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Academic literature on the topic 'Aquifers Computer simulation'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Aquifers Computer simulation"

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Du, Shouhong, Larry S. Fung, and Ali H. Dogru. "Aquifer Acceleration in Parallel Implicit Field-Scale Reservoir Simulation." SPE Journal 23, no. 02 (February 12, 2018): 614–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/182686-pa.

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Summary Grid coarsening outside of the areas of interest is a common method to reduce computational cost in reservoir simulation. Aquifer regions are candidates for grid coarsening. In this situation, upscaling is applied to the fine grid to generate coarse-grid flow properties. The efficacy of the approach can be judged easily by comparing the simulation results between the coarse-grid model and the fine-grid model. For many reservoirs in the Middle East bordered by active aquifers, transient water influx is an important recovery mechanism that needs to be modeled correctly. Our experience has shown that the standard grid coarsening and upscaling method do not produce correct results in this situation. Therefore, the objective of this work is to build a method that retains the fine-scale heterogeneities to accurately represent the water movement, but to significantly reduce the computational cost of the aquifer grids in the model. The new method can be viewed as a modified two-level multigrid (MTL-MG) or a specialized adaptation of the multiscale method. It makes use of the vertical-equilibrium (VE) concept in the fine-scale pressure reconstruction in which it is applicable. The method differs from the standard grid coarsening and upscaling method in which the coarse-grid properties are computed a priori. Instead, the fine-scale information is restricted to the coarse grid during Newton's iteration to represent the fine-scale flow behavior. Within the aquifer regions, each column of fine cells is coarsened vertically based on fine-scale z-transmissibility. A coarsened column may consist of a single amalgamated aquifer cell or multiple vertically disconnected aquifer cells separated by flow barriers. The pore volume (PV), compressibility, and lateral flow terms of the coarse cell are restricted from the fine-grid cells. The lateral connectivity within the aquifer regions and the one between the aquifer and the reservoir are honored, inclusive of the fine-scale description of faults, pinchouts, and null cells. Reservoir regions are not coarsened. Two alternatives exist for the fine-scale pressure reconstruction from the coarse-grid solution. The first method uses the VE concept. When VE applies, pressure variation can be analytically computed in the solution update step. Otherwise, the second method is to apply a 1D z-line solve for the fine-scale aquifer pressure from the coarse-grid solution. Simulation results for several examples are included to demonstrate the efficacy and efficiency of the method. We have applied the method to several Saudi Arabian complex full-field simulation models in which the transient aquifer water influx has been identified as a key factor. These models include dual-porosity/dual-permeability (DPDP) models, as well as models with faults and pinchouts in corner-point-geometry grids, for both history match and prediction period. The method is flexible and allows for the optional selection of aquifer regions to be coarsened, either only peripheral aquifers or both the peripheral and bottom aquifers. The new method gives nearly identical results compared with the original runs without coarsening, but with significant reduction in computer time or hardware cost. These results will be detailed in the paper.
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Zhai, Wen, Wei Li, Yanli Huang, Shenyang Ouyang, Kun Ma, Junmeng Li, Huadong Gao, and Peng Zhang. "A Case Study of the Water Abundance Evaluation of Roof Aquifer Based on the Development Height of Water-Conducting Fracture Zone." Energies 13, no. 16 (August 7, 2020): 4095. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13164095.

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In the eastern mining area of Ningxia, China, multi-layered sandstone aquifers are widely distributed in the underground. However, the water abundance of these aquifers is not clear, which brings great challenges to the prevention and control of mine water disaster. In this paper, five mining areas in eastern Ningxia were taken as the study area, and the distribution characteristics of aquifer and the mine water filling source were analyzed through the analysis of geological data and numerical simulation. Finally, the lithology influencing index (LII) was constructed, and the water abundance of the aquifer was evaluated. The results show that the sandstone aquifer III in the lower part of the Jurassic Zhiluo formation is the main water-source aquifer of the #2 coal seam in the study area, while the middle aquifer II and the upper aquifer I are indirect water-source aquifers; the areas with extremely strong and strong water abundance are Maiduoshan, Hongliu, the south of Shicaocun, southeast and southwest of Meihuajing, and the central and southern areas of Shuangma mining areas; when the depth of water drainage boreholes in the roof reaches the development height of the water-conducting fracture zone, the pre-drainage measures can effectively control the mining inrush water of the working face and ensure the safety production. This research is of great significance to the prevention and control of mine water disaster.
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Bai, Erhu, Wenbing Guo, Dongsheng Zhang, Yi Tan, Mingjie Guo, and Gaobo Zhao. "Using the Magnetotelluric Method for Detecting Aquifer Failure Characteristics under High-Intensity Mining of Thick Coal Seams." Energies 12, no. 22 (November 19, 2019): 4397. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12224397.

