Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Ara4N'

In a narrative sense, how does a point of view create imaginable space in Martin McDonagh’s Aran Island Trilogy? And what role does bricolage, selective intertextuality, and postmodern pastiche play in the construction of imaginable space? McDonagh’s Aran Island Trilogy is a complex postmodern construction. It is not simply an appropriation of an iconic location, even though that is part of it, but something more of a subjective response which depends for its strength on a conviction that representation on stage is a form of truth. My research utilizes scholarship on the Aran Islands in conjunction with poets, filmmakers, and playwrights who engaged with these particular islands imaginatively. I illustrate how their diverse points of view created imaginable space that builds from a special place in western Irish imagery, a place that owes much to the late nineteenth century. Also, my examination focuses on McDonagh’s Aran Island Trilogy. These plays represent a new mix of messages, symbols, and cultures that reflect the postmodern condition. I employ two important postmodern thinkers to analyse McDonagh’s work through a postmodern filter: Umberto Eco for his theory of intertextuality, and Charles Jencks’ argument that postmodernism involves double coding the representation of modernism with something else----some Other. My research makes use of Robert Warshow and Carol Clover’s analysis of film genres: the Western and the slasher film. Also, I interrogate John Waters’ evaluation of McDonagh as a punk rock playwright in conjunction with the punk rock aesthetics of Shane MacGowan and the Pogues. These studies offer a methodological framework for my analysis of McDonagh’s style of representation: I argue that McDonagh’s punk-inspired mockery hollows out the primitivist representation of the Aran Islands and fills it with a postmodern plurality. Furthermore, the unsettling effect in McDonagh’s Aran Island Trilogy is due largely to the fact that he yokes the screen to the stage, and he fuses elements from the classical canon of Irish drama with popular genres from American cinema.

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A monofilia de Titidius Simon, 1895, que atualmente possui 21 esp?cies descritas, foi testada atrav?s de uma an?lise clad?stica. A matrix de dados foi composta de 31 t?xons e 73 caracteres, que resultaram em seis ?rvores igualmente parcimoniosas de 134 passos (IC = 65; IR= 85; ICR=55). A ?rvore de consenso foi utilizada para discutir a rela??o de Titidius e dos outros g?neros de Tmarini, assim como para propor dois g?neros novos: Lystrarachne gen. nov. e Somatochromus gen. nov.. Titidius rubrosignatus (Keyserling), T. galbanatus (Keyserling), T. quinquenotatus Mello-Leit?o, T. rubescens Caporiacco, T.caninde Esm?rio & Lise,, T. guripi Esm?rio & Lise e Titidius urucu Esm?rio & Lise s?o mantidas em Titidius. A f?mea de T. galbanatus (Keyserling) ? descrita pela primeira vez neste trabalho. Duas esp?cies s?o transferidas de Titidius para Lystrarachne gen. nov.: L. curvilineata (Mello-Leit?o) comb. nov. e L. multifasciata (Mello-Leit?o) comb. nov. Outras duas esp?cies s?o descritas para este novo g?nero: Lystrarachne minima sp. nov., do sudeste e sul do Brasil, e L. similaris sp. nov., de S?o Paulo, Brasil. Oito esp?cies s?o transferidas de Titidius para Somatochromus gen. nov.: S. albifrons (Mello-Leit?o) comb. nov., S. difficilis (Mello-Leit?o) comb. nov., S. dubius (Mello-Leit?o) comb. nov., S. marmoratus (Mello-Leit?o) comb. nov., S. uncatus (Mello-Leit?o) comb. nov., S. albiscriptus (Mello-Leit?o) comb. nov., S. haemorrhous (Mello-Leit?o) comb. nov. e S. pauper (Mello-Leit?o) comb. nov.. Uma esp?cie nova ? descrita para Somatochromus gen. nov.: S. unciferus sp. nov., do sudeste e sul do Brasil. A esp?cie Titidius brasiliensis Mello-Leit?o ? considerada um lapsus calami, referindo-se ? Titiotus brasiliensis (Tengeliidae). As esp?cies Titidius ignestii Caporiacco e T. longicaudatus Mello-Leit?o s?o foram inclu?das na an?lise por serem jovens e, portanto, permanecem em incertae sedis. Titidius dubitatus Soares & Soares, 1947 ? considerada incertae sedis, pois n?o est? monofileticamente relacionada ? Titidius. Esta esp?cie constituiu um clado com duas esp?cies neotropicais de Tmarus, T. elongatus e T. polyandrus. O cladograma sugere que Tmarus seja polifil?tico, pois a esp?cie-tipo do g?nero Tmarus, T. piger, apresentou-se como esp?cie basal de todos os Tmarini, n?o estando monofileticamente relacionada ao clado dos Tmarus neotropicais. Lystrarachne e Somatochromus aparecem como g?neros irm?os e derivados em rela??o ? Acentroscelus, o qual ? basal aos dois g?neros novos. Titidius ? irm?o deste clado que relaciona Acentroscelus + (Lystrarachne + Somatochromus).

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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico - CNPq
This work is a cladistic study of Philodromidae Thorell, 1870 at genera level. The family currently have 549 species in 30 genera. Its distribution covers the temperate and tropical regions. Although many authors have studied the family and proposing a systematic classification, no cladistic analysis yet studied the internal relations of the family with a wide sampling of genres. This study aims to analyze the relationship between the genera of Philodromidae and test its monophyly. In the analysis were included 73 species, with representatives of 22 genera of the 30 total family genera and seven species from four families included as outgroups, which were respectively Salticidae, Thomisidae and Sparassidae with two species and representatives for rooting was selected one spiceie of Selenopidae. Where analyzed 130 characters somatic at 80 terminals via heuristic search with equal weighing of characters. The analysis resulted in 61 maximally parsimonious trees of 720 steps, with equal weights. The results at the two analyses have found thath the family is monophyletic. The analysis also indicated three groups of genres that are proposed in this study as subfamilies: Pedinopisthinae, Thanatinae and Philodrominae. Two subfamilies (Thanatinae and Philodrominae) partially match tribes previously proposed in other studies. Many of the diagnostic characters of the show are homopl?sicos genres. Cleocnemis and Philodromus shown to be paraphyletic and some monotypic genera were sinonimizados. This result allowed the development of a dichotomous key to genus, which is accompanied by the diagnosis and illustrations of the genera and species used in cladistic analysis.
Este trabalho ? um estudo clad?stico de Philodromidae Thorell, 1870 ao n?vel de g?nero. A fam?lia atualmente agrupa 549 esp?cies em 30 g?neros. Sua distribui??o abrange as regi?es temperadas e tropicais. Apesar de v?rios autores terem estudado a fam?lia propondo uma sistem?tica, nenhuma an?lise cladistica at? o momento estudou as rela??es internas da fam?lia com uma amostragem ampla dos g?neros. O presente trabalho visou analisar as rela??es entre os g?neros de Philodromidae. Na an?lise foram inclu?das 73 esp?cies, com representantes de 22 g?neros, dos 30 g?neros da fam?lia, e sete esp?cies de quatro fam?lias inclu?das como grupo externo, sendo elas respectivamente Salticidae, Thomisidae e Sparassidae com duas esp?cies representantes de cada fam?lia. Para o enraizamento foi selecionado uma esp?cie de Selenopidae. Foram analisados 130 caracteres som?ticos em 80 terminais atrav?s de busca heur?stica com pesagem igual dos caracteres. A an?lise resultou em 61 ?rvores maximamente parcimoniosas de 720 passos, com pesos iguais dos caracteres. Os resultados recuperam a monofilia da fam?lia. A an?lise tamb?m indicou tr?s agrupamentos de g?neros que s?o propostos neste estudo como subfam?lias: Pedinopisthinae, Thanatinae e Philodrominae. Duas subfam?lias (Thanatinae e Philodrominae) correspondem parcialmente a tribos propostas anteriormente por outros autores. Muitos dos caracteres diagn?sticos dos g?neros demonstram serem homopl?sicos. Cleocnemis e Philodromus demonstram ser parafil?ticos e alguns g?neros monot?picos foram sinonimizados. Este resultado permitiu a elabora??o de uma chave dicot?mica ao n?vel de g?nero, que ? acompanhada da diagnose e ilustra??es dos g?neros e das esp?cies que foram utilizadas na an?lise clad?stica.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES
Since the original proposition of Thomisidae, much has been discussed about its taxonomy and intra-family relations. The subfamily Stephanopinae comprises individuals characterized by the presence of cheliceral teeth and by the anterior legs stronger and larger than the posterior ones, however, the monophyly of this group has not been corroborated due their dubious diagnostic characters and by the lack of revisional studies on several of its component genera. A phylogenetic analysis followed by a morphological revision of the spider genus Tobias Simon, 1895 are performed. The analysis is based on a matrix with 29 terminal taxa (7 in ingroup and 22 in outgroup) scored for 87 morphological characters. The implied weighting analysis resulted in one most parcimonious tree with 294 steps obtained in 16 distortion groups, which support that Tobias is paraphyletic with Epicadus Simon, 1895, and considered its junior synonym. Onocolus Simon, 1895 emerge as the sister group of Epicadus. Epicadus pulcher Mello-Leit?o, 1929 comb. nov. is considered senior synonym of Epicadus epicadoides Mello-Leit?o comb. nov., 1944 and Epicadus regius Birab?n, 1955 comb. nov., Epicadus granulatus Banks, 1909 is proposed as senior synonym of Epicadus inermis Mello-Leit?o, 1929 comb. nov., Epicadus camelinus (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1869) comb. nov. is considered senior synonym of Epicadus martinezi Birab?n, 1955 comb. nov. and Epicadus trituberculatus (Taczanowski, 1872) comb. nov. is considered senior synonym of Epicadus paraguayensis Mello-Leit?o, 1929 comb. nov. and Epicadus planus Mello-Leit?o, 1932. New distribution records and redescriptions are provided. The species latter described in Tobias, Epicadus caudatus Mello-Leit?o, 1929 comb. nov., Epicadus pustulosus Mello-Leit?o comb. nov., 1929, and also the original species Epicadus heterogaster (Gu?rin, 1829) and Epicadus rubripes Mello-Leit?o, 1924 were recently revised, thus, they were not described in the present study. After the cladistics analysis, Epicadus now comprises 9 species.
Desde a proposi??o original de Thomisidae, muito se tem discutido a respeito de sua taxonomia e rela??es intrafamiliares. A subfam?lia Stephanopinae ? formada por indiv?duos caracterizados pela presen?a de dentes nas quel?ceras e pernas anteriores maiores e mais robustas que as posteriores, no entanto, a monofilia deste grupamento n?o tem sido corroborada em fator dos caracteres diagn?sticos d?bios e pelo grande n?mero de g?neros que ainda n?o foram submetidos a estudos revisivos. No presente trabalho s?o apresentadas uma an?lise clad?stica e uma revis?o taxonomica do g?nero Tobias Simon, 1895. A an?lise ? baseada em uma matriz com 29 t?xons terminais (7 no grupo interno e 22 no grupo externo) e 87 caracteres morfol?gicos. A an?lise de pesagem impl?cita resultou em uma ?rvore mais parcimoniosa obtida em 16 grupos de distor??o e com 294 passos, que suportam Tobias como um grupo parafil?tico com Epicadus Simon, 1895, e seu sin?nimo j?nior. Onocolus Simon, 1895 surgiu como grupo irm?o de Epicadus. Epicadus pulcher Mello-Leit?o, 1929 comb. nov. ? considerado sin?nimo s?nior de Epicadus epicadoides Mello-Leit?o comb. nov., 1944 e Epicadus regius Birab?n, 1955 comb. nov., Epicadus granulatus Banks, 1909 ? proposto como sin?nimo s?nior de Epicadus inermis Mello-Leit?o, 1929 comb. nov., Epicadus camelinus (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1869) comb. nov. ? considerado sin?nimo s?nior de Epicadus martinezi Birab?n, 1955 comb. nov. e Epicadus trituberculatus (Taczanowski, 1872) comb. nov. ? considerado sin?nimo s?nior de Epicadus paraguayensis Mello-Leit?o, 1929 comb. nov. e Epicadus planus Mello-Leit?o, 1932. Novos registros de distribui??o e redescri??es s?o apresentados para as esp?cies supracitadas. As esp?cies anteriormente descritas em Tobias, Epicadus caudatus Mello-Leit?o comb. nov., 1929 e Epicadus pustulosus Mello-Leit?o, 1929 comb. nov., juntamente com Epicadus heterogaster (Gu?rin, 1829) e Epicadus rubripes Mello-Leit?o, 1929 foram redescritas recentemente e portanto n?o foram inclu?das no presente estudo. Ap?s a an?lise clad?stica, Epicadus agora compreende 9 esp?cies.

