Journal articles: 'Aquatic sports injuries Victoria'

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Brophy, Tess, Glen S. Merry, and Kenneth G. Jamieson. "Spinal Injuries in Aquatic Sports." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 1, S1 (1985): 194–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00044447.

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Spinal injuries associated with aquatic sports account for about 30 admissions per year to spinal injury units in Australia. These injuries are considered not only for their significance to the victim, to his family and to the community, but to ensure that voluntary organizations are teaching first-aid measures which help to reduce morbidity and mortality—for on those first-aid measures depend the quality of the victim's life.

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Brophy, Robert H., and David L. Bernholt. "Aquatic Orthopaedic Injuries." Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 27, no. 6 (March 2019): 191–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5435/jaaos-d-16-00702.

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Dore, J. "The cost of severe spinal cord injuries and traumatic brain injuries in Victoria." Injury 40 (February 2009): S1—S2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2009.01.022.

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Finch, C. F., and Erin Cassell. "AN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY OF SPORTS INJURIES IN THE LATROBE VALLEY, VICTORIA, AUSTRALIA." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 31, Supplement (May 1999): S261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199905001-01259.

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Fernando, D. Tharanga, Janneke Berecki‐Gisolf, and Caroline F. Finch. "Sports injuries in Victoria, 2012–13 to 2014–15: evidence from emergency department records." Medical Journal of Australia 208, no. 6 (April 2018): 255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/mja17.00872.

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Finch, Caroline F., Shannon E. Gray, Muhammad Akram, Alex Donaldson, David G. Lloyd, and Jill L. Cook. "Controlled ecological evaluation of an implemented exercise-training programme to prevent lower limb injuries in sport: population-level trends in hospital-treated injuries." British Journal of Sports Medicine 53, no. 8 (September 14, 2018): 487–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2018-099488.

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ObjectiveExercise-training programmes have reduced lower limb injuries in trials, but their population-level effectiveness has not been reported in implementation trials. This study aimed to demonstrate that routinely collected hospital data can be used to evaluate population-level programme effectiveness.MethodA controlled ecological design was used to evaluate the effect of FootyFirst, an exercise-training programme, on the number of hospital-treated lower limb injuries sustained by males aged 16–50 years while participating in community-level Australian Football. FootyFirst was implemented with ‘support’ (FootyFirst+S) or ‘without support’ (FootyFirst+NS) in different geographic regions of Victoria, Australia: 22 clubs in region 1: FootyFirst+S in 2012/2013; 25 clubs in region 2: FootyFirst+NS in 2012/2013; 31 clubs region 3: control in 2012, FootyFirst+S in 2013. Interrupted time-series analysis compared injury counts across regions and against trends in the rest of Victoria.ResultsAfter 1 year of FootyFirst+S, there was a non-statistically significant decline in the number of lower limb injuries in region 1 (2012) and region 3 (2013); this was not maintained after 2 years in region 1. Compared with before FootyFirst in 2006–2011, injury count changes at the end of 2013 were: region 1: 20.0% reduction (after 2 years support); region 2: 21.5% increase (after 2 years without support); region 3: 21.8% increase (after first year no programme, second year programme with support); rest of Victoria: 12.6% increase.ConclusionEcological analyses using routinely collected hospital data show promise as the basis of population-level programme evaluation. The implementation and sustainability of sports injury prevention programmes at the population-level remains challenging.

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Prins, Jan, and Debra Cutner. "AQUATIC THERAPY IN THE REHABILITATION OF ATHLETIC INJURIES." Clinics in Sports Medicine 18, no. 2 (April 1999): 447–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0278-5919(05)70158-7.

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Ekegren, Christina L., Ben Beck, Pamela M. Simpson, and Belinda J. Gabbe. "Ten-Year Incidence of Sport and Recreation Injuries Resulting in Major Trauma or Death in Victoria, Australia, 2005-2015." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 6, no. 3 (March 1, 2018): 232596711875750. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967118757502.

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Background: Sports injuries that result in major trauma or death are associated with significant health care burden and societal costs. An understanding of changes in injury trends, and their drivers, is needed to implement policy aimed at risk reduction and injury prevention. To date, population-level reporting has not been available regarding trends in serious sport and recreation injuries anywhere in Australia over such an extended period, nor have any studies of this length captured comprehensive, long-term data on all sports-related major trauma internationally. Purpose: To describe the incidence of sport and active recreation injuries resulting in major trauma or death over a 10-year period (July 2005 to June 2015) in the state of Victoria, Australia. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiological study. Methods: All sport and active recreation–related major trauma cases and deaths in Victoria, Australia, over a 10-year period were extracted from the population-level Victorian State Trauma Registry and the National Coroners Information System. Poisson regression analysis was used to examine trends in the incidence of sport and active recreation–related major trauma and death. Results: The 10-year study period entailed 2847 nonfatal major trauma cases and 614 deaths (including 96 in-hospital deaths). The highest frequencies of major trauma cases and deaths were in cycling, motor sports, and equestrian activities. The participation-adjusted major trauma and death rate was 12.2 per 100,000 participants per year over the study period. An 8% increase was noted in the rate of nonfatal major trauma (incident rate ratio [IRR], 1.08; 95% CI, 1.06-1.10; P < .001) and a 7% decrease in the death rate (IRR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.90-0.97; P < .001). Significant increases were found in the rates of major trauma (including deaths) in equestrian activities, motor sports, and cycling. Conclusion: The death rate from sport and active recreation decreased by more than half over the course of 10 years in Victoria, while the rate of nonfatal major trauma almost doubled. This increase is largely attributable to equestrian activities, motor sports, and cycling. Study findings highlight the need to prioritize investments in the prevention of trauma in these activities.