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In the ecologically fragile mining area of northwest China, high-intensity mining has seriously affected the aquifer and surface eco-environment. In order to better implement water-preserved mining in ecologically fragile areas, the aquifer failure characteristics should be first detected accurately; therefore, it is necessary to find a convenient and fast detection method. Based on the analysis of the basic principles and influencing factors of the magnetotelluric (MT) method, the feasibility of using the MT method to detect aquifer failure is verified by testing the mined area with MT detection and field borehole measurement. Subsequently, the failure characteristics of overburden and unconsolidated aquifers under high-intensity mining are studied by MT detection and physical simulation. By comparing the physical simulation with the field measurement from the aspects of the maximum surface subsidence, interval of periodic weighting and step cracks, the reliability of the height of the water flowing fracture zone and caving zone obtained from physical simulation is verified. The analysis from MT detection and physical simulation shows that the results of the two methods are in accord with each other, which further confirms that the MT method can be used to detect the failure of overburdened structures and aquifers. The penetrating fractures are the main channel for the downward seepage of water resources, which is caused by the “two-zone” of overburden model and located in the “dimple” shape in the apparent resistivity (AR) isogram. It can provide a reference and technical support for the corresponding new water-preserved mining technology and the construction of digital mines.
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Liu, Ruxue, Xinru Yang, Jiayin Xie, Xiaoyu Li, and Yongsheng Zhao. "Experimental Investigation on the Effects of Ethanol-Enhanced Steam Injection Remediation in Nitrobenzene-Contaminated Heterogeneous Aquifers." Applied Sciences 11, no. 24 (December 17, 2021): 12029. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112412029.

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Steam injection is an effective technique for the remediation of aquifers polluted with volatile organic compounds. However, the application of steam injection technology requires a judicious selection of stratum media because the remediation effect of hot steam in heterogeneous layers with low permeability is not suitable. In this study, the removal effect of nitrobenzene in an aquifer was investigated through a series of two-dimensional sandbox experiments with different stratigraphic structures. Four types of alcohols were used during steam injection remediation to enhance the removal effect of nitrobenzene (NB)-contaminated heterogeneous aquifers. The principle of the removal mechanism of alcohol-enhanced organic compounds is that alcohols can reduce the surface tension of the contaminated water, resulting in Marangoni convection, thereby enhancing mass and heat transfer. The addition of alcohol may also reduce the azeotropic temperature of the system and enhance the volatility of organic compounds. The study revealed that all four alcohol types could reduce the surface tension from 72 mN/m to <30 mN/m. However, among these, only ethanol reduced the azeotropic temperature of NB by 15 °C, thereby reducing energy consumption and remediation costs. Therefore, ethanol was selected as an enhancing agent to reduce both surface tension and azeotropic temperature during steam injection. In the 2-D simulation tank, the interface between the low-and high-permeability strata in the layered heterogeneous aquifer had a blocking effect on steam transportation, which in turn caused a poor remediation effect in the upper low-permeability stratum. In the lens heterogeneous aquifer, steam flows around the lens, thereby weakening the remediation effect. After adding ethanol to the low-permeability zone, Marangoni convection was enhanced, which further enhanced the mass and heat transfer. In the layered and lens heterogeneous aquifers, the area affected by steam increased by 13% and 14%, respectively. Moreover, the average concentration of NB was reduced by 51% in layered heterogeneous aquifers and by 58% in low-permeability lenses by ethanol addition. These findings enhance the remediation effect of steam injection in heterogeneous porous media and contribute to improve the remediation efficiency of heterogeneous aquifers by steam injection.
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Zi-Zhao, Cai, Zhang Fa-Wang, Xu Wei, and Chen Li. "Prediction on Water-flowing Fractured Region Based on 3D Simulation Technology." Open Civil Engineering Journal 10, no. 1 (June 30, 2016): 349–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874149501610010349.

