Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Arabic language – Written Arabic'
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Al-Qahtani, Saad H. "Arabization in written discourse in Saudi Arabia." Virtual Press, 2000. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1177981.
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In this study I investigate Arabization as a quasi ideological-linguistic phenomenon in Saudi Arabia. First, the study examines decisions and policies employed in Arabization on the planning level. Second, it evaluates empirically the extent to which a set of Arabized words (288 words) is implemented in written discourse. The study addresses also the linguistic processes of coining Arabic derived words for the replacement of foreign terms.Employing a corpus-linguistic framework, a written corpus of 1,068,263 words was compiled from three Saudi newspapers-Al-Jazirah, Ar-Riyadh, and A1-Massaiah. Using a Microsoft-Access database developed for the purpose of the study, the corpus was searched for instances of 288 Arabized words. The results show that Arabized words occur with reasonable frequency in written discourse in Saudi Arabia.Two main variables were found to be significant in the frequency of Arabized words: context (i.e. topic), and method of coinage (the method by which a word was coined into Arabic). For example, Arabized words are more frequent in scientific discourse than in religious discourse, and words that are coined by morphological derivation are more frequent than those made by compounding. Original (English) forms of some Arabized words do occur (14.23%). On the planning level, the study provides a critical evaluation of Arabization in Saudi Arabia, and on the technical level, it provides statistically-supported indications of how such variables i.e. method of coinage and context affect the frequency of Arabized words in the actual language use.Department of English
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Mehamsadji, M. "Cohesion and text development in written Arabic." Thesis, University of Salford, 1988. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/2200/.
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Many English teachers posed the problem that their Arab students were able to construct grammatically correct sentences, but were frequently unable to form them into paragraphs or cohesive texts. In my attest to investigate this problem, I started from the assumption that differing patterns of cohesion in English and Arabic probably account for many difficulties Arab students have in writing English. Sane attempts to look at this, based on a contrastive approach, have already been carried out. For my part, I felt the time had came to look at the systems of Arabic in their own terms, which has not yet been done. For this I followed two avenues of study: Functional Sentence Perspective as developed in the Prague School and Halliday and Hasan's work on textual cohesion. For my purpose I selected four lengthy Arabic texts belonging to different text-types which I first analysed from the Functional Sentence Perspective point of view. For this, I followed Dane's (1974) study of thematic progressions, in order to find out what theme-rheme patterns the different Arabic text-types use. In the next step, I investigated the cohesive ties used in written Arabic Halliday and Hasan's model of textual cohesion (1976). I also compared my texts in order to discover if there is a difference in textual cohesion between text-types in Arabic. My analysis of textual cohesion and text development suggests that: 1. Arabic descriptive texts tend to reiterate the same there in successive sentences. 2. Arabic instructive texts favour the use of the linear thematization of rhemes. 3. Arabic makes inter-clausal relationships explicit. 4. Repetition and parallelism are favoured cohesive devices in all text-types. The thesis consists of an introduction followed by a chapter reviewing various approaches to discourse analysis, a chapter on the text-typological approach which has governed my selection of texts; followed by an account of my methodological approach and my analysis.
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Saide, Abdurazag Ahmed Jr. "Arabizi - Help or Harm? An Analysis of the Impacts of Arabizi - Threat or Benefit to the Written Arabic Language?" University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1576162204542936.
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Tahhan, Loubna. "La rencontre de la langue parlée et de la langue écrite dans la littérature romanesque arabe contemporaine au Proche Orient : l'exemple de Halim Barakat." Thesis, Paris 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA030050.
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La thèse étudie d’un point de vue sociolinguistique la rencontre de la langue parlée et de la langue écrite, surtout à travers ce que nous avons appelé la classicisation, dans la production romanesque du syrien Ħalīm Barakāt, auteur sur lequel s’est fixé notre choix après de multiples lectures de romans proche-orientaux contemporains. Ħalīm Barakāt est l’auteur de 18 romans et d’une cinquantaine d’essais, en arabe et en anglais, sur la société et la culture. Nous avons choisi de comparer cette rencontre dans quatre de ses romans. Chaque roman est traité dans un chapitre. Dans les deux premiers chapitres sont étudiés les romans les plus récents : “Tā’er al- ħūm” un roman autobiographique écrit en 1987 et réédité en 2007 et “Ināna wan-nahr” une oeuvre mélangeant non seulement les langages et leurs registres mais aussi fantaisie entre mythes locaux et réalité. Puis sont étudiés dans les deux chapitres suivants les deux romans écrits dans les années soixante et soixante-dix : “Sittat Ayyām” qui raconte une histoire d’amour entre deux personnages de religions différentes pendant une guerre, et “Al-raħīl bayna Alsahm wal-watar”, un roman illustré par une vingtaine d’histoires et de contes choisis dans tout le monde arabe et racontés par des personnages représentant la jeunesse arabe dans les années soixante-dix. Dans l’introduction nous proposons un plan pour le travail, qui est fondé surtout sur la traduction en français de tous les extraits arabes choisis pour l’analyse sociolinguistique. Pour bien cerner la rencontre de la langue parlée et de la langue écrite nous avons décidé de relever tout ce qui est proverbe et figements lexicaux propres à une langue comme à l’autre et nous avons gardé des passages écrits entièrement en langue standard ou en langue dialectale pour montrer la différence entre ces textes et ceux qui sont hybrides. En ce qui concerne les passages écrits dans une langue hétérogène, nous proposons des termes linguistiques que nous définissons et auxquels nous avons recours tout au long des commentaires qui interviennent entre les tableaux où sont donnés les extraits choisis en regard de leur traduction. La conclusion reprend et synthétise les principaux résultats de la rechercheThis sociolinguistical study is about the encounter of spoken and written language, focusing on the unique phenomenon of the ‘classicisation’, a phenomenon which emerged in modern Arab literature by converting the spoken everyday language into a written form. After long readings into Arab Middle Eastern novelists we have chosen to take as example four novels of Syrian novelist Ħalīm Barakāt, who has authored over 18 books and some fifty essays in both Arabic and English on society and culture. We categorized our study into four chapters; we have chosen to begin with the two most recent ones then the chronologically older ones. The first chapter concentrates on the novel: “Tā’er al- ħūm” which describes the author’s journey alongside his wife to the American mountain side while he remembers his old days in his hometown Kafroun. The second chapter is all about “Ināna wan-nahr”, a love story loaded with mythological references and different religion-related social problems. The third chapter studies “Sittat Ayyām” a tale about an imaginary Arab Middle Eastern village throughout a devastating war. The fourth chapter takes as example some stories told by Arab youth from all over the Arabic world, in “Al-raħīl bayna Al-sahm wal-watar”. In the introduction we suggested some definitions then we relied upon them to integrate the analysis between the lines of the selected passages each time the language register changes. We presented the samples and the translation to French and we focused our analysis on examples that define the register change such as proverbs and expressions, dialectal and classic and common ones, and regional songs and sometimes purely classical-language written passages. In the conclusion we tried to summarize the main results of the research
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Cross, Carmen Sue. "A statistical study of the written errors committed by native English speakers learning Arabic as a foreign language." Connect to resource, 1999. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=osu1260203041.
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Najjar, Alaa. "A Descriptive Case Study to Identify the Impactful Instructional Strategies that Support Arabic Students between Six to Twelve Year Olds in Becoming Proficient in the Development of Oral and Written Arabic Language." DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 2018. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/cauetds/116.
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There are many Arab families who come every year to the United States either to study or to work. Most of these families have school-age children who were born in the United States or in their native countries. Accordingly, most of them have plans to go back to their countries, and a few are staying in the U.S. The absence of communicating in the Arabic language might cause a big problem to their children upon returning to their native country.
This mixed-methods study focused on the impactful instructional strategies that support Arabic students between six to twelve years old in becoming proficient in the development of oral and written Arabic language. The central research question was, what were the instructional strategies that helped Arabic students become proficient in the written and oral Arabic language when they have limited Arabic language skills? The research concluded that Arab children will not reach the Arabic proficiency without collaboration among teachers, administrators and the most important key element of parental engagement.
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Maliki, Makki Jasim Radhi. "Biometrics writer recognition for Arabic language : analysis and classification techniques using subwords features." Thesis, University of Buckingham, 2015. http://bear.buckingham.ac.uk/102/.
