giulia Sammartano, and Antonia Spanò. "UAV photogrammetry for archaeological site survey. 3D models at the Hierapolis in Phrygia (Turkey)." Virtual Archaeology Review 9, no. 18 (January 10, 2018): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/var.2018.5958.
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<p>Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry has shown a very rapid development in many fields, especially in archaeological excavation areas and architectural complexes, where it offers a detailed generation of three-dimensional (3D) data including the possibility of updating over time. It also proves to be a very flexible tool applicable to many types of complex areas with a variety of different features. The use of aerial acquisition provides highly effective results, adding to both rapid capture and lower costs. In fact, today in the field of archaeological research, great efforts are invested in the generation of very large-scale models and orthophotos, and the technology seems to promise further future developments, not only from the terrestrial (orthogonal) point of view, but also from the nadiral direction from a low altitude, as a preferential and often optimal point of view. Here an effective workflow for photogrammetric product generation is presented for selected case studies in some monumental areas of ancient Hierapolis in Phrygia (Turkey), in which the Italian Archaeological Mission of Hierapolis (MAIER) has been working since the 1960s. The recent experiences achieved by UAV photogrammetry are quite innovative. The variety and complexity of the buildings, as well as the height of their ruins, offer numerous challenges, which are interesting to deal with. The 3D aerial survey was performed for multiple purposes with the eBee system by Sensefly. Specific attention was paid to the digital surface model (DSM) and aerial orthoimages of three test areas: the Plutonium area; the Thermal Bath-Church; and the Necropolis. Starting from the same technical approach, a comparative assesment among the three sites was carried out, taking into account the specific goals, the type of the structure and the terrain conformation.</p>
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Štuhec, S., G. Verhoeven, and I. Štuhec. "MODELLING BUILDING COSTS FROM 3D BUILDING MODELS – ESTIMATING THE CONSTRUCTION EFFORT FROM IMAGE-BASED SURFACE MODELS OF DRY-STONE SHEPHERD SHELTERS (KRAS, SLOVENIA)." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W9 (January 31, 2019): 691–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w9-691-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> In the second half of the 19th and early 20th century, sheep shepherds have built dry-stone shelters all over the Slovene Kras (or Karst) region. Despite being made out of stones that are interlocked without the use of any binding material, many of these vernacular constructions survived &ndash; even though sometimes only partially &ndash; the ravages of time. The fact that over one hundred fifty shepherd shelters are currently known is mainly due to the craftsmanship of their builders and thanks to (and even despite) their present location. A majority of these stone constructions can be found in areas that are nowadays forested, thus shielding them from weather-related or anthropogenic damage (because they are difficult to spot). This paper reports on the geometric documentation of those shelters using a photogrammetric computer vision pipeline, thereby mainly focussing on the difficulties that were encountered during this process. However, such image-based modelling approaches merely yield digital three-dimensional (3D) approximations of the shelters’ surface geometry (along with some sub-optimal colour data). Although these 3D surface models might be suitable to digitally preserve vulnerable vernacular buildings to some extent, they do not magically advance our understanding of them. The second part of this article focuses, therefore, on the extraction of archaeological information from these digital 3D constructions. More specifically, the total amount of stones, the total building time and the building cost regarding caloric energy expenditure are estimated for each of the digitised shelters. Although this assessment of architectural energetics provided useful insight into the building efforts and nutrient uptake of the shepherds, it also revealed many assumptions and shortcomings that often characterise archaeological information extraction from digital 3D models of buildings.</p>
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Means, Bernard K. "Promoting a More Interactive Public Archaeology." Advances in Archaeological Practice 3, no. 3 (August 2015): 235–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/2326-3768.3.3.235.
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AbstractStewards of the tangible past are increasingly embracing technologies that enable digital preservation of rare and fragile finds. The Virtual Curation Laboratory (VCL) at Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) partners with museums, cultural heritage locations, and collections repositories to create three-dimensional (3D) digital models of artifacts from archaeological sites distributed across the globe. In the VCL, undergraduate VCU students bring a fresh perspective unburdened by archaeological orthodoxy as they use a laser scanner to record artifact details, edit the resulting digital models, and print plastic replicas that are painted to resemble the original items. The 3D digital models and printed replicas allow for new ways of visualizing the past, while preserving the actual artifacts themselves. These forms of archaeological visualization enable the broader public and not just a narrow band of researchers to dynamically and meaningfully interact with rare and fragile objects in ways that would otherwise not be possible, empowering their own contributions to interpreting, understanding, and reimagining the past. We must embrace co-creation through virtual artifact curation and recognize that, while we sacrifice some control over the stories that are told about the past, more stories will be told and shared as pieces of the past become more accessible.
