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Author: Grafiati
Published: 6 September 2023

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1

Yan, Aixin, Ziqiang Guan, and Christian R. H. Raetz. "An Undecaprenyl Phosphate-Aminoarabinose Flippase Required for Polymyxin Resistance in Escherichia coli." Journal of Biological Chemistry 282, no. 49 (October 10, 2007): 36077–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m706172200.

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Modification of lipid A with the 4-amino-4-deoxy-l-arabinose (l-Ara4N) moiety is required for resistance to polymyxin and cationic antimicrobial peptides in Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. An operon of seven genes (designated pmrHFIJKLM in S. typhimurium), which is regulated by the PmrA transcription factor and is also present in E. coli, is necessary for the maintenance of polymyxin resistance. We previously elucidated the roles of pmrHFIJK in the biosynthesis and attachment of l-Ara4N to lipid A and renamed these genes arn-BCADT, respectively. We now propose functions for the last two genes of the operon, pmrL and pmrM. Chromosomal inactivation of each of these genes in an E. coli pmrAc parent switched its phenotype from polymyxin-resistant to polymyxin-sensitive. Lipid A was no longer modified with l-Ara4N, even though the levels of the lipid-linked donor of the l-Ara4N moiety, undecaprenyl phosphate-α-l-Ara4N, were not reduced in the mutants. However, the undecaprenyl phosphate-α-l-Ara4N present in the mutants was less concentrated on the periplasmic surface of the inner membrane, as judged by 4-5-fold reduced labeling with the inner membrane-impermeable amine reagent N-hydroxysulfosuccin-imidobiotin. In an arnT mutant of the same pmrAc parent, which lacks the enzyme that transfers the l-Ara4N unit to lipid A but retains the same high levels of undecaprenyl phosphate-α-l-Ara4N as the parent, N-hydroxysulfosuccinimidobiotin labeling was not reduced. These results implicate pmrL and pmrM, but not arnT, in transporting undecaprenyl phosphate-α-l-Ara4N across the inner membrane. PmrM and PmrL, now renamed ArnE and ArnF because of their involvement in l-Ara4N modification of lipid A, may be subunits of an undecaprenyl phosphate-α-l-Ara4N flippase.
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2

Zamyatina, Alla, Ralph Hollaus, Markus Blaukopf, and Paul Kosma. "Synthesis of lipid A and inner-core lipopolysaccharide (LPS) ligands containing 4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose units." Pure and Applied Chemistry 84, no. 1 (November 19, 2011): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac-con-11-08-01.

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Attachment of 4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose (Ara4N) to phosphates or sugar hydroxyl groups of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) contributes to bacterial resistance against common antibiotics. For a detailed study of antigenic properties and binding interactions, Ara4N-containing inner-core ligands related to Burkholderia and Proteus LPS have been synthesized in good yields. Glycosylation at position 8 of allyl glycosides of oct-2-ulosonic acids (Ko, Kdo) has been accomplished using an N-phenyltrifluoroacetimidate 4-azido-4-deoxy-L-arabinosyl glycosyl donor followed by azide reduction and global deprotection. The β-L-Ara4N-(1 → 8)-α-Kdo disaccharide was further extended into the branched β-L-Ara4N-(1 → 8)[α-Kdo-(2 → 4)]-α-Kdo trisaccharide via a regioselective glycosylation of a protected triol intermediate. Synthesis of Ara4N-modified lipid A part structure occurring in the LPS of Burkholderia, Pseudomonas, and Klebsiellla strains was accomplished using the H-phosphonate approach. The stereocontrolled assembly of the phosphodiester linkage connecting glycosidic centers of two aminosugars was elaborated employing an anomeric H-phosphonate of cyclic silyl-ether protected 4-azido-4-deoxy-β-L-arabinose, which was coupled to the hemiacetal of the lipid A GlcN-disaccharide backbone. Conditions for global deprotection, which warrant the integrity of “double anomeric” phosphodiester linkage, were successfully developed. Introduction of thiol-terminated spacer at the synthetic ligands allows both coupling to bovine serum albumin (BSA) and immobilization on gold nanoparticles as well as generation of glycoarrays.
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3

Ortega, Ximena P., Silvia T. Cardona, Alan R. Brown, Slade A. Loutet, Ronald S. Flannagan, Dominic J. Campopiano, John R. W. Govan, and Miguel A. Valvano. "A Putative Gene Cluster for Aminoarabinose Biosynthesis Is Essential for Burkholderia cenocepacia Viability." Journal of Bacteriology 189, no. 9 (March 2, 2007): 3639–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00153-07.

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ABSTRACT Using a conditional mutagenesis strategy we demonstrate here that a gene cluster encoding putative aminoarabinose (Ara4N) biosynthesis enzymes is essential for the viability of Burkholderia cenocepacia. Loss of viability is associated with dramatic changes in bacterial cell morphology and ultrastructure, increased permeability to propidium iodide, and sensitivity to sodium dodecyl sulfate, suggesting a general cell envelope defect caused by the lack of Ara4N.
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4

Gunn, John S., Sara S. Ryan, Jennifer C. Van Velkinburgh, Robert K. Ernst, and Samuel I. Miller. "Genetic and Functional Analysis of a PmrA-PmrB-Regulated Locus Necessary for Lipopolysaccharide Modification, Antimicrobial Peptide Resistance, and Oral Virulence of Salmonella entericaSerovar Typhimurium." Infection and Immunity 68, no. 11 (November 1, 2000): 6139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.68.11.6139-6146.2000.

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ABSTRACT The two-component regulatory system PmrA-PmrB confers resistance ofSalmonella spp. to cationic antimicrobial peptides (AP) such as polymyxin (PM), bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein, and azurocidin. This resistance occurs by transcriptional activation of two loci termed pmrE and pmrHFIJKLM. BothpmrE and pmrHFIJKLM produce products required for the biosynthesis of lipid A with 4-aminoarabinose (Ara4N). Ara4N addition creates a more positively charged lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and thus reduces cationic AP binding. Experiments were conducted to further analyze the regulation of the pmrHFIJKLM operon and the role of this operon and the surrounding genomic region in LPS modification and antimicrobial peptide resistance. ThepmrHFIJKLM genes are cotranscribed and over 3,000-fold regulated by PmrA-PmrB. The pmrHFIJKLM promoter bound PmrA, as determined by gel shift analysis, as did a 40-bp region of the PmrA-PmrB-regulated pmrCAB promoter. Construction of nonpolar mutations in the pmrHFIJKLM genes showed that all except pmrM were necessary for the Ara4N addition to lipid A and PM resistance. The flanking genes of the operon (pmrG and pmrD) were not necessary for PM resistance, but pmrD was shown to be regulated by the PhoP-PhoQ regulatory system. BALB/c mice inoculated withpmrA and pmrHFIJKLM mutant strains demonstrated virulence attenuation when the strains were administered orally but not when they were administered intraperitoneally, indicating that Ara4N addition may be important for resistance to host innate defenses within intestinal tissues.
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5

Tamayo, R., B. Choudhury, A. Septer, M. Merighi, R. Carlson, and J. S. Gunn. "Identification of cptA, a PmrA-Regulated Locus Required for Phosphoethanolamine Modification of the Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Lipopolysaccharide Core." Journal of Bacteriology 187, no. 10 (May 15, 2005): 3391–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.187.10.3391-3399.2005.