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Handwritten text in any language is believed to convey a great deal of information about writers’ personality and identity. Indeed, handwritten signature has long been accepted as an authentication of the writer’s physical stamp on financial and legal deals as well official/personal documents and works of art. Handwritten documents are frequently used as evidences in forensic tasks. Handwriting skills is learnt and developed from the early schooling stages. Research interest in behavioral biometrics was the main driving force behind the growth in research into Writer Identification (WI) from handwritten text, but recent rise in terrorism associated with extreme religious ideologies spreading primarily, but not exclusively, from the middle-east has led to a surge of interest in WI from handwritten text in Arabic and similar languages. This thesis is the main outcome of extensive research investigations conducted with the aim of developing an automatic identification of a person from handwritten Arabic text samples. My motivations and interests, as an Iraqi researcher, emanate from my multi-faceted desires to provide scientific support for my people in their fight against terrorism by providing forensic evidences, and as contribute to the ongoing digitization of the Iraqi National archive as well as the wealth of religious and historical archives in Iraq and the middle-east. Good knowledge of the underlying language is invaluable in this project. Despite the rising interest in this recognition modality worldwide, Arabic writer identification has not been addressed as extensively as Latin writer identification. However, in recent years some new Arabic writer identification approaches have been proposed some of which are reviewed in this thesis. Arabic is a cursive language when handwritten. This means that each and every writer in this language develops some unique features that could demonstrate writer’s habits and style. These habits and styles are considered as unique WI features and determining factors. Existing dominating approaches to WI are based on recognizing handwriting habits/styles are embedded in certain parts/components of the written texts. Although the appearance of these components within long text contain rich information and clues to writer identity, the most common approaches to WI in Arabic in the literature are based on features extracted from paragraph(s), line(s), word(s), character(s), and/or a part of a character. Generally, Arabic words are made up of one or more subwords at the end of each; there is a connected stroke with a certain style of which seem to be most representative of writers habits. Another feature of Arabic writing is to do with diacritics that are added to written words/subwords, to add meaning and pronunciation. Subwords are more frequent in written Arabic text and appear as part of several different words or as full individual words. Thus, we propose a new innovative approach based on a seemingly plausible hypothesis that subwords based WI yields significant increase in accuracy over existing approaches. The thesis most significant contributions can be summarized as follows: - Developed a high performing segmentation of scanned text images, that combines threshold based binarisation, morphological operation and active shape model. - Defined digital measures and formed a 15-dimensional feature vectors representations of subwords that implicitly cover its diacritics and strokes. A pilot study that incrementally added features according to writer discriminating power. This reduced subwords feature vector dimension to 8, two of which were modelled as time series. - For the dependent 8-dimensional WI scheme, we identify the best performing set of subwords (best 22 subwords out of 49 then followed by best 11 out of these 22 subwords). - We established the validity of our hypothesis for different versions of subwords based WI schemes by providing empirical evidence when testing on a number of existing text dependent and in text-dependent databases plus a simulated text-in text-dependent DB. The text-dependent scenario results exhibited possible present of the Doddington Zoo phenomena. - The final optimal subword based WI scheme, not only removes the need to include diacritics as part of the subword but also demonstrating that including diacritics within subwords impairs the WI discriminating power of subwords. This should not be taken to discredit research that are based on diacritics based WI. Also in this subword body (without diacritics) base WI scheme, resulted in eliminating the presence of Doddington Zoo effect. - Finally, a significant but un-intended consequence of using subwords for WI is that there is no difference between a text-independent scenario and text-dependent one. In fact, we shall demonstrate that the text-dependent database of the 27-words can be used to simulate the testing of the scheme for an in text-dependent database without the need to record such a DB. Finally, we discussed ways of optimising the performance of our last scheme by considering possible ways of complementing our scheme using the addition of various image texture analysis features to be extracted from subwords, lines, paragraphs or entire file of the scabbed image. These included LBP and Gabor Filter. We also suggested the possible addition of few more features.
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Osman, Mirghani El-Sayed. "On the communicative role of word order in written modern standard Arabic : a contribution to functional linguistics." Thesis, University of Salford, 1989. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/2186/.
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The majority of the available studies which have been done on word order in Arabic are derived from improvised and restricted data taken from the classical variety of Arabic. ALL these studies are generatively-oriented, and consequently their main concern was to find out which word order is the basic one and which orders derive from it. In brief, all these studies are basically structural and have very little, if anything, to do with the situations in which the language was used or with the factors that motivated it's use. We think that such treatments are inadequate, because: (1) the modern standard variety has been totally neglected, and (2) the basic functions of Language as a tool of human communication is not accounted for by these studies. To make up for these inadequacies we are going to approach the issue of word order from a functional vantage point which seeks to relate the structure and it's function. Secondly, we will choose 'Modern Standard Arabic' to be our field of inquiry. Thirdly, all the examples which we are going to discuss will be taken from concrete linguistic situations. We intend to test the following hypotheses: 1. The traditional dichotomy of word order in marked/unmarked terms at the sentence level is unsatisfactory. 2. It is useful to differentiate between basicness and unmarkedness of word order. 3. The frequency with which each word order type occurs may depend on the type of text, and the attitude of the writer towards his/her addressees. 4. A switch from a certain word order-type to another within the same text can sometimes be determined by a shift in the text-typologicalfocus. 5. Permutations of sentence constituents in Arabic sometimes change the grammatical status of the constituents permuted and sometimes do not. 6. The Principle of Functional Sentence Perspective has great influence in Arabic Language, 7. Passivization as a syntactic device influences the order of words in Arabic. 8. Reasons for having different word orders in Arabic can be elucidated by appealing to other cornrnunicative considerations. 9. Different word orders in Arabic serve semantic, syntactic and pragmatic functions.
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Pryor, Sally, University of Western Sydney, of Arts Education and Social Sciences College, and of Communication Design and Media School. "Extending integrationist theory through the creation and analysis of a multimedia work of art : postcard from Tunis." THESIS_CAESS_CDM_Pryor_S.xml, 2003. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/746.
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This thesis consists of the production of an inter-active computer-based artwork, an analysis of its research outcomes, and an exploration of the theoretical issues that influenced the artistic practice. The artwork, Postcard from Tunis, is an Integrationist exploration of writing and its transformation at the human-computer interface. It is set in a personal portrait of Tunis, a city with a rich history of writing. The thesis starts with the theory of writing. The conventional view of real writing as representation of speech is shown to have serious limitations.Postcard from Tunis offers users who are not Arabic-literate the perception that there are actually no fixed boundaries between writing and pictures, as both are based on spatial configurations. User interaction with Postcard from Tunis, particularly rollover activity, creates a variety of dynamic signs that cannot be theorised by a bipartate theory of signs and that transcend a distinction between the verbal and the non-verbal altogether. Postcard from Tunis both extends Integrationist theory into writing and human-computer interaction and also uniquely articulates this integration of activities in a way that is impossible with written words on paper. The research asserts the validity of the Integrationist theory of writing, language and human communication and of uncoupling these from spoken words. A framework is outlined for future Integrationist research into icons and human-computer interaction.Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
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Pryor, Sally. "Extending integrationist theory through the creation and analysis of a multimedia work of art Postcard from Tunis /." View thesis, 2003. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20040416.112222/index.html.
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Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Western Sydney, 2003."Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the School of Communication, Design and Media, University of Western Sydney, 31 August 2003" Includes bibliography.
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Naji, Tareq. "Enseignement / apprentissage des langues étrangères au Yémen. Etude des erreurs et difficultés en français rencontrées par des étudiants yéménites à partir de l’analyse des productions écrites." Thesis, Paris 3, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA030099.
