Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Arabidopsis thaliana – croissance et développement'
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Thazar-Poulot, Nelcy. "Rôle du rétromère dans le développement des graines et la croissance des jeunes plantules chez Arabidopsis thaliana." Thesis, Lyon, École normale supérieure, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ENSL0646.
Full textIn eukaryotes, the retromer is a complex composed of the SNX (Sorting Nexin) subcomplex and the VPS (Vacuolar Protein Sorting) subcomplex also called the core retromer. To date, the retromer is described as a key regulator of proteins trafficking around endosomal compartment. In Arabidopsis thaliana, our group has previously demonstrated that this complex is involved in several developmental pathways, as embryo development, seed storage protein maturation and lateral root emergence. In this work, we characterised the function of the retromer in seeds and seedling development in Arabidopsis thaliana. Firstly, we found that VPS29 is required for the formation of seeds storage lipid. We identified a new cargo of this complex; Lipid Transfer Protein 6 (LTP6). LTP6 lost of function induces similar phenotype than vps29 linked to lipid metabolism. Based on LTP6 localisation on an intracellular structure characteristic of endoplasmic reticulum, the site of OBs formation, we supposed that the retromer may act on oil bodies biogenesis by its function on LTP6 trafficking. Secondly, we demonstrated that the core retromer have a SNX-independent function in lipid reserves breakdown, which is essential for seedling establishment. We showed that VPS29 is required for translocation of the triacylglycerol lipase SDP1 (Sugar-Dependent-1) from the peroxisome to oil bodies, the lipid storage compartment. Altogether, these results allowed us to propose new intracellular route trafficking for VPS sub-complex between compartments other than the endosome
Martins, Laura. "La glutarédoxine GRXS17, une chaperonne redox-dépendante impliquée dans le développement des racines et dans la thermotolérance chez Arabidopsis thaliana." Thesis, Perpignan, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PERP0044.
Full textAdaption of plants to heat stress is crucial for their survival and involves dedicated response such as chaperones proteins induction and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Glutaredoxins (GRX), a family of thiol redox proteins, play an important role in redox regulation and response to oxidative stress. The focus of our studies is on GRXS17 which is a multi-subunit iron-sulfur glutaredoxin. Despite the severe developmental phenotype of the grxs17 mutant at normal and elevated temperatures, relatively little is known about the biochemical functions and precise intracellular roles of GRXS17. I show during my thesis that GRXS17 function as a foldase and holdase redox-dependent chaperone. Oxidative and heat stress exposure cause a shift from a dimeric form to high MW complexes which is concordant with a holdase activity. I show that GRXS17 is required for the tolerance to moderated heatstress in a Cys-dependent manner. Transcriptomic, metabolomic and proteomic approaches show heat stress response delayed in grxs17, key-metabolites defects and allowed to identifynew potential GRXS17-interactor under heat stress conditions, supporting a potential protecting function of GRXS17 against stress damage
Bafoil, Maxime. "Stimulation de la germination des graines et de la croissance des plantes par plasmas froids à la pression atmosphérique." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30208.
Full textThis work is part of the convergence of the fields of plasma physics and plant biology. The objective of this thesis is to contribute answers to the mechanisms involved in the effects of cold plasmas at atmospheric pressure on the germination and development of plants. The plant model in plant biology Arabidopsis thaliana is used; by considering the reference genotype Col-0 and several of its mutants (gl2 and gpat5) in order to better highlight the effect of plasma, in particular on osmotic and saline stresses. For the direct treatment of seeds to promote germination, air plasmas are used. Indirect treatment for growth stimulation uses plasma-activated water (PAW) thanks to helium plasma jets. The results show a positive effect of the plasma treatment of air generated by a dielectric barrier discharge device on a floating electrode (FE-DBD) and also a corona device in ambient air. These direct treatments allow an increase in the germination rate but above all an increase in the speed of germination. Analysis of the seed permeability revealed a change in the seed surface due to a physical effect of the plasma on the surface. Analysis of the surface residues shows a change in lipid composition. This being strongly correlated with germination; these results allow the identification of an understanding track of the effects of plasmas on the germination of seeds. In a second part, the indirect treatment of plants with PAW has the effect of increasing the growth rate. The plasma creating a certain number of reactive species of oxygen and nitrogen (in particular nitrates and nitrites) acts as a fertilizer stimulating the growth of plants
Lievre, Maryline. "Analyse multi-échelles et modélisation de la croissance foliaire chez Arabidopsis thaliana : mise au point et test d’un pipeline d’analyses permettant une analyse intégrée du développement de la cellule à la pousse entière." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NSAM0051/document.
Full textThis study is based on the observation of a lack of methods enabling the integrated analysis of the processes controlling the vegetative development in Arabidopsis thaliana during multi-scale phenotypic studies. A preliminary leaf growth phenotyping of 91 genotypes enabled to select 3 mutants and different variables of interest for a more in depth analysis of the shoot development.We developed a pipeline of analysis methods combining image analysis techniques and statistical models to integrate the measurements made at the leaf and shoot scales. Semi-Markov switching models were built for each genotype, allowing a more thorough characterization of the studied mutants. These models validated the hypothesis that the rosette can be structured into successive developmental phases that could change depending on the genotype. They also highlighted the structuring role of the ‘abaxial trichomes' variable, although the developmental phases cannot be explained entirely by this trait. We developed a second pipeline of analysis methods combining a semi-automatic method for segmenting leaf epidermis images, and the analysis of the obtained cell areas using a gamma mixture model whose parameters of gamma components are tied by a scaling rule. This model allowed us to estimate the mean number of endocycles. We highlighted that this mean number of endocycles was function of the leaf rank.The multi-scale pipeline of analysis methods that we developed and tested during this PhD should be sufficiently generic to be applied to other plant species in various environmental conditions
Ksiaa, Mariem. "Étude de l’effet du silicium chez Hordeum marinum sous déficiences nutritionnelles." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/NNT.pdf.
Full textSilicon (Si) is a ubiquitous element; it is considered to be the second most abundant element in the lithosphere after oxygen. It is not considered as an essential element for plants. However, the addition of Si in crops under abiotic stress gives them a better tolerance to stress. The first objective of this work was to study the effect of Si in Hordeum marinum, a plant species known to accumulate Si, under iron deficiency. This Poaceae species is of interest for livestock fodder and valorization of marginal zones. Our results indicate that growth parameters, water status, photosynthetic gas exchange, photosynthetic pigment contents, chlorophyll fluorescence and iron accumulation are improved by Si treatment when plants are grown under iron deficiency. We also investigated the effect of seed priming with Si in H. marinum seeds as an inexpensive and easy method to alleviate the effect of stress. Our results showed that germination rate, growth parameters, membrane integrity, activities of antioxidant enzymes and soluble sugar content are all improved by Si pre-treatment in plants growing under iron deficiency. The last objective of this work aimed to understand the behavior of Arabidopsis thaliana, a non-accumulating Si species, in response to stress. Interestingly, our results show that silicon acts positively on germination, development and antioxidant stress in A. thaliana, possibly through a modulation of proline metabolism
Puga, Freitas Ruben. "Effet du ver de terre Aporrectodea caliginosa sur la croissance des plantes, leur développement et leur résistance aux pathogènes : réponse physiologique et moléculaire de la plante à l'émission de molécules-signal." Thesis, Paris Est, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PEST1158/document.
Full textPlants develop and evolve in interaction with soil organisms. The impact of earthworms, likely positive, has been attributed to modifications of physical, chemical or biochemical soil properties, without rigorous demonstration. In this work, techniques developed in plant science (in vitro culture, use of mutant plants and trancriptomic analysis) were used to understand the mechanism involved in the effect of earthworms on plants. Our results bring new fundamental knowledge: (1) production of signal-molecules within earthworm dejections has a positive impact on the growth of Oryza sativa and Lolium perenne. (2) These molecules act on auxin signaling, as suggested by the positive impact of the earthworm on the growth of A. thaliana double mutant aux1-7;axr4-2. (3) The abundance of these signal-molecules in presence of the earthworms could be related to the stimulation of bacterial communities able to produce auxin. (4) Earthworms induce an accumulation of gene transcripts known to be under control of jasmonic acid and ethylene. These two hormones are most notably involved in the defense mechanism called induced systemic resistance (ISR), known to be induced by plant growth promoting rhizobacteria. Finally, (5) Take-all disease, due to a pathogenic fungus, induced in wheat (Triticum aestivum) a hypersensitive response and a modification on hormone signaling, which are known as manipulations of plant metabolism in a way that facilitates pathogen infection. The severity of take-all disease was alleviated in the presence of earthworms. Synthesis of these results showed that earthworms, like other soil organisms, modify the hormone balance in the plant. Hormone homeostasis appeared to be an important element to predict the issue of the multiple interactions that plants established with soil organisms
Denay, Grégoire. "Rôles des voies régulées par LEAFY dans l'initiation et la régulation du méristème floral." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAV045/document.
