Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Arbitrary bodies'

COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR<br>O presente trabalho estuda a interação entre objetos condutores perfeitos tridimensionais, de formas arbitrárias e campos eletromagnéticos harmônicos no tempo incidentes sobre os mesmos. Pretende-se determinar os campos espalhados pelos objetos, caracterizados por uma malha de elementos de contorno planos e triangulares. Através de um tratamento numérico aproximado da Equação Integral do Campo Magnético, a densidade de corrente induzida na superfície do condutor perfeito é obtida. De posse deste resultado, determina-se o campo magnético espalhado (campo distante) e calcula-se a seção reta radar em várias direções. As vantagens e desvantagens da utilização do Método dos Momentos serão apontadas. Os resultados obtidos pelos mesmos serão comparados entre si e com aqueles disponíveis na literatura.<br>This work studies the interaction between tridimensional perfect conducting objects of arbitrary shapes and incident time-harmonic electromagnetic fields. The fields, scattered by these objects, are determined using a finite number of plane and triangular boundary elements. The induced current density on the boundary is obtained using the Magnetic Field Integral Equation, applied approximately in a numerical approach. With the result mentioned above, the scattered magnetic field (far-field) is determined and the Radar Cross Section is calculated. The advantages and disadvantages of the use of a numerical method (moment method) are pointed out and the results compared. With those in literature.

A three-dimensional, parallel, finite volume solver which uses Roe&#039<br>s upwind flux differencing scheme for spatial and Runge-Kutta explicit multistage time stepping scheme for temporal discretization on unstructured meshes is developed for the unsteady solution of external viscous flow around rotating bodies. The main aim of this study is to evaluate the aerodynamic dynamic stability derivative coefficients for rotating missile configurations. Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) formulation is adapted to the solver for the simulation of the rotation of the body. Eigenvalues of the Euler equations in ALE form has been derived. Body rotation is simply performed by rotating the entire computational domain including the body of the projectile by means of rotation matrices. Spalart-Allmaras one-euqation turbulence model is implemented to the solver. The solver developed is first verified in 3-D for inviscid flow over two missile configurations. Then inviscid flow over a rotating missile is tested. Viscous flux computation algorithms and Spalarat-Allmaras turbulence model implementation are validated in 2-D by performing calculations for viscous flow over flat plate, NACA0012 airfoil and NLR 7301 airfoil with trailing edge flap. The ALE formulation is validated in 2-D on a rapidly pitching NACA0012 airfoil. Afterwards three-dimensional validation studies for viscous, laminar and turbulent flow calculations are performed on 3-D flat plate problem. At last, as a validation test case, unsteady laminar and turbulent viscous flow calculations over a spinning M910 projectile configuration are performed. Results are qualitatively in agreement with the analytical solutions, experimental measurements and previous studies for steady and unsteady flow calculations.

Wave scattering from periodic arrays is ubiquitous in applied mathematics, and has received a great deal of attention over the past century, not least due to the physical significance of understanding the reflection and transmission of plane waves from such arrays in the contexts of electromagnetic waves, acoustics, water waves and elasticity. The aim of the thesis is to develop an accurate and efficient numerical method to solve for the reflection and transmission of an acoustic plane wave from arrays of arbitrary shaped obstacles that have an axis of symmetry aligned in a direction perpendicular to the array. We are particularly interested in the difficult case when the characteristic length scale of the scatterers, and the periodic spacing of the array are of the same order of magnitude as the wavelength of the incident wave. It is shown that the boundary value problem for the infinite array can be reduced to an integral equation over a central representative cell containing a single scatterer, which can then be solved using the boundary element method. Particular attention is paid to the convergence of the resulting periodic Green's function. Using established methods to calculate the reflection and transmission coefficients, we develop a new method to increase the rate of convergence of the periodic Green's function in both two and three dimensions.

In the framework of international treaties, with special emphasis on theBilateral investment treaty (Bit), various responsibilities for states that comprise arise. However , what happens when the courts of a country interfere contrary to international standards in full force and effect of an award, the impact caused in that state and that leading to be internationally liable to a Bit or FtA are studied in this essay. the author further analyze jurisprudence of investment arbitration tribunals in cases Saipem v. Bangladesh, ATA v. Jordan Frontier Petroleum v. Czech Republic and White Industries v. India, also focuses on the case of Peru; and urges members of a treaty respect the rules of the game.<br>En el marco de los tratados internacionales, con especial énfasis en el tratado Bilateral de inversión (Bit), surgen diversas responsabilidades para los estados que lo conforman. sin embargo, el qué ocurre cuando los órganos jurisdiccionales de un país interfieren contrariamente a los estándares internacionales en plena validez y eficacia de un laudo y la repercusión que ocasionan en tal estado y que lo conllevan a ser responsable internacionalmente frente a un Bit o un tLC, son tratados en este artículo. el autor, además de analizar jurisprudencia de los tribunales arbitrales de inversiones en los casos Saipem v. Bangladesh, ATA v. Jordania, Frontier Petroleum v. República Checa y White Industries v. India, se centra también en el caso peruano; e insta a quelos países miembros de un tratado respeten las reglas del juego.

