Journal articles on the topic 'Arabia economic'
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Alwakid, Wafa, Sebastian Aparicio, and David Urbano. "The Influence of Green Entrepreneurship on Sustainable Development in Saudi Arabia: The Role of Formal Institutions." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 10 (May 19, 2021): 5433. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105433.
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This study explores the influence of green entrepreneurial activity on sustainable development, using institutional economics as a theoretical framework. Also, the role of entrepreneurship policy is analysed in the context of Saudi Arabia. Using information from the General Authority for Statistics from 13 Saudi Arabian cities, the main findings show that green entrepreneurship positively contributes to the economic, social, and environmental components of sustainable development during the period 2012–2017. These results demonstrate a measurable indication of sustainable development outcomes, whereby Saudi Arabian institutions align entrepreneurial activities with a positive triple bottom line effect. Accordingly, these findings contribute new evidence to justify government commitment to supporting green entrepreneurship in Saudi Arabia and encourage future domestic policies.
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Fedorchenko, A. V. "Russia – Saudi Arabia: plight and prospects of cooperation." International Trade and Trade Policy 8, no. 4 (January 14, 2023): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2410-7395-2022-3-23-34.
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For Russia, the political situation in the Persian Gulf region is of fundamental importance due to the size of its resource potential, its significant role in the global energy sector, geographical proximity, and the influence of the Arabian countries on the Muslim population of our country. The relative political stability and economic weight of the Arabian monarchies serve as the basis of the new – Arabian vector of Russia's Middle East policy. The influence of the monarchies of the Persian Gulf zone, primarily the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, is growing in the region. The author tried to answer the question: what are the opportunities and prospects for establishing partnership relations between Russia and Saudi Arabia? Besides cooperation in the settlement of regional conflicts and the fight against international terrorism, the creation of a collective security zone in the Persian Gulf, coordination of actions in the oil market, bringing economic relations to a new qualitative level, and the development of humanitarian contacts are the most realistic areas of rapprochement.
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Yakovlev, Alexander I. "Arabian City Phenomenon: Riadh." Oriental Courier, no. 1-2 (2021): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s268684310015781-7.
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The article follows the main stages in the development of Riyadh — the capital of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The history of Riyadh is viewed in the context of the history of traditional Arabian cities and the new urban centers of Arabia. The great role of the creator of Saudi Arabia, King Ibn Saud and his sons in the development of the capital is indicated; in particular, the innovations of the current King of Saudi Arabia Salman ibn Abdel Aziz, who was the governor of Riyadh for about half a century. It was under Abdel Aziz that a large-scale reconstruction of the city began, as a result of which the city acquired its modern features. In addition, the article describes the layout of the city, shows its functions as the capital’s political, financial, economic and cultural center of the kingdom. Particular attention is paid to the modern architecture of the city, represented by the tower of the Radio Center, the water tower, the Faisalia towers and the “Center of the Kingdom (Burj al-Mamlaka)”. The author concludes that the city justifies its name, which in Arabic means “gardens”, differing from other cities by the presence of squares and parks with green lawns, greenery, and date palms.
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Hopper, Matthew S. "Globalization and the Economics of African Slavery in Arabia in the Age of Empire." Journal of African Development 12, no. 1 (April 1, 2010): 155–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jafrideve.12.1.0155.
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Abstract This paper examines the economic conditions that generated demand for slave labor in Arabia in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries. The existing historiography has tended to emphasize a cultural or religious basis for slavery in the region, ignoring the expanding global markets for Arabian commodities that fueled demand for slave labor. This paper argues that growing markets for Arabian pearls and dates in Europe and North America helped drive the slave trade from east Africa to eastern Arabia and the Gulf. Globalization helped spread Arabian commodities to markets around the world but ultimately helped destroy the Gulf's most important export markets when industrialized states replaced Gulf pearls and dates with products of their own.
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Harutyunyan, A. Zh. "Arabia According to the Ancient Armenian Monument “Ashkharatsuyts” Dated the 5th–7th Centuries." Uchenye Zapiski Kazanskogo Universiteta. Seriya Gumanitarnye Nauki 163, no. 3 (2021): 137–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/2541-7738.2021.3.137-150.
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The “Ancient Armenian Geography” (“Ashkharatsuyts”) places a special emphasis on the historical and geographical description of the Arabian Peninsula as a whole. Here, Arabia is considered as two countries of Universal Asia: the 25th and 28th countries are referred to as Arabia Petraea and Felix, respectively. The desert part of Arabia (Arabia Deserta) is also mentioned, but the authors (Movses Khorenatsi, Ananias of Shirak) only outline the boundaries of the peninsula. In addition to the geographical and historical information, the “Ashkharatsuyts” gives details on the socio-economic and cultural development of the population residing in the region. There is also a racial map, as well as the information about fossil resources, flora, fauna, etc. Similarly to the earlier works by other scholars (Strabo, Pliny the Elder, Pomponius Mela, Ptolemy, et al.), the “Ashkharatsuyts” is focused on all sections and subcategories of geography (from anthropogeography, cartography, local history, physico-economic geography to military geography, plant geography, physical geography (orography and hydrography), etc.). In this paper, each fragment of the text devoted to Arabia is explained on the basis of hermeneutic principles. Toponyms are interpreted using historical and linguistic analysis. Controversial issues are considered in the perspective of comparison with data from other sources. The results obtained contribute considerably to the study of the Arabian Peninsula by appealing to historical sources along with archaeological data.
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DAWAH, HASSAN A., MOHAMMED A. ABDULLAH, and JOHN C. DEEMING. "An overview of the Chloropidae (Diptera) of Saudi Arabia." Zootaxa 4791, no. 1 (June 15, 2020): 1–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4791.1.1.