Full textPlants have the capacity to continuously produce organs throughout their life because they maintain stem cells containing structures called meristems. The formation of flowers is an essential step of the plant’s life-cycle. In order to ensure flower development, a new meristem must be formed within the young flower bud. Various data across the literature indicate that the transcription factor LEAFY is involved flower meristem formation in addition to its role as a master regulator of flower identity.In the first part of this work we explore the role of LEAFY in the initiation of flower meristem. This study focuses on a LEAFY target gene, the transcription factor REGULATOR OF AXILLARY MERISTEMS1 (RAX1). We show that the LEAFY/RAX1 pathway acts in parallel of the transcription factor REVOLUTA to allow flower meristem formation.In the second part of this work we study the properties of the N-terminal domain of LEAFY. This domain mediates LEAFY oligomerization and potentially its binding to closed chromatin regions. We also study in a more prospective manner the role of this domain in the transcriptional regulation of AGAMOUS, an important regulator of flower development
Aubert, Yann. "Rôles de deux protéines à EF-Hand dans les réponses au stress hydrique et à l'acide abscissique : analyse fonctionnelle de RD20, une caléosine et de CML9, une forme divergente de calmoduline." Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1327/.
Full textLike all living organisms, plants are subjected to constant changes in their environment. To ensure their continued growth and development under these conditions, plants activate networks signaling complexes involving hormones and second messengers including abscisic acid and calcium that allow the establishment of adaptive responses. The present work aims to study two proteins calcium-binding EF-hand motif in Arabidopsis: RD20, a caleosin and CML9, a divergent form of calmodulin. These two genes, rapidly and transiently induced by water stress and ABA were analyzed using functional reverse genetics. Much of this work has been devoted to RD20, a stress-specific caleosin and to the investigation of its role in plant responses to water stress. The RD20 gene expression is limited to shoot and a strong expression occurred in the stomata. The use of a knockout mutant line and over-expressing transgenic lines showed that RD20 is involved in the regulation of growth, development and tolerance to water stress conditions through an alteration of stomatal movements in an ABA-dependent manner. Furthermore, RD20 exhibits all features required for a peroxygenase suggesting that RD20 contributes to lipid signaling via the generation of oxylipin-like compounds and / or the development or modification of the cuticle. Finally, the contribution of CML9, a calmodulin-like protein in the regulation of stomatal movements is presented. Although cml9 mutant lines exhibit increased tolerance to water stress, it was shown that CML9 is not a key player in regulating stomatal movements
Aubry, Emilia. "Rôle des transporteurs SWEET dans le développement du système vasculaire d'Arabidopsis thaliana, la croissance et l'adaptation de la plante à son environnement." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS583.
Full textArabidopsis thaliana’s floral stem is composed of axillary stems, cauline leaves, flowers and siliques and represents 60% of the plant biomass, thanks to the secondary cell wall in the xylem conductive cells. During the secondary cell wall formation, an important amount of sugars is needed. However, the mechanisms by which sugars are transported to their site of use are far from being understood. Previous work suggested that SWEET11 and SWEET12, members of the SWEET family (Sugar Will Eventually Be Exported Transporters) could achieve this task. Moreover, SWEET16 and SWEET17 that are tonoplastic transporters located in the xylem cells could also be good candidates. To further understand the role of the SWEET in the development, the growth and the physiology of the plant, I analyzed simple, double, triple and quadruple mutant lines of SWEET11, SWEET12, SWEET16 and/or SWEET17. First, their expression patterns were mapped spatially and temporally. Furthermore, using growth parameters kinetics and metabolomics approach, our results suggest that SWEET11 and SWEET12 play a key role in the C/N balance especially around the floral stem emergence and by enhancing the nitrogen remobilization to the seeds. Moreover, analysis of their expression pattern, a segmentation-based approach and vibrational spectroscopy analysis of the mutant lines allow to suggest that SWEETs transporters play a key role in vessel and/or fiber development. Indeed, SWEET16 might act during cell division and cell enlargement whereas SWEET17 has been shown to act on the secondary cell wall formation and reinforcement. Finally, the behavior of the mutant lines was assessed under different abiotic stress conditions (drought, cold and freezing temperatures) by using metabolomic analysis or histological studies. Our results show that even if the mutant lines are more tolerant to freezing and cold stress, they are not more resistant to drought. Overall, this work suggests specific and complementary roles of these SWEETs during plant growth, development and physiology. It highlights also the importance of the sugar transport between vacuole and cytosol role during cell elongation and the importance of neighboring living cells during the cell wall reinforcement
Puga, Freitas Ruben, and Freitas Ruben Puga. "Effet du ver de terre Aporrectodea caliginosa sur la croissance des plantes, leur développement et leur résistance aux pathogènes : réponse physiologique et moléculaire de la plante à l'émission de molécules-signal." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00804633.
Full textChen, Gwennaëlle. "Rôles de polygalacturonases (PG) dans le développement racinaire, chez Arabidopsis thaliana." Thesis, Amiens, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AMIE0022/document.
Full textPlant cell wall structure is modified to control its stiffness or flexibility according to plant’s requirements. The cell wall is a complex structure, composed of cellulose, hemicelluloses and pectins. Pectin modifications during cellular elongation are not very well characterized. In this context, the aim of this project is to study the roles of two polygalacturonases (PG) in the root development on the model plant A. thaliana. PG are homogalacturonans (HG) degradation enzymes, HG being the major pectic component of the primary cell wall. This degradation would lead to a local parietal relaxation, allowing anisotropic growth of the cells. Our results show that the two studied PG, named PG ROOT APICAL MERISTEM (PG RAM) and PG ROOT (PG R), are expressed in complementary areas of the root, either in the root apical meristem (PG RAM) or in the elongated and differenciated root tissues (PG R). Furthermore, the over-expression of PG R results in longer etiolated hypocotyls and increases root density when compared to wild-type, demonstrating its function in root development and in cell elongation. Finally, we demonstrated that expression of these two PG genes is under the control of PLETHORA (PLT) family transcription factors, by differentially ways
Regnault, Thomas. "Biosynthèse et transport des gibbérellines chez Arabidopsis thaliana." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAJ098/document.
Full textGibberellins (GA) are a class of diterpenoid hormones regulating major aspects of plant growth. GA biosynthesis from GGDP is catalyzed by the activity of different classes of enzymes leading to the formation of the active forms of GA. Thus GA biosynthesis mutants are dwarfs and late flowering, while GA overdose causes excessive growth and sterility. Therefore plants have evolved efficient mechanisms to maintain optimal levels of bioactive GA. However, an additional level of regulation may reside in the separation of the GA biosynthetic pathway into distinct cell types and organs. Through micro-grafting, genetic and biochemical approaches, we demonstrate that a GA intermediate is mobile over long distances in Arabidopsis. Moreover, this transport occurs through vascular tissues of the plant, and may involve specific transporters. Altogether, our results reveal the nature and the biological properties of GA long distances transport in Arabidopsis
Braun, Nils. "Caractérisation fonctionnelle de la protéine de liaison d'auxine ABP1 au cours du développement chez Arabidopsis thaliana." Paris 11, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA112333.
Full textIn order to study the part played by ABP1 protein during plant development, conditional mutants have been generated. A cellular immunization approach was chosen. It consists in expressing a scFv (a kind of mini antibody) directed against the protein with an antagonist action. Some results had already been achived in the lab through this method, showing that BY2 cells expressing this scFv are not able to perform cell cycle anymore. The scFv expression and an antisens RNA for ABP1 have been placed under the control of an ethanol inducible promoter in Arabidopsis thaliana. Several independant lines have been generated for each construction and show the same phenotype. Whenever the scFv or antisens are expressed it causes severe growth defect in the plant and leads to alteration of gravitropism, phototropism, primary root growth, lateral root formation, aerial organs growth and sterility. Comparison of those phenotypes with already known auxin mutants and apparition kinetics of auxin induced genes expression in those plants have led to the identification of modifications in key auxin-related genes expression. A strong link has also been demonstrated between ABP1 and cell cycle in root tip, lateral root primordia and aerial organs. This link has been confirmed by cell cycle-related transcript quantification. Those results highlight the strong link between ABP1, cell cycle control and plant development. The conditional mutant lines for ABP1 thus generated are a unique material for a better understanding of ABP1’s role in auxin signaling in plant
Pantin, Florent. "Ontogenèse des déterminismes hydrauliques et métaboliques de la croissance foliaire chez Arabidopsis thaliana." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20145.