This thesis seeks to systematically examine the contributions made by the dispute settlement bodies established under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) to the development of the law of the sea. The two main research questions to be answered are: (i) what kind of contribution have UNCLOS dispute settlement bodies made to the development of the law of the sea? and (ii) what are the factors that impact the performance of UNCLOS dispute settlement bodies in developing the law of the sea? To that end, Chapter 1 provides a working definition for the concept of 'judicial development of international law' in order to establish a framework for an assessment of the contributions of UNCLOS tribunals. Based on this working definition, Chapters 2, 3 and 4 examine the significance of UNCLOS tribunals' decisions in the development of three main areas of the law of the sea, respectively the law on fisheries, the law on the outer continental shelf and the law on marine environmental protection. Based on the findings of these chapters, Chapter 5 analyses the factors that help explain the contributions of UNCLOS tribunals to the law of the sea as identified in the preceding chapters. These factors include: (i) the jurisdictional scope of UNCLOS tribunals, (ii) the institutional design of UNCLOS, (iii) the interpretative method employed by UNCLOS tribunals in deciding their cases and (iv) the perception that UNCLOS tribunals hold regarding their roles. Chapter 6 concludes by taking stock of the contribution of UNCLOS tribunal in these areas and offering some final observations on the role of UNCLOS tribunals in the development of the law of the sea.

Que se passe-t-il au cœur de la mêlée ? Si cette question se pose au néophyte, elle fait aussi débat au sein des institutions. Il s'agit à la fois de garantir la sécurité du joueur et d'assurer les conditions d'une mêlée performante. Notre questionnement est issu de notre pratique de joueuse de première ligne. La mêlée s'est avérée à la fois source de satisfaction et de douleur, de plaisir de l'impact et de peur de la blessure... ces ressentis évoluant au fur et à mesure de l'expérience construite. Si différentes recherches étudient la mêlée, les développements scientifiques se focalisent sur des facteurs anatomiques et biomécaniques de la blessure. En écho avec des préoccupations de la Fédération Française de Rugby, nous proposons une autre approche plaçant au centre le point de vue du joueur et ses pratiques effectives en mêlée. Une étude exploratoire menée auprès de cinq experts nous a permis d'entrevoir différentes conceptions de la performance en mêlée et d'envisager, au moins dans le discours, plusieurs modalités de pratique. S'est alors posée la question de la diversité des pratiques effectives et de ce qui les organise. Nous avons donc étudié ce qui se joue en mêlée pour un joueur de première ligne. Nous nous inscrivons dans une perspective énactive qui considère la vie, selon un processus d'autopoïèse, en tant qu'auto production et auto affirmation d'une identité produisant, par ses interactions, un soi cognitif et son monde adéquat. L'humain est considéré comme un complexe de micro-identités construites au sein de contextes socioculturels. Une philosophie des normes et des valeurs s'est avérée nécessaire pour envisager la manière dont s'expriment ces micro-identités et selon laquelle elles organisent les pratiques. Ceci nous a conduite à l'hypothèse d'une sensibilité à en tant que sens structurant, c'est-à-dire l'existence d'une norme prévalente assurant une orientation d'ensemble dominant les actes et les organisant à partir d'une valeur directrice. Pour documenter le sens de l'expérience, nous avons investigué la signification incarnée à partir de matériaux d'observation et d'entretiens d'autoconfrontation et en re-situ subjectif. Dix joueurs ont volontairement participé à l'étude : un d'entre eux évoluait en Fédérale 2 (catégorie C), les autres en Espoirs, Fédérale 1, Pro D2, Top 14 ou Top 10 (catégorie A).Nous avons identifié chez les joueurs de première ligne différentes sensibilités à : sensibilité à l'impact, au gain du ballon, à l'arbitrage de la mêlée, au duel individuel ou collectif, au fait d'avancer/ne pas reculer. Ainsi, plusieurs micro-mondes de pratique ont été mis à jour, révélant différentes modalités de la performance en mêlée. Ces dernières se sont parfois avérées en tension avec les attentes de l'entraîneur pour un poste donné et avec des consignes et exigences de sécurité. Ce travail a aussi permis de mettre à jour la complexité des jeux de norme. En effet, chez tous les joueurs, les normes qui organisent leur activité au cours de la mêlée sont plurielles, voire en débat : des normes plus contingentes ont été repérées. Enfin, une même sensibilité à particulière peut être de différentes natures : vitale, de devoir social ou d'exécution. En esquissant différentes sensibilités à, nos travaux proposent une nouvelle typologie des joueurs à risques et enrichissent les perspectives de prévention des blessures en mêlée. Les joueurs ayant des facteurs de risque importants paraissent être ceux pour qui la norme prévalente revêt un enjeu de viabilité identitaire ; ils prennent alors " inconsidérément " des risques démesurés pour leur intégrité physique ou celle des partenaires et adversaires, car leur micro-monde s'organise autour d'autres préoccupations qui font que ces risques restent largement inaperçus.