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The first revised genus of Trechaleidae was Trechalea Thorell, 1890, by Carico (1993), after this revision, the systematic of this spider family started to be know for the Neotropical region. The cladistic analysis of the Trechaleidae genera used 64 taxa and 79 characters, including all genera formerly assigned to Trechaleidae Simon, 1890, all exemplars of all families currently placed in higher lycosoids sensu Griswold (1993), and an array of potential Lycosoid outgroups, resulted in a single most parsimonious tree of 380 steps (FIT = 56.08, K = 6, Ci = 0.26, Ri = 0.65). This analysis suggests that Psechridae is sister to an Oxyopidae + Senoculidae lineage. Ctenidae, only represented here by Ancylometes Bertkau, 1880 showed to be more related to Pisauridae. The subfamily Rhoicininae Simon, 1898 is sister group of Lycosidae and is promoted to family rank (Rhoicinidae, New Status). Shinobius orientalis (Yaginuma, 1967) is confirmed as a true member of Rhoicinidae and closely related to Heidrunea Brecovit & H?fer, 1994. Neoctenus Simon, 1897 also does not fall within Trechaleidae and is transferred to Zoridae. The family Trechaleidae is now divided in three subfamilies: Dosseninae (Dossenus Simon, 1898, New Subfamily), Enninae (Enna O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897, New Subfamily) and Trechaleinae Simon, 1890. The cladogram shows detailed resolution within the newly delimited Trechaleidae. Two new genera, Paradyrines gen. nov. and Neotrechalea gen. nov., are described and illustrated for the first time. Caricelea Silva & Lise, 2007 is synonymized with Enna O. Pickard- Cambridge, 1897. Trechalea Thorell, 1869 is sister to the clade fromed by Syntrechalea F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902. The Rhoicininae Simon, 1898 was recently removed from Trechaleidae Simon, 1869 and promoted to family rank based on the results of a morphological study made by Silva et al. (2011). The family was revised and illustrated. Rhoicinidae is composed by four genera: Barrisca Chamberlin & Ivie, 1936, Heidrunea Brescovit & H?fer, 1994, Rhoicinus Simon, 1898 and Shinobius Yaginuma, 1991. Barrisca nannella Chamberlin & Ivie, 1936 (type-species) and B. kochalkai Platnick, 1978 are redescribed and illustrated. The male of B. kochalkai and a new species from Peru are described and illustrated for the first time. The types of Heidrunea Brescovit & H?fer, 1994 (H. arijana Brescovit & H?fer, 1994, H. irmleri Brescovit & H?fer, 1994 and H. lobrita Brescovit & H?fer, 1994) were photographed and illustrated. The genus Rhoicinus comprises 10 known species and all known species are redescribed and illustrated. Rhoicinus weyrauchi Exline, 1960 is a junior synonym of R. wapleri Simon, 1898. Rhoicinus cashiari sp. nov. is described and illustrated from material collected in Peru. The monotypic genus Shinobius Yaginuma, 1991 is redescribed and illustrated. Maps with the distribution of the representatives of the family are presented. Since 2008, 14 papers were published based on review papers and several new species were described and illustrated from Central and South America. The genera Enna O. P.-Cambridge, 1897 and Dyrines Simon, 1903 were revised by Silva et al. (2008) and Carico & Silva (2008), respectively. After the revision of Enna, in 2008, 13 new species were described. A new species of Dyrines was described by Silva & Lise (2010). Syntrechalea F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902 was revised by Carico (2008) and after that work, three new species were described by Silva & Lise (2008, 2010) (two from Northern Brazil and one from Colombia). Based on material from Peru, two new species of Caricelea Silva & Lise, 2007, were proposed. The male of Hesydrus caripito Carico, 2005 and a new species of Enna (Enna echarate Silva & Lise, 2009) were described. Dossenus was revised by Silva et al. (2007), and the male of Dossenus guapore Silva, Lise & Carico, 2007 and a new species from Northern Brazil (Par?) were described. The male of Paratrechalea longigaster Carico, 2005 was described and illustrated and new records of the distribution of Paratrechalea were registered to Brazil. The last trechaleid genus to be revised was Paradossenus F.O.P.- Cambridge, 1903. Carico & Silva (2010) described and illustrated six new species and Silva & Lise (2011) described the female of Paradossenus macuxi from Roraima, Brazil. And the nuptial gift behavior of the male of Trechalea amazonica F. O. Pickard- Cambridge was recorded for the first time to Par?, Brazil.
O primeiro g?nero de Trechaleidae a ser revisado foi Trechalea Thorell, 1890, trabalho este feito por Carico (1993), desde ent?o a sistem?tica desta fam?lia de aranhas foi sendo enfocada e descrita para a regi?o Neotropical. Desde 2008, 14 artigos foram publicados a partir de trabalhos revisivos e muitas esp?cies novas foram descritas nas Am?ricas Central e do Sul. A an?lise clad?stica dos g?neros de Trechaleidae foi realizada com 64 t?xons a partir de 79 caracteres morfol?gicos obtidos a partir do exame de esp?cimes, atualmente alocados em Trechaleidae (sensu Griswold 1993), resultou em uma ?nica ?rvore mais parcimoniosa, com 394 passos (FIT = 56,08, K = 6, Ci = 0,26, Ri = 0,65). A partir desta an?lise, observou-se que Psechridae agrupou-se com o clado Oxyopidae + Senoculidae. Ctenidae, representado pelo g?nero Ancylometes Bertkau, 1880, mostrou-se mais pr?ximo de Pisauridae. A subfam?lia Rhoicininae ? grupo irm?o de Lycosidae, n?o pertencendo ? Trechaleidae, e ? promovida aos status de fam?lia (Rhoicinidae). Shinobius orientalis (Yaginuma, 1967) foi confirmado como membro de Rhoicinidae e relacionado ? Heidrunea Brescovit & H?fer, 1994. Neoctenus Simon, 1897 n?o pertence ? Trechaleidae e ? transferido para Zoridae. A fam?lia Trechaleidae agora ? dividida em tr?s subfam?lias: Dosseninae (Dossenus Simon, 1898, Nova Subfam?lia), Enninae (Enna O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897, Nova Subfam?lia) e Trechaleinae Simon, 1890. Dois novos g?neros foram propostos: Paradyrines gen. nov. e Neotrechalea gen. nov., descritos pela primeira vez. Caricelea Silva & Lise, 2007 foi sinonimizado com Enna O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897. O g?nero-tipo, Trechalea Thorell, 1869, ? mais relacionado ao clado formado por Syntrechalea F. O. Pickard- Cambridge, 1902. Rhoicininae Simon, 1898 foi promovida ao status de fam?lia ap?s a an?lise filogen?tica de Trechaleidae Simon, 1869 feita por Silva et al. (in press). Rhoicinidae ? atualmente compostra por quatro g?neros: Barrisca Chamberlin & Ivie, 1936, Heidrunea Brescovit & H?fer, 1994, Rhoicinus Simon, 1898 e Shinobius Yaginuma, 1991. Barrisca nannella Chamberlin & Ivie, 1936 (esp?cie-tipo) e B. kochalkai Platnick, 1978 foram redescritas e ilustradas. O macho de B. kochalkai e uma nova esp?cie do Peru foram descritas e ilustradas pela primeira vez. Os representantes de Heidrunea Brescovit & H?fer, 1994 (H. arijana Brescovit & H?fer, 1994, H. irmleri Brescovit & H?fer, 1994 e H. lobrita Brescovit & H?fer, 1994) foram fotografados e ilustrados. Rhoicinus ? composto por 10 esp?cies conhecidas e todas foram redescritas e ilustradas. Rhoicinus weyrauchi Exline, 1960 foi considerado sin?nimo j?nior de R. wapleri Simon, 1898. Rhoicinus cashiari sp. nov. ? descrito e ilustrado com base em material proveniente do Peru. O g?nero monot?pico Shinobius Yaginuma, 1991 ? redescrito e ilustrado. Mapa com a distribui??o dos representantes de Rhoicinidae ? apresentado. A partir do material obtido por empr?stimo para ser utilizado na an?lise filogen?tica de Trechaleidae, muitas esp?cies novas e novos registros foram observados. Esse novo material foi descrito a partir de trabalhos revisivos previamente publicados e reunidos em uma compila??o de artigo publicaods durante o per?odo de desenvolvimento desta Tese de Doutorado. Os g?neros Enna O. P.-Cambridge, 1897 e Dyrines Simon, 1903 foram revisados por Silva et al. (2008) e Carico & Silva (2008), respectivamente. Ap?s a revis?o de Enna, em 2008, foram descritas 13 novas esp?cies. Uma nova esp?cie de Dyrines foi descrita por Silva & Lise (2010). Syntrechalea F. O. P.-Cambridge, 1902 foi revisada por Carico (2008) e foram descritas tr?s esp?cies novas, Silva & Lise (2008, 2010) descreveram tr?s novas esp?cies (duas no norte do Brasil e uma da Col?mbia). Com base em material proveniente do Peru foram descritas duas novas esp?cies de Caricelea Silva & Lise, 2007, o macho de Hesydrus caripito Carico, 2005 e uma esp?cie nova de Enna (Enna echarate Silva & Lise, 2009). Dossenus foi revisado por Silva et al. (2007), e o macho de Dossenus guapore Silva, Lise & Carico, 2007 foi descrito e uma esp?cie nova do norte do Brasil (Par?). O macho de Paratrechalea longigaster Carico, 2005 foi descrito e ilustrado e novos registros de distribui??o do g?nero no Brasil foram efetivados. O ?ltimo g?nero de Trechaleidae a ser revisado foi Paradossenus F.O.P.-Cambridge, 1903. Carico & Silva (2010) descreveram seis esp?cies novas e Silva & Lise (2011) descreveram a f?mea de Paradossenus macuxi de Roraima, Brasil. O comportamento de presente nupcial do macho de Trechalea amazonica F.O.P.-Cambridge, 1903 foi registrado no Par?, Brasil.