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ABSTRACT In response to the in vivo environment, the Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is modified. These modifications are controlled in part by the two-component regulatory system PmrA-PmrB, with the addition of 4-aminoarabinose (Ara4N) to the lipid A and phosphoethanolamine (pEtN) to the lipid A and core. Here we demonstrate that the PmrA-regulated STM4118 (cptA) gene is necessary for the addition of pEtN to the LPS core. pmrC, a PmrA-regulated gene necessary for the addition of pEtN to lipid A, did not affect core pEtN addition. Although imparting a similar surface charge modification as Ara4N, which greatly affects polymyxin B resistance and murine virulence, neither pmrC nor cptA plays a dramatic role in antimicrobial peptide resistance in vitro or virulence in the mouse model. Therefore, factors other than surface charge/electrostatic interaction contribute to resistance to antimicrobial peptides such as polymyxin B.
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6

Novem, Vidhya, Guanghou Shui, Dongling Wang, Anne K. Bendt, Siew Hoon Sim, Yichun Liu, Tuck Weng Thong, et al. "Structural and Biological Diversity of Lipopolysaccharides from Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia thailandensis." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 16, no. 10 (August 19, 2009): 1420–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00472-08.

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ABSTRACT Burkholderia pseudomallei, the etiological agent of melioidosis, is a facultative intracellular pathogen. As B. pseudomallei is a gram-negative bacterium, its outer membrane contains lipopolysaccharide (LPS) molecules, which have been shown to have low-level immunological activities in vitro. In this study, the biological activities of B. pseudomallei LPS were compared to those of Burkholderia thailandensis LPS, and it was found that both murine and human macrophages produced levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-10 in response to B. pseudomallei LPS that were lower than those in response to B. thailandensis LPS in vitro. In order to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the low-level immunological activities of B. pseudomallei LPS, its lipid A moiety was characterized using mass spectrometry. The major lipid A species identified in B. pseudomallei consists of a biphosphorylated disaccharide backbone, which is modified with 4-amino-4-deoxy-arabinose (Ara4N) at both phosphates and penta-acylated with fatty acids (FA) C14:0(3-OH), C16:0(3-OH), and either C14:0 or C14:0(2-OH). In contrast, the major lipid A species identified in B. thailandensis was a mixture of tetra- and penta-acylated structures with differing amounts of Ara4N and FA C14:0(3-OH). Lipid A species acylated with FA C14:0(2-OH) were unique to B. pseudomallei and not found in B. thailandensis. Our data thus indicate that B. pseudomallei synthesizes lipid A species with long-chain FA C14:0(2-OH) and Ara4N-modified phosphate groups, allowing it to evade innate immune recognition.
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7

Hollaus, Ralph, Paul Kosma, and Alla Zamyatina. "Stereoselective Synthesis of α- and β-l-Ara4N Glycosyl H-Phosphonates and a Neoglycoconjugate Comprising Glycosyl Phosphodiester Linked β-l-Ara4N." Organic Letters 19, no. 1 (December 23, 2016): 78–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.orglett.6b03358.

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8

Shimomura, Hirofumi, Motohiro Matsuura, Shinji Saito, Yoshikazu Hirai, Yasunori Isshiki, and Kazuyoshi Kawahara. "Unusual Interaction of a Lipopolysaccharide Isolated from Burkholderia cepacia with Polymyxin B." Infection and Immunity 71, no. 9 (September 2003): 5225–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.71.9.5225-5230.2003.

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ABSTRACT We have demonstrated that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) obtained from Burkholderia cepacia, an important opportunistic pathogen, has unique characteristics in both structure and activity. One of the structural characteristics is that the B. cepacia LPS has 4-amino-4-deoxy-l-arabinose (Ara4N) in its inner core region. Polymyxin B (PmxB) is known to act as an LPS antagonist, but LPS with Ara4N is suggested to be PmxB resistant by decreasing the binding capability of PmxB. Interaction of B. cepacia LPS with PmxB was investigated and compared with that of a reference LPS of Salmonella enterica serovar Abortusequi, referred to hereafter as the reference LPS. B. cepacia LPS suffered no suppressive effect of PmxB in its activity to stimulate murine peritoneal macrophages for induction of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and IL-6 even when the activity of the reference LPS was completely suppressed. A characteristic of B. cepacia LPS is that it has selectively weak interleukin-1β (IL-1β)-inducing activity while activity to induce TNF-α and IL-6 has been shown to be as strong as that of the reference LPS. Remarkably, PmxB augmented the IL-1β-inducing activity of B. cepacia LPS to the level of that of the reference LPS and, in contrast, completely suppressed the strong activity of the reference LPS. Using PmxB-immobilized beads, the adsorbances of these LPSs to the beads were compared, and it was found that B. cepacia LPS bound to PmxB with a high affinity similar to that of the reference LPS. These results indicate an unusual interaction of B. cepacia LPS with PmxB whereby B. cepacia LPS not only allows the binding of PmxB with high affinity, even though it contains Ara4N, but also suffers no suppressive effect of PmxB on its activity. Moreover, a remarkable increase in its IL-1β-inducing activity was also observed.
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9

Cervoni, Matteo, Davide Sposato, Alessandra Lo Sciuto, and Francesco Imperi. "Regulatory Landscape of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa Phosphoethanolamine Transferase Gene eptA in the Context of Colistin Resistance." Antibiotics 12, no. 2 (January 18, 2023): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12020200.