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Chloropidae are of major economic importance, since the larvae of some species are pests of cereals and grasses, some are parasitoids and predators, and adults of some Hippelates spp. visit and transmit or are suspected of transmitting yaws sores in man and animals and by feeding around the eyes are vectors of Brazilian Purpuric Fever. Within the framework of the exploration of the biodiversity of Diptera in Southwest Saudi Arabia a survey of the grass flies fauna in 18 sites in Jazan, Asir, and Najran in south-western Saudi Arabia was performed mainly using Malaise traps and sweep nets from 2010– to 2016. Sixty six species of 43 genera and three subfamilies of Chloropidae were identified and are recorded from Saudi Arabia, 20 of them for the first time and three are described as new species: Elachiptera arabica Deeming sp. n.; Kwarea ismayi Deeming sp.n. and Tricimba turneri Deeming sp.n.. This makes the total number of Chloropidae species in Saudi Arabia 95 (including 29 species previously recorded). Seventy images are presented. The species of Chloropidae listed are predominantly of Afrotropical/ Palaearctic origin. An updated checklist of Chloropidae species of Saudi Arabia is presented.This study adds new records of Chloropidae to the Saudi Arabian Diptera fauna, which will become reference points for research detailing the systematic geographic distribution and for identifying other specimens submitted for identification. Further species will undoubtedly be discovered with more research involving collecting and rearing methods.
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Baig, Mirza Barjees, Bader Alhafi Alotaibi, Khodran Alzahrani, David Pearson, Ghedeir M. Alshammari, and Ashfaq Ahmad Shah. "Food Waste in Saudi Arabia: Causes, Consequences, and Combating Measures." Sustainability 14, no. 16 (August 19, 2022): 10362. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141610362.
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The enormous amounts of food going as waste to landfills is of great concern in Saudi Arabia. The issue of food waste is complex, with its numerous social, cultural, economic, and environmental sustainability dimensions warranting further investigations. Food waste is one of the prime issues threatening food security in Saudi Arabia. This article aims to gauge the real issue, to create awareness among those who waste large amounts of food, and to encourage planners and policy makers to implement corrective measures. This article aims to stimulate interest within the scientific community, seek support from different branches of Saudi Arabian government, and engage all major segments of society. A thorough search of the international scientific publications and the grey literature published in English and Arabic was made. It was discovered that the available literature is scarce, and tends to focus on finding knowledge about the problem rather than on generating solutions. Thus, further research should attempt to find ways to form strategies and to test new ideas and interventions that could reduce food waste, particularly in the hospitality sector and within households. Based on the analysis presented in this paper, the recommended course of action for Saudi Arabia is to launch an integrated “Stop Wasting Food” campaign that would include all stakeholders. Raising awareness about the detrimental consequences of food waste and encouraging behavioral changes to reduce this squandering of precious resources is the first step in addressing the issue. There is an urgent need to promote behavioral changes in Saudi Arabian society, particularly among prime food wasters: women and youth.
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Mohamed Meteb, Alotaibi. "Unemployment and Economic Growth in Saudi Arabia 2000-2015." International Journal of Economics and Finance 9, no. 9 (August 10, 2017): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v9n9p83.
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The objective of this paper concentrates on determining the relationship between unemployment and economic growth in Saudi Arabia for the period 2000-2015 in order to explanation of the employment, unemployment level and its determinants to increase the employment level and avoiding the harmful effects of unemployment problems. The question to be raised is does recruitment rely on the public sector? Does the creation of job opportunities in the state’s public sector have a negative or positive effect on the private sector through the effect of withdrawing its specialized technical cadres? Is the private sector growth real or illusive? Is the economic growth adequate to reduce the unemployment rate among Saudis? The results obtained show that, there are a positive relationships between the employment and real income, real investment, real government expenditure and real value of exports. On the other hand, there are negative relationships between employment and the real value of imports. The economic growth was not adequate in reducing the unemployment rate among Saudis. There is a reversal relationship between unemployment rates and the economic growth which does not effectively work in the Saudi economy. Saudis prefer to work with government sector not in private sector; Government must stimulate Saudis to work in private sector. This paper used the annual data from 2000 to 2015 for Saudi Arabia. All data in this paper was obtained from Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency (SAMA) and World Bank Development Indicator.
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Jamel, Lamia. "The Relation between Tourism and Economic Growth: A Case of Saudi Arabia as an Emerging Tourism Destination." Virtual Economics 3, no. 4 (October 31, 2020): 29–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.34021/ve.2020.03.04(2).
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This paper examines empirically the relation between tourism and economic growth in Saudi Arabia. The authors try to justify how tourism contributes to the economic growth of Saudi Arabia. There are applied descriptive statistics, unit root test, VAR model and Granger Causality test as an econometric methodology to examine the connection between tourism and economic growth in Saudi Arabia for the annual data in the period from 1990 to 2018. The main empirical results of the study find out that tourism affects positively the economic growth in Saudi Arabia. Also, there is found a positive nexus among tourism and economic growth. Furthermore, CO2 emissions and financial development impact positively the tourism sector, while trade openness predicts a negative effect on tourism. Additionally, CO2 emissions, financial development, and trade openness have a positive impact on economic growth in Saudi Arabia. Finally, the Granger causality test provides evidence of bidirectional nexus between tourism and economic growth in Saudi Arabia. This paper contributes to the current research by explaining the causal nexus among tourism and economic growth in Saudi Arabia during the period from 1990 to 2018, applying a vector autoregressive model and Granger Causality.
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Kahia, Montassar, Anis Omri, and Bilel Jarraya. "Green Energy, Economic Growth and Environmental Quality Nexus in Saudi Arabia." Sustainability 13, no. 3 (January 26, 2021): 1264. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031264.
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This article extends the previous studies on environmental economics literature by examining a possible relationship between economic growth, green energy, and environmental quality. Specifically, this article investigated the three-way linkage between economic growth, renewable energy, and environmental quality in the case of Saudi Arabia using the simultaneous equation modeling approach over the period of 1990–2016. The following are the main findings obtained: (i) a unidirectional causal impact of economic growth on renewable energy consumption was found, confirming the conservation hypothesis; (ii) bidirectional relationships between economic growth and CO2 emissions and between CO2 emissions and renewable energy consumption were also found; (iii) the failure of renewable energy in Saudi Arabia to close the gap between growing the economy and protecting the environment in Saudi Arabia; (iv) the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis was supported. Policy implications are also discussed.
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Naumenko, T. V., and K. V. Timakhov. "Saudi Arabia’s Economic Competitiveness in the Middle East." MGIMO Review of International Relations 64, no. 1 (March 22, 2019): 147–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2019-1-64-147-167.