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There are few studies that have tried to resolve the phylogenetic relationships of Lycosidae until now. The current studies on phylogeny used genes to discover and explain the intergeneric relationships of the family. In this work, all the Orinocosa species distributed worldwide and poor little known genus of Lycosidae was studied. Orinocosa species were analyzed to discover their internal and external phylogenetic relationships. A total of 27 taxa were placed as internal group and 23 taxa belonging to 17 genera, which formed the outgroup were analyzed. A total of 114 characters were obtained in this analysis, most binary and discrete, between sexual and non-sexual. The out-group was represented by at least two species of four subfamilies considered in this study, making a total of 52 taxa analyzed. Agalenocosa was one of the genera included in a data matrix phylogenetic here for the first time. The construction of the data matrix was made in the program Mesquite and the resulting trees, as well as the consensus tree have been edited in Winclada. Data were analyzed by heuristic search and then the new technologies included in the software ASADO that uses the algorithms of TNT and NONA. This analysis resulted in a total of five most parsimonious trees, each fully resolved, with the following values for consensus: L = 884, C = 18 and R = 40. The value of Bremmer support to Orinocosa was two; for the rest of the branches varied between one and three. Orinocosa sensu stricto emerged as a polyphyletic group. The new proposal of Orinocosa was supported by two non-homoplasious characters: absence of stridulatory organ and ventral keel of Median Apophysis straight. From all species belonging and revised to the group of Orinocosa, 60% of them do not belong to the genus. In conclusion, the merely female of Orinocosa aymara correspond to the original description, the other species did not fit with the concept of Orinocosa and will be transferred based on the diagnostic generic characters in a future proposal. Of the 21 morphospecies of Orinocosa, only 16 were grouped within the genus. The remaining morphospecies were allocated outside the genre, probably because the only female in each terminal. Trochosa proved to be the sister group of Orinocosa. It is suggested in the future to include more Trochosa species to get wider and complete resolution.
Poucas foram ?s pesquisas que tentaram resolver as rela??es filogen?ticas de Lycosidae ate agora. Os estudos mais atualizados sob filogenia de Lycosidae usaram genes para descobrir e explicar as rela??es inter-gen?ricas das mesmas. Neste trabalho, se estudaram as esp?cies de Orinocosa, um g?nero pouco conhecido da fam?lia Lycosidae distribu?da mundialmente. As esp?cies de Orinocosa foram analisadas para descobrir suas rela??es filogen?ticas internas e externas. Analisaram-se um total de 27 t?xons colocados como grupo interno e 25 t?xons pertencentes a 16 g?neros, que formaram o grupo externo. Extra?ram-se um total de 114 caracteres nesta an?lise, a maioria deles bin?rios e discretos, entre sexuais e n?o sexuais. O grupo externo foi representado por pelo menos duas esp?cies das quatro subfam?lias consideradas neste estudo, perfazendo um total de 52 t?xons analisados. Agalenocosa foi um dos g?neros inclu?do numa matriz de dados filogen?ticos aqui pela primeira vez. A constru??o da matriz de dados foi feita no programa Mesquite e as ?rvores resultantes, assim como a ?rvore de consenso, foram editadas no Winclada. Os dados foram analisados usando buscas heur?sticas e posteriormente as Novas Tecnologias do software ASADO que usa os algoritmos de TNT e NONA juntos. Esta analise resultou em um total de cinco ?rvores mais parcimoniosas, cada uma totalmente resolvida, com os seguintes valores para o consenso: L = 884, Ci = 18 e Ri = 40. O valor de suporte de Bremmer para Orinocosa foi de dois; para o resto dos ramos variaram entre um e tr?s. Orinocosa sensu estricto emergiu como um grupo polifil?tico. A nova proposta de Orinocosa ? suportada por dois caracteres n?o-homopl?sicos: aus?ncia de ?rg?o estridulatorio e a quilha ventral da Ap?fise Media reto. De todas as esp?cies revisadas que pertencem ao elenco de Orinocosa, o 60% delas n?o pertenceriam ao g?nero. Em conclus?o, apenas a f?mea de Orinocosa aymara corresponderia com a descri??o original; as demais esp?cies n?o se encaixaram com o conceito de Orinocosa e ser?o transferidos baseando se nos caracteres gen?ricos diagn?sticos. Das 21 morfoesp?cies de Orinocosa, somente 16 se agruparam dentro do g?nero. As morfoespecies restantes se alocaram fora do g?nero provavelmente por ter somente a f?mea em cada terminal. Trochosa resultou ser o grupo irm?o de Orinocosa. Sugere-se no futuro, incluir mais esp?cies de Trochosa para obter resolu??es mais amplas e completas.

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The present work aimed to study the phylogenetic relationships and test the monophyly of the subfamilies of Hahniidae. Thus, this study was divided into two parts: the first is an introduction consisting of a brief literature review on Hahniidae and, the second part is written manuscript for publication in English: Article: Cladistic analysis of the subfamilies of the comb-tailed spider (Araneae: Hahniidae), manuscript will be submitted to Zoologica Scripta (Factor 2913 - A1). In the manuscript we performed a parsimony analysis with heuristic search, characters unordered and with equal weights for all characters, resulting in relationship hypothesis (L = 412, CI = 37, RI = 53) between 30 terminals and 106 morphological characters, 63 somatic, 42 sexual and one from behavior. This is the first phylogenetic hypothesis for the family based on morphological characters and composed of members of all three subfamilies of Hahniidae. The ingroup was composed of 14 species of Hahniinae, five species of Cybaeolinae, five species of Cryphoecinae, two species incertae sedis, and the outgroup composed of members of Dictynidae, Cybaeidae, Agelenidae and Amaurobidae. In this hypothesis, Hahniidae as is currently defined, is not a monophyletic group, Cryphoecinae is monophyletic and related with Cybaeidae and Dictynidae, other hahniids appear as the sister group to Dictynidae. Both, Cybaeolinae and Hahniinae are not a monophyletic group. Cybaeolinae seems to be composed only by gender Cybaeolus, while for Hahniinae more studies are needed to define the relationships between the genera that comprise this subfamily, especially an extensive review of the genus Hahnia.
O presente trabalho visou estudar as rela??es filogen?ticas e testar o monofiletismo das subfam?lias de Hahniidae. Sendo assim, este trabalho foi dividido em duas partes: a primeira ? uma apresenta??o geral composta por uma breve revis?o liter?ria sobre Hahniidae e a segunda parte ? um artigo, redigido em ingl?s, e em formato de artigo para publica??o: Artigo: Cladistic analysis of the subfamilies of the comb-tailed spider (Araneae: Hahniidae), artigo ser? submetido para a revista Zoologica Scripta (Fator 2.913 A1). No artigo foi realizada uma an?lise de parcim?nia com buscas heur?sticas, caracteres n?o ordenados e com pesos iguais para todos os caracteres, resultando em uma hip?tese de relacionamento (L= 412, CI= 37, RI= 53) entre 30 terminais e 106 caracteres morfol?gicos, sendo 63 som?ticos, 42 sexuais e um comportamental. Esta ? a primeira hip?tese filogen?tica para a fam?lia baseada em caracteres morfol?gicos e composta por integrantes das tr?s subfam?lias de Hahniidae. O grupo interno foi composto por 14 esp?cies de Hahniinae, cinco esp?cies de Cybaeolinae, cinco esp?cies de Cryphoecinae, duas esp?cies incertae sedis e, o grupo externo composto por integrantes de Dictynidae, Cybaeidae, Agelenidae e Amaurobidae. Nesta hip?tese, Hahniidae como est? atualmente delimitada, n?o ? um agrupamento monofil?tico, Cryphoecinae ? monofil?tico e parece relacionada com Cybaeidae e Dictynidae, os demais hahniideos aparecem como grupo irm?o de Dictynidae. Tanto Cybaeolinae quanto Hahniinae n?o formam um grupo monofil?tico. Cybaeolinae parece ser composta apenas pelo g?nero Cybaeolus, enquanto que para Hahniinae s?o necess?rios mais estudos para definir os relacionamentos entre os g?neros que comp?em esta subfam?lia, especialmente uma revis?o extensiva do g?nero Hahnia.