碩士<br>淡江大學<br>機械工程學系<br>90<br>The DELTA Method (The Desingularized Eulerian-Lagrangian Time-domain Approach method) is used in the numerical model to simulate the waves generated by ships. The DELTA Method reduces the complexities of the program and short the computation time because all the singularities are placed out of the computational domain. A 2-D wave maker is used to generate three kind of incoming waves with different wave height to simulate the real sea conditions. In this thesis, The DELTA Method has proved itself to be a stable numerical method and have the strong ability in simulating ships sailing in arbitrary sea conditions. 2-D wave is produced and extended into 3-D wave, and then, introduced into the computational domain. The numerical model of the DELTA Method is applied to simulate the conditions of ships sailing in the real sea conditions. The numerical results are then compared with the experimental results. The comparisons show that The DELTA Method is stable and reliable.

Tese de Doutoramento em Direito, ramo Ciências Jurídico-Criminais e apresentada à Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de Coimbra<br>A atividade médico-diagnóstica desempenha um papel fundamental para a estruturação dos cuidados médicos. A decisão diagnóstica e a análise conjunta de uma série de elementos capazes de revelar informações sobre o estado físico-psíquico do paciente conferem os alicerces necessários à edificação da assistência, o que se revela sobretudo, no plano dos tratamentos terapêuticos. Nessa fase da assistência, a observação e a análise dos sintomas e sinais presentes auxiliam a revelação do quadro clínico àquele que detém os conhecimentos suficientes para definir ‹‹o que››, ‹‹onde›› e ‹‹como›› pesquisar. E, como o recurso apenas ao olhar atento e treinado se revela geralmente insuficiente ao levantamento dos dados considerados necessários à formação do juízo médico, a busca por respostas para os problemas de saúde do paciente usualmente implica numa ingerência, em maior ou menor medida, sobre o corpo deste último, e que não raro envolve o apelo a medidas inegavelmente capazes de causar danos aos mesmos bens que intenta proteger. Os riscos inerentes às intervenções invasivas, a inevitável ingerência sobre a saúde e a integridade física e a potencial afetação da liberdade daquele que se entrega a tais cuidados atraem a atenção para essa etapa da terapêutica, para problemáticas que de modo algum se restringem ao tirocínio médico ou à decisão diagnóstica. A atenção às vicissitudes desse estágio da assistência, muito embora remeta imediata e, quase, inevitavelmente à ideia do erro diagnóstico, o que justifica a atenção a esse conceito, oferece sobretudo um ponto de partida para uma análise jurídico-penal que orbita essencialmente entre os bens jurídicos que, nesse contexto, se veem direta e inexoravelmente afetados pela ingerência representada pela intervenção médica. A proteção inquestionavelmente conferida à saúde e à integridade física, e a salvaguarda efetivamente proporcionada à liberdade e a autodeterminação do paciente dividem o enfoque. A delicada zona de contato entre esses bens, particularmente caros ao direito penal, e a prática da medicina incita não só a análise da eventual submissão da intervenção diagnóstica a uma figura típica, e, consequentemente, do regime jurídico-penal conferido às intervenções e tratamentos terapêuticos, como, sobretudo, uma perspectivação mais abrangente das soluções e alternativas lançadas, resultando num estudo que proporciona a abordagem do panorama legal pátrio, mas que não se limita apenas a ele.<br>Medical diagnostic activity plays a key role in planning patient care. The diagnostic decision plus the analysis of a series of elements which can reveal information about a patient’s physical and mental health are the elements which build the foundation of medical care, and this becomes even clearer when it comes to therapeutic treatments. At this key stage of medical care, the observation and analysis of the patient’s symptoms and signs help those who have the knowledge to determine what, where, and how to proceed to establish a clearer clinical picture. But, because this analysis is generally insufficient even for trained and careful eyes to be able to gather all the necessary information which will allow them to form a medical judgement, it is usually necessary to undertake – to a greater or lesser extent – some sort of medical intervention on the patient’s body in order to find answers for their health problems. More often than not, this results in adopting measures which can undeniably cause damage to very same asset which they aim to protect. The inherent risks of invasive interventions, the unavoidable interference in the health and bodily integrity of those who are under medical care, and the potential restriction of their freedom are aspects that draw attention to this stage of the therapeutics, to issues that are not restricted to the doctor’s acumen or diagnostic decision-making. And, although an analysis of the vicissitudes of this stage of patient care immediately and inevitably points to the idea of diagnostic error – thus justifying the attention given to this concept – it is above all a starting point for an investigation of the legal and criminal aspects within the sphere of the legal assets which – in this context – are directly and undeniably affected by the interference represented by medical intervention. The protection of the health and bodily integrity of the patient, and the effective safeguard of their freedom and self-determination are the focus of this investigation. The delicate contact zone between these legal assets (which are so important to criminal law) and the practice of medicine gives rise not only to the idea of occasionally fitting diagnostic intervention into a type of criminal offense, and, consequently, to the legal/penal regime that applies to therapeutic interventions and treatments, but also, and mainly, to the perspectivization of the solutions and alternatives given. This results in a study which presents an overview of the country’s legal practices but is not limited to it.