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Saudi Arabia is one of the key economic players in the Middle East with a number of competitive advantages. The article analyzes these advantages as well as disadvantages and identifies measures to improve the competitive potential of Saudi Arabia. Methodologically it employs the Porter’s «diamond model». Cultural, historical and socio-political trends in Saudi Arabia increase the complexity of reforming the economy and increasing its competitiveness. The current reforms are insufficient to improve the quality of human capital. Existing economic and political institutions need to be reformed. There is an obvious problem of low women’s employment. Despite the fact that Saudi Arabia occupies only the 4th place on the regional competitive index table, authors see ways to strengthen this indicator of the Kingdom’s economy. The most decisive factor in this regard as argued by the authors is the elimination of state institutional problems which are chiefly responsible for low competitiveness of the economy.
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Saeed, Abdullah, and Shayem Saleh. "Financial Depth and Efficiency, and Economic Growth Nexus in Saudi Arabia and Oman." Review of Economic and Business Studies 11, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rebs-2018-0076.
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AbstractThis paper aims to examine the financial depth and efficiency and economic growth nexus in the context of Saudi Arabia and Oman. In particular, this paper addresses on how financial depth and efficiency relate to economic growth and the causal relation between financial depth and efficiency and the economic growth in Saudi Arabia and Oman. Methodological wise, this study employs a panel data of Saudi Arabia and Oman over the period of 1990 - 2015 and uses the determination of line of best to analyze the causal relations. The empirical results show that financial deepening have desirable effects on the economic growth in Oman, while increasing financial depth and efficiency has detrimental impact to economic growth of Saudi Arabia. Based on these empirical facts, we conclude that the financial deepening in Saudi Arabia is not an economic prioritized strategy, but financial deepening is an economic prioritized strategy in Oman. Two main policy implications are reached.
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Almosabbeh, Imadeddin Ahmed, and Mohamad Abulkarem Almoree. "The relationship between manufacturing production and economic growth in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia." Journal of Economic Studies 45, no. 4 (September 10, 2018): 674–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-02-2017-0029.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the long-term relationship between the performance of the manufacturing sector and economic growth in Saudi Arabia. It does so by testing Kaldor–Verdoorn and Thirlwall’s laws. Design/methodology/approach The authors used data for the period 1980–2014 from databases of the World Bank, the Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency, the Penn World Table (PWT8) and the five-year plan of the Ministry of Planning and National Economy of Saudi Arabia. The authors used the bound test for the cointegration approach, which allowed them to test the two hypotheses in the long run, after examining the stability of the time series and ensuring the rank of its stability. Findings The results that emerged from the analysis show that Kaldor’s law is applicable to the data on the KSA, but with decreasing returns to scale, with coefficient equal 0.83. Verdoorn’s law is also applicable at both macro and sectoral levels with elasticity coefficient equal to 0.81 and 0.616, respectively, also with decreasing returns to scale. For Thirlwall’s model, the results show that the relationship was reverse, contrary to what expected, with a significant elasticity coefficient of 0.599. Social implications This study recommends that policy makers in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia focus on the industrial sector because of its impact on productivity, social returns and other sectors of the economy. Originality/value One of the important aspects of this paper is that it tests both Kaldor–Verdoorn’s and Thirlwall’s laws in the case of countries that depend on oil exports for growth and where the contribution of industrial output to GDP, in Saudi Arabia, is relatively low, at about 13 percent, across the period 1970–2013, and about 16.8 percent between 2000 and 2013 (see Figure 1). Since there have been few studies on this subject, the authors used data from Saudi Arabia to provide evidence of the importance of diversifying the economy by increasing the contribution of manufacturing to GDP to ensure increased productivity and to promote economic growth.
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Malkin, Jesse D., Drishti Baid, Reem F. Alsukait, Taghred Alghaith, Mohammed Alluhidan, Hana Alabdulkarim, Abdulaziz Altowaijri, et al. "The economic burden of overweight and obesity in Saudi Arabia." PLOS ONE 17, no. 3 (March 8, 2022): e0264993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0264993.
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Context The prevalence of overweight and obesity in Saudi Arabia has been rising. Although the health burden of excess weight is well established, little is known about the economic burden. Aims To assess the economic burden—both direct medical costs and the value of absenteeism and presenteeism—resulting from overweight and obesity in Saudi Arabia. Settings and design The cost of overweight and obesity in Saudi Arabia was estimated from a societal perspective using an epidemiologic approach. Methods and materials Data were obtained from previously published studies and secondary databases. Statistical analysis used Overweight/obesity-attributable costs were calculated for six major noncommunicable diseases; sensitivity analyses were conducted for key model parameters. Results The impact of overweight and obesity for these diseases is found to directly cost a total of $3.8 billion, equal to 4.3 percent of total health expenditures in Saudi Arabia in 2019. Estimated overweight and obesity–attributable absenteeism and presenteeism costs a total of $15.5 billion, equal to 0.9 percent of GDP in 2019. Conclusions Even when limited to six diseases and a subset of total indirect costs, results indicate that overweight and obesity are a significant economic burden in Saudi Arabia. Future studies should identify strategies to reduce the health and economic burden resulting from excess weight in Saudi Arabia.
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Xu, Lingyu. "Analyze of Saudi Arabia international trade policy under the perspective of neo-liberalism theory." Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences 1 (July 6, 2022): 140–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ehss.v1i.653.
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The globalization, privatization, and opening-up process of developing countries attract the world. These policies are helpful for the development of developing countries. This article uses Saudi Arabia as an example to study the execution of globalization, privatization, and opening-up policies. The article also discusses the influence of these policies in Saudi Arabia. The literature review method is applied in this article to explore the privatization and open-up policy of Saudi Arabia. This study mainly relies on information gathered from former academic reports and articles analyzing the economic reform of Saudi Arabia and some media articles. This article studies Saudi Arabia's economic globalization process and uses neo-liberalism theory to conduct qualitative research on the decisions of Saudi Arabia. The economic structure of Saudi Arabia profoundly relies on its resources. The economic system of Saudi Arabia also has some flaws, including the corruption and low efficiency of its bureaucratic system and public sector. The economic system highly relies on the global oil market, and there is also potential employment risk. The article uses the neo-liberalism theory to analyze globalization, privatization, and geopolitics in Saudi Arabia. The article studies the intentions of Saudi Arabia to strengthen its oil industry and financial market and solve the problem of low-efficiency public sectors and the contradiction between economic development and geopolitics conflict between Israel. This article found out that the neo-liberalism theory does influence the decisions made by the authorities of Saudi Arabia. However, the decisions of Saudi Arabia are also influenced by some factors, like the geopolitical conflict with Israel, which is outside the paradigm of the neoliberalism theory. This article may help developing countries make decisions in the international trade system, especially developing countries that are highly reliant on natural resources.