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The genus Vinnius was proposed by Simon in 1902. The species included in it up to now are: Vinnius subfasciatus (C. L. Koch, 1846), Vinnius maculaticeps Simon, 1902, Vinnius uncatus Simon, 1902, Vinnius carinatus Simon, 1902, Vinnius calcarifer Simon, 1902, Vinnius lartiguei Simon, 1903, Vinnius petropolis (MeIlo-Leit?o, 1943), Vinnius reticulatus Mello-Leit?o, 1943 and Vinnius paranaensis Mello-Leit?o, 1947, all from the Neotropical Region. After the examen of the types of all species it was possible to evidence that Vinnius calcarifer Simon, 1902 and Vinnius carinatus Simon, 1902 are not congeneric with Vinnius maculaticeps Simon, 1902, the type-species selected by him for the new proposed genus. Supported by this fact, two new genera are proposed. The genus Arnoliseus, with two species, A. caicarifer (Simon, 1902), a new combination and A. graciosa sp.n. and the genus Frespera also with two species, F. carinata (Simon, 1902), new combination and F. meridionalis sp.n. Vinnius maculaticeps is consideres a junior synonym of Vinnius subfasciatus (C.L.Koch, 1846), Vinnius Iartiguei Simon, 1903 of Vinnius uncatus Simon, 1902 and Vinnius paranaensis Mello-Leit?o, 1947 of Vinnius calcarifer. Vinnius reticulatus Mello-Leit?o, 1942 is transfered to the genus Chira. Vinnius petropolis is considered a species Inquirenda. After this study the genus Vinnius remains with only four species: Vinnius subfasciatus (C. L. Koch, 1846), Vinnius uncatus Simon, 1902, and the two new ones herein proposed Vinnius buzius sp.n. and Vinnius camacan sp.n. The females of Arnoliseus calcarifer (Simon, 1902) and, F. carinata (Simon, 1902) are described for the first time.
O g?nero Vinnius Simon, 1902, apresenta nove esp?cies: V. subfasciatus (C. L. Koch, 1846), Vinnius maculaticeps Simon, 1902, V. Uncatus Simon, 1902, V. carinatus Simon, 1902, V. calcarifer Simon, 1902, V. Iartiguei Simon, 1903, V. petropolis (Mello-Leit?o, 1943), V. reticulatus Meio-Leit?o, 1943, V. paranaensis Mello-Leit?o, 1947 todas Neotropicais. Com o estudo dos tipos, p?de- se comprovar que Vinnius calcarifer Simon, 1902 e V. carinatus Simon, 1902 n?o s?o congen?ricas com V. maculaticeps Simon, 1902, esp?cie-tipo do g?nero, o que torna possivel a proposi??o de dois novos g?neros. Prop?e-se o g?nero Arnoliseus para abrigar A. calcarifer (Simon, 1902) comb. nov, e mais uma nova esp?cie; A. graciosa sp.n e o g?nero Frespera para abrigar F. carinata (Simon, 1902) comb. nov e Frespera meridionalis sp.n. Vinnius maculaticeps ? considerado sin?nimo j?nior de Vinnius subfasciatus; V. lartiguei de V. Uncatus, V. paranaensis Mello-Leit?o de A. calcarifer, e V. reticulatus ? transferido para Chira. Vinnius petropolis ? considerado species Inquirenda. O g?nero Vinnius fica restrito ? apenas quatro esp?cies; V. subfasciatus, V. uncatus e duas novas; V. buzius sp.n. e V. camacan sp.n. Descreve-se pela primeira vez, as f?meas de A. calcarifer (Simon, 1902) e Frespera carinata (Simon, 1902).

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Estudos envolvendo a ecologia de aranhas ainda est?o longe de serem considerados satisfat?rios em sua abrang?ncia Neotropical e por isto requerem uma muito maior aten??o e empenho por parte dos aracn?logos. O objetivo deste trabalho ? amostrar a araneofauna de solo de Itaara (30?03 35 S e 51?10 30 W), localizado na regi?o central do Rio Grande do Sul. Foram realizadas sa?das mensais no per?odo de novembro de 2006 a setembro de 2007, sendo colocadas 30 armadilhas de solo em uma ?rea de mata ciliar junto ao rio Ibicu?-Mirim. Foram coletadas 1369 aranhas adultas, distribu?das em 24 fam?lias, 41 g?neros e 78 esp?cies. A fam?lia Linyphiidae foi a mais abundante com 613 indiv?duos (45%), seguido de Theridiidae com 296 indiv?duos (22%) e Amaurobiidae com 154 indiv?duos (11%). Scolecura cambara (Linyphiidae) foi a esp?cie mais abundante, com 225 indiv?duos, seguida de Sphecozone castanea (Linyphiidae), com 184 indiv?duos, e Chrosiothes niteroi (Theridiidae), com 175 indiv?duos. No tocante ? propor??o sexual, houve uma maior freq??ncia de machos (60%) em rela??o ?s f?meas (40%). Foi realizada uma an?lise dos grupos funcionais (guildas) com os representantes das fam?lias amostradas. Estabeleceram-se oito guildas distintas, classificadas como tecedoras orbiculares, tecedoras espaciais, tecedoras de len?ol, espreitadoras, errantes, epig?icas, emboscadoras a?reas e emboscadoras de solo.

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O presente trabalho aborda o estudo da taxocenose de aranhas de solo ocorrente em uma ?rea de restinga, composta por dunas e mata, no Parque Estadual de Itapu?, Viam?o, Rio Grande do Sul. Estimou-se sua abund?ncia, riqueza e composi??o, no per?odo compreendido entre julho de 2003 a junho de 2004. O experimento foi feito com a utiliza??o de 25 armadilhas do tipo pitfall trap em cinco transectos paralelos, com dist?ncia de 15 metros entre estes e entre as armadilhas. Neste per?odo foram coletadas 3026 aranhas distribu?das em 32 fam?lias e 117 morfoesp?cies. Deste total 1491 s?o esp?cimes adultos, representando 49,27%, os imaturos somaram 1535 correspondente a 50,73% do total. Dentre os adultos 24,95% foram capturados nas dunas, 44,47% na mata e o restante, na ?rea de transi??o entre estas. Atrav?s do teste t, constatou-se uma diferen?a significativa de abund?ncia entre as duas ?reas propostas. As fam?lias mais abundantes no ambiente de dunas e no de mata foram Lycosidae e Linyphiidae, respectivamente. Do total, 70,94% das morfoesp?cies s?o oriundas do ambiente de dunas e 59,83% do de mata. Em ambos os fragmentos a fam?lia mais representativa foi Linyphiidae com um percentual de 35%. As esp?cies mais abundantes em toda ?rea foram: Caponina alegre com 6,24%, Cybaeodamus sp.1 com 6,17% e Pikelinia sp., com 5,30%. Na ?rea de dunas foi observado um elevado n?mero de singletons, representando 55,42%, enquanto na mata, estes corresponderam a 31,43%. Nos meses de dezembro e janeiro foi coletado o maior n?mero de indiv?duos, aproximadamente 13% do total, enquanto que o menor ocorreu no m?s de agosto, com apenas 4%. Do total de aranhas coletadas, mais de 60% deste est? representado por esp?cimes machos. As poss?veis raz?es para as diferen?as na composi??o, abund?ncia e riqueza de esp?cies nas duas ?reas s?o discutidas.