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La présente étude consiste à étudier la compétence écrite chez les étudiants de français à l’université de Taëz, au Yémen, par le biais de l’analyse des erreurs dans les productions écrites recueillies dans le cadre d’un corpus spécial élaboré pour cet effet. Bien que le repérage des erreurs d’expression écrite puisse paraître une opération simple et systématique, l’appréhension des mécanismes de production de ces erreurs et l’analyse de leurs véritables raisons constituent la partie immergée de l’iceberg. Pour mener à bien cette investigation, il a fallu établir des catégories opérationnelles dans lesquelles pourront s’inscrire les erreurs significatives relevées, en vue d’une analyse plus étayée. Des concepts opératoires inspirés des travaux didactiques de plusieurs auteurs nous ont permis de mieux cerner les rouages du processus enseignement/apprentissage du français et d’élargir notre perspective de recherche des racines des erreurs tant dans les stratégies d’auto-apprentissage mises en oeuvre par les apprenants eux-mêmes, que dans les conditions du déroulement de l’enseignement dispensé au département de français. Des difficultés grammaticales, syntaxiques, lexicales inhérentes à la langue française du point de vue d’un apprenant yéménite, jusqu’aux problèmes d’inattention, de manque de motivation, de ressources documentaires ou d’exposition à la langue française, en passant par le mode de fonctionnement des cours et les modalités des contrôles, nous découvrons, durant toutes ces étapes de parcours, les différentes sources des difficultés constatées. Lesquelles permettent, d’une part, l’explication du phénomène des erreurs dans la situation particulière qui est celle des étudiants yéménites, et d’autre part, la conception de solutions adéquates susceptibles de remédier à ces erreurs de façon radicale et non seulement symptomatique. Aussi, espérons-nous attirer l’attention de tous les protagonistes impliqués dans le processus didactique, sur les problèmes réels auxquels se heurtent l’étudiant yéménite désireux d’apprendre cette langue ainsi que sur les meilleures approches possibles pour entreprendre les réformes et les traitements nécessairesLa présente étude consiste à étudier la compétence écrite chez les étudiants de français à l’université de Taëz, au Yémen, par le biais de l’analyse des erreurs dans les productions écrites recueillies dans le cadre d’un corpus spécial élaboré pour cet effet. Bien que le repérage des erreurs d’expression écrite puisse paraître une opération simple et systématique, l’appréhension des mécanismes de production de ces erreurs et l’analyse de leurs véritables raisons constituent la partie immergée de l’iceberg. Pour mener à bien cette investigation, il a fallu établir des catégories opérationnelles dans lesquelles pourront s’inscrire les erreurs significatives relevées, en vue d’une analyse plus étayée. Des concepts opératoires inspirés des travaux didactiques de plusieurs auteurs nous ont permis de mieux cerner les rouages du processus enseignement/apprentissage du français et d’élargir notre perspective de recherche des racines des erreurs tant dans les stratégies d’auto-apprentissage mises en œuvre par les apprenants eux-mêmes, que dans les conditions du déroulement de l’enseignement dispensé au département de français. Des difficultés grammaticales, syntaxiques, lexicales inhérentes à la langue française du point de vue d’un apprenant yéménite, jusqu’aux problèmes d’inattention, de manque de motivation, de ressources documentaires ou d’exposition à la langue française, en passant par le mode de fonctionnement des cours et les modalités des contrôles, nous découvrons, durant toutes ces étapes de parcours, les différentes sources des difficultés constatées. Lesquelles permettent, d’une part, l’explication du phénomène des erreurs dans la situation particulière qui est celle des étudiants yéménites, et d’autre part, la conception de solutions adéquates susceptibles de remédier à ces erreurs de façon radicale et non seulement symptomatique. Aussi, espérons-nous attirer l’attention de tous les protagonistes impliqués dans le processus didactique, sur les problèmes réels auxquels se heurtent l’étudiant yéménite désireux d’apprendre cette langue ainsi que sur les meilleures approches possibles pour entreprendre les réformes et les traitements nécessaires
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Alsuhaibani, Sulaiman. "The verbal sentence in written Arabic." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/3727.
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This study is concerned with the Arabic verbal sentence structure and the main purpose is to examine the elements of this structure - both the verb and the agent - and their relationship, investigating the classical and modern grammarians' views. Therefore, this research is not based on any single aspect within this structure. The general trend of this research is from the general to the particular; hence a discussion on the parts of speech precedes an analysis of the verbal sentence structure since it is composed of these parts (noun and verb). This study concentrates on syntactic and semantic issues that relate to verbal forms and the agent. In addition, an attempt is made to compare the essential characterisers of Arabic verbal sentence with English sentence structure. This thesis consists of eleven chapters. Chapter One is an introduction. Chapter Two presents a brief account of the three Arabic grammar schools of thought and their methods. In Chapter Three I review the literature related to the verbal sentence. Chapter Four discusses the points of view of medieval and modern grammarians regarding parts of speech and the types of sentence. The fist element of the verbal sentence (the predicate) is examined in Chapters Five and Six; Chapter Five focusing on the transitive and intransitive verb while Chapter Six is in a passive voice. The second element of the verbal sentence (the subject) is examined in Chapters Seven and Eight; Chapter Seven showing the difference between agent and subject terminology and the rules related to them. Chapter Eight is on the deputy agent, examining the reasons for the omission of the agent, the types of deputy agent and the element which takes an agent's place. The basic word order of verbal sentence and the alternative word order forms are analysed in detail in Chapter Nine while Chapter Ten concentrates on the concept of the tense and aspect and the primary and secondary types of them. Chapter Eleven summarises the main findings of the study and makes recommendations for future research.
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Alfraidi, Tareq Rubaye Khalaf. "Conditional sentences in modern written Arabic." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/29279.
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This study is concerned with the semantic and the functional aspects of Arabic conditional sentences. The motivation behind the study is the existing gaps in previous studies. The framework applied in this study is influenced by some Western linguistic analyses which mainly targeted English conditionals. Additionally, based on the findings, some comparisons between Arabic and English are drawn in order to determine the similarities and the differences between the two languages. This study particularly adopts a certain number of parameters; namely: Modality meanings and their temporal interpretations, the relationship between the two clauses, discourse functional roles and the interaction between conditional particles and other conjunctions and particles. Methodologically, the data included in this study is drawn from a range of Modern Written Arabic sources; hence, the results are proved by empirical evidence based on real texts. This research conducts a qualitative and detailed investigation for the actual use of Modern Written Arabic conditionals with relation to the parameters adopted. As a result, a number of classifications have been identified. These are sometimes supplemented with statistical descriptions. Additionally, this study shows how conditional sentences semantically and functionally act in real Modern Written Arabic texts. i.e. how they denote a variety of meanings and perform functional and textual roles. Finally, the broader contribution of this study is that it provides new insights and a deeper understanding of Arabic conditionals.
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Almohimeed, Abdulaziz. "Arabic text to Arabic sign language example-based translation system." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2012. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/345562/.
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This dissertation presents the first corpus-based system for translation from Arabic text into Arabic Sign Language (ArSL) for the deaf and hearing impaired, for whom it can facilitate access to conventional media and allow communication with hearing people. In addition to the familiar technical problems of text-to-text machine translation,building a system for sign language translation requires overcoming some additional challenges. First,the lack of a standard writing system requires the building of a parallel text-to-sign language corpus from scratch, as well as computational tools to prepare this parallel corpus. Further, the corpus must facilitate output in visual form, which is clearly far more difficult than producing textual output. The time and effort involved in building such a parallel corpus of text and visual signs from scratch mean that we will inevitably be working with quite small corpora. We have constructed two parallel Arabic text-to-ArSL corpora for our system. The first was built from school level language instruction material and contains 203 signed sentences and 710 signs. The second was constructed from a children's story and contains 813 signed sentences and 2,478 signs. Working with corpora of limited size means that coverage is a huge issue. A new technique was derived to exploit Arabic morphological information to increase coverage and hence, translation accuracy. Further, we employ two different example-based translation methods and combine them to produce more accurate translation output. We have chosen to use concatenated sign video clips as output rather than a signing avatar, both for simplicity and because this allows us to distinguish more easily between translation errors and sign synthesis errors. Using leave-one-out cross-validation on our first corpus, the system produced translated sign sentence outputs with an average word error rate of 36.2% and an average position-independent error rate of 26.9%. The corresponding figures for our second corpus were an average word error rate of 44.0% and 28.1%. The most frequent source of errors is missing signs in the corpus; this could be addressed in the future by collecting more corpus material. Finally, it is not possible to compare the performance of our system with any other competing Arabic text-to-ArSL machine translation system since no other such systems exist at present.
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Al-Nashashibi, May Y. A. "Arabic Language Processing for Text Classification. Contributions to Arabic Root Extraction Techniques, Building An Arabic Corpus, and to Arabic Text Classification Techniques." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/6326.
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The impact and dynamics of Internet-based resources for Arabic-speaking users is increasing in significance, depth and breadth at highest pace than ever, and thus requires updated mechanisms for computational processing of Arabic texts. Arabic is a complex language and as such requires in depth investigation for analysis and improvement of available automatic processing techniques such as root extraction methods or text classification techniques, and for developing text collections that are already labeled, whether with single or multiple labels.
This thesis proposes new ideas and methods to improve available automatic processing techniques for Arabic texts. Any automatic processing technique would require data in order to be used and critically reviewed and assessed, and here an attempt to develop a labeled Arabic corpus is also proposed. This thesis is composed of three parts: 1- Arabic corpus development, 2- proposing, improving and implementing root extraction techniques, and 3- proposing and investigating the effect of different pre-processing methods on single-labeled text classification methods for Arabic.
This thesis first develops an Arabic corpus that is prepared to be used here for testing root extraction methods as well as single-label text classification techniques. It also enhances a rule-based root extraction method by handling irregular cases (that appear in about 34% of texts). It proposes and implements two expanded algorithms as well as an adjustment for a weight-based method. It also includes the algorithm that handles irregular cases to all and compares the performances of these proposed methods with original ones. This thesis thus develops a root extraction system that handles foreign Arabized words by constructing a list of about 7,000 foreign words. The outcome of the technique with best accuracy results in extracting the correct stem and root for respective words in texts, which is an enhanced rule-based method, is used in the third part of this thesis. This thesis finally proposes and implements a variant term frequency inverse document frequency weighting method, and investigates the effect of using different choices of features in document representation on single-label text classification performance (words, stems or roots as well as including to these choices their respective phrases). This thesis applies forty seven classifiers on all proposed representations and compares their performances. One challenge for researchers in Arabic text processing is that reported root extraction techniques in literature are either not accessible or require a long time to be reproduced while labeled benchmark Arabic text corpus is not fully available online. Also, by now few machine learning techniques were investigated on Arabic where usual preprocessing steps before classification were chosen. Such challenges are addressed in this thesis by developing a new labeled Arabic text corpus for extended applications of computational techniques.