Full textIn plants, leaf growth is the central process allowing energy capture and space colonization. The literature suggests that leaf growth is predominantly determined by metabolic and hydraulic limitations. Here, we test the original hypothesis that the relative importance of metabolics and hydraulics on the control of leaf growth is organized according to leaf ontogeny in Arabidopsis thaliana. We show that leaf carbon balance limits growth of the young leaves which therefore grow at a slower rate in the nighttime, while a hydraulic limitation gradually establishes in the daytime, when growth and transpiration competes for water. This gradual hydraulic limitation is underlain by a deterioration of leaf venation and probably aquaporins capacity to supply water to the leaf, despite an ontogenetic decrease in transpiration. This decline in transpiration occurs because stomata acquire throughout leaf ontogeny their sensitivity to the major closure signals, including darkness and abscisic acid (ABA), a hormone induced by drought. Finally, we discover a novel component of stomatal sensitivity to ABA, conserved in mutants described as insensitive to ABA in isolated epidermis: ABA induces a decrease in leaf hydraulic conductance which lowers leaf water potential and stomatal conductance according to a hydraulic cascade. Decreasing leaf hydraulic conductance through ABA action in fully expanded leaves would contribute to redirect water flow to the young leaves under water stress. More generally, controlling stomata by ABA-induced hydraulic mechanisms could be a crucial component of the coordination between water supply and water demand in plants under water challenging conditions
Mantelin, Sophie. "Effet stimulateur d'une souche PGPR de Phyllobacterium sur la croissance d'arabidopsis thaliana : Caractérisation de la réponse morphogénétique du système racinaire et impact sur la nutrition azotée." Montpellier 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON20214.
Full textTurbant, Amélie. "Modification des pectines et développement de la graine d'Arabidopsis thaliana." Amiens, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AMIE0115.
Full textLucas, Mikaël. "Flux d'auxine et ramification racinaire chez Arabidopsis thaliana : vers une racine virtuelle." Montpellier 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON20047.
Full textPlants depend on their roots for anchorage and nutrition. The architecture of the root system a key factor for these two functions. In the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, root branching is the composotion of events of initiation and emergence of new lateral roots. While individuals events of initiation and emergence are well described at the cellular and molecular level in Arabidopsis and are known to be linked with the plant hormone auxin, little is known about the precise mechanisms regulating those events. Using an approach combining biology, mathematical analyses and computer modelling, this thesis project aimed to elucidate those mechanisms in Arabidopis, and to propose an integrated view of root branching
Crowell, Elizabeth. "Dynamique et régulation des protéines impliquées dans la synthèse de cellulose chez arabidopsis thaliana." Paris 11, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA112270.
Full textPlant development and architecture result from anisotropic cell expansion. Cell wall yielding controls cell shape and expansion, and is modulated in part by the oriented deposition of cellulose microfibrils around the cell. Cellulose is synthesized by motile cellulose synthase complexes (CSCs) in the plasma membrane, whose movement is directed by cortical microtubules through an unknown mechanism. In higher plants, the KORRIGAN1 (KOR1) membrane-bound endo--1,4-glucanase is also required for cellulose synthesis. Using cell biology and biochemical approaches, we have demonstrated that three different CESA isoforms are required for primary cell wall cellulose synthesis. We find that CSC delivery to the plasma membrane is regulated by pauses of the Golgi apparatus along cortical microtubules. Our results illustrate that cortical microtubules not only guide the trajectories of CSCs in the plasma membrane, but also regulate their secretion and internalization. We have also shown that cortical microtubules mediate global reorientation of CSC trajectories during growth, and provide evidence that the cell wall on the inner epidermal face drives anisotropic cell expansion of the hypocotyl in Arabidopsis. Together, our data support the hypothesis that CSCs physically interact with cortical microtubules or a microtubule-associated factor, yielding insight into the mechanism by which cortical microtubules may direct CSC trajectories. We have also conducted parallel studies of the dynamics and localization of the KOR1 endo--1,4-glucanase, and find that it associates with the CSC through specific interactions with primary CESAs. In conclusion, our research has shed light on the complex interactions between CESA isoforms, KOR1, and the cytoskeleton, offering a more comprehensive model for the regulation of cellulose synthesis and deposition
Reyt, Guilhem. "Régulation et fonction des ferritines chez Arabidopsis thaliana : implication dans le développement racinaire." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20168/document.
Full textIron is essential for cells because it is the cofactor of many proteins involved in many biological processes such as photosynthesis and respiration. However, iron in excess can be deleterious to the cell due to its capacity to react with oxygen to form reactive oxygen species (ROS). Ferritins are plastidial proteins encoded by nuclear genes in order to store iron in a safe form. In plants, ferritin synthesis is mainly regulated at the transcriptional level in response to iron in contrast to animals, where it is mainly regulated at the post-transcriptional level.However, post-transcriptional regulation has been shown for the ferritin gene AtFer1. The AtFer1 mRNA is destabilized in response to oxidative stress generated by an excess of iron. This regulation involves a cis element called DST (DownSTream) located in the 3' untranslated region (3'-UTR) of this transcript. In two mutants previously identified as trans-acting (dst1 and dst2), this regulation is affected. Physiological characterizations of these mutants have shown this pathway is an important mechanism to control physiology and plant growth in response to oxidative stress.On the other hand, AtFer1 expression and expression of other genes encoding chloroplast proteins are regulated by a component of the mRNA decay machinery, the exoribonuclease XRN4. These mRNAs encoding chloroplast proteins would be localized on the surface of chloroplasts. This location would involve component of the mRNA decay machinery. The subcellular localization of AtFer1 mRNA was estimated by two approaches. AtFer1 mRNA was visualized by an imaging technique, fluorescent in situ hybridization revealed by (FISH) (i). Accumulation of mRNA encoding chloroplast proteins was evaluated in two fractions (purified chloroplasts and total leaves) to determine if some mRNAs are found enriched in the chloroplast fraction (ii) . Our results suggest that the AtFer1 mRNA is localized around chloroplasts, however, this location does not seem to be affected in the xrn4 mutant. Finally, this work has shown the regulation and function of ferritins in the roots of Arabidopsis. Iron in excess induces ferritin synthesis in roots, and AtFer1 then AtFer3 are the most expressed ferritin genes in this organ. Roots grown in iron excess present spots of iron in the cellular layers of the endoderm and pericycle, where AtFer1 and AtFer3 ferritin genes are expressed. This staining disappears in a triple fer1-3-4 ferritin mutant. Fe in excess decreases primary root length independently of the ferritins. In contrast, Fe excess mediated alteration of lateral root density and mean length requires ferritins, in particular at the highest Fe concentration tested. During an iron excess, ferritin are involved in the establishment of the H2O2 and O2.- gradient between proliferation and differentiation zones. This gradient is known to control of root growth
Simon, Mathilde. "Fonction des phosphatidylinositol phosphates dans la compartimentation cellulaire et le développement chez Arabidopsis thaliana." Thesis, Lyon, École normale supérieure, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENSL1048.
Full textHow signaling proteins are targeted to specific membrane compartments is a fundamental question in cell and developmental biology. Phosphoinositides, a class of anionic lipids, take center stage in this process. They are minor lipids of the membrane bilayer that provide specific docking sites on membrane compartments and contribute to their identity. As such it has been proposed that there is a “phosphoinositide code” that allows the targeting of lipid binding proteins to specific membrane compartments (Kutateladze 2010). We recently mapped the localization of the different phosphoinositides in Arabidopsis epidermal cell, and found that they do not accumulate to a specific compartment but rather that each phosphoinositide is distributed to several compartments, albeit at different concentration (Simon et al., 2014). These data suggest that, unlike in other eukaryotic cells, the “phosphoinositide code” hypothesis is not sufficient to explain membrane selectivity of lipid binding proteins in plants. Phosphoinositides are negatively charged lipids and we hypothesized that this physical property might also contribute to membrane identity by regulating surface charges. To investigate membrane electrostatic properties at the subcellular level, we designed a set of genetically encoded biosensors able to report membrane surface charges. We found that the plasma membrane (PM) has a specific electrostatic signature that is controlled by the phosphoinositide PI4P. We further show that this PI4P-dependent electrostatic field controls the PM localization and function of several proteins involved in receptor kinase and phytohormone signaling as the auxin or brassinosteroids. Thus, PI(4)P are plasma membrane markers which are essential for the membrane homeostasis and plants development
Bollier, Norbert. "Implication des protéines adaptatrices IMA et MIF2 dans le développement floral chez Solanum lycopersicum et Arabidopsis thaliana." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0181/document.