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Alhowaish, AbdulkarimK. "Economic costs of diabetes in Saudi Arabia." Journal of Family and Community Medicine 20, no. 1 (2013): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2230-8229.108174.
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Alkarashi, Abdullah, Mark Rajai, and Kouroush Jenab. "The economic efficiency analysis of Saudi Arabia." International Journal of Business Excellence 7, no. 5 (2014): 565. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijbex.2014.064556.
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AL Mahish, Mohammed A. "The Impact of Financing on Economic Growth in Saudi Arabia." International Journal of Economics and Finance 8, no. 8 (July 20, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v8n8p1.
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<p>This paper investigates the impact of the overall financing activities on economic growth in Saudi Arabia. The study developed a financing index that takes into account the overall available credit in Saudi Arabia. The index was shown to be sensitive to economic and political shocks such as the Arab Spring. Using Johnson cointegration approach, the paper found an evidence of long run relationship between real GDP per capita, financing, real interest real, public labor force, and capital. Using a vector error correction model, the paper found a robust estimate that proves the positive impact of financing on economic growth in Saudi Arabia. Furthermore, Granger-Causality Wald test indicates that financing influences economic growth in Saudi Arabia.</p>
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Abdulkarim K. Alhowaish, Abdulkarim K. Alhowaish. "Towards Balanced Regional Economic Development: The Case of Saudi Arabia." journal of King Abdulaziz University Environmental Design Sciences 10, no. 1 (January 3, 2016): 113–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4197/env.10-1.4.
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Despite all the efforts by Saudi Arabia at all levels to promote balanced regional-economic development across national space, the apparent widening development gap at both inter-and-intra-regional levels still persists. The distribution of population, employment and socio-economic activities in few Saudi regions during the last forty years is also remarkable. The Saudi Arabia, however, realized that unless the trends in polarization of socio-economic opportunities in specific regions and interregional disparities are rectified, Saudi national development cannot be sustained. This research is set to investigate development disparities among regions in Saudi Arabia regarding economic structures and changes over the period of 1992 to 2010. Specifically, this research study attempts to identify the potentialities of economic development in each region of Saudi Arabia and their explicit and implicit competitive advantages to achieve balanced economic development among Saudi regions.
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Imam, Amir A., Yusuf A. Al-Turki, and Sreerama Kumar R. "Techno-Economic Feasibility Assessment of Grid-Connected PV Systems for Residential Buildings in Saudi Arabia—A Case Study." Sustainability 12, no. 1 (December 28, 2019): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12010262.
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This paper presents a techno-economic feasibility evaluation for a grid-connected photovoltaic energy conversion system on the rooftop of a typical residential building in Jeddah, one of the major cities in Saudi Arabia. In Saudi Arabia, electric energy consumption is the highest in the domestic sector, with 48.1% of the total electricity consumption. As the power generation in Saudi Arabia mainly relies on conventional resources, environmental pollution and energy sustainability are major concerns. To minimize these issues, the Saudi government is in the process of maximizing the utilization of renewable energy resources for power generation. Investing in solar energy in Saudi Arabia is important because the country is witnessing a rapid increase in load demand, with annual growth rates of 6%. In this paper, the system advisor model software for renewable energy modeling has been utilized to perform a techno-economic feasibility analysis of a residential grid-connected solar photovoltaic (PV) system, which is proposed for a typical apartment in Saudi Arabia, on the basis of various key performance indicators, namely: yield factor, capacity factor, performance ratio, levelized cost of energy, net present value, internal rate of return, and payback period. A sensitivity analysis that investigates the impact of varying techno-economic parameters on system performance and feasibility is also discussed. The size of the PV system for a typical Saudi Arabian apartment is estimated to be 12.25 kW. Results have shown that the proposed system can generate 87% of the electricity needs of an apartment. The technical analysis showed that the capacity factor and the performance ratio were 22% and 78% respectively. The levelized cost of energy and net present value revealed competitive figures of 0.0382 $/kWh and $4378, respectively. The investigations indicate that residential PV installations are an effective option for energy management in the country.
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Alzhrani, Nesreen, and Miriam Alkubaidi. "Causes of Paradigm Shift from EFL to ESL in Higher Education in Saudi Arabia." International Journal of Education 12, no. 4 (November 13, 2020): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ije.v12i4.17652.
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The use of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) in Saudi Arabia does not appear to continue in the coming years on account of its strong commitment towards the 2030 vision that aims to reformulate and restructure the foundations of the social and economic fabric of the Saudi society. The Arabic language holds its significance in the society due to being a religious language. The current review has analyzed the paradigm shifts from EFL to ESL in higher education in The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and predicted the future of English in Saudi Arabia. The major challenge that policymakers may encounter would be how to localize education of English language to meet the Saudi norms and standards of learning while at the same time modernize and internationalize the higher education through western theoretical knowledge and the English language. Suggestions regarding these aspects may direct individuals involved in language planning in Saudi Arabia.
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Benlagha, Noureddine, and Lanouar Charfeddine. "Analysis of the Effect of the European Debt Crisis on the Saudi Arabian Economy." Studies in Business and Economics 24, no. 1 (December 2021): 61–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/sbe.2021.0127.
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This paper investigates the economic impact of the 2009 European debt crisis on Saudi Arabia’s real economy from 2004 Q2 to 2014 Q2 using a structural vector autoregressive model (SVAR). The results of the impulse response functions obtained from the aggregated data show that the shock to European imports from Saudi Arabia had a significant impact on the real effective exchange rate, inflation rate, and economic growth that lasted for three periods. Moreover, the variance decomposition analysis shows that Europe’s imports from Saudi Arabia explain approximately 20% of the variance of the Saudi real effective exchange rate and real economic growth, 10% of the interest rate variability, and only 5% of the inflation rate variance. The results of the individual country analysis show that the impact of shocks to imports from all European countries had an instantaneous impact, except for France and Spain, where the impact on the economic growth was significant in the second and sixth periods respectively. The results suggest that Saudi Arabian policymakers should continue the process of export diversification in order to reduce its dependence on this region.