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Caving zone and fractured zone both appear in the Changzhi Basin in China as the a large number of coal are mined from the area. Based on ore cluster mining and on GIS (Geographic Information System) technology, in the paper, it combines the 3-D (three dimensional) simulation technology and adopts the spacial interpolation method to develop the 3-D stratigraphic model of the studied region, the 3D stratigraphic model and the division idea which is applicable for the study region are obtained. The virtual drilling technology is applied to obtain precise stratigraphic data and calculate the heights of the caving zone and fractured zone of Changzhi Basin, their relative locations to the overlying aquifer and the water-flowing fractured region of influence based on computer-simulated data are both analyzed. In addition, it also puts forward the concept of effective water-flowing fractured rate, which lays a solid foundation for further study on the heterogeneous evolution of the spatial structure of regional aquifers after the coal mining which also can provide a data support for future studies on the heterogeneous evolution features of water-bearing media.
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Urych, Tomasz, and Adam Smoliński. "Numerical Modeling of CO2 Migration in Saline Aquifers of Selected Areas in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin in Poland." Energies 12, no. 16 (August 12, 2019): 3093. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12163093.

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Determining the characteristics of the dynamic behavior of carbon dioxide in a rock mass is a stage in the process of assessing a potential CO2 storage reservoir. The aim of this study was to analyze the process of CO2 storage in saline aquifers of the selected regions of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin in Poland. The construction of dynamic simulation models was based on static models of real deposit structures developed on a regional scale. Different simulation variants of the CO2 storage process were adopted, varying in terms of injection efficiency and duration of individual simulation phases. The analysis examined the influence of the degree of hydrodynamic openness of the structure on the CO2 storage process, in each of the variants. The results of numerical simulations showed that among the three analyzed geological formations, the Dębowiec formation is the most prospective for potential CO2 storage and is characterized by the most favorable geological and hydrogeological parameters. In the best variant of the simulation, in which the safety of CO2 storage in the rock mass was taken into account, the total amount of CO2 injected in a single directional well was approximately 8.54 million Mg of CO2 during 25 years of injection.
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Abd-Elaty, Ismail, Martina Zeleňáková, Katarína Krajníková, and Hany Abd-Elhamid. "Analytical Solution of Saltwater Intrusion in Costal Aquifers Considering Climate Changes and Different Boundary Conditions." Water 13, no. 7 (April 4, 2021): 995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13070995.

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Groundwater contamination due to saltwater intrusion (SWI) has an extreme effect on freshwater quality. Analytical and numerical models could be used to investigate SWI. This study aims to develop an analytical solution to investigate SWI into coastal aquifers which was applied to a real case study at the Middle Nile Delta aquifer (MNDA). The study presented a new formula to predict the difference in depth of freshwater to seawater interface due to a change in boundary conditions. A Computer Program for Simulation of Three-Dimensional Variable-Density Ground-Water Flow and Transport (SEAWAT) is used for groundwater flow simulation and SWI and the results compared with the developed analytical solution. Four scenarios are considered in the study, including; the sea-level rise (SLR), reduction in recharge, over abstraction, and combination after 50 years (2070). The analytical solution gave good results compared to the numerical one where Equiline 1 intruded to 103 and 101.66 km respectively at the base case. The results also gave a good agreement between numerical and the analytical solution for SLR due to climate changes by 52.80 cm where the Equiline 1 reached to 105 and 103.45 km. However, the reduction in aquifer recharge by 18.50% resulted in an intrusion for the Equiline-1 to 111 and 108.25 km from the shoreline. Over pumping due to the increase in population by 89% has increased the SWI to reach 121,110.31 km, while it reached 131 and 111.32 km at a combination of the three scenarios, which represents the highest threatening scenario. Also, the difference between the two solutions reached 1.30%, 1.48%, 2.48%, 8.84%, and 15.02%, respectively for the base case and four scenarios. For the current case study, the analytical model gave good results compared to the numerical one, so that the analytical solution is recommended for similar studies, which could save the time and capabilities of computer required for the numerical solutions.
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Li, Yuan-Heng, Chien-Hao Shen, Cheng-Yueh Wu, and Bieng-Zih Hsieh. "Numerical Study of CO2 Geological Storage in Saline Aquifers without the Risk of Leakage." Energies 13, no. 20 (October 10, 2020): 5259. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13205259.