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Pseudomonas aeruginosa has the genetic potential to acquire colistin resistance through the modification of lipopolysaccharide by the addition of 4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose (L-Ara4N) or phosphoethanolamine (PEtN), mediated by the arn operon or the eptA gene, respectively. However, in vitro evolution experiments and genetic analysis of clinical isolates indicate that lipopolysaccharide modification with L-Ara4N is invariably preferred over PEtN addition as the colistin resistance mechanism in this bacterium. Since little is known about eptA regulation in P. aeruginosa, we generated luminescent derivatives of the reference strain P. aeruginosa PAO1 to monitor arn and eptA promoter activity. We performed transposon mutagenesis assays to compare the likelihood of acquiring mutations leading to arn or eptA induction and to identify eptA regulators. The analysis revealed that eptA was slightly induced under certain stress conditions, such as arginine or biotin depletion and accumulation of the signal molecule diadenosine tetraphosphate, but the induction did not confer colistin resistance. Moreover, we demonstrated that spontaneous mutations leading to colistin resistance invariably triggered arn rather than eptA expression, and that eptA was not induced in resistant mutants upon colistin exposure. Overall, these results suggest that the contribution of eptA to colistin resistance in P. aeruginosa may be limited by regulatory restraints.
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10

Rubin, Erica J., Carmen M. Herrera, Alexander A. Crofts, and M. Stephen Trent. "PmrD Is Required for Modifications to Escherichia coli Endotoxin That Promote Antimicrobial Resistance." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 59, no. 4 (January 20, 2015): 2051–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.05052-14.

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ABSTRACTInSalmonella enterica, PmrD is a connector protein that links the two-component systems PhoP-PhoQ and PmrA-PmrB. WhileEscherichia coliencodes a PmrD homolog, it is thought to be incapable of connecting PhoPQ and PmrAB in this organism due to functional divergence from theS. entericaprotein. However, our laboratory previously observed that low concentrations of Mg2+, a PhoPQ-activating signal, leads to the induction of PmrAB-dependent lipid A modifications in wild-typeE. coli(C. M. Herrera, J. V. Hankins, and M. S. Trent, Mol Microbiol 76:1444–1460, 2010,http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07150.x). These modifications include phosphoethanolamine (pEtN) and 4-amino-4-deoxy-l-arabinose (l-Ara4N), which promote bacterial resistance to cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs) when affixed to lipid A. Here, we demonstrate thatpmrDis required for modification of the lipid A domain ofE. colilipopolysaccharide (LPS) under low-Mg2+growth conditions. Further, RNA sequencing shows thatE. colipmrDinfluences the expression ofpmrAand its downstream targets, including genes coding for the modification enzymes that transfer pEtN andl-Ara4N to the lipid A molecule. In line with these findings, apmrDmutant is dramatically impaired in survival compared with the wild-type strain when exposed to the CAMP polymyxin B. Notably, we also reveal the presence of an unknown factor or system capable of activatingpmrDto promote lipid A modification in the absence of the PhoPQ system. These results illuminate a more complex network of protein interactions surrounding activation of PhoPQ and PmrAB inE. colithan previously understood.
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11

Dortet, Laurent, Agnieszka Broda, Sandrine Bernabeu, Youri Glupczynski, Pierre Bogaerts, Rémy Bonnin, Thierry Naas, Alain Filloux, and Gerald Larrouy-Maumus. "Optimization of the MALDIxin test for the rapid identification of colistin resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae using MALDI-TOF MS." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 75, no. 1 (October 3, 2019): 110–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkz405.

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Abstract Background With the dissemination of carbapenemase producers, a revival of colistin was observed for the treatment of infections caused by MDR Gram-negatives. Unfortunately, the increasing usage of colistin led to the emergence of resistance. In Klebsiella pneumoniae, colistin resistance arises through addition of 4-amino-l-arabinose (l-Ara4N) or phosphoethanolamine (pEtN) to the native lipid A. The underlying mechanisms involve numerous chromosome-encoded genes or the plasmid-encoded pEtN transferase MCR. Currently, detection of colistin resistance is time-consuming since it still relies on MIC determination by broth microdilution. Recently, a rapid diagnostic test based on MALDI-TOF MS detection of modified lipid A was developed (the MALDIxin test) and tested on Escherichia coli and Acinetobacter baumannii. Objectives Optimize the MALDIxin test for the rapid detection of colistin resistance in K. pneumoniae. Methods This optimization consists of an additional mild-acid hydrolysis of 15 min in 1% acetic acid. The optimized method was tested on a collection of 81 clinical K. pneumoniae isolates, including 49 colistin-resistant isolates (45 with chromosome-encoded resistance, 3 with MCR-related resistance and 1 with both mechanisms). Results The optimized method allowed the rapid (<30 min) identification of l-Ara4N- and pEtN-modified lipid A of K. pneumoniae, which are known to be the real triggers of polymyxin resistance. At the same time, it discriminates between chromosome-encoded and MCR-related polymyxin resistance. Conclusions The MALDIxin test has the potential to become an accurate tool for the rapid determination of colistin resistance in clinically relevant Gram-negative bacteria.
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12

Murtha, Andrew N., Misha I. Kazi, Richard D. Schargel, Trevor Cross, Conrad Fihn, Vincent Cattoir, Erin E. Carlson, Joseph M. Boll, and Tobias Dörr. "High-level carbapenem tolerance requires antibiotic-induced outer membrane modifications." PLOS Pathogens 18, no. 2 (February 7, 2022): e1010307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1010307.

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Antibiotic tolerance is an understudied potential contributor to antibiotic treatment failure and the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria. The molecular mechanisms governing tolerance remain poorly understood. A prominent type of β-lactam tolerance relies on the formation of cell wall-deficient spheroplasts, which maintain structural integrity via their outer membrane (OM), an asymmetric lipid bilayer consisting of phospholipids on the inner leaflet and a lipid-linked polysaccharide (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) enriched in the outer monolayer on the cell surface. How a membrane structure like LPS, with its reliance on mere electrostatic interactions to maintain stability, is capable of countering internal turgor pressure is unknown. Here, we have uncovered a novel role for the PhoPQ two-component system in tolerance to the β-lactam antibiotic meropenem in Enterobacterales. We found that PhoPQ is induced by meropenem treatment and promotes an increase in 4-amino-4-deoxy-L-aminoarabinose [L-Ara4N] modification of lipid A, the membrane anchor of LPS. L-Ara4N modifications likely enhance structural integrity, and consequently tolerance to meropenem, in several Enterobacterales species. Importantly, mutational inactivation of the negative PhoPQ regulator mgrB (commonly selected for during clinical therapy with the last-resort antibiotic colistin, an antimicrobial peptide [AMP]) results in dramatically enhanced tolerance, suggesting that AMPs can collaterally select for meropenem tolerance via stable overactivation of PhoPQ. Lastly, we identify histidine kinase inhibitors (including an FDA-approved drug) that inhibit PhoPQ-dependent LPS modifications and consequently potentiate meropenem to enhance lysis of tolerant cells. In summary, our results suggest that PhoPQ-mediated LPS modifications play a significant role in stabilizing the OM, promoting survival when the primary integrity maintenance structure, the cell wall, is removed.
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13

Bretscher, Lynn E., Megan T. Morrell, Andrea L. Funk, and Candice S. Klug. "Purification and characterization of the l-Ara4N transferase protein ArnT from Salmonella typhimurium." Protein Expression and Purification 46, no. 1 (March 2006): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pep.2005.08.028.