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Alam, Fakhre, Harman Preet Singh, and Ajay Singh. "Economic Growth in Saudi Arabia through Sectoral Reallocation of Government Expenditures." SAGE Open 12, no. 4 (October 2022): 215824402211271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440221127158.
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The article employs auto-regressive distributed lag (ARDL) cointegration and error-correction modelling to study the long-run impact of investment, exports, imports, and three components of government expenditures (expenditures on health, education, and other government spending) on GDP growth in Saudi Arabia from 1985 to 2018. We observe the long-run positive relationship between GDP, investment, exports and government education expenditure, but a negative relationship between GDP, imports, government health spending, and government other expenditures. The analysis reveals that investment, exports, and government educational expenditures all have long-run positive effects on the GDP growth, while imports, government health expenditures, and government other expenditures negatively affect GDP growth in Saudi Arabia. The Toda-Yamamoto causality test that applies the Modified Wald test establishes causality from exports, government education spending, and government health spending to GDP. We deduce that education expenditures stimulate economic growth in Saudi Arabia in contrast to health expenditures. Additionally, we infer that the various categories of government expenditures have varying effects on GDP. This necessitates a prudent sectoral allocation of public expenditures to maximize its positive effects on GDP growth and stimulate economic growth in Saudi Arabia. Moreover, the above findings have policy implications for the government in Saudi Arabia while allocating its expenditures. Allocating more government expenditures to education, cutting down inessential spending, and downsizing government healthcare expenditures will enhance long-run economic growth in Saudi Arabia. JEL Classification: O470; I15; I25
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Badruzzaman, Badruzzaman. "Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Tenaga Kerja Indonesia di Saudi Arabia Perspektif Hukum Indonesia dan Saudi Arabia." Al-Mazaahib: Jurnal Perbandingan Hukum 4, no. 1 (December 16, 2022): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/al-mazaahib.v4i1.2846.
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In Indonesia, labor is one of the drivers of economic life and is a resource that is quite abundant. Economic conditions that are less attractive in their own country and incomes that are quite large and appear more attractive in destination countries have become triggers for international labor mobility. And the destination of most Indonesian workers is Saudi Arabia. As a developed country and a recipient of workers from Indonesia, it is not necessarily supported by progress in legal protection for migrant workers working in Saudi Arabia. Even though in the end Saudi Arabia was represented by the Ministry of Manpower and had issued Labor Laws and Regulations. This article is a library research approach that is used is normative-juridical. The authors compare the concept of legal protection for migrant workers in Saudi Arabia according to Indonesian Law and Saudi Arabian Law. Based on the results of the research that has been done, it can be concluded that Law Number 13 of 2003 concerning Manpower and Law Number 39 of 2004 concerning the Placement and Protection of Overseas Workers, as well as the King's Decree No. (A/91) Basic Law of Governance and in the Labor Law issued by the Ministry of Manpower of Saudi Arabia No. M/51. It is a form of guarantee that the Government of Indonesia and the Government of Saudi Arabia provide legal protection for Indonesian Migrant Workers working in Saudi Arabia. The similarities in the concept of legal protection for migrant workers between the governments of Indonesia and Saudi Arabia are both clearly stated in the laws and regulations of the two countries. The difference from the concept of legal protection for migrant workers lies in the handling process/field. In addition to the different legal basis, it is also difficult for Indonesian migrant workers to obtain definite legal protection for each case they experience. Saudi Arabia uses Islamic law or Sharia law as the legal basis so that the rules are set differently, so that the handling of the legal protection process for migrant workers is still weak.
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Intaningrum, Andini Luthfiayu, and Witri Elvianti. "Economic Interests of Saudi Arabia in Response to Uyghurs Human Rights Violation in XinJiang (2017-2019)." Intermestic: Journal of International Studies 6, no. 1 (November 30, 2021): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/intermestic.v6n1.5.
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This study explains Uyghurs human rights violation in Xinjiang, where Saudi Arabia as world Islamic country has responded in passive way by not doing bold actions to defend the fellow Uyghurs muslims. In the meantime, the relationship between Saudi Arabia and China have become stronger as these countries become dependent towards each other, specifically with its economic cooperation especially under Belt and Road Initiatives. With the qualitative method, there is a high possibility that China utilizes passive response from Saudi Arabia as Saudi Arabia signed a joint-statement to appreciate China�s action on the issue against Uyghurs Muslims. This will lead to the Saudi Arabia�s economic interests as the reason behind its passive action in facing the human rights issue in Xinjiang as as Saudi Arabia is trying to maintain its normality with China for the sake of its bilateral relationship.
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Petraglia, Michael D., Huw S. Groucutt, Maria Guagnin, Paul S. Breeze, and Nicole Boivin. "Human responses to climate and ecosystem change in ancient Arabia." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 15 (April 13, 2020): 8263–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1920211117.
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Recent interdisciplinary archaeological and paleoenvironmental research in the Arabian peninsula is transforming our understanding of ancient human societies in their ecological contexts. Hypotheses about the cultural and demographic impacts of a series of droughts have primarily been developed from the environmental and archaeological records of southeastern Arabia. Here we examine these human–environment interactions by integrating ongoing research from northern Arabia. While droughts and extreme environmental variability in the Holocene had significant impacts on human societies, responses varied across space and time and included mobility at various scales, as well as diverse social, economic and cultural adaptations, such as the management of water resources, the introduction of pastoral lifeways, and the construction of diverse types of stone structures. The long-term story of human societies in Arabia is one of resilience in the face of climate change, yet future challenges include rising temperatures and flash flooding. The history of human responses to climatic and ecosystem changes in Arabia can provide important lessons for a planet facing catastrophic global warming and environmental change.
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Alharbi, Fahad Saad Soliaman Algorabi, and Mazen Mohammed Farea. "Transformational Leadership and Economic Development in Saudi Arabia." Academic Journal of Research and Scientific Publishing 3, no. 25 (May 5, 2021): 05–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.52132/ajrsp.e.2021.251.