Full textIMA (Inhibitor of Meristem Activity) and MIF2 (MIni zinc Finger 2) are two members of the MIni zinc Finger family (MIF) involved in the regulation of floral development and hormonal signaling pathways. Their ability to control physiological events is linked to their unique domain, a non canonical zinc finger, which confers to MIF the capacity to interact with other proteins. The characterization of gain- and loss-of-function lines for these genes in Solanum lycopersicum and Arabidopsis thaliana allowed us to unravel their functional homology in the termination of floral stem cell maintenance. During early floral development, IMA and MIF2 gene expression is induced by the MADS-Box transcription factor AGAMOUS. Then, IMA and MIF2 proteins recruit the C2H2 zinc finger KNUCKLES (KNU), in a transcriptional repressor complex together with TOPLESS (TPL) and HISTONE DEACETYLASE19 (HDA19). This complex binds to the WUSCHEL (WUS) locus leading to WUS repression via a chromatin deacetylation mechanism. Further work allowed us to demonstrate that IMA and MIF2 play a wider role in floral development and organogenesis. Their function as adaptor protein is probably linked to their intrinsic disorder leading to structural flexibility and interaction specificity with a large range of partners
Wehrkamp-Richter, Sophie. "Développement d'outils pour mesurer et augmenter les fréquences de recombinaison chez le maïs et Arabidopsis thaliana." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008CLF21896.
Full textLecampion, Cecile. "Rôle respectifs des facteurs d'initiation de la traduction eIF4E ET eIF (ISO) 4E chez Arabidopsis thaliana." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4096/document.
Full textMore than 12 initiation factors are involved in eukaryotic translation initiation. The key step of this mechanism is the binding of eIF4E with the cap of the mRNA. This step allows the recruitment of the initiation complex and the assembly of the ribosome close to the start codon. Arabidopsis thaliana encodes a second eIF4E protein: eIF(iso)4E. Those two proteins perform translation initiation. The existence of those two proteins suggests that they may be functionally redundant. Double mutant lethality testifies for functional redundancy. However, phenotypic studies of mutant lines for gene eIF4E and eIF(iso)4E showed that redundancy is partial and unequal. Indeed, the eIF4E mutant lines exhibit growth delay in rosette and roots, bolting delay, impaired fertility and early senescence in leaves. Translational activity is also largely impaired. On the contrary, a mutant line for the eIF(iso)4E gene has the same phenotype as wild type line. Mutant lines for eIF4E and eIF(iso)4E are more sensitive to light and accumulate anthocyanins even in normal light. On the molecular level, the amounts of mRNA of genes that are involved in high light response and their association to polysomes increase. When plants are grown on media containing a TOR inhibitor, AZD-8055, plants of the eIF(iso)4E mutant line show less root growth inhibition compared to wild type and eIF4E mutant lines. This result suggests that eIF(iso)4E could be targeted by the TOR pathway
Froussart, Emilie. "Impacts d’agropolymères sur la germination, le développement racinaire, et les interactions plantes-microorganismes." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT130.
Full textImpact of agropolymers on seed germination, root development, and plant-microorganism interactionsThe work performed during this thesis is of an exploratory nature and aims at providing insight to the physiological effects of guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) gum polymer and three functionalized derivatives on seed germination, root development and a symbiotic plant-microorganism interaction.Arabidopsis thaliana was chosen as model plant to determine whether plant development was modified by the presence of these polymers and to explore the mechanisms involved. A detailed microscopic analysis of the root architecture was carried out using transgenic plants. Contrasted root development was evident for two of the functionalized agropolymers. Primary roots were shorter and lateral roots distribution was modified. Biochemical analyses revealed that the plants treated by these two agropolymers exibited an increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in root tissues indicating that plants are in stress conditions. Such polysaccharides did not seem to have any effects on carbon and nitrogen plant nutrition.In parallel, studies were performed on the tropical actinorhizal tree Casuarina glauca. This species is of great environmental value in mitigating desertification since is able to grow in poor tropical soils because of its symbiotic interaction with the nitrogen-fixing actinobacteria Frankia. Treatment of C. glauca with the polymers induced root phenotypes that were very similar to those observed with A. thaliana. Treatment with agropolymers resulted in positive or negative effects on the nodulation process during the symbiotic interaction between C. glauca and FrankiaTaken together this work provides preliminary evidence supporting the value of the use agropolymers as agricultural biostimulants, facilitating the development of sustainable agriculture.Key words: Agropolymers – germination – root development – plants-microormanisms interactions – Arabidopsis thaliana – Casuarina glauca
Degrande, Delphine. "Etude de l'expression de l'acétohydroxyacide synthase (AHAS) au cours du cycle de développement de la chicorée Witloof (Cichorium intybus L. ) et effets de l'apport exogène de valine chez la chicorée et Aradopsis Thaliana." Lille 1, 2000. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/RESTREINT/Th_Num/2000/50376-2000-240.pdf.
Full textLaggoun, Ferdousse. "Utilisation de petites molécules et d'enzymes afin de perturber la croissance polarisée et l'adhésion des tubes polliniques." Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMR081.
Full textDuring plant sexual reproduction pollen grains land on the stigma, rehydrate and produce pollen tubes that grow through the female transmitting-tract tissue to assure a proper fertilization. Pollen tubes are fast tip-growing cells and represent a good model to study growth dynamics. Pollen tubes are able to perceive female guidance signals and to adhere to the extracellular matrix of the female transmitting tract. In order to improve our knowledge on the cell mechanisms implicated during pollen tube growth and adhesion, two different approaches have been used. First, 258 compounds were screened and two small compounds were isolated. They disrupted in vitro pollen tube growth of tobacco, tomato and Arabidopsis thaliana. The effects of an inhibitor of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthases, galvestine-1, on pollen tube growth were also studied. We showed that these 3 compounds reduced pollen tube length and induced abnormal phenotypes in a dose dependent manner. Pollen germination was significantly reduced with the two compounds isolated from the screen. They also affected cell wall material arrangement in pollen tube cell wall. The compounds modified ROS production and were able to disorganized actin filaments as well as the dynamic changes of the protein RIC4 suggesting that they might perturb vesicle trafficking at the pollen tube tip. Secondly, using a plant-made adhesion matrix in 96 –well plates, we studied the in vitro adhesion of A. thaliana pollen tubes. Different cell wall extracts from A. thaliana flowers and leaves or commercial lemon pectins with different degree of methylesterification were tested and the adhesive fractions were deconstructed by enzymatic treatments. Polygalacturonase or endo-galactanase treatments of commercial pectins and pectin-enriched cell wall extracts totally or partially disrupted pollen tube adhesion. Our results pointed out that A. thaliana pollen tubes are capable of adhering on pectins from diverse origins (species and organs) and suggested that homogalacturonan, the side chains of rhamnogalacturonana-I, especially galactans, as well as a minimum molecular weight may be necessary for pollen tube adhesion
Boulard, Céline. "Caractérisation biochimique du complexe AFL et identification des partenaires de LEC2 lors du développement de la graine." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS402/document.
Full textThe spermaphytes predominantly represented by angiosperms or flowering plants, have the fundamental ability to disseminate through seeds. Seeds are essential for the survival of plants, their dissemination and important resource for industry, especially food industry. During seed formation, critical transitions occur, in particular for development, establishment of reserves, maturation, acquisition of desiccation tolerance and dormancy. These steps are regulated by transcription factors and especially LAFL (LEC1, ABI3, FUS3, LEC2). LAFLS are composed of two families, B3 domain containing transcription factors (ABI3, FUS3, and LEC2) and NF-Y (LEC1) that are involved in gene regulation in different stages of seed development. Studies have suggested the possibility that a complex composed of ABI3, LEC1 and LEC2 is formed on the promoter of OLEOSINE1, allowing activating the transcription of the gene. Nevertheless, the characterization of proteins, their action, regulation and their capacity to interact with each another and form a complex, are still unknown. In a first step, I focused on characterizing the formation of the protein complex composed of ABI3, LEC1 and LEC2, more particularly on the interaction between LEC1 and LEC2. The subcellular localization of the two proteins were followed by labelling in planta, or by means of specific antibodies, their interaction tested in a double hybrid system and the measurement of the effect of LEC1 on LEC2 validated by thermophoresis. All the results demonstrated that LEC2 and LEC1 can form a dimer on the promoter of OLEOSINE1 and that this association change the affinity of LEC2 for its target DNA. In a second approach, I sought to identify partners with (bibliographic data) and without (TAP tagging approach) a priori to complete the study
Autran, Daphné. "Le fonctionnement du meristeme apical et la croissance des feuilles chez arabidopsis thaliana. Role des genes struwwelpeter." Paris 6, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA066008.