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14

Genthe, Nicholas A., James B. Thoden, and Hazel M. Holden. "Structure of theEscherichia coliArnAN-formyltransferase domain in complex withN5-formyltetrahydrofolate and UDP-Ara4N." Protein Science 25, no. 8 (May 17, 2016): 1555–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pro.2938.

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15

Nang, Sue C., Mei-Ling Han, Heidi H. Yu, Jiping Wang, Von Vergel L. Torres, Chongshan Dai, Tony Velkov, Marina Harper, and Jian Li. "Polymyxin resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae: multifaceted mechanisms utilized in the presence and absence of the plasmid-encoded phosphoethanolamine transferase gene mcr-1." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 74, no. 11 (July 31, 2019): 3190–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkz314.

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AbstractObjectivesUntil plasmid-mediated mcr-1 was discovered, it was believed that polymyxin resistance in Gram-negative bacteria was mainly mediated by the chromosomally-encoded EptA and ArnT, which modify lipid A with phosphoethanolamine (pEtN) and 4-amino-4-deoxy-l-arabinose (l-Ara4N), respectively. This study aimed to construct a markerless mcr-1 deletion mutant in Klebsiella pneumoniae, validate a reliable reference gene for reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT–qPCR) and investigate the interactions among mcr-1, arnT and eptA, in response to polymyxin treatments using pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD).MethodsAn isogenic markerless mcr-1 deletion mutant (II-503Δmcr-1) was generated from a clinical K. pneumoniae II-503 isolate. The efficacy of different polymyxin B dosage regimens was examined using an in vitro one-compartment PK/PD model and polymyxin resistance was assessed using population analysis profiles. The expression of mcr-1, eptA and arnT was examined using RT–qPCR with a reference gene pepQ, and lipid A was profiled using LC-MS. In vivo polymyxin B efficacy was investigated in a mouse thigh infection model.ResultsIn K. pneumoniae II-503, mcr-1 was constitutively expressed, irrespective of polymyxin exposure. Against II-503Δmcr-1, an initial bactericidal effect was observed within 4 h with polymyxin B at average steady-state concentrations of 1 and 3 mg/L, mimicking patient PK. However, substantial regrowth and concomitantly increased expression of eptA and arnT were detected. Predominant l-Ara4N-modified lipid A species were detected in II-503Δmcr-1 following polymyxin B treatment.ConclusionsThis is the first study demonstrating a unique markerless deletion of mcr-1 in a clinical polymyxin-resistant K. pneumoniae. The current polymyxin B dosage regimens are suboptimal against K. pneumoniae, regardless of mcr, and can lead to the emergence of resistance.
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Lodowska, Jolanta, Daniel Wolny, and Ludmiła Węglarz. "The sugar 3-deoxy-d-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid (Kdo) as a characteristic component of bacterial endotoxin — a review of its biosynthesis, function, and placement in the lipopolysaccharide core." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 59, no. 10 (October 2013): 645–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2013-0490.

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The sugar 3-deoxy-d-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid (Kdo) is a characteristic component of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS, endotoxin). It connects the carbohydrate part of LPS with C6 of glucosamine or 2,3-diaminoglucose of lipid A by acid-labile α-ketosidic linkage. The number of Kdo units present in LPS, the way they are connected, and the occurrence of other substituents (P, PEtn, PPEtn, Gal, or β-l-Ara4N) account for structural diversity of the inner core region of endotoxin. In a majority of cases, Kdo is crucial to the viability and growth of bacterial cells. In this paper, the biosynthesis of Kdo and the mechanism of its incorporation into the LPS structure, as well as the location of this unique component in the endotoxin core structures, have been described.
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Kondakov, Anna, and Buko Lindner. "Structural Characterization of Complex Bacterial Glycolipids by Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometry." European Journal of Mass Spectrometry 11, no. 5 (October 2005): 535–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1255/ejms.721.

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Bacterial glycolipids are complex amphiphilic molecules which are, on the one hand, of utmost importance for the organization and function of bacterial membranes and which, on the other hand, play a major role in the activation of cells of the innate and adaptive immune system of the host. Already small alterations to their chemical structure may influence the biological activity tremendously. Due to their intrinsic biological heterogeneity [number and type of fatty acids, saccharide structures and substitution with for example, phosphate ( P), 2-aminoethyl-(pyro)phosphate groups ( P-Etn) or 4-amino-4-deoxyarabinose (Ara4N)], separation of the different components are a prerequisite for unequivocal chemical and nuclear magnetic resonance structural analyses. In this contribution, the structural information which can be obtained from heterogenous samples of glycolipids by Fourier transform (FT) ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometric methods is described. By means of recently analysed complex biological samples, the possibilities of high-resolution electrospray ionization FT-MS are demonstrated. Capillary skimmer dissociation, as well as tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) analysis utilizing collision-induced dissociation and infrared multiphoton dissociation, are compared and their advantages in providing structural information of diagnostic importance are discussed.
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Huang, Liang, Yu Feng, and Zhiyong Zong. "Heterogeneous resistance to colistin in Enterobacter cloacae complex due to a new small transmembrane protein." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 74, no. 9 (June 6, 2019): 2551–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkz236.

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Abstract Background Enterobacter strains can display heterogeneous resistance (heteroresistance) to colistin but the mechanisms remain largely unknown. We investigated potential mechanisms of colistin heteroresistance in an Enterobacter clinical strain, WCHECl-1060, and found a new mechanism. Methods Strain WCHECl-1060 was subjected to WGS to identify known colistin resistance mechanisms. Tn5 insertional mutagenesis, gene knockout and complementation and shotgun cloning were employed to investigate unknown colistin heteroresistance mechanisms. RNA sequencing was performed to link the newly identified mechanism with known ones. Results We showed that the phoP gene [encoding part of the PhoP-PhoQ two-component system (TCS)], the dedA(Ecl) gene (encoding an inner membrane protein of the DedA family) and the tolC gene (encoding part of the AcrAB-TolC efflux pump) are required for colistin heteroresistance. We identified a new gene, ecr, encoding a 72 amino acid transmembrane protein, which was able to mediate colistin heteroresistance. We then performed RNA sequencing and transcriptome analysis and found that in the presence of ecr the expression of phoP and the arnBCADTEF operon, which synthesizes and transfers l-Ara4N to lipid A, was increased significantly. Conclusions The small protein encoded by ecr represents a new colistin heteroresistance mechanism and is likely to mediate colistin heteroresistance via the PhoP-PhoQ TCS to act on the arnBCADTEF operon.
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Singkham-In, Uthaibhorn, Pornpimol Phuengmaung, Jiradej Makjaroen, Wilasinee Saisorn, Thansita Bhunyakarnjanarat, Tanittha Chatsuwan, Chintana Chirathaworn, Wiwat Chancharoenthana, and Asada Leelahavanichkul. "Chlorhexidine Promotes Psl Expression in Pseudomonas aeruginosa That Enhances Cell Aggregation with Preserved Pathogenicity Demonstrates an Adaptation against Antiseptic." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 15 (July 27, 2022): 8308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23158308.