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Grapevines are attacked by pests and diseases. Under humid conditions, fungal and bacterial diseases are predominant, while in arid regions, the main pests consist of insects and mites. Among the latter, the phytophagous mites are very important. The present work aimed to assess the diversity of mites in vineyards of Cabernet Sauvignon and Pinot Noir varietals in the municipalities of Bento Gon?alves and Candiota, located in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; to identify all the stigmaeids at species level and, if necessary, describe unknown species; to know Panonychus ulmi biology in grapevine leaves in the laboratory and the biology of Agistemus floridanus and Neoseiulus californicus feeding on P. ulmi; to evaluate the predators feeding preference and the interactions among the three species; and to build an identification pictorial key for the phytophagous and predatory mites living on grapevines. To evaluate the mite diversity, leaves, buds and non-cultivated plants were sampled between October 2006 and September 2007. In the laboratory, the mites were taken from the leaves, mounted in slides using Hoyer medium and identified with the help of dichotomous keys. All stigmaeids collected were measured and compared to the species already described. Those that presented distinct measures or characteristics were considered new species. Biology of P. ulmi was initiated with 30 eggs kept on Cabernet Sauvignon leaves and 30 eggs kept on Pinot Noir leaves. The immature phases were observed three times per day, and the adult phase only once a day. The biology of the predators was initiated with 30 N. californicus eggs and 30 A. floridanus eggs, and the same observation method was used. The data generated was used to build fertility life tables. Agistemus floridanus and N. californicus feeding preference was assessed by offering them P. ulmi eggs, immature individuals and adults. In order to evaluate their behavior in the presence of P. ulmi and of conspecific and heterospecific odors, each predatory species was given two choices with different odor sources, and their populations were observed after N. californicus was liberated in the field. To make the pictorial key, the diagnostic characteristics were used to distinguish the families and the species, with representative illustrations. The results indicate that species richness and abundance are higher in Bento Gon?alves than in Candiota. Seven Stigmaeidae species live in vineyards in Rio Grande do Sul state: Agistemus brasiliensis, A. floridanus, Agistemus mendozensis, Agistemus riograndensis, Zetzellia agistzellia, Zetzellia malvinae and Zetzellia ampelae. Panonychus ulmi presents an adequate development on grapevine leaves, although its oviposition period and female longevity were both shorter than expected. The Cabernet Sauvignon variety seems to be more adequate than Pinot Noir. Agistemus floridanus and N. californicus completed their development cycle feeding on P. ulmi on grapevines, and presented different life table parameters. Neoseiulus californicus liberation test resulted in a decrease in the number of P. ulmi eggs and mobile forms and in an increase of Agistemus sp. populations, while the number of N. californicus remained stable. The two predators preferred to feed on P. ulmi eggs and responded positively to its presence, and recognized the odor of heterospecific predators. The pictorial key elaborated includes Tetranychidae, Eriophyidae, Tarsonemidae, Tydeidae, Tenuipalpidae, Phytoseiidae, Stigmaeidae and Iolinidae and will be very useful for professionals and researchers who wish to identify mites in the grapevine culture.
As videiras s?o atacadas por doen?as e pragas. Sob condi??es ?midas, doen?as f?ngicas e bact?rias s?o predominantes, enquanto que em regi?es ?ridas, insetos e ?caros s?o as principais pragas. Dentre estas, os ?caros fit?fagos apresentam grande import?ncia. Objetivou-se avaliar a diversidade de ?caros em parreirais das variedades Cabernet Sauvignon e Pinot Noir nos munic?pios de Bento Gon?alves e Candiota, Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil; identificar a n?vel espec?fico todos os estigme?deos coletados e descrever, quando o caso, esp?cies desconhecidas para ci?ncia; conhecer a biologia de Panonychus ulmi em folhas de videiras em laborat?rio, assim como a biologia dos predadores Agistemus floridanus e Neoseiulus californicus alimentando-se de P. ulmi; avaliar a prefer?ncia alimentar dos predadores e a rela??o que se estabelece entre as tr?s esp?cies; e, construir uma chave pict?rica de identifica??o dos ?caros fit?fagos e predadores presentes em videiras. Para avalia??o da diversidade, folhas, gemas e plantas n?o cultivadas foram amostradas de outubro de 2006 a setembro de 2007. Em laborat?rio, os ?caros foram retirados das folhas, montados em l?minas com meio de Hoyer e identificados com aux?lio de chaves dicot?micas. Todos os estigme?deos coletados foram medidos e comparados com as esp?cies j? descritas. Aqueles que possu?am medidas ou caracter?sticas distintas foram considerados como esp?cies novas. A biologia de P. ulmi foi iniciada com 30 ovos mantidos em folhas de Cabernet Sauvignon e 30 em Pinot Noir. As fases imaturas foram observadas tr?s vezes ao dia, e a fase adulta uma vez ao dia. A biologia dos predadores foi iniciada com 30 ovos de N. californicus e 30 de A. floridanus, com o mesmo m?todo de observa??o citado anteriormente. Os dados gerados foram utilizados para constru??o de tabelas de vida de fertilidade. A prefer?ncia alimentar de A. floridanus e N. californicus foi avaliada oferecendo ovos, imaturos e adultos de P. ulmi. Para avalia??o do comportamento dos predadores na presen?a de P. ulmi e de odores de coespec?ficos e heteroespec?ficos foram dadas duas op??es, com fontes diferentes de odor, para cada esp?cie de predador, al?m da observa??o das popula??es ap?s a libera??o de N. californicus em campo. Para elabora??o da chave pict?rica, caracter?sticas diagn?sticas foram levantadas e utilizadas para diferencia??o das fam?lias e esp?cies, com ilustra??es representativas. Os resultados indicam que a riqueza de esp?cies e a abund?ncia s?o maiores em Bento Gon?alves do que em Candiota. Sete esp?cies de Stigmaeidae est?o presentes em videiras no Rio Grande do Sul: Agistemus brasiliensis, A. floridanus, Agistemus mendozensis, Agistemus riograndensis, Zetzellia agistzellia, Zetzellia malvinae e Zetzellia ampelae. Panonychus ulmi apresenta desenvolvimento adequado em folhas de videiras, no entanto o per?odo de oviposi??o e a longevidade das f?meas foram abaixo do esperado, e a variedade Cabernet Sauvignon parece ser mais adequada do que Pinot Noir. Agistemus floridanus e N. californicus completaram seu ciclo de desenvolvimento alimentando-se de P. ulmi em videiras, com par?metros da tabela de vida diferentes. O teste de libera??o de N. californicus revelou uma redu??o no n?mero de ovos e formas m?veis de P. ulmi, um aumento das popula??es de Agistemus sp., e estabilidade no n?mero de N. californicus. Os dois predadores preferiram alimentar-se de ovos de P. ulmi, respondendo positivamente a presen?a do ?caro fit?fago e reconhecendo o odor de predadores heteroespec?ficos. A chave pict?rica elaborada contempla Tetranychidae, Eriophyidae, Tarsonemidae, Tydeidae, Tenuipalpidae, Phytoseiidae, Stigmaeidae e Iolinidae, e ser? de grande utilidade para profissionais e extensionistas na r?pida identifica??o de ?caros na cultura da videira.

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Diversos estudos demonstram o potencial das aranhas como bioindicadores. No entanto ainda n?o ? bem compreendido a forma como podemos utiliz?-las neste sentido. O enfoque dos trabalhos tem sido no sentido de se encontrar esp?cies de aranhas que sejam bioindicadores. O presente estudo prop?e uma abordagem diferente e demonstra que a comunidade de aranhas ? um excelente par?metro, pelo qual podemos extrair informa??es que podem servir como instrumento para a elabora??o de diagn?sticos ambientais. Foram realizadas dez campanhas durante o per?odo de dois anos e meio entre janeiro de 2008 e abril de 2010, com esfor?o amostral total de 1800 armadilhas. Foram coletados 2.400 esp?cimes de aranhas, distribu?das em 30 fam?lias. As amostragens foram feitas utilizando o m?todo de armadilhas de queda, aplicado em tr?s ?reas com fragmento florestal, onde as armadilhas foram dispostas dentro e fora dos fragmentos. Foram realizadas an?lises para a obten??o de par?metros de comunidade e comparadas estatisticamente. A interpreta??o da estrutura da comunidade atrav?s de par?metros como diversidade riqueza domin?ncia e equidade pode ser relacionada com a vegeta??o onde elas est?o presentes. Os dados demonstram que as comunidades s?o caracter?sticas do tipo de paisagem, respondendo significativamente a complexidade estrutural da vegeta??o. As comunidades presentes nos ambientes mais heterog?neos apresentaram ?ndices qualitativamente melhores em rela??o aos ambientes antropizados. Esta liga??o permite a interpreta??o do ambiente atrav?s da an?lise da din?mica populacional da comunidade, no entanto o tipo de abordagem dos dados ? fundamental e chave para que estes forne?am as informa??es desejadas para que possam ser aplicadas e relacionadas

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O g?nero Enna foi proposto por O.P.-CAMBRIDGE (1897), tendo como esp?cie tipo E. velox. Atualmente ? representado por cinco esp?cies: E. velox O.P.-Cambridge, 1897, E. approximata (O.P.-Cambridge, 1893), E. jullieni (Simon, 1898), E. minor Petrunkevitch, 1925 e E. nesiotes Chamberlin, 1925. SIERWALD (1990) retirou este g?nero da fam?lia Pisauridae e transferiu-o para Trechaleidae, a partir de CARICO (1986). Em recente revis?o do g?nero Hesydrus, realizada por CARICO (2005a), H. estebanensis Simon, 1898 foi transferido para o g?nero Enna. Este g?nero apresenta distribui??o Neotropical, ocorrente desde o sul do M?xico at? o centro-oeste do Brasil. Estas aranhas caracterizam-se por apresentar os tarsos curtos e n?o flex?veis (retos), a ap?fise m?dia do palpo do macho ? c?ncava (com formato de colher ), a divis?o dorsal da ap?fise m?dia ? consp?cua ventralmente e a ap?fise tibial retrolateral apresenta uma curta proje??o esbranqui?ada e pouco esclerotinizada. O ep?gino da f?mea apresenta a margem posterior mediana levemente projetada ou recortada e espermatecas curtas. A partir dos dados provenientes dos lotes oriundos de cole??es estrangeiras e nacionais, observou-se que os representantes deste g?nero habitam o mesmo ambiente dos demais g?neros de Trechaleidae comumente encontrados no Brasil. A distribui??o das esp?cies que integram este g?nero ? restrita ?s Am?ricas Central e do Sul. Uma das grandes dificuldades de trabalhar-se com Enna, ? a falta de material anal?tico, pois nas regi?es de ocorr?ncia deste g?nero (como por exemplo, Panam?, Bol?via, Col?mbia, Venezuela, etc.) n?o h? grupos de pesquisas em Aracnologia realizando estudos de diversidade que incluam aranhas da fam?lia Trechaleidae. Este trabalho objetiva redescrever as cinco esp?cies conhecidas: E. estebanensis (Simon), E. jullieni (Simon), E. minor Petrunkevitch, E. nesiotes Chamberlin e E. velox O. P.-Cambridge. Tamb?m s?o descritas 18 esp?cies novas: E. baeza (Equador), E. bartica (Guiana), E. braslandia. (Brasil), E. bonaldoi (Brasil) E. caliensis (Col?mbia), E. chickeringi (Honduras), E. colonche (Equador), E. eberhardi (Costa Rica, Panam?), E. hara (Peru), E. huanuco (Peru), E. huarinilla (Bolivia), E. igarape (Brazil), E. kuyuwiniensis (Guyana), E. maya (Honduras, Panam?), E. paraensis (Brasil), E. pecki (Costa Rica), E. riotopo (Equador) and E. rothi (Equador). A partir do exame do hol?tipo de E. approximata (O. P.- Cambridge), notou-se que o mesmo ? baseado em um exemplar jovem, sendo considerado como species inquirenda.