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The purpose of this study is to reduce the risk of leakage of CO2 geological storage by injecting the dissolved CO2 solution instead of the supercritical CO2 injection. The reservoir simulation method is used in this study to evaluate the contributions of the different trapping mechanisms, and the safety index method is used to evaluate the risk of CO2 leakage. The function of the dissolved CO2 solution injection is performed by a case study of a deep saline aquifer. Two scenarios are designed in this study: the traditional supercritical CO2 injection and the dissolved CO2 solution injection. The contributions of different trapping mechanisms, plume migrations, and the risk of leakage are evaluated and compared. The simulation results show that the risk of leakage via a natural pathway can be decreased by the approach of injecting dissolved CO2 solution instead of supercritical CO2. The amount of the CO2 retained by the safe trapping mechanisms in the dissolved CO2 solution injection scenario is greater than that in the supercritical CO2 scenario. The process of CO2 mineralization in the dissolved CO2 solution injection scenario is also much faster than that in the supercritical CO2 scenario. Changing the injection fluid from supercritical CO2 to a dissolved CO2 solution can significantly increase the safety of the CO2 geological storage. The risk of CO2 leakage from a reservoir can be eliminated because the injected CO2 can be trapped totally by safe trapping mechanisms.
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Booij, M., A. Leijnse, S. Haldorsen, M. Heim, and H. Rueslåtten. "Subpermafrost Groundwater Modelling in Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard." Hydrology Research 29, no. 4-5 (August 1, 1998): 385–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.1998.0030.

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Svalbard is a high arctic archipelago where the permafrost thickness is 150-450 m and almost continuous in ice-free areas. The model work was carried out in Ny-Ålesund, where the subpermafrost aquifers are recharged by water from the bottom of the Vestre Lovénbreen glacier. One main discharge spring is found at the entrance of an old coal mine. The computer code SUTRA has been used to simulate two-dimensional fluid movement and energy transport in the ground under steady state conditions. For the simulation, a cross section with unit thickness parallel to groundwater flow has been chosen. With the resulting output of SUTRA, contour maps of the pressure, hydraulic head, temperature and velocity have been made. Residence times for different situations have been determined to be15 years as a minimum. In general there is a good agreement between the physical reality and the simulation results.
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Mokhtari, Bahram, and Alireza Bahramian. "Flow monitoring of underground aquifers by interfacial tensiometry." Flow Measurement and Instrumentation 67 (June 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2019.03.007.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Aquifers Computer simulation"

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Spießl, Sabine Maria. "Development and evaluation of a reactive hybrid transport model (RUMT3D)." Doctoral thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0006-B309-D.

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Books on the topic "Aquifers Computer simulation"

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McFarland, E. Randolph. Design, revisions, and considerations for continued use of a ground-water-flow model of the coastal plain aquifer system in Virginia. Richmond, Va: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1998.

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McFarland, E. Randolph. Design, revisions, and considerations for continued use of a ground-water-flow model of the coastal plain aquifer system in Virginia. Richmond, Va: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1998.

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Sheets, Rodney A. Ground-water modeling of pumping effects near regional ground-water divides and river/aquifer systems in the Great Lakes Basin--results and implications of numerical experiments. Reston, Va: U.S. Geological Survey, 2005.

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Feseker, Tomas. Numerical studies on groundwater flow in coastal aquifers. Bremen: Universität Bremen, 2004.

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Osborn, N. I. Vulnerability assessment of twelve major aquifers in Oklahoma. [Oklahoma City?]: Oklahoma Water Resources Board, 1998.

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Leake, S. A. MODFLOW ground-water model: User guide to the subsidence and aquifer-system compaction package (SUB-WT) for water-table aquifers. Reston, Va: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2007.

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Leake, S. A. MODFLOW ground-water model: User guide to the subsidence and aquifer-system compaction package (SUB-WT) for water-table aquifers. Reston, Va: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2007.

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Bissett, Lisa L. Field assessment of stream/aquifer interaction under semi-arid conditions and problems with computer representation. Fort Collins, Colo: Colorado Water Resources Research Institute, Colorado State University, 1994.