Full textLandrein, Benoit. "Caractérisation du lien entre croissance et patterning dans la morphogenèse chez Arabidopsis." Thesis, Lyon, École normale supérieure, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENSL0884.
Full textThe molecular mechanisms behind the emergence of patterns during developmental processes have been well described in multicellular organisms. However, the contribution of growth in patterning is still poorly understood; growth is often seen as a passive output of the activity of the patterning signals. In this PhD, I have studied the relation between growth and patterning using the shoot apical meristem of Arabidopsis as a model system. The meristem is a group of dividing cells located at the tip of every stems and branches that generates all the aerial organs of the plant following a typical spatio-temporal pattern also called phyllotaxis. In a first part, the influence of post-meristematic growth on phyllotaxis was assessed. More precisely, by uncoupling cellulose deposition from the orientation of the microtubule array, I showed that the resulting stem torsion induces the emergence of a new and robust bimodal phyllotactic pattern. In a second part, the relation between meristem shape and gene expression was analyzed. More precisely, I correlated the expression of a master regulatory gene: SHOOT MERISTEMLESS (STM) to tissue curvature in the boundary domain that separates the emerging organ from the meristem. Furthermore, I showed that STM expression can be induced by micromechanical perturbations thus suggesting that shape-derived mechanical stresses in the meristem boundary contribute to STM expression. Finally, I also studied how meristem size can influence the robustness of the pattern of phyllotaxis along the stem through a modulation of the frequency of organ initiation. Altogether, this work highlights the important contribution of growth in patterning, notably thanks to the existence of geometrical and mechanical feedbacks
Tisné, Sébastien. "Bases écophysiologiques et génétiques de la plasticité de la croissance foliaire en réponse à une contrainte hydrique édaphique chez Arabidopsis thaliana." Montpellier SupAgro, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NSAM0033.
Full textPillot, Marion. "Contrôle épigénétique de la transcription au cours de la gamétogenèse et du développement précoce de la graine chez Arabidopsis thaliana." Perpignan, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PERP0996.
Full textThe remarkable ability of gametes to generate a complete organism has fascinated biologists for more than a century and remains a central question today. Gametes are highly specialized : blocked from following somatic programs while maintaining a potential for totipotency. The consensus today is that this potential is maternally controlled. The female gametes thus probably initiate the events required for the development of the totipotent zygotes. In animals, germ cell specification involves transcriptional repression and genome-wide chromatin remodeling. After fertilization, the early embryo remains transcriptionally quiescent and its development is driven by maternal products previously stored in the oocyte, embryonic genome activity starting during the maternal-tozygotic transition (MZT). Here, we show that in the Arabidopsis model plant, the early embryo is also quiescent, while its nurturing tissue, the endosperm, is active. These distinct transcriptional statuses are inherited from the female gametes (the egg and central cells, respectively) and linked to specific patterns of H3K9 dimethylation and TERMINAL FLOWER 2 localization, two marks respectively associated with heterochromatin and euchromatin silencing. We identified the non-CG DNA methyltransferase CHROMOMETHYLASE 3 (CMT3) as playing a crucial role in the egg cell reprogramming, its mutation resulting in a dramatic loss of both marks in this cell type specifically, the concomitant reactivation of Gypsy LTR (Long Terminal Repeat) retrotransposons and cell division defects during early embryogenesis
Djafi, Nabila. "Etude des rôles des diacylglycérol kinases chez Arabidopsis thaliana par des approches pharmacologiques et par génétique inverse." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066021.
Full textDiacylglycerol kinases catalyse the phosphorylation of diacylglycerol into phosphatidic acid. We show that phosphoinositide dependent-phospholipase C (PI-PLC) and diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) in Arabidopsis thaliana suspension cells negatively regulated the basal expression of most DREB2 genes. DREB2 genes encode transcription factors that bind to Drought Responsive Elements (DRE). Those elements are also bound by DREB1 factors. While DREB2 factors are mostly involved in drought and heat responses, DREB1s are induced in the response to chilling. We show also that the pharmacological inhibition of PI-PLC or DGK leads to the basal induction of DREB1 genes. However, the induction is much less marked for the DREB1 genes than that of DREB2A, a member of the DREB2 family. This illustrates that DREB1 and DREB2 genes, while having the same targets, are not submitted to the same transcription regulation, and that lipid signalling might in part explain these differences in the regulation of the DREB genes. In Arabidopsis, DGKs are encoded by a multigenic family of 7 members. In this thesis, we focus on DGK5. The transcripts can have differential splicing, leading to two mature transcript, one of which leading to a protein with a putative calmodulin binding domain. A dgk5 knocked-out mutant is comparable to the WT, except for shorter root when grown at 12°C. This short root phenotype is correlated with to shorter meristematic zone and smaller cells. The short root phenotype is not altered in presence of most hormones. Yet, the root growth is less sensitive to exogenous auxin at 12°C compared to the WT. Accordingly the mutant produces less secondary roots in presence of exogenous IAA than the WT at 12°C. The DR5 promoter is not activated in the mutant at 12°C by exogenous IAA, in the meristematic zone, while it is in the WT. Our results show that the dgk5.1 mutant is impaired in auxin response at 12°C, suggesting a role of auxin perception /transduction in the short root phenotype
Kairouani, Alicia. "Caractérisation moléculaire et rôle développemental d’une famille de protéines à motifs AGO-hook et RRM chez Arabidopsis thaliana." Thesis, Perpignan, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PERP0040.
Full textRNA silencing is a conserved molecular mechanism which plays important roles in different biological processes. It is characterized by the production of small RNAs that associate with Argonaute (AGO) proteins forming the so-called RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC). The AGO partners generally harbor a motif enriched in WG/GW repeats named AGO-HOOK. Such domains are highly conserved in eukaryotes and a bioinformatic approach allowed us to identify, in the Arabidopsis genome, about 40 encoded proteins containing a potential AGO-HOOK domain. Among these candidates, a family of four proteins contains also an RNA Recognition Motif (RRM) domain. Interestingly, these proteins have been recently identified in Arabidopsis messenger RNA proteome. My thesis work consisted in studying the function of these four proteins, called RAHP for RRM and AGO-HOOK containing Proteins. We have shown that RAHP genes are expressed and that the corresponding proteins are localized in the cytoplasm and nuclei. Biochemical analysis suggests that RAHP proteins could interact with AGO1 in vivo. The identification of knock-out lines and the production of multiple mutants (double, triple and quadruple) reveal a dominant and redundant role of RAHP2 and RAHP4 proteins in vivo. The mutants present pleiotropic defects affecting root gravitropism, leaf senescence, rosette development and stem rigidity. Mutations of RAHP domains reveal the importance of RRM but not the AGO-hook domain in the developmental function of these proteins. We focused our work on the study of the pendant stem phenotype showing that it correlates with modifications of the secondary cell wall and a loss of lignin. RNA-seq analysis performed on the stem identified several genes whose expression is up-regulated in the mutants and that belong to the defense and polysaccharide catabolism gene categories. This work opens perspectives regarding the function of RAHP proteins in Arabidopsis
Rodor, Julie. "Identification et caractérisation de la protéine AtNUFIP chez Arabidopsis thaliana / Mise en évidence de son implication dans l'assemblage des complexes sno/scaRNPs et de son impact dans le développement." Perpignan, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PERP0931.
Full textIn eukaryotes, 2’-O-methylations and pseudouridylations are major post-transcriptional modifications that occur on rRNA and snRNA. These modifications are directed by C/D and H/ACA small nucleolar or Cajal body RNA (snoRNA or scaRNA) associated to four core proteins. During the snoRNP biogenesis, the protein assembly on the snoRNA is an important step that requires numerous factors identified in animals and yeast. Among these factors, NUFIP protein plays a critical role in C/D snoRNP biogenesis but is also potentially implicated in H/ACA snoRNP assembly. During this thesis, we have identified and characterized the homologue of NUFIP in A. Thaliana with the study of insertion mutant lines on AtNUFIP gene. Thus, we have confirmed the implication of AtNUFIP in C/D snoRNP assembly through its interaction with At15,5K protein. In contrast, the protein is not essential for H/ACA snoRNA accumulation contrary to what has been observed in animals and yeast. Our study has also revealed the implication of AtNUFIP in the assembly of C/D scaRNP complexes. We have also noticed that the impact of AtNUFIP on C/D snoRNA accumulation is dependent on their genomic organization. Moreover, atnufip mutants present severe phenotypes with clear delay of growth, morphological defects and reduced fertility. These observations indicate the implication of AtNUFIP on plant development. Finally, we have demonstrated that the reduction of the accumulation of the snoRNAs organized in cluster is correlated to a reduced level of 2’-O-methylation on rRNAs. Thus, atnufip mutants constitute an interesting and important model to study the impact of 2’-O-methylation on the development of a complex organism
Jadid, Nurul. "Etude moléculaire et fonctionnelle du rôle des isoprénoïdes cytosoliques (dolichol et stérol) au cours du développement chez Arabidopsis thaliana." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013STRAJ118.