Aquesta tesi s’inscriu en un context marcat per dos esdeveniments fonamentals. El primer té a veure amb les transformacions sociodemogràfiques i econòmiques que afecten el Pirineu, i per extensió les àrees rurals europees. Aquestes transformacions redefineixen el paper i les funcions assignades als espais rurals. En l’actualitat, aquestes àrees tenen un paper destacat en la provisió d’oci i de serveis. En aquest sentit, els espais de muntanya, com l’Alt Pirineu i Aran, es configuren com a espais amb un potencial elevat ateses les possibilitats que ofereix. El segon esdeveniment es relaciona amb l’arribada significativa de població estrangera a Espanya, des de mitjans de la dècada de 1980. Aquest fet s’explica en bona mesura per les possibilitats que oferia el mercat de treball en una etapa de creixement econòmic, d’expansió dels serveis i de precarització del treball. En aquest context, a l’Alt Pirineu i Aran, la demanda de mà d’obra necessària per satisfer una economia en expansió, especialitzada en el turisme i la construcció, explica en bona mesura com aquest àmbit territorial ha esdevingut un important receptor de població. L’objectiu de la recerca ha estat l’anàlisi dels efectes -demogràfics, econòmics i socials- de l’arribada de població estrangera en aquest àmbit. Una població relativament envellida respecte al conjunt de Catalunya, un mercat de treball poc divers i un poblament de dimensions reduïdes constitueixen algunes de les especificitats en les quals es produeix l’arribada de la població estrangera. La tesi s’estructura en cinc capítols. El primer capítol és el de la introducció. En el segon capítol s’aborden el marc teòric, els objectius i la metodologia. El tercer capítol explora la dimensió demogràfica de l’arribada de població estrangera a l’Alt Pirineu i Aran. El quart capítol s’ocupa de les motivacions per immigrar i per instal·lar-se al Pirineu, de la relació que s’estableix entre la població estrangera immigrada i el mercat de treball pirinenc i de les relacions socials que estableix la població immigrada amb la població local. Finalment, en el cinquè capítol, a tall de conclusió, s’aborden els principals resultats relacionats amb les preguntes que han guiat la recerca.
Since the last decade of the 20th century, the Catalan Pyrenees have received important international migration flows due to the increase of labour demand, especially in the touristic sector and the construction sector. In this light, this research investigates the impacts of the arrival of foreign migrants through three dimensions: demographic, economic and social. A relatively aged population, a limited labour market and a small size of population are the main socioeconomic characteristics within which new migrations flows to the Pyrenees develop. This thesis is divided into five chapters. After the introduction, the second chapter deals with the theoretical framework, the objectives and the research methodology. The third chapter looks into the demographic dimension of the arrival of foreigners in the Catalan Pyrenees. The fourth chapter addresses the motivations to migrate and settle in the Pyrenees, the relationship between international migrants and the labour market and the relationships established by the foreign migrants and the local population. Finally, the fifth chapter summarizes the main findings of this research

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The Araneidae Clerck, 1757 has 3029 species in 168 genera. They are common in nature, weaving orbicular bidimensional webs on trees and bushes and, apparently, have nocturnal habits. Spiders of Eustala Simon, 1895 occur throughout all American continent and it seems to be the most speciose Neotropical Araneidae genus. The genus contains about 90 species, 16 of which have been described from Brazil. The male is characterized by the palpus with only one patellar macroseta; conic, whitish hanging down posteriorly median apophysis and the terminal apophysis is a sclerotinized extension, resting on a transparent, baloon-like, subterminal apophysis. The females are characterized by the epigynum with ringed scape pointed anteriorly. The most common pattern color on the abdomen dorsum is a folium. However, this could vary from specimen to specimen, being more or less pigmented. Although frequently collected, species of this genus are poorly known, at present, there are just a few studies on the genus from South America. Thus this study aims to contribute to the knowledge of the Brazilian species of Eustala, through diagnosis and illustrations of species from Southern Brazil, giving continuity to the work initiated about the genus on Rio Grande do Sul state. In order to carry out this study, Eustala material from several arachnological collections was analyzed. Illustrations were made with the aid of camera lucida coupled to the stereoscopic microscope. The left male palpus was illustrated on mesal and ventral views; the epigynum was illustrated on ventral, posterior and lateral views. In current study Eustala ulecebrosa (Keyserling, 1892), from Rio Grande do Sul and E. mourei Mello-Leitão, 1947, from Paraná are illustrated and redescribed. Eight new species from Southern Brazil are described: E. guarani sp. nov., from Paraná; E. catarina sp. nov., from Santa Catarina and E. ericae sp. nov., E. cidae sp. nov., E. lisei sp. nov., E. cuia sp. nov. and E. farroupilha sp. nov, all based on males and females and E. eldorado sp. nov., based only on males, from Rio Grande do Sul. Eustala albiventer (Keyserling, 1884), E. taquara (Keyserling, 1892), E. minuscula (Keyserling, 1892), E. itapocuensis Strand, 1916, E. photographica Mello-Leitão, 1944, E. levii and E. palmares, Poeta, Marques & Buckup, 2010 present new distribution records from Brazil and E. perfida Mello-Leitão, 1947 has a first record in Uruguay.
A família Araneidae Clerck, 1757 agrega 3029 espécies em 168 gêneros. Aranhas comuns na natureza, tecem teias orbiculares bidimensionais na vegetação arbustiva e arbórea e, aparentemente, têm hábitos noturnos. Eustala Simon, 1895 ocorre em todo o continente Americano e parece ser o gênero Neotropical de Araneidae com maior riqueza de espécies. O gênero contém cerca de 90 espécies, das quais 16 são descritas do Brasil. O macho caracteriza-se pelo palpo com única macrocerda patelar, apófise média cônica e esbranquiçada, voltada posteriormente e pela apófise terminal que é um prolongamento esclerotinizado sobre a apófise subterminal, em forma de balão transparente. As fêmeas se caracterizam pelo epígino com escapo dirigido anteriormente, podendo ser liso ou anelado. O padrão de colorido frequente no dorso do abdômen é o fólio, no entanto, muitos espécimes variam na coloração, podendo ser mais ou menos pigmentados. Apesar de frequentemente colecionadas as espécies desse gênero são pouco conhecidas, visto que são escassos os trabalhos taxonômicos do gênero para a América do Sul. Assim, este estudo visa contribuir para o conhecimento das espécies brasileiras de Eustala, através da diagnose e ilustração das espécies dos estados da região Sul do Brasil, dando continuidade ao trabalho iniciado sobre o gênero no estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Para a execução deste projeto, o material de Eustala depositado nas coleções aracnológicas das regiões Sudeste e Sul do Brasil foram examinados. As ilustrações foram realizadas com o auxílio de câmara-clara acoplada ao microscópio estereoscópio. O palpo esquerdo foi ilustrado nas vistas ventral e mesial e o epígino nas vistas ventral, posterior e lateral. No presente trabalho são redescritas Eustala ulecebrosa (Keyserling, 1892), do Rio Grande do Sul e E. mourei Mello-Leitão, 1947, do Paraná. Oito novas espécies são descritas do Sul do Brasil: E. guarani sp. nov., do Paraná; E. catarina sp. nov., de Santa Catarina e E. ericae sp. nov., E. cidae sp. nov., E. lisei sp. nov., E. cuia sp. nov. e E. farroupilha sp. nov., todas baseadas em machos e fêmeas, e E. eldorado sp. nov., baseada em exemplar macho, do Rio Grande do Sul. As espécies Eustala albiventer (Keyserling, 1884), E. taquara (Keyserling, 1892), E. minuscula (Keyserling, 1892), E. itapocuensis Strand, 1916, E. photographica Mello-Leitão, 1944, E. levii e E. palmares, Poeta, Marques & Buckup, 2010 apresentam novos registros de ocorrência no Brasil e E. perfida Mello-Leitão, 1947, tem primeiro registro para o Uruguai.