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Paul, Pare, ed. Aquifer parameter estimator: Problems and solutions. Highlands Ranch, Colo., USA: Water Resources Publications, 1995.

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Niehus, Colin A. Appraisal of the water resources of the Big Sioux aquifer, Lincoln and Union Counties, South Dakota. [Reston, Va.?]: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survy, 1998.

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Book chapters on the topic "Aquifers Computer simulation"

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Sharaf-Eldin, A., and D. J. Evans. "IFEP — An Interactive Finite Element Program for Aquifer Simulation." In Computer Techniques in Environmental Studies IV, 275–91. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1874-3_19.

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Zhao, Mengling. "Finite Element Numerical Simulation for 2-D Ground Water Groundwater Movement in Confined Aquifer." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 570–77. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-22418-8_79.

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Rubin, Yoram. "Upscaling, Computational Aspects, and Statistics of the Velocity Field." In Applied Stochastic Hydrogeology. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195138047.003.0011.

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This chapter deals with computing the velocity fields in heterogeneous media. This is a broad area, and we shall concentrate here on upscaling, on the spatial correlation pattern of the velocity, and on accuracy measures for techniques that compute velocity fields. Numerical simulations of velocity fields in heterogeneous media (Ababou et al., 1988, 1989; Bellin et al., 1992, 1994; Bellin and Rubin, 1996; Dykaar and Kitandis, 1992a,b; Hassan et al., 1998a,b; Salandin and Fiorotto, 1998) indicate that to capture accurately the effects of the spatial variability of the conductivity on the velocity field, the conductivity field should be modeled with high resolution. Techniques for generating highly detailed realizations of rock properties were reviewed earlier. Because of the huge level of detail included in these realizations, large-scale flow simulations can become computationally intensive. However, the need for fine detail varies over the aquifer. For example, a high level of detail is needed where the velocity field may vary rapidly, such as near wells, or over areas traversed by a contaminant plume, or for describing small-scale features which dominate the flow, such as high-conductivity channels. Coarsening the grid over areas where high resolution is unnecessary can reduce the computational effort. To be able to do that, a procedure is needed for assigning properties such as conductivity on a coarser scale which is more appropriate for simulation, while avoiding the loss of important details. Such a procedure is called upscaling (also scale-up). Upscaling assigns properties to blocks based on subgrid-scale heterogeneity. Upscaling leads to block-effective properties. Unlike effective properties, block-effective properties depend on the size of the block. In the limit of block dimensions much larger than the integral scale of the heterogeneity, the block-effective properties become equal to the media's effective properties. Unlike the case of effective conductivities, there is no consensus about the definition of block conductivity. For example, Rubin and Gomez-Hernandez (1990) defined the block conductivity as the coefficient of proportionality between the block-averaged flux and the gradient. Indelman and Dagan (1993a, b) stipulated that the block-effective conductivity should dissipate energy at a rate equal to the dissipation due to the small-scale heterogeneity.
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Conference papers on the topic "Aquifers Computer simulation"

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Hurtis, Radoslav, Peter Guba, and Juraj Kyselica. "Simulation of reactive groundwater flow and salinization in carbonate-rock aquifers." In 2022 International Conference on Electrical, Computer and Energy Technologies (ICECET). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icecet55527.2022.9872944.

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Wei, Jiuchuan, Huiyong Yin, Shasha Wang, and Daolei Xie. "Ordovician Limestone Aquifer Seepage Field Simulation Based on Modflow." In 2012 National Conference on Information Technology and Computer Science. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/citcs.2012.100.

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Cui, Jie, HongGuang Sun, Ailian Chang, and Xu Zhang. "A Matlab Toolbox for Particle Transport Simulation in Fractal Media." In ASME 2015 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2015-47186.

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Fractal property has been verified in the research of many kinds of complex media, such as soil, aquifer and concrete. Particle transport in fractal media often does not obey the classical Fickian law, and exhibits anomalous diffusion feature. Several promising physical models have been proposed to describe this kind of anomalous transport in the recent decades. This study will introduce a new Matlab toolbox to investigate three approaches including fractal theory, continuous time random walk (CTRW) model and fractional derivative diffusion equation model on characterizing anomalous transport.
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Liu, Songxia, and Peter P. Valkó. "An Improved Equilibrium-Height Model for Predicting Hydraulic Fracture Height Migration in Multi-Layer Formations." In SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference. SPE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/spe-173335-ms.