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Kurkov, V. M., T. N. Skripitsina, and A. Yu Sozonova. "METHODS AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR AERIAL SURVEYING AND GROUND PHOTOGRAMMETRIC SURVEYS FOR ARCHAEOLOGICAL PURPOSES." ECOLOGY ECONOMY INFORMATICS. GEOINFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES AND SPACE MONITORING 2, no. 5 (2020): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.23885/2500-123x-2020-2-5-75-82.
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This article we consider methods and technologies of unmanned aerial surveying and close-range photogrammetric survey as applied for archeological research. We summed up the practical experience of the specialists of the Moscow State University of Geodesy and Cartography (MIIGAiK), obtained with the participation in the Bosporus archaeological expedition of the State Historical Museum on the Taman Peninsula in 2018–20. During the 3 expeditions, 18 archaeological sites were surveyed by aerial methods using UAV Geoscan 101 Geodesy and UAS DJI Phantom 4 Pro. In addition to aerial surveying, the Canon 30D digital camera with 50 mm and 14 mm focal lengths was used for groundbased, close-range photogrammetric surveys of archaeological sites. Some sites were surveyed many times during different periods of archaeological research. At all surveyed archaeological sites using photogrammetric processing methods at the Agisoft Metashape software we received survey documents (orthophoto, digital terrain models, 3D models). For some artifacts, three-dimensional metric models have been obtained using digital photogrammetry methods. Various methods of aerial surveying were used to study archaeological sites. The article gives recommendations on optimization of photography process in order to obtain reliable and informative documents for archaeological excavations. Comparison and analysis of aerial and close-range survey data was performed by the QGIS geographic information system. The information obtained using geo-information technologies will improve the quality and reliability of forecasts and hypotheses in archaeological studies.
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Trizio, I., F. Savini, and A. Giannangeli. "INTEGRATION OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL DIGITAL MODELS AND 3D GIS: THE DOCUMENTATION OF THE MEDIEVAL BURIALS OF AMITERNUM (L’AQUILA, ITALY)." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2 (May 30, 2018): 1121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-1121-2018.
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This paper illustrates the results of an experimentation carried out by a multi-disciplinary research group made up of researchers from ITC-CNR of L'Aquila and of archaeologists of the University of L'Aquila. The research project carried out by the team is based on the analysis of the archaeological heritage (in particular, the documentation of some burials found in the medieval site of <i>Amiternum</i>, near L'Aquila). This starts from methods based on digital photogrammetric restitution, based on Structure from Motion (SfM) algorithms, and the generation of photorealistic textures in order to manage, in a 3D GIS environment, complex archaeological and anthropological data. The choice of technology to use is often determined by the specific needs of the survey, the purpose of the project, the budget and experience of the researchers, and the geometric characteristics of the assets, rather than the precision to be achieved. For the survey of the archaeological excavation of the medieval site of <i>Amiternum</i>, it was decided to use digital photogrammetry given that the objective was to document, with a rapid survey compatible with the times of an archaeological excavation the phases of image acquisition, processing and post processing of the site model. Furthermore, thanks to the integration of two technologies, digital photogrammetry and GIS, and the undisputed improvement in the management of 3D data by the GIS, three-dimensionality, in archeology in general, has become an indispensable component for site interpretation and for the documentation of the data.
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Dall’Asta, E., N. Bruno, G. Bigliardi, A. Zerbi, and R. Roncella. "PHOTOGRAMMETRIC TECHNIQUES FOR PROMOTION OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL HERITAGE: THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM OF PARMA (ITALY)." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B5 (June 15, 2016): 243–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b5-243-2016.
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In a context rich in history and cultural heritage, such as the Italian one, promotion and enhancement of historical evidences are crucial. The paper describes the case study of the Archaeological Museum of Parma, which, for the main part, conserves evidences found in the roman archaeological site of Veleia (Piacenza, Italy). To enhance the comprehension of the past, the project aims to promote the exhibits through new digital contents, in particular 3D models and AR applications, to improve their usability by the public. Projects like this pose some difficulties especially in data acquisition and restitution due to complexity of the objects and their dimension and position that are not always adequate for an easy survey. Furthermore, in this case, it was necessary to find a solution that takes into account, on one hand, the necessity of a high degree of detail to ensure high metric quality and, on the other hand, the need of producing small files, in order to easy load and consult them on the web or smartphone applications. For all these reasons, close-range photogrammetry was considered the most adequate technique to produce the major part of the models. In this paper, particular attention will be dedicated to the description of the survey campaign and data processing, underlining difficulties and adopted solutions, in order to provide a methodological summary of the actions performed.