Results of investigated issues here show that proposing and implementing an algorithm that handles irregular words in Arabic did improve the performance of all implemented root extraction techniques. The performance of the algorithm that handles such irregular cases is evaluated in terms of accuracy improvement and execution time. Its efficiency is investigated with different document lengths and empirically is found to be linear in time for document lengths less than about 8,000. The rule-based technique is improved the highest among implemented root extraction methods when including the irregular cases handling algorithm. This thesis validates that choosing roots or stems instead of words in documents representations indeed improves single-label classification performance significantly for most used classifiers. However, the effect of extending such representations with their respective phrases on single-label text classification performance shows that it has no significant improvement. Many classifiers were not yet tested for Arabic such as the ripple-down rule classifier. The outcome of comparing the classifiers' performances concludes that the Bayesian network classifier performance is significantly the best in terms of accuracy, training time, and root mean square error values for all proposed and implemented representations.Petra University, Amman (Jordan)
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Al-Nashashibi, May Yacoub Adib. "Arabic language processing for text classification : contributions to Arabic root extraction techniques, building an Arabic corpus, and to Arabic text classification techniques." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/6326.
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The impact and dynamics of Internet-based resources for Arabic-speaking users is increasing in significance, depth and breadth at highest pace than ever, and thus requires updated mechanisms for computational processing of Arabic texts. Arabic is a complex language and as such requires in depth investigation for analysis and improvement of available automatic processing techniques such as root extraction methods or text classification techniques, and for developing text collections that are already labeled, whether with single or multiple labels. This thesis proposes new ideas and methods to improve available automatic processing techniques for Arabic texts. Any automatic processing technique would require data in order to be used and critically reviewed and assessed, and here an attempt to develop a labeled Arabic corpus is also proposed. This thesis is composed of three parts: 1- Arabic corpus development, 2- proposing, improving and implementing root extraction techniques, and 3- proposing and investigating the effect of different pre-processing methods on single-labeled text classification methods for Arabic. This thesis first develops an Arabic corpus that is prepared to be used here for testing root extraction methods as well as single-label text classification techniques. It also enhances a rule-based root extraction method by handling irregular cases (that appear in about 34% of texts). It proposes and implements two expanded algorithms as well as an adjustment for a weight-based method. It also includes the algorithm that handles irregular cases to all and compares the performances of these proposed methods with original ones. This thesis thus develops a root extraction system that handles foreign Arabized words by constructing a list of about 7,000 foreign words. The outcome of the technique with best accuracy results in extracting the correct stem and root for respective words in texts, which is an enhanced rule-based method, is used in the third part of this thesis. This thesis finally proposes and implements a variant term frequency inverse document frequency weighting method, and investigates the effect of using different choices of features in document representation on single-label text classification performance (words, stems or roots as well as including to these choices their respective phrases). This thesis applies forty seven classifiers on all proposed representations and compares their performances. One challenge for researchers in Arabic text processing is that reported root extraction techniques in literature are either not accessible or require a long time to be reproduced while labeled benchmark Arabic text corpus is not fully available online. Also, by now few machine learning techniques were investigated on Arabic where usual preprocessing steps before classification were chosen. Such challenges are addressed in this thesis by developing a new labeled Arabic text corpus for extended applications of computational techniques. Results of investigated issues here show that proposing and implementing an algorithm that handles irregular words in Arabic did improve the performance of all implemented root extraction techniques. The performance of the algorithm that handles such irregular cases is evaluated in terms of accuracy improvement and execution time. Its efficiency is investigated with different document lengths and empirically is found to be linear in time for document lengths less than about 8,000. The rule-based technique is improved the highest among implemented root extraction methods when including the irregular cases handling algorithm. This thesis validates that choosing roots or stems instead of words in documents representations indeed improves single-label classification performance significantly for most used classifiers. However, the effect of extending such representations with their respective phrases on single-label text classification performance shows that it has no significant improvement. Many classifiers were not yet tested for Arabic such as the ripple-down rule classifier. The outcome of comparing the classifiers' performances concludes that the Bayesian network classifier performance is significantly the best in terms of accuracy, training time, and root mean square error values for all proposed and implemented representations.
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Al-Khonaizi, Mohammed Taqi. "Natural Arabic language text understanding." Thesis, University of Greenwich, 1999. http://gala.gre.ac.uk/6096/.
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The most challenging part of natural language understanding is the representation of meaning. The current representation techniques are not sufficient to resolve the ambiguities, especially when the meaning is to be used for interrogation at a later stage. Arabic language represents a challenging field for Natural Language Processing (NLP) because of its rich eloquence and free word order, but at the same time it is a good platform to capture understanding because of its rich computational, morphological and grammar rules. Among different representation techniques, Lexical Functional Grammar (LFG) theory is found to be best suited for this task because of its structural approach. LFG lays down a computational approach towards NLP, especially the constituent and the functional structures, and models the completeness of relationships among the contents of each structure internally, as well as among the structures externally. The introduction of Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques, such as knowledge representation and inferencing, enhances the capture of meaning by utilising domain specific common sense knowledge embedded in the model of domain of discourse and the linguistic rules that have been captured from the Arabic language grammar. This work has achieved the following results: (i) It is the first attempt to apply the LFG formalism on a full Arabic declarative text that consists of more than one paragraph. (ii) It extends the semantic structure of the LFG theory by incorporating a representation based on the thematic-role frames theory. (iii) It extends to the LFG theory to represent domain specific common sense knowledge. (iv) It automates the production process of the functional and semantic structures. (v) It automates the production process of domain specific common sense knowledge structure, which enhances the understanding ability of the system and resolves most ambiguities in subsequent question-answer sessions.
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Sharīf, Muḥammad Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn. "al-Sharṭ wa-al-inshāʼ al-naḥwī lil-kawn baḥth fī al-usus al-basīṭah al-muwallidah lil-abniyah wa-al-dalālāt /." Tūnis : Jāmiʻat Manūbah, Kullīyat al-Ādāb, 2002. http://books.google.com/books?id=1BhjAAAAMAAJ.
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Soliman, Abdelmeneim. "The changing role of Arabic in religious discourse a sociolinguistic study of Egyptian Arabic /." Open access to IUP's electronic theses and dissertations, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2069/110.
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Williams, Malcolm Paston. "A comparison of the textual structures of Arabic and English written texts a study in the comparative orality of Arabic /." Thesis, Online version, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.234815.
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Brashi, Abbas S. "Arabic collocations implications for translations /." View thesis, 2005. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/20062.
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Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Western Sydney, 2005."A thesis presented to the University of Western Sydney, College of Arts, Education and Social Sciences, School of Languages and Linguistics, in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, 2005." Includes bibliographical references and appendices.
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Nouhi, Youssef. "Wh-constructions in Moroccan Arabic." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/9463.
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This thesis is designed to study various Moroccan Arabic (MA) wh-constructions both within the Government and Binding (GB) framework and the Minimalist Program (MP). It is, specifically, confined to relative clause formation, left dislocation (topicalization) and questions. A detailed analysis of relative clause formation is provided. It is particularly argued that the resumptive pronoun insertion in relatives is a last resort strategy which is used only where movement fails. It is also shown that resumptive pronouns function as variables which are bound by null operators in LF. In the course of this analysis, the issues of the Binding Theory and of the A$\sp\prime$-disjointness requirement with respect to resumptive pronouns are also discussed. Subsequently, an examination of yes-no questions is given. Additionally, Cheng's (1991) generalization that the availability of question particles correlates with the lack of syntactic wh-movement is investigated in detail. Finally, the recent minimalist version (Chomsky 1995) is applied to the issue of optionality in word orders and to certain wh-constructions. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Almoaily, Mohammad. "Language variation in Gulf Pidgin Arabic." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/1859.