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Abstract Fracture height is a critical input parameter for 2D hydraulic fracturing design models, and also an important output result of 3D models. While many factors may influence fracture height evolution in multi-layer formations, the consensus is that the so called “equilibrium height belonging to a certain treating pressure” provides an upper limit, at least for non-naturally fractured media. How to solve the “equilibrium height” problem has been known since the 1970s. However, because of the complexity of the algebra involved, published equations are overly simplified and do not provide reliable results. We revisited the equilibrium height problem, and our theoretical and numerical investigations led to a new model that fully characterizes height evolution amid various formation properties (fracture toughness, in-situ stress, thickness, etc.). The new model, for the first time, rigorously solves the equilibrium height mathematically. With the help of computer algebra software, we applied a definition of fracture toughness, incorporated the effects of hydrostatic pressure, and considered non-symmetric variations of layered formation properties. Results were determined for the classic 3-layer problem and then were extended to 6 layers. The effects of reservoir and fluid properties on the fracture height growth were investigated. Tip jump is caused by low in-situ stress; tip stability is imposed by large fracture toughness and/or large in-situ stress. If the fluid density is ignored, the result regarding to which tip will grow into infinity could be totally different. For any multi-layer formation problem, two, 3-layer pseudo problems were constructed to create an outer and inner height envelope, in order to assess the potential effects of reservoir parameter uncertainties on height profile. Second solution pair in the 3-layer problem was investigated numerically and analytically, to avoid misleading results in the 3D models. This improved model can rapidly (in seconds) and reliably calculate the theoretical maximum equilibrium fracture height in layered formations with various rock mechanical properties. Then, the equilibrium height can be used to (1) provide input data for 2D model, (2) improve 3D model governing equations, (3) determine the net pressure needed to achieve a certain height growth, and (4) obtain the maximum net pressure assuring no fracture invasion into aquifers. This model may be incorporated into current hydraulic fracture simulation software to yield more accurate and cost-effective hydraulic fracturing designs.
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Kaslusky, Scott F., Kent S. Udell, and Glenn E. McCreery. "Numerical Modeling of Steam Injection Into Saturated Porous Media." In ASME 2000 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2000-1568.

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Abstract The Steam Enhanced Extraction (SEE) process is being considered for removal of volatile organic contaminants contained in the fractured basalt rocks which lie above the Snake River aquifer at the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL). In this work the computer code M2NOTS (Multiphase Multi-component Non-isothermal Organic Transport Simulator) was used to simulate an experiment which tracked the movement of a steam condensation front through glass blocks separated by glass beads. The experiment was designed to represent steam injection into highly fractured basalt. For grid spacing equal to the block size heat transfer from the fractures to the blocks was severely under predicted, resulting in an over prediction of the condensation front velocity. A method was developed to accurately simulate the propagation of a steam condensation front through a fractured porous media using grid spacing equal to the block dimension. The method accounts for non-equilibrium conduction within a grid node, allowing the grid spacing to be increased well beyond the local equilibrium restriction. Simulation results compare well with the experimental results, validating the non-equilibrium model, and also indicating that M2NOTs can be effectively used to model the steam enhanced extraction process in fractured porous media.
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Whittle, Tim, Philippa Park, and Carolina Coll. "A Semi-Analytical Model for the Prediction of CO2 Injectivity into Saline Aquifers or Depleted Hydrocarbon Reservoirs." In SPE EuropEC - Europe Energy Conference featured at the 83rd EAGE Annual Conference & Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/209628-ms.