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This research aimed to explore how transformational leadership factors can be linked to the economic development in the central region of Saudi Arabia. In the current study, we had systemically selected 377 individuals with random job samples in both the public sector and private sector, by managers or vice-managers, from the central area, Saudi Arabia. through the survey frame, a technique and survey methods for gathering data on research issues; transformational leadership, and economic development were included in the current study. There were major statistically significant positive correlates of growth between idealized effects and individualized considerations, and poor significant correlations with intellectual stimulus and encouragement. The body of knowledge that studies productive and sustainable management raised the perspectives of economic development; therefore, the managers used this knowledge as a lever to accomplish it. Organizations should teach their executives and administrators to exercise leadership, make them work harder, provide good leadership, and grow their organization.
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Euchi, Jalel, Anis Omri, and Ahmad Al Tit. "The pillars of economic diversification in Saudi Arabia." World Review of Science, Technology and Sustainable Development 14, no. 4 (2018): 330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/wrstsd.2018.095719.
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Al Tit, Ahmad, Jalel Euchi, and Anis Omri. "The pillars of economic diversification in Saudi Arabia." World Review of Science, Technology and Sustainable Development 14, no. 4 (2018): 330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/wrstsd.2018.10016760.
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Albassam, Bassam A. "Economic diversification in Saudi Arabia: Myth or reality?" Resources Policy 44 (June 2015): 112–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2015.02.005.
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Topal, Aylin. "Economic reforms and women's empowerment in Saudi Arabia." Women's Studies International Forum 76 (September 2019): 102253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2019.102253.
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Al Rasasi, Moayad H., John H. Qualls, and Bander K. Algamdi. "Oil Revenues and Economic Growth in Saudi Arabia." International Journal of Economics and Financial Research, no. 53 (March 10, 2019): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/ijefr.53.49.55.
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This paper examines the relationship between Saudi oil revenues and the Kingdom’s economic growth over the past 47 years. In analyzing the data that are needed for this analysis, problems were encountered with the basic real GDP and government oil revenue data that are typically used. The most widely-used measure of non-oil private sector activity that is available, the Non-Oil Private Institutional Sector GDP, does not include the Gross Value Added of all of the private activities, omitting over SAR 80 billion of real activity (in 2010 prices). A new series was constructed, consisting of all of the non-oil private activities, including the recently corporatized/privatized companies. In addition, the oil revenue data prior to 1987 were found to be unsatisfactory for use as published, due to their being based on the 354-355 day Hijra calendar. A new conversion methodology, based on a recently published paper by Qualls et al. (2017), was applied, and the pre-1987 data were converted to a consistent Gregorian basis with good results. The two series were determined to have a unit root of order one, with a highly significant long-run relationship. An error-correction model was then estimated, and highly significant short- and long-run relationships were found. A Ganger Causality test was performed, with the results confirming the ECM’s results, with real government oil revenue growth “Granger-causing” real private-sector GDP growth. Finally, the new non-oil activity GDP measure produced better results than did the traditionally-used Non-Oil Private Sector GDP.
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Marashdeh, Hazem A., and Husam-Aldin N. Al-Malkawi. "Financial Deepening and Economic Growth in Saudi Arabia." Journal of Emerging Market Finance 13, no. 2 (August 2014): 139–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972652714541339.
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Al-Aidaroos, Amal Y. A., Baudouin Standaert, Kinga Meszaros, and Atef M. Shibl. "Economic assessment of rotavirus vaccination in Saudi Arabia." Journal of Infection and Public Health 10, no. 5 (September 2017): 564–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2016.11.006.
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Abdullah, Saeed. "US Economic Policy Uncertainty and GCC Stock Market Performance." Studies in Business and Economics 15, no. 1 (April 1, 2020): 223–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sbe-2020-0017.
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AbstractThe study evaluates the effect of economy policy uncertainty of US on gulf cooperation council (GCC) countries’ stock market returns. The GCC countries are Saudi Arabia, Qatar, UAE, Kuwait, Bahrain and Oman. Granger Causality Tests (GCT) was done primarily to evaluate if economy policy uncertainty granger cause on GCC stock market returns. The analysis established that oil prices granger cause stock market returns for Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and UAE; the same is not true on changes in economic policy uncertainty of US cause on the stock market returns. Changes in economy policy uncertainty in US granger causes on stock market returns of Bahrain. On the other hand, economy policy uncertainty in US does not cause stock market returns in Qatar, UAE, Kuwait and Saudi Arabia. Vector Autoregression (VAR) analysis establishes that economy policy uncertainty in US negatively responds to the stock market returns of the GCC countries.
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Ali, Anis. "Travel and tourism: growth potentials and contribution to the GDP of Saudi Arabia." Problems and Perspectives in Management 16, no. 1 (April 2, 2018): 417–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.16(1).2018.39.
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Saudi Arabia is well known in the world for the holy places Makkah and Madinah. Hajjis and visitors come to perform hajj and Umrah every year in Makkah and Madinah from all around the world. Hajj and Umrah visits play a vital role in the inbound tourism of Saudi Arabia. The tourism revenue of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is increasing absolutely but losing its contribution to the GDP proportionately. So, this paper tries to find out the economic activities of all components of tourism sector which are responsible for the negative trend. It also explains the relationships and variability of tourism revenues and expenditures with GDP and offers suggestions to enhance revenue of tourism sector. This study is based upon secondary data obtained from the website of SAMA (Saudi Arabian Monetary Authority) and General Authority for Statistics of Saudi Arabia. In tourism sector of Saudi Arabia, the increasing trend of expenditures of some economic activities is more than its revenue. The increasing trend of expenditures comparatively its revenues lowering contribution of tourism towards GDP. To improve the level of tourism revenue, government has to provide world class facilities and develop new tourist spots and allow the visitors to visit such places according to the Shariah and Kingdom rules. Government has to focus on developing passenger rail transport and other means of transport to connect all the tourist spots to provide easy conveyance, and on improving and developing tourism sector by helping the government and private organizations that are engaged directly or indirectly in providing services to the domestic and inbound tourists to assure more contribution to GDP.
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Hardiyanti, Mega, and Sri Yuniati. "PENJAMINAN HAK-HAK PEREMPUAN DALAM VISI SAUDI ARABIA 2030." Journal of Feminism and Gender Studies 1, no. 1 (January 27, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/fgs.v1i1.21552.