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works such as Smart 1990, Hobrom 1996, Wiswal 2002, Gomaa 2007, Almoaily 2008, Naess 2008, Bakir 2010, and Alshammari 2010. Importantly, since GPA is spoken by a non-indigenous workforce over a wide geographical area in a multi-ethnic speech community, language variation seems inevitable. However, to date, there is no account of variation in GPA conditioned by substrate language or length of stay. Therefore, in this thesis I analyse the impact of the first language of the speakers and the number of years of residency in their location in the Gulf as potential factors conditioning language variation in GPA. The data-base for the study consists of interviews with sixteen informants from three linguistic backgrounds: Malayalam, Bengali, and Punjabi. Interviews were conducted in two cities in Saudi Arabia: Riyadh and Alkharj. Half of the data is produced by informants who have spent five or less years in the Gulf while the other half has spent ten or more years in the Gulf by the time they were interviewed. The analysis is based on ten morpho-syntactic phenomena: free or bound object or possessive pronoun, presence or absence of the Arabic definiteness marker, presence or absence of Arabic conjunction markers, presence or absence of the GPA copula, and presence or absence of agreement in the verb phrase and the noun phrase. Given the fact that most of the current theories on contact languages have been made on the basis of Indo-European language based pidgins and creoles, analysing the above features in an Arabic-based pidgin promises to be a great addition to the literature of pidgins and creoles. Results of this thesis show that both first language and number of years of stay in the Gulf seem to have little effect on my informants’ choices as regards the studied morpho-syntactic features. There is a significant adaptation to the system of Gulf Arabic (the lexifier language) only with respect to one feature: conjunction markers. This finding could be taken to support Universalist theories of the emergence of contact languages. However, some substratal effect can still be noticed in the data.
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Fahim, Donia. "Developmental language impairment in Egyptian Arabic." Thesis, Birkbeck (University of London), 2005. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1445435/.
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Three longitudinal case studies were conducted to investigate developmental language impairment (1)1.1) in Egyptian Arabic (EA). While there have been descriptions of adult acquired aphasic deficits in Arabic, this study details the linguistic characteristics of children with impairments specific to language. To select the subjects, an exclusionary checklist was used based on the criteria used for specific language impairment (SLI, Ixronard, 1998). The subjects consisted of two males and one female, first seen at less than 5 (X) years and recorded longitudinally (21 -36 months). Data from 12 normally developing children, aged between 1 00 4,04 years, was also collected for comparative purposes and to detail normal developmental errors in EA. Patterns of language impairment and development were investigated using spontaneous language measures and specific structured tasks. The language samples were phonetically transcribed from video tapes during non-directive therapy and parent child play sessions. The spontaneous language measures included, Mean Morphemes per Unit (MPU), percent structural errors, functional analysis of utterances and an error analysis of specific grammatical morphemes. 'Ihe three EA-DLI children shared similar patterns of errors although cognitively they had different strengths. 'Their patterns of impairment reflected primarily morpho-syntactic difficulties. Many of the linguistic characteristics observed in the EA-DLI children's language were also produced by the controls, but less frequendy. The EA-DLI children's MPUs were found to be restricted with higher percentages of morphological errors than the language matched controls. An unmarked default verb form resembling the Imperfective-stem was a frequent substitution error. The functional analysis revealed that the EA-DLI children were similar to the controls in their use of requests and labels, however they produced more Learnt Repetitive phrases and disordered sentences and fewer Intravcrbals due to their difficulties with abstract verbal reasoning. 'ihe difficulties described in this study compnse of some linguistic features specific to EA and other features that have been reported in cross-linguistic studies of SLI. The shared features included difficulty with grammatical morphology, lack of master)' at expected developmental stages and limited use of inflectional morphology leading to agreement errors. Verbs were difficult, percentages of errors were high and fewer verbs were produced than nouns. In contrast to the findings of SLI in other languages Tense and Aspectual marking was not problematic, but difficulty was with subject verb agreement for gender, number and person. Prepositions, pronouns, plurals and negative particles were either omitted or substituted resulting in error patterns. The grammatical theories developed to account for SLI reported in English, German and Swedish (Hakansson et al., 2003 Clahsen and Hansen, 1997 van der Lely, 2002) were judged against the evidence acquired in this study on the three EA-DLI children. The limitations of these theories are discussed and alternative interpretations are provided.
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Mustafa, Ali Mohammed. "Mixed-Language Arabic- English Information Retrieval." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/6421.
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Includes abstract.Includes bibliographical references.
This thesis attempts to address the problem of mixed querying in CLIR. It proposes mixed-language (language-aware) approaches in which mixed queries are used to retrieve most relevant documents, regardless of their languages. To achieve this goal, however, it is essential firstly to suppress the impact of most problems that are caused by the mixed-language feature in both queries and documents and which result in biasing the final ranked list. Therefore, a cross-lingual re-weighting model was developed. In this cross-lingual model, term frequency, document frequency and document length components in mixed queries are estimated and adjusted, regardless of languages, while at the same time the model considers the unique mixed-language features in queries and documents, such as co-occurring terms in two different languages. Furthermore, in mixed queries, non-technical terms (mostly those in non-English language) would likely overweight and skew the impact of those technical terms (mostly those in English) due to high document frequencies (and thus low weights) of the latter terms in their corresponding collection (mostly the English collection). Such phenomenon is caused by the dominance of the English language in scientific domains. Accordingly, this thesis also proposes reasonable re-weighted Inverse Document Frequency (IDF) so as to moderate the effect of overweighted terms in mixed queries.
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Kammensjö, Helene. "Discourse connectives in Arabic lecturing monologue /." Göteborg : Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis, 2005. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=014821132&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Sāgir, ʻAbd al-Raḥīm. "Ẓāhirat al-isbāq fī al-judhūr al-ʻArabīyah dirāsah muʻjamīyah fī iṭār naẓarīyat al-qawālib wa-al-uthūl /." Agādīr : Jāmiʻat Ibn Zuhr, Kullīyat al-Ādāb wa-al-ʻUlūm al-Insānīyahbi-Akādīr, 2002. http://books.google.com/books?id=oA9jAAAAMAAJ.
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Saeed, Aziz T. "The pragmatics of codeswitching from Fusha Arabic to Aammiyyah Arabic in religious-oriented discourse." Virtual Press, 1997. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1063206.
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This study investigated the pragmatics of codeswitching from FuSHa Arabic, the high variety of Arabic (FA), to Aammiyyah Arabic, the low variety or vernacular (AmA), in the most formal type of discourse, namely religious-oriented discourse.The study posited the following five hypotheses:1) CS occurs with considerable frequency in religious discourse; 2) these switches are communicatively purposeful; 3) frequency of CS is related to the linguistic make-up of the audience addressed, 4) to the AmA of the speaker, and 5) to the section of the discourse delivered.To carry out the investigation, the researcher analyzed 18 audio and videotapes of religious discourse, delivered by 13 Arabic religious scholars from different Arab countries. Ten of these tapes were used exclusively to show that CS occurs in religious discourse. The other eight tapes were used to investigate the other hypotheses. The eight tapes involved presentations by three of the most famous religious scholars (from Egypt, Kuwait, and Yemen) delivered 1) within their home countries and 2) outside their home countries.Three of the five hypotheses were supported. It was found that: CS from FA to AmA occurred in religious discourse with considerable frequency; these switches served pragmatic purposes; and the frequency of the switches higher in the question/answer sections than in the lecture sections.Analysis showed that codeswitches fell into three categories: iconic/rhetorical, structural, and other. The switches served numerous communicative functions, some of which resemble the functions found in CS in conversational discourse.One finding was the relationship between the content of the message and the attitude of the speaker toward or its source. Generally, what the speakers perceived as [+positive] was expressed by the H code, and whatever they perceived as [-positive] was expressed by the L code. Scrutiny of this exploitation of the two codes indicated that FA tended to be utilized as a means of upgrading, whereas AmA was used as a means of downgrading.Department of English
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Alfalah, Sarah. "Arabic Typography Play." VCU Scholars Compass, 2013. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3073.
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I believe that spoken and written languages are verbal and visual expressions of cultures. Language is used to convey and sustain values and the belief system of people. Arabic is a language of complexity and formal beauty that is being disregarded and pushed away by its own native speakers. It is losing its value in the Arab world. In other words it is dying. Both the written and spoken language is being affected. As the world is interchanging, integrating, and becoming closer, there has been a strong impact on many societies, threatening their original culture. Arab cultures are abandoning the rich tradition of the Arabic language to universalize communication. My thesis investigates the relationships between typography as both a visual form of language and play as a mechanism to help children become more familiar and intimate with their native language.
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Al, Kohlani Fatima A. "The function of discourse markers in Arabic newspaper opinion articles." Connect to Electronic Thesis (CONTENTdm), 2010. http://worldcat.org/oclc/647187186/viewonline.
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Harrama, Abdulgialil Mohamed. "Libyan Arabic morphology: Al-Jabal dialect." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/186157.