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Abstract As carbon dioxide (CO2) is injected into a reservoir (for CO2 sequestration in a saline aquifer or depleted reservoir, or even for enhanced oil recovery in the case of a less depleted reservoir), a region around the well becomes saturated and expands with time. From a pressure transient perspective, by making some simple assumptions the resulting reservoir configuration at any given moment can be approximated by a two-region radial composite system. As well as its radial extent, the inner region is defined by its diffusivity and mobility, both of which differ from those of the outer region as a result of the CO2 saturation. The CO2 viscosity and compressibility at reservoir pressure and temperature are the essential properties that impact the diffusivity and mobility. Knowing the three variables, radius, diffusivity ratio and mobility ratio, the constant rate pressure transient response is readily computed from existing analytical radial composite model solutions. These are commonly used in the petroleum industry to analyse well test behaviour and can be configured with a variety of boundary conditions (no flow, constant pressure or infinite, usually in the shape of a rectangle). The problem with CO2 injection is that the radius and properties of the inner zone vary with time and hence any single radial composite model does not apply. The solution approach in this paper is to apply superposition. At each discretised time step, the well is simultaneously injected at a constant rate assuming the current configuration and shut in with the previous configuration. The shut-in "cancels out" the previous model and the current model applies. At each time step, the injected volume is calculated, the material balance and associated reservoir pressure computed along with the new inner zone radius, diffusivity and mobility and hence the model for the next time step is defined. An additional iterative loop allows for the injection rate to decrease if the injection pressure exceeds a maximum constraint. The method is simple and fast and appears to match the pressure response of numerical simulations of the same problem using more detailed physics, without the associated noisy derivative often associated with grid-based solutions. It implicitly assumes a piston like displacement which results in an unrealistic saturation profile that differs from the more rigorous numerical models where gravity and capillary effects are included. However, comparisons with such models indicate that the prediction of well pressure and hence injectivity is sufficiently accurate for practical purposes despite this approximation. The application of superposition in time - a method usually associated with solving linear problems – is demonstrated to adequately solve the complex non-linear problem of CO2 injectivity and, because the method includes material balance, it can help to define storage efficiency factors which are critical for the evaluation of storage capacity.
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7

Whittle, Tim, Philippa Park, and Carolina Coll. "A Semi-Analytical Model for the Prediction of CO2 Injectivity into Saline Aquifers or Depleted Hydrocarbon Reservoirs." In SPE EuropEC - Europe Energy Conference featured at the 83rd EAGE Annual Conference & Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/209628-ms.

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Abstract:
Abstract As carbon dioxide (CO2) is injected into a reservoir (for CO2 sequestration in a saline aquifer or depleted reservoir, or even for enhanced oil recovery in the case of a less depleted reservoir), a region around the well becomes saturated and expands with time. From a pressure transient perspective, by making some simple assumptions the resulting reservoir configuration at any given moment can be approximated by a two-region radial composite system. As well as its radial extent, the inner region is defined by its diffusivity and mobility, both of which differ from those of the outer region as a result of the CO2 saturation. The CO2 viscosity and compressibility at reservoir pressure and temperature are the essential properties that impact the diffusivity and mobility. Knowing the three variables, radius, diffusivity ratio and mobility ratio, the constant rate pressure transient response is readily computed from existing analytical radial composite model solutions. These are commonly used in the petroleum industry to analyse well test behaviour and can be configured with a variety of boundary conditions (no flow, constant pressure or infinite, usually in the shape of a rectangle). The problem with CO2 injection is that the radius and properties of the inner zone vary with time and hence any single radial composite model does not apply. The solution approach in this paper is to apply superposition. At each discretised time step, the well is simultaneously injected at a constant rate assuming the current configuration and shut in with the previous configuration. The shut-in "cancels out" the previous model and the current model applies. At each time step, the injected volume is calculated, the material balance and associated reservoir pressure computed along with the new inner zone radius, diffusivity and mobility and hence the model for the next time step is defined. An additional iterative loop allows for the injection rate to decrease if the injection pressure exceeds a maximum constraint. The method is simple and fast and appears to match the pressure response of numerical simulations of the same problem using more detailed physics, without the associated noisy derivative often associated with grid-based solutions. It implicitly assumes a piston like displacement which results in an unrealistic saturation profile that differs from the more rigorous numerical models where gravity and capillary effects are included. However, comparisons with such models indicate that the prediction of well pressure and hence injectivity is sufficiently accurate for practical purposes despite this approximation. The application of superposition in time - a method usually associated with solving linear problems – is demonstrated to adequately solve the complex non-linear problem of CO2 injectivity and, because the method includes material balance, it can help to define storage efficiency factors which are critical for the evaluation of storage capacity.
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8

Sarmadi, Parisa, and Ian A. Frigaard. "Effects of Rheological Properties on Primary Cementing of Irregular Horizontal Wells." In ASME 2022 41st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2022-80561.