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Because Pseudomonas aeruginosa is frequently in contact with Chlorhexidine (a regular antiseptic), bacterial adaptations are possible. In comparison with the parent strain, the Chlorhexidine-adapted strain formed smaller colonies with metabolic downregulation (proteomic analysis) with the cross-resistance against colistin (an antibiotic for several antibiotic-resistant bacteria), partly through the modification of L-Ara4N in the lipopolysaccharide at the outer membrane. Chlorhexidine-adapted strain formed dense liquid–solid interface biofilms with enhanced cell aggregation partly due to the Chlorhexidine-induced overexpression of psl (exopolysaccharide-encoded gene) through the LadS/GacSA pathway (c-di-GMP-independence) in 12 h biofilms and maintained the aggregation with SiaD-mediated c-di-GMP dependence in 24 h biofilms as evaluated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The addition of Ca2+ in the Chlorhexidine-adapted strain facilitated several Psl-associated genes, indicating an impact of Ca2+ in Psl production. The activation by Chlorhexidine-treated sessile bacteria demonstrated a lower expression of IL-6 and IL-8 on fibroblasts and macrophages than the activation by the parent strain, indicating the less inflammatory reactions from Chlorhexidine-exposed bacteria. However, the 14-day severity of the wounds in mouse caused by Chlorhexidine-treated bacteria versus the parent strain was similar, as indicated by wound diameters and bacterial burdens. In conclusion, Chlorhexidine induced psl over-expression and colistin cross-resistance that might be clinically important.
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Xu, Fuzhou, Atsushi Hinenoya, Ximin Zeng, Xing-Ping Li, Ziqiang Guan, and Jun Lin. "Critical Role of 3′-Downstream Region of pmrB in Polymyxin Resistance in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)." Microorganisms 9, no. 3 (March 22, 2021): 655. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9030655.

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Polymyxins, such as colistin and polymyxin B, are the drugs used as a last resort to treat multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections in humans. Increasing colistin resistance has posed a serious threat to human health, warranting in-depth mechanistic research. In this study, using a functional cloning approach, we examined the molecular basis of colistin resistance in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). Five transformants with inserts ranging from 3.8 to 10.7 kb displayed significantly increased colistin resistance, three of which containing pmrB locus and two containing pmrD locus. Stepwise subcloning indicated that both the pmrB with a single G361A mutation and at least a 103 bp downstream region of pmrB are essential for conferring colistin resistance. Analysis of the mRNA level and stability showed that the length of the downstream region drastically affected the pmrB mRNA level but not its half-life. Lipid A analysis, by mass spectrometry, revealed that the constructs containing pmrB with a longer downstream region (103 or 126 bp) have charge-altering l-4-aminoarabinose (Ara4N) and phosphoethanolamine (pEtN) modifications in lipid A, which were not observed in both vector control and the construct containing pmrB with an 86 bp downstream region. Together, the findings from this study indicate that the 3′-downstream region of pmrB is critical for the PmrB-mediated lipid A modifications and colistin resistance in E. coli BL21(DE3), suggesting a novel regulatory mechanism of PmrB-mediated colistin resistance in E. coli.
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Wright, Meredith S., Yo Suzuki, Marcus B. Jones, Steven H. Marshall, Susan D. Rudin, David van Duin, Keith Kaye, Michael R. Jacobs, Robert A. Bonomo, and Mark D. Adams. "Genomic and Transcriptomic Analyses of Colistin-Resistant Clinical Isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae Reveal Multiple Pathways of Resistance." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 59, no. 1 (November 10, 2014): 536–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.04037-14.

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ABSTRACTThe emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR)Klebsiella pneumoniaehas resulted in a more frequent reliance on treatment using colistin. However, resistance to colistin (Colr) is increasingly reported from clinical settings. The genetic mechanisms that lead to ColrinK. pneumoniaeare not fully characterized. Using a combination of genome sequencing and transcriptional profiling by RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis, distinct genetic mechanisms were found among nine Colrclinical isolates. Colrwas related to mutations in three different genes inK. pneumoniaestrains, with distinct impacts on gene expression. Upregulation of thepmrHoperon encoding 4-amino-4-deoxy-l-arabinose (Ara4N) modification of lipid A was found in all Colrstrains. Alteration of themgrBgene was observed in six strains. One strain had a mutation inphoQ. Common among these seven strains was elevated expression ofphoPQand unaltered expression ofpmrCAB, which is involved in phosphoethanolamine addition to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In two strains, separate mutations were found in a previously uncharacterized histidine kinase gene that is part of a two-component regulatory system (TCRS) now designatedcrrAB. In these strains, expression ofpmrCAB,crrAB, and an adjacent glycosyltransferase gene, but not that ofphoPQ, was elevated. Complementation with the wild-type allele restored colistin susceptibility in both strains. ThecrrABgenes are present in mostK. pneumoniaegenomes, but not inEscherichia coli. Additional upregulated genes in all strains include those involved in cation transport and maintenance of membrane integrity. Because thecrrABgenes are present in only some strains, Colrmechanisms may be dependent on the genetic background.
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Janssen, Axel B., Dennis J. Doorduijn, Grant Mills, Malbert R. C. Rogers, Marc J. M. Bonten, Suzan H. M. Rooijakkers, Rob J. L. Willems, Jose A. Bengoechea, and Willem van Schaik. "Evolution of Colistin Resistance in the Klebsiella pneumoniae Complex Follows Multiple Evolutionary Trajectories with Variable Effects on Fitness and Virulence Characteristics." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 65, no. 1 (November 2, 2020): e01958-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.01958-20.