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This study deals with the morphological structure of one of Libyan Arabic varieties called al-Jabal Dialect of Libyan Arabic (JDLA). The main concern of this study is the morphological component of JDLA though a general overview of the phonological system along with major phonological processes have been presented and accounted for. Such a presentation of the phonological processes is justified by the fact that phonology and morphology do interplay greatly in many points in the grammar. This dissertation is the first study of JDLA. The presentation of this dissertation is conducted in the following way. Chapter I is an introduction. Chapter II deals in brief with the phonological system of the dialect. This includes the consonants and vowels, syllable structure, stress rules and the major phonological processes of JDLA. Phonological processes include syncope, epenthesis, assimilation, metathesis, vowel length, vowel harmony, etc. Chapter III introduces the morphology of verbs where the derivation and inflection of triliteral and quadriliteral verbs are presented in detail. This includes the derivational and inflectional processes of sound, doubled, hollow and defective verbs ... etc. JDLA morphology is a root-based morphology where different morphological categories are produced through the interdigitation of roots and vowels which might be accompanied by affixes. Such a process is a very productive method in word creation as has been pointed out in the main body of this work. Chapter IV is devoted to the morphology of nouns. The derivation and inflection of verbal nouns, instance nouns, unit nouns, feminine nouns, instrumental nouns, locative nouns, etc. are elaborated upon. Chapter V concerns with the morphology of adjectives. The derivational and inflectional processes of verbal adjectives, positive adjectives, elative adjectives and adjectives of color and defect are introduced and accounted for. Chapter VI deals with pronouns where independent and suffixed personal pronouns along with other pronouns have been dealt with. Chapter VII concludes the study by presenting the salient features of JDLA as well as recommendations for future research.
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Alosh, Muhammad Mahdi. "The perception and acquisition of pharyngealized fricatives by American learners of Arabic and implications for teaching Arabic phonology." The Ohio State University, 1987. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1239970783.
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Kosoff, Zoe M., and Zoe M. Kosoff. "Register variation in Arabic translations of the WPAI: Balancing localization standards and Arabic language norms." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626393.
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How does localized translation relate to the Arabic language? According to the Localization Industry Standards Association, localization “involves taking a product and making it linguistically and culturally appropriate to the target locale (country/region and language) where it will be used and sold,” (Esselink 2000a, p. 3). In monoglossic situations, localized translation involves producing translations that reflect regional language variation. Localizing Arabic translations presents a greater challenge because the Arabic language is characterized by both register variation and regional variation (Badawi 1973/2012; Bassiouney 2009; Ferguson 1959/1972).
Existing literature addresses both localized translation and Arabic translation, but does not address localized Arabic translation specifically. Within the field of outcomes research, a public health subfield that studies patient populations health and well-being, prior studies that analyze Arabic translations of outcomes research documentation focus solely on the validity of universal, not localized translations. Studies in other specialized fields such as law also fail to include analysis of localized Arabic translation.
This study analyzes register and regional variation in one universal and twenty-seven localized Arabic translations of the Work Productivity and Activity Impairment Questionnaire (WPAI), a clinical outcome assessment that is frequently localized for use in internationally sited clinical trials (Margaret Reilly Associates 2013). To determine the degree to which the Arabic WPAIs are localized, twenty-one variables including linguistic lexical items, morphological forms, and syntactic structures were coded as either salient Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) or localized. Localized variables include salient Levantine Arabic (LA), Gulf Arabic (GA), and Egyptian Arabic (EA) features, shared MSA/LA/GA/EA variables and simplified variables. Then residual analysis of the expected and observed frequencies of each variable determined the overall degree of localization for each variable. Results indicate that salient MSA variables and localized variables are used in all twenty-eight WPAIs while localized salient LA, GA, and EA variables are completely absent. Although the inconsistent use of localized shared and simplified variables throughout the one universal and twenty-seven L-, G-, and E-WPAIs indicates that localization standards are met inconsistently, all twenty-eight WPAIs are successful within a functionalist framework because the use of salient MSA, shared, and simplified variables ensures that the text is accessible to a lay audience, which is the ultimate function of the target text (TT).
This study sheds light on the inherent challenges of localized Arabic translation, which is caught between localization standards and Arabic language norms. Motivations for using salient MSA, shared, and simplified variables are discussed and implications of this study include improving methods for producing localized Arabic translations.
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Soliman, Rasha Kadry Abdelatti Mohamed. "Arabic cross-dialectal conversations with implications for the teaching of Arabic as a second language." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2014. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/9119/.
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This research is divided into two interlinked parts. The first part reviews literature on the diglossia and variability of the Arabic language and investigates how mutual intelligibility is achieved in informal conversations between speakers of different Arabic dialects. 11 conversations were recorded between speakers of 12 Arabic dialects. Instances of borrowing from Modern Standard Arabic were observed and analysed. The participants were also interviewed after the recorded conversations in order to get more insight into the listening comprehension strategies that they applied to achieve intelligibility. The results show that the native speakers tend to rely mostly on their native dialect in cross-dialectal interaction with a much smaller number of borrowings from Modern Standard Arabic in comparison with previous studies. A number of listening strategies were observed to be used in order to aid intelligibility. These strategies included making use of the context, ignoring non-content words and making use of their linguistic knowledge and the root and pattern system in Arabic as a frame of reference in comprehending unfamiliar cognates. The analysis also showed that dialect familiarity has a major role in aiding comprehension between the native speakers of different Arabic dialects. The second part, first, examines the needs of learning Arabic as a second language in Higher Education, then presents a case study that tests the advanced Arabic learners’ level of cognate recognition in unfamiliar dialects and whether explicit strategy teaching and lexical training can improve their dialectal lexical comprehension. Five final year university students of Arabic with an advanced level in MSA and exposure to a dialect participated in this study. Pre and post-tests of dialectal listening comprehension were administered. The results of a higher score in the post-test confirmed that the explicit strategy training helped the Arabic students to achieve better comprehension of cognates in unfamiliar dialects.
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Aransa, Walid. "Statistical Machine Translation of the Arabic Language." Thesis, Le Mans, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LEMA1018/document.
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La traduction automatique de texte arabe a reçu beaucoup d'attention au cours de la dernière décennie. La langue arabe, langue officielle de plus de 25 pays, est parlée par plus de 290 millions de personnes. Les changements politiques engendrés par les révolutions arabes ont mis sur le devant de la scène cette langue et ses multiples dialectes. Ce travail s'inscrit dans le cadre du projet BOLT dont le but est d'améliorer les performances des systèmes de traduction arabe-anglais pour des domaines spécifiques (SMS, parole conversationnelle, etc.)Dans cette thèse, j'ai enrichi le système de traduction à base de segments du LIUM à maints égards. Les systèmes à base de segments fournissent actuellement les meilleures performances. Ces systèmes sont basés sur deux modèles statistiques : le modèle de traduction et le modèle de langage. Dans l'objectif d’améliorer la qualité de traduction de l'arabe, nous avons mis l'accent sur trois aspects. Le premier aspect est la réduction des mots inconnus dans la sortie de traduction. Le second aspect de mon travail de thèse est l'adaptation au domaine ou à la tâche de la table de traduction. Finalement, je me suis intéressé à l'amélioration de la modélisation linguistique avec des réseaux de neurones. Ces modèles sont utilisés pour re-évaluer les n-meilleures hypothèses de traduction.Toutes les techniques développées ont été minutieusement incorporées dans le système du LIUM et évaluées dans trois campagnes d’évaluation internationales dans le cadre du projet BOLTThe Arabic language received a lot of attention in the machine translation community during the last decade. It is the official language of 25 countries and it is spoken by more than 380 million people. The interest in Arabic language and its dialects increased more after the Arab spring and the political change in the Arab countries. In this thesis, I worked on improving LIUM's machine translation system for Arabic-English in the frame-work of the BOLT project.In this thesis, I have extend LIUM's phrase-based statistical machine translation system in many ways. Phrase-based systems are considered to be one of the best performing approaches. Basically, two probabilistic models are used, a translation model and a language model.I have been working on improving the translation quality. This is done by focusing on three different aspects. The first aspect is reducing the number of unknown words in the translated output. Second, the entities like numbers or dates that can be translated efficiently by some transfer rules. Finally, I have been working on the transliteration of named entities. The second aspect of my work is the adaptation of the translation model to the domain or genre of the translation task.Finally, I have been working on improved language modeling, based on neural network language models, also called continuous space language models. They are used to rescore the n-best translation hypotheses.All the developed techniques have been thoroughly evaluated and I took part in three international evaluations of the BOLT project
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Shaheen, Muhammad. "Theories of translation and their applications to the teaching of English/Arabic-Arabic/English translating." Thesis, Connect to e-thesis, 1991. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/637.
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Ghūl, Maḥmūd Alī Al-Ghul Omar. "Early southern Arabian languages and classical Arabic sources a critical examination of literary and lexicographical sources by comparison with the inscriptions /." Irbid, Jordan : Yarmouk University Publications, Deanship of Research and Graduate Studies, 1993. http://books.google.com/books?id=42tjAAAAMAAJ.