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Abstract Primary cementing is an industrial operation that is used to seal every oil and gas wells, of which there are many millions globally. The process aims to remove the drilling fluid and other residues from the annulus between the casing and the formation, replacing it with a cement slurry, which then hydrates and seals the well to prevent subsurface leakage. Leakage compromises well productivity and can have environmental and health consequences, e.g. polluted aquifers, methane emissions, and subsurface ecosystems. In this work, we focus on fluid displacement mechanics of primary cementing operations. Even in stable boreholes, several geometrical and operational irregularities can be seen while reading caliper data. Washouts, keyseats, and breakouts are examples of irregularities. The other irregularity arises from eccentricity which mainly originates from operational features. Eccentricity of the annulus significantly affects the cement placement flow and longevity of the wellbore. In this work, we study the effect of the rheological properties of fluids involved in the primary cementing on displacement flows in an irregular horizontal section of well. The focus of the work is on irregularities in the shape of enlargements. We use three-dimensional (3D) numerical simulations, using the Volume of Fluid (VoF) method to compute displacement of a drilling mud by a spacer within an annulus with series of enlargements. We use Bingham fluid and Newtonian fluid models for the mud and spacer, respectively. The 3D model allows us to capture the interface between fluids and study the effects of more local irregularities in detail, e.g. secondary flows and residual mud layer on the wall of the well. The rheology of the fluids beside the geometrical properties, irregularity and eccentricity, plays important role in determining the presence of unyielded residual mud layer. In this paper we describe the competition between viscosity ratio and density differences with geometrical properties.
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9

Gonzalez, Andres, Zoya Heidari, and Olivier Lopez. "Automated Rock Classification Using High-Resolution CT-Scan Images and Core Photos in a Siliciclastic Formation Used for CO2 Storage." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/209979-ms.

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Abstract Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is an attractive alternative to reduce the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere with the objective of preventing further increases in global temperature. Accurate estimation of Petrophysical properties and detection of rock types are critical for the assessment of key aspects of CCS projects in geological formations such as storage capacity, injectivity, trapping mechanisms, and containment. The objectives of this paper are (a) to use whole-core computed tomography (CT) scan images and core photos, conventional well logs, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) logs, and core-measured properties for automated rock classification, (b) to develop class-based rock physics models for enhanced petrophysical properties estimation, and (c) to provide a method to expedite the detection of quantitative image-based rock classes. First, we conducted conventional formation evaluation for initial assessment of petrophysical properties. Then, we employed image analysis techniques to remove non-core material visual elements from the available image data (i.e., CT-scan images and core photos). Afterwards, we extracted rock-fabric related features from the available image data. We characterized the pore structure of the evaluated interval using NMR logs. We integrated conventional well logs and routine core analysis (RCA) data with image-based features and NMR pore structure parameters to automatically detected rock classes by means of a physics-based cost function. Finally, we updated the estimated petrophysical properties employing class-based rock physics models and compared the obtained result against conventional formation evaluation estimates. We applied the proposed workflow to the pilot well drilled in a saline water aquifer formation that will be used for CO2 injection and storage in the Northern Lights CCS project. The extracted image-based rock fabric features were in agreement with the visual aspect of the evaluated depth intervals. The detected rock classes captured the fluid-flow behavior using a permeability-based cost function, the variation in petrophysical and compositional properties trough well logs, and quantitative rock fabric of the evaluated depth interval through the core image data. Finally, the use of class-based rock physics models improved permeability estimates decreasing the mean relative error by 27% compared to formation-based permeability estimates from a conventional method (formation-based porosity-permeability correlations). One of the key contributions of the proposed workflow is that it integrates conventional well logs, core-measured properties, NMR logs, and high-resolution image data. As a result, the obtained integrated rock classes capture key petrophysical and geological parameters of the evaluated depth intervals that are typically not included in rock classification efforts. The obtained integrated rock classes can potentially improve the development of accurate geological models, which are employed in simulation efforts as a screening tool for selection of geological formations for CO2 storage as well as for storage capacity, selection of CO2 injection intervals, and containment forecasting.
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Reports on the topic "Aquifers Computer simulation"

1

Estimation of hydraulic characteristics in the Santa Fe Group aquifer system using computer simulations of river and drain pulses in the Rio Bravo study area, near Albuquerque, New Mexico. US Geological Survey, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wri014069.

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