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ABSTRACTThe increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae has led to a resurgence in the use of colistin as a last-resort drug. Colistin is a cationic antibiotic that selectively acts on Gram-negative bacteria through electrostatic interactions with anionic phosphate groups of the lipid A moiety of lipopolysaccharides (LPSs). Colistin resistance in K. pneumoniae is mediated through loss of these phosphate groups, their modification by cationic groups, and by the hydroxylation of acyl groups of lipid A. Here, we study the in vitro evolutionary trajectories toward colistin resistance in four clinical K. pneumoniae complex strains and their impact on fitness and virulence characteristics. Through population sequencing during in vitro evolution, we found that colistin resistance develops through a combination of single nucleotide polymorphisms, insertions and deletions, and the integration of insertion sequence elements, affecting genes associated with LPS biosynthesis and modification and capsule structures. Colistin resistance decreased the maximum growth rate of one K. pneumoniaesensu stricto strain, but not those of the other three K. pneumoniae complex strains. Colistin-resistant strains had lipid A modified through hydroxylation, palmitoylation, and l-Ara4N addition. K. pneumoniaesensu stricto strains exhibited cross-resistance to LL-37, in contrast to the Klebsiella variicola subsp. variicola strain. Virulence, as determined in a Caenorhabditis elegans survival assay, was increased in two colistin-resistant strains. Our study suggests that nosocomial K. pneumoniae complex strains can rapidly develop colistin resistance through diverse evolutionary trajectories upon exposure to colistin. This effectively shortens the life span of this last-resort antibiotic for the treatment of infections with multidrug-resistant Klebsiella.
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Strandberg, Kristi L., Susan M. Richards, Rita Tamayo, Linh T. Reeves, and John S. Gunn. "An Altered Immune Response, but Not Individual Cationic Antimicrobial Peptides, Is Associated with the Oral Attenuation of Ara4N-Deficient Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium in Mice." PLoS ONE 7, no. 11 (November 15, 2012): e49588. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0049588.

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24

Titley, Alan, and Muiris Ó. Catháin. "Ár ndóithin araon." Books Ireland, no. 153 (1991): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20626485.

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25

Conghail, Fiach Mac. "Aran Ardán." Comhar 44, no. 4 (1985): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20555662.

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26

McNeillie, A. "Aran Keening." Literary Imagination 13, no. 2 (July 1, 2011): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/litimag/imr064.

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27

Grinina, E. "OCCITANIA IN CATALONIA." Cuadernos Iberoamericanos, no. 1 (March 28, 2016): 96–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2409-3416-2016-1-96-100.

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Annotated article focuses on the presence of Occitania in Catalonia. Both regions are linked old and close linguistic and cultural ties. Aran language (subdialects modern Occitan language), one of the three official languages of the Aran Valley in Catalonia, is a means of self-identification of the inhabitants of the Aran Valley, perceive themselves as occitans.
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Carrera, Aitor. "Catalanismes i dialectalismes lexicals de Naut Aran en Palmira Jaquetti. Elements de vocabulari sobre la pretesa natura <i>acatalanada</i> de l'alt aranès." Zeitschrift für Katalanistik 34 (July 1, 2021): 249–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.46586/zfk.2021.249-294.

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Summary: It has been said that the Occitan spoken in the upper part of the Aran Valley has Catalan influence and that this fact constitutes an important part of its specificity, if not its defining characteristic. Theoretically, this would be a consequence of the relationships that Naut Aran (Upper Aran) has with the neighboring areas where Catalan is spoken. But are these perceptions accurate? In this work we may not be able to answer this question completely, but we will try to analyze some of the features of the lexicon in the easternmost part of the Aran Valley. To do this, we will deal with ten words of High Aranese obtained from the texts of Palmira Jaquetti, a Catalan ethnofoklorist who visited the region during the second quarter of the 20th century and whose materials often reflect the Naut Aran dialect. Keywords: Occitan, Catalan, language boundary, Aranese, language transfer
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Oram, Hugh, Breandán Ó. hEithir, Ruairí Ó. hEithir, J. M. Synge, and Tom O'Flaherty. "Men of Aran." Books Ireland, no. 164 (1992): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20626655.

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30

Hywel, Elin ap. "Dawns ar aran." Comhar 47, no. 11 (1988): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20556620.

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31

Souza, Nathan Bastos de, and Pampa Aran. "‘Era clandestino estudiar ese tipo de teorías…’, Bajtín, su pensamiento y las migraciones." Acta Scientiarum. Language and Culture 45, no. 1 (May 23, 2023): e67699. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascilangcult.v45i1.67699.

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El objetivo de esta entrevista es conocer el contexto intelectual en que Bajtín llegó a Argentina, en especial a la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, en donde Pampa Aran realiza sus actividades de investigación. La entrevistada es Especialista en Sociosemiótica, distinguida lectora del autor ruso y autora de obras críticas de relieve como el Nuevo diccionario de la teoría de Mijail Bajtín (Aran, 2006) y La herencia de Bajtín (Aran, 2016) para la divulgación de las ideas bajtinianas en lengua española. En ese texto se trata de como Aran comenzó a estudiar la teoría de Bajtín, de su trabajo de divulgación en su país y del concepto de migraciones, desarrollado por ella en su obra más reciente.
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Khan, Tariq H. "Brig Inayat Ullah." Anaesthesia, Pain & Intensive Care 27, no. 1 (February 10, 2023): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.35975/apic.v27i1.2142.

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33

Gea, Quim. "Adiós a Xavier Aran." Archivos de Bronconeumología 29, no. 6 (August 1993): 304–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0300-2896(15)31209-6.

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34

Gillen, Shawn. "An Aran Keening (review)." New Hibernia Review 6, no. 3 (2002): 155–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/nhr.2002.0044.

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35

Kim, Hyun-Soo, Chun-Ju Lee, Seong-Yeob Jeong, and Kyung-Sik Choi. "A Study on the Speed Sea Trial on the Ice Field for Ice Breaking Research Vessel "Araon"." Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea 48, no. 5 (October 20, 2011): 421–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3744/snak.2011.48.5.421.

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36

Chonghaile, Deirdre Ní. "‘listening to this rude and beautiful poetry’: John Millington Synge as Song Collector in the Aran Islands." Irish University Review 46, no. 2 (November 2016): 243–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/iur.2016.0225.

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To date, little attention has been given to the songs in Synge's The Aran Islands, items that Tim Robinson imagines are not ‘fully thought into the texture of the work’. They come from a collection of songs in Irish and in English that was created by Synge in Inis Oírr in 1901 in the company of the local poet Mícheál Ó Meachair. This essay investigates Synge's song collection and the local singers and poets whom he met, including Seághan Seoige of Baile an Fhormna, Inis Oírr and Marcuisín Mhichil Siúinéara Ó Flaithbheartaigh of Cill Rónáin, Árainn. It examines how the music of Aran impacted on Synge during his four visits between 1898 and 1901, what his collection tells us about the song tradition of Aran, and what inspired him to collect songs there. Did Douglas Hyde's Love Songs of Connacht prompt him to create his own collection? What parts did Lady Gregory and W.B. Yeats play? Considering Synge was a trained musician and composer, why did he not collect the airs that accompanied the songs? Recognising the influence of sean-nós song on Synge's dramatic oeuvre, this essay questions whether or not the songs of Aran affected his work.
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Nabila, Amira Mar’atu, Aidil Primasetya Armin, and Elvianto Dwi Hartono. "Game Edukasi Tembung Aran Menggunakan Tools Engine Game Unity." BINA INSANI ICT JOURNAL 7, no. 2 (December 28, 2020): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.51211/biict.v7i2.1406.