Cette étude s'attache à comprendre la place occupée par les prêtres dans la société rurale, au moment des grands bouleversements des reformes. Dans les Pyrénées centrales, il s'agit d'abord d'une reforme grégorienne tardive, des troubles religieux, puis de la réforme catholique. Nous étudions une région de fort recrutement sacerdotal, sur le long terme. Des archiprêtres du Comminges relèvent de la couronne d'Espagne (Val d'Aran). A une approche à l'échelle diocésaine, dans un contexte diplomatique et militaire très influent sur cette frontière, nous joignons une étude à l'échelle locale. Cette dernière nous permet de saisir les structures fines qui attachent le statut clerical aux familles, aux communautés d'habitants, et aux principes de fonctionnement économique de ces sociétés montagnardes. Ainsi, nous pouvons définir la formation des communautés de prêtres natifs, paroissiales et multiparoissiales (Mesaus), à la fin du Moyen âge. Nous analysons les changements, dans le corps sacerdotal et dans les formes de religiosité des populations, autour de la réforme catholique. La centralisation, tant ecclésiale qu'étatique, incite les aranais à la révolte, galvanisés par leur nombreux prêtres. Là, le retard des mutations permet de poser la question des effets de la réformation sur le comportement des populations montagnardes, des raisons du tarissement du recrutement sacerdotal, et de l'interprétation des indices habituellement retenus pour définir une "déchristianisation" au cours du XVIIIe siècle.

TESIS PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE MAGÍSTER EN CONTROL DE GESTIÓN
El Hospital Militar de Santiago (HMS), fue fundado en el año 1932 recibiendo el nombre de su gestor, "General Luis Felipe Brieba Arán". Su creación se debe a la necesidad de prestar las atenciones médicas al personal del Ejército de Chile y sus cargas familiares; tanto en servicio activo, como en retiro. Actualmente, es el principal centro clínico de la red de salud del Ejército de Chile, es parte de la fuerza terrestre, y como tal, integra las Fuerzas Armadas y el sector de la Defensa Nacional. En su trayectoria ha liderado y se ha desarrollado en distintos aspectos, en lo médicos y de tecnología, ha destacado por: Primera operación a corazón abierto, primer implante coclear tipo alfa de Hispanoamérica (1982) y primer trasplante hepático en Chile (1986) por otra parte, la inauguración de un mamógrafo (1980) hizo que liderara el sector público al contar con este equipo; subrayar también el nacimiento de la Clínica del Tratamiento del Dolor (1990) y la instalación de la primera cámara PET del país y Sudamérica (2002), además de la implementación del sistema de diagnóstico por imágenes PACS/RIS (2005). Son por cierto, algunas innovaciones que han posicionado y afianzado su marca. (HOSMIL, 2016) En cuanto a la modernización de su infraestructura, en 1998 nace la iniciativa de construir un nuevo complejo hospitalario, como parte del nuevo Proyecto Integral de Modernización de Salud del Ejército, que se inaugura el 2 de julio del 2009. La moderna estructura de salud, se emplazó en un terreno de 9,9 hectáreas, en la Comuna de la Reina. Tiene una superficie de 85.000 m2 construidos, con 3 edificios principales: Edificio Académico, Edificio Hospitalización y Edificio Placa Técnica; este último dotado de aisladores sísmicos, que lo clasifican como infraestructura de alta disponibilidad ante catástrofes. Concebido, como un hospital general de nivel terciario, cuenta con todas las especialidades, servicios de hospitalización y de apoyo requeridos para otorgar una atención completa. Esto se complementa con una planta de médicos residentes y especialista en rol de turno de llamado para todos sus servicios a mencionar: Servicio de Urgencia, Unidades de Cuidados Críticos Adultos y Pediátricos, Radiología e Imágenes, Laboratorio Clínico, entre otros. Hay que decir también que posee 305 camas en hospitalización, 12 en Neonatología, 23 en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI), y 17 en la Unidad de Tratamientos Intermedios (UTI); además de 54 salas de procedimientos, 119 boxes médicos, 2 pabellones de cirugía menor, 1 Pabellón de cirugía Lasick, 10 pabellones quirúrgicos, 2 Pabellones Gineco-obstétricos; y un Helipuerto. (HOSMIL, 2016) En relación con su administración, el HMS tiene una estructura orgánica jerarquizada funcional, establecida en el organigrama de la Figura 1. De esta se definen Direcciones, Subdirecciones, Departamentos y Unidades de Apoyo; este cuerpo jerárquico, tiene a cargo la administración superior, define las políticas, las controla y evalúa su desarrollo, al igual que las estrategias, inversiones y políticas de salud o de otra índole. Esta estructura se compone principalmente por una dirección y una subdirección general, además de 7 direcciones, entre ellas: Dirección Médica, Dirección de Gestión Clínica, Dirección de Recursos Humanos, Dirección de Administración y Finanzas, Dirección Militar, Dirección de Logística y la Dirección de Ingeniería, todas ellas lideradas por oficiales de sanidad, intendencia y politécnicos, respectivamente.

Des études ont récemment mis en évidence le rôle des lipopolysaccharides (LPS) des bactéries à Gram négatif de la flore intestinale dans le processus de l’inflammation conduisant à l’obésité et au diabète de type 2.Le présent travail est réalisé dans le cadre d’une collaboration entre les équipes du Dr. Caroff (U. Paris-Sud, Orsay) et du Pr. Zhao (U. Jiao Tong, Shanghai). Les expériences présentées ont été réalisées lors de séjours dans les deux laboratoires.Il a été démontré en Chine que des bactéries Sulfato-réductrices (SRB) à Gram négatif étaient présentes en plus forte proportion dans la flore intestinale chez les souris suivant un régime gras. Les mêmes résultats ont été observés chez l'homme. L’hypothèse selon laquelle des SRB seraient à l’origine de grandes quantités d’endotoxines chez les obèses et les patients diabétiques a été émise. Plusieurs souches de SRB isolées de la flore intestinale humaine d’un sujet sain et d’un sujet diabétique ont été cultivées en Chine. Des études de relation structure/activité des LPS isolés de ces bactéries ont été réalisées dans le laboratoire Français pour déterminer leur rôle dans le développement des maladies métaboliques. Les souches isolées des deux sujets ont pu être classées dans le genre Desulfovibrio. Les LPS correspondants ont été extraits et purifiés par des méthodes mises au point dans l’équipe d’Orsay. La structure chimique a été élucidée par les méthodes suivantes : Electrophorèse, Chromatographie sur couche mince, Chromatographie en phase gazeuse et Spectrométrie de masse MALDI. C’est ainsi que des spectres de masse ont été obtenus et que la structure des lipides A, principes actifs des LPS, isolés de SRB a été décrite pour la première fois. Les activités biologiques testées (TNFα, IL-6) varient en fonction du nombre d’acides gras présents. Les LPS de SRB du patient sain ont une structure variable (Smooth versus Rough) en fonction de la quantité de fer présent dans le milieu, et ceux isolés du patient diabétique présentent des structures atypiques qui ne sont pas toutes inflamogènes. Une molécule membranaire inconnue, que nous avons nommée « Glycosyl’X » était co-extraite avec les LPS. Elle joue apparemment un rôle important dans la croissance des SRB et a été étudiée après des étapes de purification complexes. Les structures et le pouvoir inflammatoire de ces molécules dont la structure varie avec les souches, et qui chélatent le fer, ont été étudiées. Elles sont de nature principalement osidique et fixées à la membrane. La proportion de ces molécules par rapport aux LPS varie avec la quantité de fer disponible dans le milieu. Un milieu riche en fer favorise la croissance des Desulfovibrio portant les Glycosyl’X qui n’ont pas de pouvoir inflammatoire eux-mêmes, mais entrent en compétition avec les LPS, modulant ainsi indirectement l’activité de ces derniers. L’augmentation du nombre de Desulfovibrio conduisant à l’augmentation des molécules Glycosyl’X pourrait aussi moduler positivement (par présentation) ou négativement (par élimination des bactéries) l’adsorption du fer dans les intestins dont l’équilibre est essentiel pour l’homéostasie métabolique.Par ailleurs, la croissance des Desulfovibrio augmente la production d’Hydrogène Sulfuré connu pour son action délétère sur les cellules. Nous favorisons l’hypothèse selon laquelle son action sur la disjonction des cellules épithéliales permettrait le passage des différents LPS relargués par la flore Gram-négative intestinale, et même des bactéries entières, vers la circulation sanguine
Recent studies have highlighted the role of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the intestinal flora (gut microbiota) which could contribute to the inflammation process leading to obesity and type 2 diabetes. This thesis is part of a collaborative project between the laboratories of Dr. Caroff (U. Paris -Sud, Orsay, France) and Prof. Zhao (U. Jiao Tong , Shanghai, China). It has been shown by Pr.Zhao’s team in 2010 that the Sulfate -Reducing Bacteria (SRB) were presented in greater proportion in the intestinal mice flora following a fat diet compared to mice following a normal diet. The same results were observed in humans. The starting hypothesis was that SRB could produce a large amount of endotoxin in obese and diabetic patients and play a role in the development of metabolic diseases. Several SRB strains isolated from the human intestinal flora of a healthy subject and of a diabetic subject were grown in the Chinese laboratory. Studies of their LPS structure / activity relationships were carried out in the French laboratory. The aim of this study was to determine their roles in the development of metabolic diseases.Strains isolated from the two subjects could be classified in the Desulfovibrio genus. The corresponding LPS were extracted and purified by the methods developed in the French laboratory. The chemical structure was elucidated by the following methods: Electrophoresis, Thin layer chromatography, Gas chromatography and MALDI mass spectrometry. The mass spectra were obtained and the structure of lipid A, the active part of LPS isolated from SRB was described here for the first time. The biological activities test (TNFα, IL-6) vary depending on the number of fatty acids present in their lipid A structure. The LPS of SRB isolated from the healthy patient had a variable structure (Smooth versus Rough) depending on the amount of iron present in the medium, and those isolated from diabetic patients had atypical structures are not all inflamogenic .An unknown membrane molecule, which we named "Glycosyl'X" was co-extracted with the LPS. It apparently plays an important role in the growth of SRB was investigated after complex purification steps. The structures and the inflammatory power of these molecules variying with strains chelating iron were studied. They are mainly of glycosidic nature and linked to the bacterial membrane.The proportion of these molecules relatively to LPS varies with the amount of iron in the medium. An environment rich in iron promotes the growth of Desulfovibrio Glycosyl'X, molecules but competes with LPS and indirectly modulates the activity of the latter. The increase number of Desulfovibrio leading to increased Glycosyl'X molecules may also modulate positively (by presentation) or negatively (by killing bacteria) the absorption of iron in the intestines which balance is essential for metabolic homeostasis.Furthermore, the growth of Desulfovibrio increasing the production of Hydrogen Sulfide is known for its deleterious effects on the cells. We favor the hypothesis that its action on the separation of epithelial cells favors the passage of different LPS released by the Gram- negative of intestinal flora and even whole cell bacteria into the bloodstream