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Ihsheish, Shaher. "Morphological aspects of Arabic verb in translation /." Campbelltown, N.S.W. : University of Western Sydney, Macarthur, Faculty of Education and Lnaguages, 1998. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20030806.094016/index.html.
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AlQahtani, Saleh Jarallah. "The Structure and Distribution of Determiner Phrases in Arabic: Standard Arabic and Saudi Dialects." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/35081.
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This thesis investigates the syntactic structure of determiner phrases (DP) and their distribution in pre- and postverbal subject positions in Standard Arabic (SA) and Saudi dialects (SUD). It argues that indefinite DPs cannot occupy preverbal subject positions unless they are licensed by modification. Working within the theory of syntactic visibility conditions (visibility of the specifier and/or the determiner) put forth by Giusti (2002) and Landau (2007), I propose that adjectives, diminutives or construct states (CS) together with nunation can license indefinite DPs in preverbal subject positions. The syntactic derivation of the licensed indefinite DP depends on its complexity. In other words, in the case of simple DPs (e.g., a noun followed by an adjective), the correct linear word order is achieved by the syntactic N-to-D movement which takes place in the syntax proper. By contrast, if the DP is complex as in diminutives or CSs, the narrow syntax may not be able to derive the correct linear order. Therefore, I propose a novel analysis that
accounts for the mismatches between the spell out of the syntax and the phonological form. I argue that the derivation of diminutives and CSs is a shared process between the narrow syntax and the phonological component (PF). I show that movement operations after-syntax (Lowering and Local-dislocation) proposed by Embick and Noyer (1999, 2001, 2007), in the sense of Distributed Morphology (DM), can account for the mismatch. The last theoretical chapter of the thesis investigates the linguistic status of nunation. I argue that nunation is an indefinite marker that performs half of determination with a full lexical item satisfying the other half. As far as the subject position is concerned, the current thesis includes two experimental studies that investigate processing of syntactic subjects in different word orders (SVO/VSO) by two groups: Native speakers (NSs) and Heritage speakers (HSs) of Arabic whose dominant language is English. The first study aims to answer two questions: a) which word order is more preferred by NSs, SVO or VSO? and b) which word order requires more processing? The second study aims to answer the same questions but with different participants, HSs. It also aims to check whether or not the dominant language grammar affected the heritage language grammar. Results showed that VSO is more preferred than SVO by both groups. As far as processing is concerned, NSs significantly processed subjects in VSO faster the SVO; they showed no significant difference when processing postverbal subjects in definite and indefinite VSO. By contrast, HSs processed subjects in SVO faster than VSO; however, the difference was not significant. The slow processing of VSO shown by HSs might be attributed to the effect of the dominant language which has a different word order from the heritage language.
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Alabbas, Maytham Abualhail Shahed. "Textual entailment for modern standard Arabic." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/textual-entailment-for-modern-standard-arabic(9e053b1a-0570-4c30-9100-3d9c2ba86d8c).html.
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This thesis explores a range of approaches to the task of recognising textual entailment (RTE), i.e. determining whether one text snippet entails another, for Arabic, where we are faced with an exceptional level of lexical and structural ambiguity. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to carry out this task for Arabic. Tree edit distance (TED) has been widely used as a component of natural language processing (NLP) systems that attempt to achieve the goal above, with the distance between pairs of dependency trees being taken as a measure of the likelihood that one entails the other. Such a technique relies on having accurate linguistic analyses. Obtaining such analyses for Arabic is notoriously difficult. To overcome these problems we have investigated strategies for improving tagging and parsing depending on system combination techniques. These strategies lead to substantially better performance than any of the contributing tools. We describe also a semi-automatic technique for creating a first dataset for RTE for Arabic using an extension of the ‘headline-lead paragraph’ technique because there are, again to the best of our knowledge, no such datasets available. We sketch the difficulties inherent in volunteer annotators-based judgment, and describe a regime to ameliorate some of these. The major contribution of this thesis is the introduction of two ways of improving the standard TED: (i) we present a novel approach, extended TED (ETED), for extending the standard TED algorithm for calculating the distance between two trees by allowing operations to apply to subtrees, rather than just to single nodes. This leads to useful improvements over the performance of the standard TED for determining entailment. The key here is that subtrees tend to correspond to single information units. By treating operations on subtrees as less costly than the corresponding set of individual node operations, ETED concentrates on entire information units, which are a more appropriate granularity than individual words for considering entailment relations; and (ii) we use the artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm to automatically estimate the cost of edit operations for single nodes and subtrees and to determine thresholds, since assigning an appropriate cost to each edit operation manually can become a tricky task.The current findings are encouraging. These extensions can substantially affect the F-score and accuracy and achieve a better RTE model when compared with a number of string-based algorithms and the standard TED approaches. The relative performance of the standard techniques on our Arabic test set replicates the results reported for these techniques for English test sets. We have also applied ETED with ABC to the English RTE2 test set, where it again outperforms the standard TED.
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Benajiba, Yassine. "Arabic named entity recognition." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/8318.
Full textAbstract:
En esta tesis doctoral se describen las investigaciones realizadas con el objetivo de determinar
las mejores tecnicas para construir un Reconocedor de Entidades Nombradas
en Arabe. Tal sistema tendria la habilidad de identificar y clasificar las entidades
nombradas que se encuentran en un texto arabe de dominio abierto.
La tarea de Reconocimiento de Entidades Nombradas (REN) ayuda a otras tareas de
Procesamiento del Lenguaje Natural (por ejemplo, la Recuperacion de Informacion, la
Busqueda de Respuestas, la Traduccion Automatica, etc.) a lograr mejores resultados
gracias al enriquecimiento que a~nade al texto. En la literatura existen diversos trabajos
que investigan la tarea de REN para un idioma especifico o desde una perspectiva
independiente del lenguaje. Sin embargo, hasta el momento, se han publicado muy
pocos trabajos que estudien dicha tarea para el arabe.
El arabe tiene una ortografia especial y una morfologia compleja, estos aspectos aportan
nuevos desafios para la investigacion en la tarea de REN. Una investigacion completa
del REN para elarabe no solo aportaria las tecnicas necesarias para conseguir
un alto rendimiento, sino que tambien proporcionara un analisis de los errores y una
discusion sobre los resultados que benefician a la comunidad de investigadores del
REN. El objetivo principal de esta tesis es satisfacer esa necesidad. Para ello hemos:
1. Elaborado un estudio de los diferentes aspectos del arabe relacionados con dicha
tarea;
2. Analizado el estado del arte del REN;
3. Llevado a cabo una comparativa de los resultados obtenidos por diferentes
tecnicas de aprendizaje automatico;
4. Desarrollado un metodo basado en la combinacion de diferentes clasificadores,
donde cada clasificador trata con una sola clase de entidades nombradas y emplea
el conjunto de caracteristicas y la tecnica de aprendizaje automatico mas
adecuados para la clase de entidades nombradas en cuestion.
Nuestros experimentos han sido evaluados sobre nueve conjuntos de test.Benajiba, Y. (2009). Arabic named entity recognition [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/8318
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Nwesri, Abdusalam F. Ahmad, and nwesri@yahoo com. "Effective retrieval techniques for Arabic text." RMIT University. Computer Science and IT, 2008. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20081204.163422.
Full textAbstract:
Arabic is a major international language, spoken in more than 23 countries, and the lingua franca of the Islamic world. The number of Arabic-speaking Internet users has grown over nine-fold in the Middle East between the year 2000 and 2007, yet research in Arabic Information Retrieval (AIR) has not advanced as in other languages such as English. In this thesis, we explore techniques that improve the performance of AIR systems. Stemming is considered one of the most important factors to improve retrieval effectiveness of AIR systems. Most current stemmers remove affixes without checking whether the removed letters are actually affixes. We propose lexicon-based improvements to light stemming that distinguish core letters from proper Arabic affixes. We devise rules to stem most affixes and show their effects on retrieval effectiveness. Using the TREC 2001 test collection, we show that applying relevance feedback with our rules produces significantly better results than light stemming. Techniques for Arabic information retrieval have been studied in depth on clean collections of newswire dispatches. However, the effectiveness of such techniques is not known on other noisy collections in which text is generated using automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems and queries are generated using machine translations (MT). Using noisy collections, we show that normalisation, stopping and light stemming improve results as in normal text collections but that n-grams and root stemming decrease performance. Most recent AIR research has been undertaken using collections that are far smaller than the collections used for English text retrieval; consequently, the significance of some published results is debatable. Using the LDC Arabic GigaWord collection that contains more than 1 500 000 documents, we create a test collection of~90 topics with their relevance judgements. Using this test collection, we show empirically that for a large collection, root stemming is not competitive. Of the approaches we have studied, lexicon-based stemming approaches perform better than light stemming approaches alone. Arabic text commonly includes foreign words transliterated into Arabic characters. Several transliterated forms may be in common use for a single foreign word, but users rarely use more than one variant during search tasks. We test the effectiveness of lexicons, Arabic patterns, and n-grams in distinguishing foreign words from native Arabic words. We introduce rules that help filter foreign words and improve the n-gram approach used in language identification. Our combined n-grams and lexicon approach successfully identifies 80% of all foreign words with a precision of 93%. To find variants of a specific foreign word, we apply phonetic and string similarity techniques and introduce novel algorithms to normalise them in Arabic text. We modify phonetic techniques used for English to suit the Arabic language, and compare several techniques to determine their effectiveness in finding foreign word variants. We show that our algorithms significantly improve recall. We also show that expanding queries using variants identified by our Soutex4 phonetic algorithm results in a significant improvement in precision and recall. Together, the approaches described in this thesis represent an important step towards realising highly effective retrieval of Arabic text.