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Saudi Arabia ia a one of country that has a very high level of gender disparity. Therefore, King Salman made a step in economic reform to make the Saudi State more modern. This economic reform is called Vision Saudi Arabia 2030. One of target Vision Saudi Arabia 2030 is to include women in the development process. Presence of Vision Saudi Arabia in 2030 provides for some women's rights that did not yet exist and were prohibited. Women's rights that are enforced include women's rights in public and political life, right to participate in sports and physical education, women's rights in the field of labor, and women's rights in the economic and social fields by providing facilities and making rules that liberate women. Based on the summary, the concept for this paper is Theory Feminist Liberal.
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Maha Alqahtani and Kholod Alqahtani. "Artificial Intelligence Techniques in E-Commerce: The Possibility of Exploiting them in Saudi Arabia." International Journal of Engineering and Management Research 12, no. 3 (June 30, 2022): 152–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31033/ijemr.12.3.22.
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E-Commerce has transformed business as we know over the past few decades. The rapid increasing use of the Internet and the strong purchasing power in Saudi Arabia have had a strong impact on the evolution of E-Commerce in the country. Saudi Arabia is yet another country that will release artificial intelligence power to fuel its growth in the economic world. Recently, artificial intelligence (AI) applications that can facilitate e-commerce processes have been widely used. The impact of using artificial intelligence (AI) concepts and techniques on the efficiency of e-commerce, particularly has been overlooked by many prior studies. In this paper, a literature review was conducted to explore and investigate possible applications of AI in E-Commerce that can help Saudi Arabian businesses.
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Alkhateeb, Tarek Tawfik Yousef, Haider Mahmood, and Zafar Ahmad Sultan. "The Relationship between Exports and Economic Growth in Saudi Arabia." Asian Social Science 12, no. 4 (March 19, 2016): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v12n4p117.
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<p>One of the most important objectives of an economy is to achieve high rate of economic growth so as to improve the well-being of their citizen. For the purpose, export-oriented policy measures are more preferably prescribed in the recent past. The present study aims at to find the linkages between exports and economic growth in case of Saudi Arabia. The study uses the most efficient unit root, cointegration and causality tests to find the true relationships between exports and economic growth. The study tries to examine the dynamic association for exports and economic growth in Saudi Arabia. Applying more popular time series technique of long run relationship and causality, the paper finds the long-run cointegration relationships in our export-growth model. Further, we have found feed-back effect in export-growth relationships and suggest the further export-promotion to foster economic growth in Saudi Arabia. </p>
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Singh, Harman Preet, and Ibrahim Abdullah Alhamad. "Influence of National Culture on Perspectives and Factors Affecting Student Dropout: A Comparative Study of Australia, Saudi Arabia, and Ethiopia." Archives of Business Research 10, no. 11 (December 6, 2022): 287–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/abr.1011.13508.
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Student dropout is a complex issue with significant repercussions for educational institutions and nations. Using the Hofstede national culture model, this study assessed the various social, psychological, economic, and organizational factors that influence student dropout. Since developed, developing, and least-developed countries score differently on the Hofstede model, Australia, Saudi Arabia, and Ethiopia were selected as representative nations. The evaluation indicates that social factors may have a low, moderate, and high influence on student dropout rates in Australia, Saudi Arabia, and Ethiopia, respectively. Different organizational factors may influence student dropout rates in Australia, Saudi Arabia, and Ethiopia. In Australia and Ethiopia, psychological factors may play a larger role in student dropout than in Saudi Arabia. In Australia and Ethiopia, economic factors may play a larger role in determining student attrition than in Saudi Arabia. In Australia, the dropout rate among female students may not be a major concern, while it could be a more prominent concern in Ethiopia and Saudi Arabia. However, in Saudi Arabia, such concerns are mitigated by the substantial financial assistance provided by the government to students pursuing an education.
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Jenkins, Sulaiman. "Examining the (im)mobility of African American Muslim TESOL teachers in Saudi Arabia." Transitions: Journal of Transient Migration 3, no. 2 (October 1, 2019): 157–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/tjtm_00005_1.
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Abstract Through the lens of raciolinguistics, this nascent study examines the mobility/immobility of two African American Muslim TESOL teachers (AAMTT) working in the Saudi Arabian higher education (HE) context. The data were collected through interviews and autobiographies in order to examine the participants' lived experiences and their stories. It also explores the paradoxes, tensions and duplicities in treatment experienced by these two TESOL teachers while teaching English as a foreign language (EFL) in Saudi Arabia. These teachers moved to the Gulf region with diverse forms of cultural, symbolic, linguistic, economic and social capital, including being 'native speakers' with excellent command of the English language, identifying (and being identified) with the culture of hip hop and Hollywood (which is replete with famous African Americans), and representing American ideals of individualism, freedom of expression, open mindedness and upward mobility. Conversely, navigating through Saudi Arabia, these AAMTT have also experienced marginalization by consistent questioning of their national origins, failure to secure employment or being flatly rejected due to colour, and scepticism by students and administrators about the level of linguistic competence, accent, rhetoric and accuracy in delivering English lessons. Likewise, subscribers to the Islamic faith, their lofty expectations of what life would be like in the Gulf have been further complicated by experiences of direct and indirect racism (a direct contradiction of Islamic teachings of universal inclusion), and they have also striven to learn the Arabic language to gain religious and social capital while simultaneously fending off perceptions that Arabic speakers cannot be 'native speakers' of English. Therapeutically, the researcher reflects on his own experiences with transnationalism as well as the experiences of these two TESOL teachers and their struggles with constantly re-conceptualizing identity and self as new challenges present themselves in the Saudi Arabia. The paradox of possessing the cultural tools for mobility while also having features that hinder mobility is explored and the researcher discusses the strategies ultimately adopted and employed to navigate living in the Gulf.
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Alqahtani, Abdullah Saeed S., Hongbing Ouyang, Adam Ali, and Shayem Saleh. "Oil Prices, Domestic Resource Gaps, and Breakeven Oil Prices in the Oil-Exporting Countries." ECONOMICS 6, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 9–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eoik-2018-0023.