Structural biology deals with determining the structure of biological macromolecules especially proteins, DNA, RNA. The conformational changes in the structure of a macromolecule helps to decipher its function. This finally paves the way for structure-based drug designing and mutational studies to assess key residues involved in the macromolecule. X-ray crystallography has been the most common technique for structural elucidation since almost last century and has contributed to almost 85 per cent of the structures deposited in Protein Data Bank (PDB). However, crystallising proteins such as those associated with membrane remains a major bottleneck till date though methods like lipid cubic phase (LCP) have somewhat circumvented this. It is also important to realize that imperfect crystals sometimes formed may not depict true physiological state of the protein in the cellular context and hence drug design based on that may turn out to be futile. NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) is a powerful technique to study the protein structure at atomic resolution in solution. It has also been used to study kinetics and dynamics of the protein. The major limitation of NMR is the size limit that it poses which is around 5-25 kDa and huge amount of protein that it requires. On the contrary, cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) has emerged as a versatile tool for studying structure of proteins and macromolecular complexes. Recent “resolution revolution” has empowered cryo-EM in terms of resolution achieved due to better DED (Direct Electron Detector) cameras, stable microscopes and new algorithms for data processing. This has resulted in the surge of EM map deposition in the EMDB (Electron Microscopy Data Bank) (Fig. 1). The number of depositions of EM map per year has been depicted in Fig. 2.

Bacillus subtilis tem a capacidade de utilizar arabinoligossacáridos presentes na parede das células vegetais, através de um consórcios de enzimas envolvidas na hidrólise enzimática dos mesmos. A captação destes carbohidratos por parte do Bacillus subtilis depende de dois transportadores membranares AraE e AraNPQ-MsmX. Após a captação de L-arabinose e arabinoligossacáridos, estes substratos serão metabolizados pelos produtos enzimáticos codificados por genes pertencentes ao operão responsável pela metabolização de arabinose araABDLMNPQabfA. Neste operão, para além dos genes responsáveis pelo transportador AraNPQ, o gene araL determina a síntese de uma enzima com atividade de fosfatase, AraL, que tem putativamente como principal função a destoxificação de intermediários metabólicos fosforilados, em situações particulares. O objectivo deste trabalho consistiu em descobrir quais os determinantes moleculares envolvidos em ambos os processos de reconhecimento molecular, ora o reconhecimento de arabinoligossacáridos por parte da AraN, do ponto de vista dos carbohidratos ora de carbohidratos fosforilados do ponto de vista da AraL. Para elucidar estes processos de reconhecimento molecular proteína-carbohidrato foi utilizada a técnica de RMN, modelação computacional e mutagénese dirigida. No primeiro capitulo são introduzidos conceitos fundamentais para a percepção da ação de ambas as proteínas (AraN e AraL), no organismo Bacillus subtilis. O segundo capitulo, refere-se ao estudo dos mecanismos envolvidos no reconhecimento proteína-carbohidrato através da técnica de STD-RMN para estudar interações do ponto de vista do carbohidrato, bem como abordagens bioinformáticas tais como alinhamentos de sequencia primária e dockings moleculares, para identificar resíduos do ponto de vista da proteína passiveis de se encontrarem envolvidos no reconhecimento molecular, que numa última instância são mutados para se confirmar a sua relevância no processo de reconhecimento molecular do ponto de vista da proteína. Neste capitulo é demonstrado que a AraN é responsável pelo reconhecimento de arabinoligossacáridos e celoligossacáridos. No que diz respeito aos primeiros, a AraN reconhece preferencialmente arabinoligossacáridos com três subunidades, verificando-se a perda de saturação na subunidade não redutora da arabinotetraose. O processo de reconhecimento molecular apresenta uma constante de dissociação com uma ordem de grandeza na ordem dos μM. Do ponto de vista da proteína são identificados resíduos (W253, Y254 e Y54) putativos de se encontrarem também eles envolvidos no reconhecimento molecular do ponto de vista da AraN através de interações CHstacking. Finalmente no terceiro capitulo, é apresentada a optimização da sobrexpressão da AraL, dado que numa primeira fase a sua produção ocorria sob a forma de corpos de inclusão. Para tal são descritas metodologias de solubilização e renaturação da mesmas, com recurso a agentes caotrópicos (ureia e GmdCl) e detergentes (SDS).
Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia - projetos: PEst-OE/BIA/UI0457/2011 e através da rede nacional de RMN (RNRMN) pelo projeto RECI/BBB-BQB/0230/2012

This thesis considers how the Anglo-Irish writer John Millington Synge idealizes primitive life in his seminal work and travelogue, The Aran Islands. I discuss how Synge's representation of the Aran Islands – three islands off the west coast of Ireland, widely considered a repository of ancient Irish culture – finds its model in both a pastoral conception of primitive cultures found in classical and Revivalist literature, and in the evolutionist thinking of late nineteenth century anthropology. The result is a hybrid cultural representation of a specific Irish culture area that at once idealizes the primitive, and at the same time raises alarms to its inconsistency. Chapter one discusses Aran primitivism – or, the idealization of the primitive life Synge envisioned on the islands – as a genre of literature as well as a practice of anthropology, in a summation of the historical, literary, scientific and political influences behind Synge's propensity to empathize with the Aran community's pre-modern sociocultural values. I also show how Synge's primitivism has influenced other representations of Aran written by islanders themselves. In chapter two, my analysis of The Aran Islands illustrates how weather and gender determine Synge's representation of Aran as either a pastoral culture area of community and environmental congeniality, or as what I call a prototypical culture area where the savage elements of Aran life are depicted. In chapter three, I argue that Synge's primitivism ultimately begins to unravel when he transcribes the islanders' stories and letters into The Aran Islands, thereby giving the islanders opportunities to negotiate the production of their own culture with the Revivalist author.

Psalms using the language of enmity present a challenge for Christians who wish to use these psalms as prayer. This study investigates the language of enmity in Psalms 110, 119, 129, 137, 139 and 149 as Christian prayer and beyond the normal form category of lament or complaint of the individual. An argument is proposed to understand Book V of the Psalter as an integral unit, which editors have arranged to represent the post-exilic early restoration period. The study begins with an exegesis of each psalm and seeks to determine the perceived suffering of the psalmist(s) at the hands of enemies and the meaning of the responses to these adversaries. It then moves to a limited historical survey of how commentators through Church history have perceived the suffering and responses in these psalms which use language of enmity. This historical survey is used to correct or clarify the findings in the exegesis. In the third movement of this thesis, the results of the individual exegesis and historical survey of Psalms 110, 119, 129, 137, 139 and 149 are compared in order to elucidate the meaning of the language of enmity. The findings suggest that the language of enmity represents images of judgment on a recalcitrant adversary. The psalms are also investigated as prayers and as normative scripture. The use of the language of enmity in these psalms suggests a use of language that differs from normal use. In this regard the rhetorical device of synecdoche is most helpful in explaining how the texts function. The basis for the language of enmity seems to be the unchanging nature of moral evil. The study then investigates the psalms as canonical, normative prayer in order to move towards developing a theology of God’s just dealing with people and his people in particular. In this regard the psalms are approached as prayer, regardless of the voice in which they were composed. It is suggested that the text as normative prayer allows the psalmist, God, and the pray-er to inhabit and celebrate the same sacred time and space. Of particular concern is how each psalm speaks to the issue of how God engages with moral evil and the question of what can be known about moral evil. The findings suggest that these psalms are an invaluable spiritual resource for the church and should remain unaltered in their use as Christian private and public prayer.
PhD (Old Testament), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus in cooperation with Greenwich School of Theology, 2015

A retail enterprise is a business organisation that sells goods or services directly to consumers for personal use. Retail enterprises such as supermarkets enable customers to go around the shop picking items from the shelves and placing them into their baskets. The basket of each customer is captured into transactional systems. In this research study, retail enterprises were classified into two main categories: centralised and distributed retail enterprises. A distributed retail enterprise is one that issues the decision rights to the branches or groups nearest to the data collection, while in centralised retail enterprises the decision rights of the branches are concentrated in a single authority. It is difficult for retail enterprises to ascertain customer preferences by merely observing transactions. This has led to quantifiable losses. Although some enterprises implemented classical business models to address these challenging issues, they still lacked analytics-based marketing programs to gain competitive advantage. This research study develops an intelligent analytics-based (ARANN) model for both distributed and centralised retail enterprises in the cross-demographics of a developing country. The ARANN model is built on association rules (AR), complemented by artificial neural networks (ANN) to strengthen the results of these two individual models. The ARANN model was tested using real-life and publicly available transactional datasets for the generation of product arrangement sets. In centralised retail enterprises, the data from different branches was integrated and pre-processed to remove data impurities. The cleaned data was then fed into the ARANN model. On the other hand, in distributed retail enterprises data was collected branch per branch and cleaned. The cleaned data was fed into the ARANN model. According to experimental analytics, the ARANN model can generate improved product arrangement sets, thereby improving the confidence of retail enterprise decision-makers in competitive environments. It was also observed that the ARANN model performed faster in distributed than in centralised retail enterprises. This research is beneficial for sustainable businesses and consideration of the results is therefore recommended to retail enterprises.
Computing
M Sc. (Computing)