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Morsi, Ranya Ahmad Abdelaziz. "Specific Language impairment in Egyptian Arabic : Apreliminary investigation." Thesis, University of Reading, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.519869.
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Blair, Leslie Alison. "Arabic/English bilingual proficiency in language minority students." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ49558.pdf.
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Albustanji, Yusuf M. "Agrammatism In Jordanian –Arabic Speakers." The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1250650673.
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Alsabaan, Majed Soliman K. "Pronunciation support for Arabic learners." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/pronunciation-support-for-arabic-learners(3db28816-90ed-4e8b-b64c-4bbd35f98be7).html.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of the thesis is to find out whether providing feedback to Arabic language learners will help them improve their pronunciation, particularly of words involving sounds that are not distinguished in their native languages. In addition, it aims to find out, if possible, what type of feedback will be most helpful. In order to achieve this aim, we developed a computational tool with a number of component sub tools. These tools involve the implementation of several substantial pieces of software. The first task was to ensure the system we were building could distinguish between the more challenging sounds when they were produced by a native speaker, since without that it will not be possible to classify learners’ attempts at these sounds. To this end, a number of experiments were carried out with the hidden Markov model toolkit (the HTK), a well known speech recognition toolkit, in order to ensure that it can distinguish between the confusable sounds, i.e. the ones that people have difficulty with. The developed computational tool analyses the differences between the user’s pronunciation and that of a native speaker by using grammar of minimal pairs, where each utterance is treated as coming from a family of similar words. This provides the ability to categorise learners’ errors - if someone is trying to say cat and the recogniser thinks they have said cad then it is likely that they are voicing the final consonant when it should be unvoiced. Extensive testing shows that the system can reliably distinguish such minimal pairs when they are produced by a native speaker, and that this approach does provide effective diagnostic information about errors. The tool provides feedback in three different sub-tools: as an animation of the vocal tract, as a synthesised version of the target utterance, and as a set of written instructions. The tool was evaluated by placing it in a classroom setting and asking 50 Arabic students to use the different versions of the tool. Each student had a thirty minute session with the tool, working their way through a set of pronunciation exercises at their own pace. The results of this group showed that their pronunciation does improve over the course of the session, though it was not possible to determine whether the improvement is sustained over an extended period. The evaluation was done from three points of view: quantitative analysis, qualitative analysis, and using a questionnaire. Firstly, the quantitative analysis gives raw numbers telling whether a learner had improved their pronunciation or not. Secondly, the qualitative analysis shows a behaviour pattern of what a learner did and how they used the tool. Thirdly, the questionnaire gives feedback from learners and their comments about the tool. We found that providing feedback does appear to help Arabic language learners, but we did not have enough data to see which form of feedback is most helpful. However, we provided an informative analysis of behaviour patterns to see how Arabic students used the tool and interacted with it, which could be useful for more data analysis.
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Bakker, Barbara. "Arabic dystopias in the 21st century : A study on 21st century Arabic dystopian fictionthrough the analysis of four works of Arabic dystopian narrative." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Arabiska, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-28495.
Full textAbstract:
Dystopian fiction as intended in the Western literary tradition is a 20 th century phenomenon on the Arabic literary scene. This relatively new genre has been experiencing an uplift since the beginning of the 21 st century and many works that have been defined dystopias have been published and translated into English in the last 10 – 15 years. In order to find out their main features, Claeys’s categorization of literary dystopias is applied and a thematic analysis is carried out on four Arabic dystopian works of narrative, written by authors from different parts of the Arabic world. The analysis shows that 21 st century Arabic dystopias are political dystopias, with totalitarianism as their main variation. Rather than on society, their focus is on the individual, and more specifically on personal freedom. The totalitarian constraints are mainly caused by religious fundamentalism and bureaucratic procedures. Surveillance and control over population are implemented by means of religious precepts and bureaucratic constructions, together with, in some instances, control over language and technological devices. Political totalitarianism regardless of a specific political ideology is identified as main theme. The thesis suggests that a Western-based classification framework is only partially suitable for Arabic dystopian fiction of the 21 st century and that further research, including but not limited to a specific classification theory for Arabic dystopian fiction, is necessary to properly investigate this new literary trend in Arabic literature.
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Al-Agla, Ali. "Introducing computer supported co-operative learning to the curriculum of Islamic studies and Arabic language in Arabic Language Institute for non-Arabic speakers : teachers' perceptions, students' responses and administrators' views." Thesis, University of Hull, 2001. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:5402.
Full textAbstract:
The Saudi education system is facing a climate of change and interest in exploiting new technology and educational approaches to improve teaching and learning. In this climate, the present study explores the feasibility of introducing computer assisted cooperative learning at the Language Institute of Umm Al-Qura University, in terms of teacher attitudes to computers and their experience with/attitudes towards co-operative learning; administrative support for such innovation; and students' responses to a cooperative learning environment. A four-part Likert-type questionnaire was administered to 148 teachers of Arabic and Islamic Studies from four universities, to investigate their positive and negative attitudes to computers, feelings about computers' usefulness, and intimidation about using computers. At Umm Al-Qura University, views on co-operative learning were obtained from 35 teachers of Arabic and Islamic Studies, by means of interviews. Interviews were carried out with five senior administrators at the university, regarding development in curricula and teaching methods, including training and staff development needs and funding issues. Twenty-two students of elementary Arabic from the University's Language Institute took part in computer assisted cooperative learning sessions, using software developed by the researcher and were observed and interviewed. Teachers, irrespective of personal and professional characteristics, generally had positive attitudes to computers, while administrators claimed that efforts to provide computer access and training to teaching staff were underway. Teachers also had generally positive attitudes to cooperative learning, and some sceptics were won over by the sight of their students participating actively and with enjoyment in the sessions conducted by the researcher. There was however evidence of reluctance by teachers to give students responsibility for their learning. Teachers and administrators blamed each other for what they saw as stagnation in educational approaches, but both groups favoured change. The researcher concludes that the introduction of computer-assisted cooperative learning supported by appropriate training could benefit both students and teachers and offers recommendations for its implementation.
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Elesseily, Nagat Hassan. "Subject extraction from embedded clauses in standard Arabic." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/25385.
Full textAbstract:
Standard Arabic exhibits 'that trace' effect in one instance in the extraction of the subject from an 'anna' clause while the extraction of the object and the subject of an 'an' clause may be extracted freely in the formation of WH-question. The extraction of the subject of an 'anna' clause may not be extracted unless the extracted position is marked by a clitic on the complementizer 'anna'. If the clitic appears in place of the moved NP in an 'an' clause it renders the sentence ungrammatical.
The adoption of the Government and Binding Framework, Chomsky (1981), (1982) and in particular Case Theory, Government theory and the Empty Category Principle (ECP) enable us to explain this distinct behaviour in the extraction of the subject of an 'anna' clause and show that the appearance of the clitic is predicted by the proposed analysis. It is argued that the clitic appears in the extraction of the subject of an 'anna' clause in order to properly govern the trace left by the extracted subject, and so as not to violate ECP. Since verbs are proper governors in SA, extraction of the subject of an 'an' clause must apply from a governed position. In fact this is exactly what our analysis predicts. Since 'an' is not a case assigner and since we are assuming that government and case are assigned only to the right, AGR and verb preposing are obligatory in an 'an' clause to assign case to the subject NP. Therefore extraction of the subject leaves a trace properly governed by the verb. In the extraction of the subject of an 'anna' clause on the other hand, since 'anna' is a case assigner and assigns a cusative case to its subject, AGR and verb preposing may not apply. Thus, the extraction of the subject leaves a trace which is not properly governed in violation of ECP, and the clitic must appear in order to properly govern the trace left by movement.Arts, Faculty of
Linguistics, Department of
Graduate
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Alzahrani, Mohammed Omar. "THE READER'S TURN: THE PACKAGING AND RECEPTION OF CONTEMPORARY ARABIC LITERATURE IN ARABIC AND IN ENGLISH TRANSLATION." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1606425465610702.
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