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Summary This paper analyzes the economic impact of the oil prices, the domestic resource gaps, and the fiscal and external breakeven oil prices on the oil exporting countries (OECs). Specifically, this paper aims to examine the empirical behaviors of the oil prices, the domestic resource gaps, and the fiscal and external breakeven oil prices along with their influence on the economy of Saudi Arabia in order to determine the oil-economic gain/loss (OEG/L) and its influences on the Saudi Arabia economy over the period of 2008 to 2018. This study uses exploratory research design, with both linear and nonlinear regression models. This paper finds the oil prices, the domestic resources gaps, and the fiscal and external breakeven oil prices exert significant influences on the economic growth in Saudi Arabia. In addition, the fiscal breakeven oil price is considerably high in Saudi Arabia and has a marginal OEG/L of USD 2.3582 per barrel. Moreover, it is observed that the oil price has an irregular and unpredictable movement behavior and co-moved with the domestic resource gaps in Saudi Arabia. The findings implies that the economy diversification in Saudi Arabia could be achieved by setting policy on improving non-oil sectors and encouraging private sector involvement.
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Mazaheri, Nimah. "The Saudi monarchy and economic familism in an era of business environment reforms." Business and Politics 15, no. 3 (October 2013): 295–321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bap-2012-0039.
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In recent years, Saudi Arabia has strengthened its regulatory and financial institutions and adopted many reforms concerning its business environment. Yet, Saudi Arabia seems an unlikely country to succeed at implementing business environment reforms given the presence of an authoritarian state and rent-seeking behavior from elites that is the outcome of oil wealth. What explains the ability of Saudi Arabia to initiate reforms that many states have struggled to implement or uniformly reject? This paper argues that the country's monarchical system helps the government solve the credible commitment problem with private sector elites, thereby facilitating business environment reforms. The monarchical system does this by legitimizing and reinforcing the institution of economic familism. The salience of this institution provides a reliable guarantee to private sector elites that their rents and business interests will be protected during the reform process. The case of Saudi Arabia stands as an important example of how absolute monarchies can pursue certain economic reforms, and also how an informal institution can solve the credible commitment problem in an authoritarian context where formal institutions are either absent or weak.
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Masyhur, Ahmad. "YEMEN'S POST-ARAB SPRING CONFLICT AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH THE ECONOMY, POLITICS, AND SAUDI ARABIA'S INFLUENCE IN THE MIDDLE EAST." Jurnal CMES 14, no. 2 (December 8, 2021): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/cmes.14.2.51777.
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<p align="center">The ongoing war between the Saudi Arabian coalition and the Houthis has had a significant impact. The participation of Saudi Arabia and its coalition in the middle of the Yemen conflict has a pretext to save the democratically elected official government; however, some argue that Saudi Arabia's participation is more of a sectarian issue. The conflict that is still raging in Yemen at this time is considered very interesting to conduct research, in order to find the true background of the participation of Saudi Arabia and its coalition. Is it true that Saudi Arabia's participation was motivated by a desire to save the official government deposed by the Houthis, or is there another motive at work that is in the best interests of Saudi Arabia and its coalition, such as economic, political, or ideological influence?. In this article the researcher uses a qualitative descriptive methodology, qualitative descriptive research in this study will be carried out with several stages including raising a problem, raising research questions, collecting relevant data, analyzing data, and answering research questions. In the investigation, it was found that Saudi Arabia's participation in the Yemeni conflict was inseparable from political, influence and economic interests. Because of the reality that occurred from Saudi Arabia's contradictory attitude toward the Syrian conflict.</p>
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Eid Hamalos Aldaadi, Sarah. "Impact of Economic Sustainability in Apparel Factories on Economic Challenges in Saudi Arabia." Open Journal of Social Sciences 09, no. 07 (2021): 257–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jss.2021.97018.
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Houfi, Mohamed Ali. "Is the impact of the Economic Diversification on Economic Growth Symmetric or Asymmetric? Evidence from Saudi Arabia." International Journal of Economics and Finance 13, no. 10 (August 30, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v13n10p1.
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This paper presents our investigation of the impact of economic diversification on economic growth in Saudi Arabia for the 1990-2018 period. To this end, we used linear and nonlinear error-correction models (i.e., the ARDL, Pesaran et al. (2001), and NARDL, Shin et al. (2014), models) that are suited to capture the symmetric and asymmetric effects of economic diversification on economic growth based on the Solow model. As a measure of economic diversification, we used the Herfindahl index. In the linear and the nonlinear specifications, our results show that, economic diversification has a positive effect on the economic growth only in the long term. Furthermore, using the Wald test, the symmetric hypothesis in this relationship is not rejected, indicating that economic growth responds symmetrically to positive and negative changes in economic diversification. Our results also reveal that Saudi Arabia had relative success in achieving its goal of attaining a degree of economic diversification and enhancing its economic growth.
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Shamim, Farkhanda, Bora Aktan, Mohammed Attaitalla Abdulla, and Nabeel Mohammed Yaseen Sakhi. "Bank-specific vs. macro-economic factors: what drives profitability of commercial banks in Saudi Arabia." Banks and Bank Systems 13, no. 1 (April 12, 2018): 139–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/bbs.13(1).2018.13.
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The goal of this study is to determine the elements that contribute to the profitability of commercial banks in Saudi Arabia. The study is important due to the fact that Saudi vision 2030 foresees Saudi Arabia as a global investment powerhouse and fulfilling this objective requires a profitable banking sector. The method chosen for the study is multiple regression analysis. The sample data is taken for the period ranging 2009 and 2015 for the 12 local banks. The research concludes that bank’s internal factors specifically, bank size, liquidity, credit risk and operational efficiency are significantly determining the profitability in the banks as compared to the economy’s macro-economic variables.
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YANG, Li, and Jin ZHANG. "Political and Economic Analysis on SWFs of Saudi Arabia." Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies (in Asia) 6, no. 3 (September 2012): 28–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19370679.2012.12023207.
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Alkhathlan, Khalid A. "Contribution of oil in economic growth of Saudi Arabia." Applied Economics Letters 20, no. 4 (March 2013): 343–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2012.703310.
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Ramezani, Cyrus A. "Economic Growth and Food Imports: Evidence from Saudi Arabia`." Journal of Economic Integration 10, no. 3 (March 15, 1995): 316–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.11130/jei.1995.10.3.316.
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