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Abstrak: Bahasa jawa meruapakan bahasa yang berasal dari daerah yang terdapat di negara Indonesia. Salah satu unsur bahasa adalah kata. Ketika mempelajari bahasa indonesia salah satu yang di pelajari adalah kata benda. Dalam bahasa jawa terdapat pula kata benda yaitu tembung aran. Permainan yang bersifat mendidik merupakan bagian dari genre dalam permainan. Genre ini merupakan salah satu media yang bersifat mendidik. Upaya pengembangan game adalah desain game. Desain ini membantu dalam merancang isi permainan. Pada penelitian ini dirancang game edukasi dengan model tebak gambar dan mencocokanya dengan kata benda bahasa daerah jawa yaitu tembung aran. Benda yang akan dicocokan adalah benda yang pada umumnya di temukan di dalam dan sekitar rumah. Untuk mengetahui kelayakan game ini digunakan metode pengujian System Usability Scale (SUS). Hasil yang didapatkan termasuk dalam kategori Acceptability pada skor acceptable dengan nilai 84, adjective rating nya mendapat nilai Excellent, dan Grade Scale termasuk dalam kategori B. Kata kunci: game edukasi, kata benda, tembung aran. Abstract: The javanese language is a language that comes from the regions in Indonesia. One of the elements of language is the word. When learning Indonesian, one that is learned is a noun. In Javanese, there is also a noun, namely Tembung aran. Educational games are part of the game genre. This genre is one of the media that is educational. Game development endeavors are game design. This design helps in designing the game content. In this study, an educational game was designed with a guess the image model and matching it with a Javanese noun, namely Tembung aran. The objects to be matched are objects that are generally found in and around the house. To determine the feasibility of this game, the System Usability Scale (SUS) testing method is used. The results obtained were included in the Acceptability category in an acceptable score with a value of 84, the adjective rating received an Excellent value, and the Grade Scale was included in category B. Keywords: educational games, nouns, tembung aran.
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Babashova, Afshan. "DEVELOPMENT AND STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF RURAL SETTLEMENTS IN ARAN ECONOMIC-GEOGRAPHICAL REGION OF AZERBAIJAN." GEOGRAPHY AND TOURISM, no. 54 (2019): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2308-135x.2019.54.85-91.

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The aim of the study is to analyze сcharacteristic features of the rural settlements in Aran economic-geographical region. Methods. The study used the method of comparative historical methods, statistics, analyze. Results. The size of the villages in the Aran economic region may be explained by the larger population, and the more favorable natural and geographical conditions, economic and demographic development of these settlements. Development of labor-intensive cotton, favorable transportation-geographical location of two republic junctions of the republic, which is adjacent to the Baku-Sumgait industrial junction,opportunities to sell agricultural products in Baku's capital region. The vast opportunities of the non-oil sector of Azerbaijan create a real basis for sustainable economic development. In the Aran economic district, which has a large land fund, the country produces cotton, grapes, grains, fruits and vegetables, potatoes, and so on. Scientific novelty The development and structural features of the rural settlements of the Aran economic-geographical region provide the basis for determining the key development priorities of the region in a market economy. As the Aran economic region is the largest agricultural region of the republic, the share of urban population in the general population is small, and the share of the rural population is much higher. The population of the rural formed at the expense of high population growth has always had a positive dynamics. The observation of such a different trend was associated with a high level of natural growth compared to the general republic in the region and a low level of urbanization due to relatively poor socioeconomic development in the region. By increasing the level of utilization of potential labor resources in rural areas, it is possible to achieve normal demographic development and efficient placement in the Aran economic region. In the article, the information on the agricultural production of the region is important for evaluating the level of use of existing potential and attracting foreign and local investors to various spheres of the region's agriculture.
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Taghiyeva, Vafa. "DIRECTIONS OF IMPROVEMENT OF THE FIELD STRUCTURE OF INDUSTRY IN THE ARAN ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHICAL REGION." GEOGRAPHY AND TOURISM, no. 68 (2022): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2308-135x.2022.68.24-28.

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Aim: The main goal of studying the field structure of the industry in the Aran economic geographical region is to study the level of complexity of the manufacturing and processing industries, the industry, its specialized areas, the relative share of labour, science and energy, the level of development of production areas. Method: to analyze the salinized soils in the Aran economic geographical region, to collect statistical data on the volume of production of industrial products. Conclusion: In the article titled "Directions of improvement of the field structure of industry in the Aran economic-geographical region", the author gave detailed information about the natural conditions, natural resources, economic areas - industrial, agricultural areas and the obstacles in the development of all these above-mentioned areas of the Aran economic-geographical region. Detailed information was provided about the region under study, its natural conditions and rich minerals. It was pointed out that the region is directly an oil region, and at the same time, there are valuable natural resources such as gas, sand, gravel, iodine-bromine. In addition to all this, information based on research materials about the agriculture of the Aran economic-geographical region, its separate fields, as well as the agro-industrial complex, are mentioned. There were conducted detailed researches on cotton-growing, vegetable-growing, grain-growing, partial viticulture and intensive cattle-breeding systems, activity of light and food industry enterprises in the area due to grown agricultural products in the economic region. However, it was emphasized that there are problems such as establishment of economic fields operating in the economic-geographical region at a level that can meet modern standards, regulation of their production capacity in accordance with the requirements of market economy, re-restoration of production enterprises that have stopped their activity and creating conditions for their normal activity. Scientific novelty: In order to develop the agro-industrial complex in Aran economic and geographical region, land reclamation should be carried out and new production facilities meeting modern standards should be applied in the industry.
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40

Robinson, Tim, and Shirley Kelly. "Self-Made Man of Aran." Books Ireland, no. 188 (1995): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20623142.

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41

Saddlemyer, Ann. "Synge's The Aran Islands (1907)." New Hibernia Review 11, no. 4 (2008): 120–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/nhr.2008.0004.

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42

Bairamov, S. "Spreading of Helminths Detected in Private Poultry Farms by Regions of Azerbaijan." Bulletin of Science and Practice 7, no. 2 (February 15, 2021): 72–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/63/07.