Full textIsoprenoids represent important cell constituents synthesized in many living organisms. ln plants, isoprenoid biogenesis occurs in three compartments : plastids, the endoplasmic reticulum-cytosol and mitochondrie.We focused on the molecular and functional studies of the role of Iwo cytosolic isoprenoids ( dolichol andsterol) in the development of plants. The key Io our strategy is the targeted silencing of specific Arabidopsis genes using the RNAi technology (knockdown) and the identification of T-DNA insertion mutants (knockout). ln the first chapter, we show that isoprenoids are involved indirectly in protein N-glycosylation via Dolichol P-Mannose derived from dolichol phosphate mannose synthase (DPMS). We demonstrate that plant DPMSis organized as a heteromeric enzyme complex localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and consists of DPMS1 acting as the catalytic core and two interacting subunits DPMS2 and DPMS3. The DPMS1-RNAiand dpms1 lines display an altered N-glycosylation pattern and exhibit extensive chlorosis, strong inhibition of root growth and hypersensitivity to ammonium. These phenotypic defects are associated with an «unfolded protein response» in the ER. These data demonstrate that the DPMS genes are essential for the protein N-glycome and plant development. ln the second chapter, we focused on the potentiel roles of sterol biosynthetic intermediates (SBls) in plant development using ERG28 protein, a component of the sterol C-4 demethylation (SC4DM) complex, as a target. We demonstrate that ERG28 is localized in ER and tethers 3 enzymes, sterol 4alpha-methyl oxidase, 4alpha carboxysterol-C3-dehydrogenase/C4- decarboxylase and sterone ketoreductase. We show that the Arabidopsis ERG28-RNAi and erg28 lines develop the hallmarks of altered polar auxin transport (PAT) including the differentiation of pin-like inflorescences, the loss of apical dominance, leaf fusion and inhibition root growth. The observed phenotypes correlate with the accumulation of methylene-cycloartanol-4-carboxy-4-methyl, a cryptic SBI. Our data provide a new level of interaction between sterols and auxin
Louvet, Romain. "Approches biochimique et moléculaire du développement de la silique chez Arabidopsis thaliana (L. ) : Régulation et fonctions des Pectine MéthylEstérases." Amiens, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AMIE0109.
Full textPlant cell wall is a complex network which consists of phenolic, proteic and polysaccharadic compounds. The latter comprises notably cellulose, hemicelluloses and pectins. Homogalacturonans, which are one of the main pectic compounds, can be demethylesterified by cell wall bases enzymes, pectin methylesterases (PMEs, EC 3. 1. 1. 11), a multigenic family of 66 members in Arabidopsis thaliana. In this study, we have quantitatively and qualitatively analysed the cell wall polysaccharides composition during silique development in Arabidopsis. The decrease in the degree of methylesterification of homogalacturonan and the increase of total PME activity during silique maturation has lead us to investigate the variation in the expression of the 66 PMEs genes, using RT-qPCR, during this developmental process. Our results showed that PME gene expression can be clustered into five groups, and allowed some gene of interest to be chosen for further analysis. For several candidates, the precise tissue localization was realised using promoter::GUS fusions. This showed that one PME gene, At5g47500, is expressed in the shoot apical meristem and is coexpressed in many tissues with the At5g20740 gene, which encodes a putative PME inhibitor. A functional genomic approach showed that the function of AT5G47500 might be related to the fine tuning of the degree of methylesterification in meristematic tissues, which could play a role in the changes in cell wall structure leading to primordia emergence
Hervieux, Nathan. "How mechanical signals shape organs : the case of the abaxial sepal in Arabiopsis." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSEN038/document.
Full textMost organs and organisms have remarkably consistent final shapes, yet at the cellular level, growth and shape can be highly variable. Surpacellular signals, e.g. morphogen gradients or force fields, may coordinate cell behavior, involving multiple feedback loops, to yield such reproducible shapes. Because of the recent progress in live-imaging techniques, micromechanics and modeling, the relation between cellular noise, cell-cell communication and global shape is now amenable to quantitative analysis. We chose to work on the abaxial sepal, as it displays consistent shapes and is easily accessible for live imaging. We focus our analysis on cortical microtubules: they align along maximal tensile stress directions in plant tissues, and as they guide the deposition of cellulose microfibrils, the main load-bearing component in plant cell walls, they largely determine the mechanical anisotropy of cell walls, providing mechanical strength in the direction of maximal stress. We identified a supracellular alignment of microtubules at the tip of the sepal and we could match this pattern with predicted growth-derived tensile stress patterns. Using micromechanical approaches and mutants impaired in microtubule dynamics, we confirm that microtubules in the sepal can align along maximal tension directions, the final sepal shape depending on the strength of the feedback. We thus propose that this response triggers a wave of growth arrest from the tip of the sepal and thus restricts the expansion of the sepal. More locally, we also analyzed the contribution of mechanical conflicts between adjacent cells that grow at different rates, using the naturally occurring fast growing trichome cells as well as cre-lox induced artificial growth mosaics. Our results support a contribution of growth heterogeneity in final sepal shape, again via the microtubule response to mechanical forces. Altogether, this provides a scenario in which global and local mechanical feedback on microtubules channels the sepal final shape
Mainson, Dany. "Étude du transport des sucres dans les racines d'Arabidopsis thaliana au cours de son cycle de développement et en réponse à un stress osmotique." Thesis, Poitiers, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013POIT2252/document.
Full textIn plants, sugar allocation between source and sink organs is based on the activity of membrane transporters for sugars. As sugar fluxes are changing during development and in response to stress, sugar transporters are supposed to be involved in those changes. The aim of this work was to study sugar allocation and the corresponding transporters gene expression in the roots of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana during an osmotic stress. In order to have access to the roots, an hydroponic culture system was developped. The homogeneity of the plants obtained with this system was checked and the expression of sugar tranporter genes was followed during development and during a 24h period was studied by a macro-array technique. The expression in the roots of the following genes was found: 3 sucrose transporters (AtSUC1, AtSUC2 and AtSUC5), 2 polyol transporters (AtPLT5 and AtPLT6) and 2 hexose transporters (AtSTP7 and AtSTP13). The sugar and starch content and the long distance of 14C-sucrose were measured and used to build some hypothesis on the role of sugar transporters in the roots. To mimick a water stress, an osmotic stress due to the progressive addition of Polyethylene-glycol was applied. This system demonstrated that 5 of the identified transporter genes display a change in expression: 3 are repressed (AtSUC1, AtSUC5 and AtPLT6) and 2 are over expressed (AtSUC2 and AtSTP13). Moreover, soluble sugar and starch accumulate in the leaves and 14C-sucrose transport to the roots is decreased in plants subjected to an osmotic stress. The respective role of transporters is discussed. The gene expression data were also confirmed with plants grown in rhizoboxes
Noack, Lise. "Rôle du complexe AtPI4Kalpha1 dans l’établissement de l’identité de la membrane plasmique et le développement chez Arabidopsis thaliana." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSEN066.
Full textEukaryotic cells are composed of several membrane-surrounded compartments. Each compartment has a unique physicochemical environment delimited by a membrane with a specific biochemical and biophysical identity. The membrane identity includes the nature of the lipids, the curvature, the electrostaticity and the density of lipids at the membrane. The identity of each membrane allows the proper localization of membrane-associated proteins. Phosphoinositides are rare anionic lipids present in membranes. Five types of phosphoinositides exist in plants - PI3P, PI4P, PI5P, PI(4,5)P2 and PI(3,5)P2 - depending of the number and the position of phosphates around the inositol ring. They accumulate differently at the plasma membrane and in intracellular compartments and interact with proteins through stereo-specific or electrostatic interactions. Recent work uncovered that PI4P concentrates according to an inverted gradient by comparison to their yeast and animal counterpart. In plants, PI4P massively accumulates at the plasma membrane and is present in fewer amounts at the trans-Golgi Network (TGN). This PI4P accumulation at the cell surface drives the plasma membrane electrostatic field, which in turn recruits a host of signalling proteins to this compartment. Moreover the plant TGN is the place of vesicular secretion but is also involved in endocytic sorting and recycling, which might imply regulatory mechanisms of lipid exchanges or membrane identity maintenance between the plasma membrane and the TGN. Here, we characterized PI4Kα1 mutants and showed that pi4kα1 loss-of-function leads to pollen grain lethality and distortion in the allele transmission via the female gametophyte, while its knockdown displayed strong developmental phenotypes. Using yeast two hybrid screening and mass spectrometry, we identified that PI4Kα1 is part of an heterotetrameric complex composed of NO POLLEN GERMINATION (NPG), EFR3 OF PLANTS (EFOP) and HYCCIN (HYC). The interaction between PI4Kα1 and the structural subunits of the complex is essential to target PI4Kα1 at the plasma membrane. In addition, we showed that PI4Kα1 complex is anchored in immobile and predefined subdomains of the plasma membrane. This work opens new perspectives on the role of the PI4Kα1 complex in plasma membrane suborganization
Sicard, Ophélie. "Déterminants génétiques impliqués dans les interactions Arabidopsis thaliana/Potyvirus : identification de déterminants de plante et de virus impliqués dans le développement de symptômes." Bordeaux 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BOR21454.
Full textThe screening of an Arabidopsis thaliana core collection representing 96 % of the species genetic variability was performed with different isolates of the Lettuce mosaic virus (LMV) and of the Plum pox virus (PPV). It lead to the identification/observation of a large diversity of phenotypes, from total resistance to symptomatic susceptibility. The genetic determinants for symptoms were studied in two related recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations, Cvi/Ler and Col/Ler. Several QTLs (quantitative trait locus) linked to viral accumulation and symptomatic susceptibility were identified whereas a weak correlation traits was detected. The PS11 QTL as identified in both populations and confirmed in isogenic lines ; its fine-mapping was under course. A candidate gene approach focalised on the PS13 QTL region where the gene coding for the translation initiation factor eLF4G is mapping. The hypothesis that the abscence or the non-fonctionnality of this factor known for its implication in plant/potyvirus interactions is determinant for symptom was tested. Besides, different viral determinants implied in symptom development have been identified. This work offers new opportunities for association studies and for functionnal analysis of plant/virus interactions
Callard, Didier. "Isolement et caractérisation de gènes exprimés à différents stades de croissance et au cours du cycle cellulaire dans des suspensions cellulaires d'Arabidopsis thaliana." Toulouse 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997TOU30243.
Full textPontier, Garance. "Caractérisation fonctionnelle de TCTP et CSN4 dans la régulation de la progression du cycle cellulaire et de la croissance mitotique chez Arabidopsis thaliana." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSEN065.
Full textIn plants as in animals, organ size is a crucial characteristic achieved by cell proliferation, growth, differentiation and death Those processes are precisely monitored and many of their key regulators are conserved in all eukaryotes. Among them, TRANSLATIONNALY CONSERVED TUMOR PROTEIN (TCTP) is known to play an essential role in organ development. My thesis aims at specifying the pathway leading TCTP to control cell cycle progression in Arabidopsis thaliana. CSN4, a sub-unit of the CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENESIS 9 SIGNALOSOME (CSN) , was identified as a TCTP interactor. CSN regulates the activity, the assembling and the stability of CULLIN-RING UBIQUITIN LIGASES (CRLs), a major class of E3-ubiquitine ligases. Hence, CRLs are implicated in protein degradation through the ubiquitin/proteasome system and more notably in the degradation of key cell cycle regulators. Firstly, I characterized the physical interaction between TCTP and CSN4. I demonstrated that this interaction takes place outside of the CSN holocomplex. Then, I showed that csn4 mutants are delayed during embryogenesis in similar way to tctp mutants, even if the delay remains less important. Finally, I highlighted defaults in the expression levels of several key cell cycle regulators in those mutants. The defects are limited to regulators of the G1/S transition in tctp mutants whereas they are much more diverse in csn4 mutants. I also led a global proteomic study showing an enrichment in proteins linked to translation in both proteins upregulated in tctp mutants and down-regulated in csn4 mutants. My PhD work enriches the current level of knowledge on how TCTP regulates the cell cycle's G1/S transition in association with CSN4 . It opens new questions and perspectives on the implication of key cell cycle regulators such as CYCD6;1, CYCD7;1 and KRP6 and on the link between this pathway and the regulation of protein translation
Hasson, Alice. "Rôles fonctionnels des gènes CUC et MIR164A au cours du développement foliaire chez Arabidopsis thaliana et sa proche relative Cardamine hirsuta." Thesis, Paris 11, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA112063.
Full textA wide diversity of leaf shapes characterises the plant world. This diversity ranges from simple leaves with smooth margins to compound leaves with dissected margins. However, all serrations of simple or compound leaf margins are developed using a similar mechanism. This mechanism includes the action of the NO APICAL MERISTEM/CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON (NAM/CUC) genes as well as the auxin pathway. In Arabidopsis simple leaves, a balanced expression of CUC2 and its repressor miR164 is controlling the serrations development. We have shown that another member of the CUC family, CUC3, also contributes to the serration development in Arabidopsis simple leaves. While its action is mainly dependent of the one of CUC2, it also acts later during leaf development. Additionally, we have demonstrated that a feed-back loop was regulating the CUC2 and auxin pathways, in order to form leaves with more or less incisions. We also shown that a temporal expression pattern was established between the auxin and the CUC2-miR164 module. Moreover, generation of transgenic Cardamine hirsuta plants, a close relative of Arabidopsis, that possesses compound leaves, has enlighten the importance of cis-regulatory elements in the promoter of CUC1 from Cardamine hirsuta. Indeed, the divergence of cis-regulatory elements between promoters of CUC1 from Cardamine hirsuta and Arabidopsis could explain that CUC1 is expressed strongly in Cardamine hirsuta leaves whereas it is weakly expressed in Arabidopsis leaves
Trapet, Pauline. "Incidence physiologique et étude du mode d'action de la pyoverdine de Pseudomonas fluorescens chez Arabidopsis thaliana : liens avec l'homéostasie du fer, la croissance et les défenses." Thesis, Dijon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015DIJOS053/document.
Full textSiderophores are strong iron chelators produced by bacteria under iron deficiency conditions. In the present work, we studied the impact of the siderophore pyoverdine, produced by the plant growth promoting rhizobacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens C7R12, on plant physiology from phenotypic to molecular effects with a specific focus on plant growth, immune response and iron homeostasis. Based on our analysis of the mode of action of the non-protein amino acid β-aminobutyric acid (BABA), a priming inducer in plants, we studied more specifically the functional link between iron homeostasis and plant immunity. Under iron deficiency, P. fluorescens excretes the iron free form of pyoverdine (apo-pyo) in the soil. Once chelated with iron (ferri-pyo), the complex is internalized by the bacteria. We demonstrated that Arabidopsis thaliana plants treated by apo-pyo in a medium containing or not iron (Fe 25 or Fe 0) also internalize pyoverdine. Moreover, we observed that under iron deficiency, pyoverdine treated plants did not display the growth reduction induced by iron deficiency. In accordance with this phenotype, a microarray analysis revealed that the expression of genes related to growth and development was induced, as well as genes related to iron uptake and transport in planta. In contrast, the down regulation of the expression of genes related to defense was observed. Correspondingly, we demonstrated that the growth improvement induced by apo-pyo under iron deficiency depends on the expression of IRT1 and FRO2, two major genes involved in iron uptake mechanisms. Of interest, the resistance to Botrytis cinerea conferred by iron deficiency was lost following apo-pyo treatment. The overexpression of the HBI1 transcription factor, known to be involved in the growth-defense tradeoff, can be linked to the above observations. These apo-pyo effects were not observed after treatment of plants under sufficient iron conditions, indicating that in A. thaliana apo-pyo effects are dependent on the plant iron status. In the same time, the analysis of the mode of action of BABA that potentiates plant defense responses demonstrated that BABA is a powerful iron chelator. BABA treatment in A. thaliana triggered a transient iron deficiency response. Based on this assessment, we assume that iron deficiency response and priming of defense may be connected. In accordance with this hypothesis, we showed that plants cultivated under iron deficiency and BABA treated plants both displayed resistance to B. cinerea and produced secondary metabolites associated to defense. Hence, the BABA priming effects on plant defense may be due to the induction of transient iron deficiency. To conclude, this work draws first explications on pyoverdine effects on plant physiology and presents an original mode of action contributing to the priming effects of BABA. In a larger view, this work supports the recent concept of the existence of a cross-regulation between growth, immunity and iron homeostasis in plants
Djafi, Nabila. "Etude des rôles des diacylglycérol kinases chez Arabidopsis thaliana par des approches pharmacologiques et par génétique inverse." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066021.