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Of the helminths detected during these studies, the intensity of the invasions with Ascaridia galli in the Aran region, Heterakis gallinarum — on the Absheron, Syngamus trachea, Capillaria obsignata — in Lankaran-Astara, Raillietina tetragona — in Kuba-Khachmaz, and on the basis of studies carried out during autopsy of carcasses the intensity of invasions with heterakises, railietins in the Aran region, Ascaridia in Kuba-Khachmaz, and with singamuses and capillaries in Lankaran-Astara was high. Along with the fact that in the summer period there was observed high extensiveness and intensity of invasions among the studies carried out by seasons of the year, the prevalence of Ascaridia, heterakises, singamuses in Sheki-Zagatala region, railietins in Kuba-Khachmaz, and capillaries in Lankaran–Astara in comparison with other regions was high. The intensity of the invasions with Ascaridia in Kuba-Khachmaz, heterakises, singamuses, railietins, and capillaries in Aran came up to a high level.
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43

Carden, Siún. "Cable Crossings: The Aran Jumper as Myth and Merchandise." Costume 48, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 260–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/0590887614z.00000000053.

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This article considers the Aran jumper as a cultural artefact from an anthropological perspective. As an internationally recognized symbol of Irishness that comes with its own myth of origin, the Aran jumper carries emotionally charged ideas about kinship and nativeness. Whether read as an ID document, family tree, representation of the landscape or reference to Christian or pre-Christian spirituality, the Aran jumper’s stitch patterns seem to invite interpretation. Emerging at a particular period in the relationship between Ireland and America, this garment and the story that accompanies it have been shaped by migration and tourism, but may be understood very differently on either side of the Atlantic. The resilience of the myth of a fisherman lost at sea, whose corpse is identifiable only by designs his relatives have stitched into his clothing, is explained in light of its resonance with diasporic narratives and transnational longings.
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Lee, Sungjae, Hyun-Cheol Kim, Dongseob Shin, Suhwan Kim, and HyunGyu Choi. "Meteorological and Sea Surface Water Measurement Data from Icebreaker Research Vessel ARAON for 2020-2021 Arctic Research Expeditions." GEO DATA 5, no. 1 (March 31, 2023): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.22761/gd.2023.0005.

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Since its construction in 2010, the icebreaker ARAON has been conducting regular polar field surveys to observe changes in the atmosphere and marine environment in polar regions. The Arctic Ocean, a major research area, is directly affected by changes in the ocean, atmosphere and energy circulation system due to the continuous decrease in sea ice. During the Arctic summer season, when sea ice becomes smaller and thinner, the ARAON passes through East Sea, Bering Sea, Chukchi Sea, and Beaufort Sea to investigate the marine environment on the high latitude high seas. The Arctic Ocean is important not only for scientific research due to climate change, but also for economic research such as undersea energy, mineral resources, and Northern Sea route. However, it is difficult to access the Arctic and conduct long-term and continuous field surveys. ARAON carries out Arctic research voyages using various research equipment, and the most basic observation among them is meteorological information and sea water observation data. Weather data include solar radiation, atmospheric temperature, humidity, wind speed and wind direction, and seawater observations include sea water temperature, salinity, conductivity and fluorescence substances. In addition, three-dimensional location information of the research line was obtained. The data will be used as inspection data for satellite data and polar field survey data.
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Rea, Ann. "Convoluted Yarns." English Language Notes 60, no. 2 (October 1, 2022): 144–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00138282-9890824.

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Abstract Contrary to the claims of advertising, the Aran sweater is a wholly modern phenomenon; because it emerged in the early twentieth century, however, it became a symbol of authentic Irish identity, imbued with qualities that resist commercialization and industrial production and that even provide links to premodern rural culture that the Irish diaspora strips away. While postcolonial postmodernity may render authentic culture unfeasible, contemporary advertising intensifies the mystification and romanticization of the Aran sweater, even with the garment’s increasing machine production.
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Curtin-Mosher, Sara, and Elizabeth Leo. "When the R and the CBP Clash: Research in Schools." Practicing Anthropology 29, no. 3 (July 1, 2007): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.29.3.28m048118142h87t.

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This paper speaks to a potential dilemma between the R and the CBP of Community Based Participatory Research (CBPR) within the context of a partnership called the Asociación de Reforestación de Ambos Nogales (ARAN). We focus on the relationship between students and educators from the University of Arizona (UA) and two high schools from Nogales, Sonora, Mexico that constitute part of this organization. ARAN has been influenced by but not restricted to a framework of CBPR where community members and academics engage in all aspects of research.
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Kunwar, Aran. "market view: NEW REGIONS." Nursery World 2022, no. 6 (June 2, 2022): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/nuwa.2022.6.50.

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Xosrov qızı Məcnunlu Musabəyli, Könül. "Status of land use in Mil-Aran Karabakh cadastral region." NATURE AND SCIENCE 11, no. 06 (August 23, 2021): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2707-1146/11/24-29.

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Mil-Aran Karabakh cadastral region includes Barda, Agjabadi, Beylagan, Tartar regions as a whole, Aghdam, Aghdara region and Khojavend plain lands. Gray-meadow, meadow-forest, subasar alluvial meadow, gray, meadow-swamp, chestnut, meadow-chestnut soils are spread in the territory of this cadastral region. Grass-gray soils are transitional and are distributed in the strip between the gray-brown (chestnut) and meadow gray-brown (chestnut) soils of the dry steppes and the gray soils growing in drier conditions. Very large areas of the described lands are used for irrigated agriculture. The subasar regime of rivers and the resulting fresh alluvial sediments play a key role in the formation of subasar meadow-forest soils. During the autumn season, especially during floods, the rhythm of soil formation is repeatedly disrupted. This, of course, is reflected in the properties and morphological structure of these soils. Areas with gray soils have an arid semi-desert and dry steppe climate with an average annual temperature of 13.5-14.60. The temperature of the hot months is much higher. Unlike subasar meadow-forest lands of our republic, subasar-meadow soils are formed under meadows and shrubs. Rich grasses play an important role in enriching these soils with organic matter and ash elements. Meadow-swamp lands are spread in a relatively limited area of the republic. These soils are usually formed in the low and lowlands of the relief. The ecological and geographical features of the meadow-brown soils are in many respects similar to those of the brown soils. However, hydrothermal conditions are distinguished by the large seasonal differences, additional moisture due to surface and ground moisture. Our area is subject to varying degrees of salinization and erosion. We know that saline soils are lands with salts that are easily soluble in water in a 2-meter layer of soil. The effect of groundwater on soil salinization also depends on the degree of mineralization of that water. In this case, the crisis rate of groundwater mineralization is taken. Key words: Groundwater, mineralization rate,salt accumulation, irrigated soils, drainage rate
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49

Fuad, Khairul. "Wihdah al-Wujud Puisi Ahmad Aran." Analisa 21, no. 1 (June 26, 2014): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.18784/analisa.v21i1.31.

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50

Donnchadh, Máirtín Mac. "Aran Ardán: An fear úd cusack." Comhar 44, no. 2 (1985): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20555620.

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