Full textDiacylglycerol kinases catalyse the phosphorylation of diacylglycerol into phosphatidic acid. We show that phosphoinositide dependent-phospholipase C (PI-PLC) and diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) in Arabidopsis thaliana suspension cells negatively regulated the basal expression of most DREB2 genes. DREB2 genes encode transcription factors that bind to Drought Responsive Elements (DRE). Those elements are also bound by DREB1 factors. While DREB2 factors are mostly involved in drought and heat responses, DREB1s are induced in the response to chilling. We show also that the pharmacological inhibition of PI-PLC or DGK leads to the basal induction of DREB1 genes. However, the induction is much less marked for the DREB1 genes than that of DREB2A, a member of the DREB2 family. This illustrates that DREB1 and DREB2 genes, while having the same targets, are not submitted to the same transcription regulation, and that lipid signalling might in part explain these differences in the regulation of the DREB genes. In Arabidopsis, DGKs are encoded by a multigenic family of 7 members. In this thesis, we focus on DGK5. The transcripts can have differential splicing, leading to two mature transcript, one of which leading to a protein with a putative calmodulin binding domain. A dgk5 knocked-out mutant is comparable to the WT, except for shorter root when grown at 12°C. This short root phenotype is correlated with to shorter meristematic zone and smaller cells. The short root phenotype is not altered in presence of most hormones. Yet, the root growth is less sensitive to exogenous auxin at 12°C compared to the WT. Accordingly the mutant produces less secondary roots in presence of exogenous IAA than the WT at 12°C. The DR5 promoter is not activated in the mutant at 12°C by exogenous IAA, in the meristematic zone, while it is in the WT. Our results show that the dgk5.1 mutant is impaired in auxin response at 12°C, suggesting a role of auxin perception /transduction in the short root phenotype
Leroux, Christelle. "Implication des pectines méthyl-estérases (PMEs) et de leurs inhibiteurs (PMEIs) au cours de la germination du grain de pollen et de la croissance polarisée du tube pollinique chez Arabidopsis thaliana." Rouen, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ROUES019.
Full textDuring sexual plant reproduction, pollen germination and pollen tube elongation in the pistil are essential for delivering the sperm cells to the ovule. Pollen grain is composed of two sperm cells and a vegetative cell limited, from the inside to the outside, by a plasma membrane, the intine and the exine. The degradation of the intine, composed of complex polysaccharides including homogalacturonans, is of main importance to insure a proper germination. Homogalacturonan (HG) is assumed to be synthetized under a methylesterified form in the Golgi apparatus before its secretion to the cell wall. De-methylesterification of HGs is catalyzed in the cell wall by Pectin methylesterases (PMEs). Upon block-wise action of PME, the blocks of de-methylesterified HGs can interact with Ca2+, promoting the formation of the so-called "eggs-box" structure and thus rigidifying the cell wall. Upon random action, the partially de-methylesterified HGs may become a target for pectin-degrading enzymes, such as polygalacturonases, affecting the texture and rigidity of the cell wall. Interestingly, 14 of the 66 Arabidopsis PMEs are specifically expressed in pollen grain and pollen tube. We have analyzed the expression of these 14 PMEs by RT-PCR in dry pollen grains, during imbibition and pollen tube growth. The expression is gene- and time-dependent. Based on this, we have studied knock-out mutants PMEs (ppme1, pme48 and pme23) under in-vitro and in-vivo conditions. These mutant lines present a strong delay in germination compared to the wild type and a remarkable phenotype with multiple pollen tube tips emerging from the pollen grain and an important bursting pollen tubes rate. The objective of this project was to clarify the role of PMEs and PMEIs during the regulation of dynamic properties during cell traffic and remodeling of the pollen grain cell wall during its germination and during the growing pollen tube cell wall
Angeles, nÚÑez Juan Gabriel. "Etude de la saccharose synthase dans la graine d'arabidopsis thaliana : localisation, regulations et fonctions." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2009. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00005164.
Full textBaud, Sébastien. "Identification et caractérisation de gènes impliqués dans la maturation de la graine d'Arabidopsis thaliana par l'étude de mutants d'insertion ADN-T." Paris, Institut national d'agronomie de Paris Grignon, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003INAP0024.
Full textBerger, Nathalie. "Analyse génétique et moléculaire du dèveloppement de la graine d’Arabidopsis thaliana : étude de la régulation de l’expression du gène LEAFY COTYLEDON 2." Thesis, Paris 11, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA112033/document.
Full textThe aim of this work is to study the regulation of the transcription factor LEAFY COTYLEDON 2, which is a key regulator of seed developpement in Arabidopsis thaliana.Seeds have essential functions in the environnement for plant propagation and as embryo protective tools. Furthermore, numerous products issued from the agriculture or involved in human food (e.g. cereals, oil, flour) are based on seeds. Several industrial apllications depend, as well, on this organ such as oil production for human consumption, additives for some industrial processes, or biofuel synthesis.Seed developemental phases are dependant of a complex regulatory network composed in major part with transcription factors, that were found to be central components of plant evolution and domestication.LEC2, FUS3, ABI3 (three B3 type factors) and LEC1 (a CATT binding factor) are named AFL (ABI3, FUS3, LEC1, 2) genes, and are key regulators of Arabidopsis seed development. AFL genes are specifically expressed in embryo and repressed in vegetatives tissues. This repression has been principally studied in germinating seedlings and was shown to be caused by a set of transcription factors and chromatin structure modifiers.Beside the fact that LEC2 regulation has been extensively studied within the past few years, it was known that other mechanisms of repression and activation were still to be discovered. The work carried out on LEC2 presented here, mainly based on an extensive promoter deletion analysis, has allowed the discovery of three essential nucleotidic sequences necessary for a proper LEC2 promoter activity. The two first regulatory sequences are similar to a MADS box binding element and a GAGA binding site, and were found to be essentials for LEC2 promoter activity. The third sequence (named RLE for Repression of LEC2 Element) is 50bp long and lead to the repression of LEC2 promoter activity after onset of seed germination. A very strong correlation between RLE and the enrichment of H3K27me3 mark deposition at specific loci, suggests this sequence is the first PRE-like (Polycomb response element) element identified in plants
Desrut, Antoine. "Mécanismes moléculaires impliqués dans les interactions entre Arabidopsis thaliana et des rhizobactéries bénéfiques : Implication du transport de sucres ?" Thesis, Poitiers, 2019. http://theses.univ-poitiers.fr/63024/2019-Desrut-Antoine-These.
Full textPlants live in close relationships with complex populations of microorganisms, including rhizobacteria species commonly referred to as Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR). PGPR able to confer to plants an improved productivity but the molecular mechanisms involved in this process remain largely unknown. Using an in vitro experimental system, the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, and the well characterized PGPR strain Pseudomonas simiae WCS417r, we have carried out a comprehensive set of phenotypic, gene expression, and biochemical analyses. Our results show PsWCS417r induces major transcriptional changes in sugar transport and in other key biological processes linked to plant growth, development and defense. Using a reverse genetic approach, we also demonstrate that AtSWEET11 and AtSWEET12, two sugar transporter genes whose expression is down-regulated by the PGPR, are functionally involved in its plant-growth promoting effects. Altogether, our findings reveal regulation of plant sugar transport plays a crucial role in determining the fate of plant-rhizobacteria interactions. We extended our study to two other PGPR and a non PGPR strain. Overall, our results show that all three bacterial strains tested are able to alter the expression of several plant sugar transporter genes (essentially genes of the AtSWEET and AtERD6-like families), either in roots or in shoot, and either in physical contact with the seedling roots or via the production of volatile compounds only. Altogether, our findings reveal conserved and strain-specific trancriptional regulation of sugar transport during plant-PGPR interactions. Lastly, we report the identification and characterization of a Bacillus megaterium endophytic strain, RmBm31, isolated from root nodules of the legume species Retama monosperma. Our study reveals RmBm31 is an IAA-producing endophytic bacterium that possess a large set of genes associated with plant growth promoting traits. Using the model plant species Arabidopsis, we demonstrate this strain display beneficial effects on plant growth and root development via the production of volatile compounds. These effects seem to involve auxin-independent signaling mechanisms