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Zazryn, T. R. "A 16 year study of injuries to professional boxers in the state of Victoria, Australia." British Journal of Sports Medicine 37, no. 4 (August 1, 2003): 321–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.37.4.321.

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Cassell, E. P. "Epidemiology of medically treated sport and active recreation injuries in the Latrobe Valley, Victoria, Australia." British Journal of Sports Medicine 37, no. 5 (October 1, 2003): 405–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.37.5.405.

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Zazryn, T. R. "A 16 year study of injuries to professional kickboxers in the state of Victoria, Australia." British Journal of Sports Medicine 37, no. 5 (October 1, 2003): 448–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.37.5.448.

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Hasenkamp, Eric, Jonathan McGahee, Madeline Richter, and Myro Lu. "Aquatic Board Sport Injuries: A Literature Review." Current Sports Medicine Reports 21, no. 10 (October 2022): 371–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/jsr.0000000000001000.

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McLeod, G., C. Finch, D. Morgan, A. Kountouris, and L. Fortington. "Medically treated cricket injuries in Victoria: a 15 year review of emergency department presentations and hospital admissions." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 22 (October 2019): S65—S66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2019.08.270.

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Panagodage Perera, Nirmala Kanthi, Joanne L. Kemp, Corey Joseph, and Caroline F. Finch. "Epidemiology of hospital-treated cricket injuries sustained by women from 2002–2003 to 2013–2014 in Victoria, Australia." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 22, no. 11 (November 2019): 1213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2019.07.010.

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Chalmers, David J., and Luke Morrison. "Epidemiology of Non-Submersion Injuries in Aquatic Sporting and Recreational Activities." Sports Medicine 33, no. 10 (2003): 745–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200333100-00003.

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Lei, Tao, Yi Huang, and Zhijuan Zhou. "Occupational Therapy and Prevention of Common Sports Injuries for Special Physical Training." Occupational Therapy International 2022 (July 5, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6227377.

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This paper provides an in-depth study of occupational therapy and the prevention of common sports injuries in special physical training. The issue of sports injuries and rehabilitation has always been a hot topic in special training. With the continuous development of sports, the increasing intensity of competition, and more stringent requirements for special techniques, the increase in difficulty and intensity of training has led to the increasing frequency of sports injuries, so how to prevent injuries in special physical training and rehabilitation and recovery of athletes after the injury is particularly important. Since the most common musculoskeletal injuries occur in the lower quadrant, this paper proposes a lower extremity functional test (LEFT) model as a means of identifying injury risk and guiding the implementation of training programs to prevent sports injuries. In this paper, a knee injury is used as an example, and an occupational therapy program of TCM physical therapy + aquatic rehabilitation is adopted for the already occurred sports injuries. Through interviews and clinical examinations of athletes, coaches, and medical personnel, this paper summarizes the sites, types, characteristics, and probability of occurrence of common sports injuries in special physical training. Experiments were conducted through clinical rehabilitation of common sports injuries with the addition of TCM manual massage. A series of effects of this modality on the rehabilitation of sports injuries were examined by monitoring physiological and biochemical indexes and by comparative analysis before and after testing physical function indexes using the Omega Wave system. Sports injuries are diverse. Traditional Chinese medicine physical therapy + water rehabilitation therapy is an effective physical therapy method. According to the relevant theories of traditional Chinese medicine treatment, diagnosis and treatment through meridians and related acupuncture points have significant curative effects. Traditional Chinese medicine, massage, and acupuncture have irreplaceable roles in the rehabilitation and treatment of sports injuries and can effectively improve and cure sports injuries.

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Winkler, Ethan A., John K. Yue, John F. Burke, Andrew K. Chan, Sanjay S. Dhall, Mitchel S. Berger, Geoffrey T. Manley, and Phiroz E. Tarapore. "Adult sports-related traumatic brain injury in United States trauma centers." Neurosurgical Focus 40, no. 4 (April 2016): E4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2016.1.focus15613.

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OBJECTIVE Sports-related traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an important public health concern estimated to affect 300,000 to 3.8 million people annually in the United States. Although injuries to professional athletes dominate the media, this group represents only a small proportion of the overall population. Here, the authors characterize the demographics of sports-related TBI in adults from a community-based trauma population and identify predictors of prolonged hospitalization and increased morbidity and mortality rates. METHODS Utilizing the National Sample Program of the National Trauma Data Bank (NTDB), the authors retrospectively analyzed sports-related TBI data from adults (age ≥ 18 years) across 5 sporting categories—fall or interpersonal contact (FIC), roller sports, skiing/snowboarding, equestrian sports, and aquatic sports. Multivariable regression analysis was used to identify predictors of prolonged hospital length of stay (LOS), medical complications, inpatient mortality rates, and hospital discharge disposition. Statistical significance was assessed at α < 0.05, and the Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons was applied for each outcome analysis. RESULTS From 2003 to 2012, in total, 4788 adult sports-related TBIs were documented in the NTDB, which represented 18,310 incidents nationally. Equestrian sports were the greatest contributors to sports-related TBI (45.2%). Mild TBI represented nearly 86% of injuries overall. Mean (± SEM) LOSs in the hospital or intensive care unit (ICU) were 4.25 ± 0.09 days and 1.60 ± 0.06 days, respectively. The mortality rate was 3.0% across all patients, but was statistically higher in TBI from roller sports (4.1%) and aquatic sports (7.7%). Age, hypotension on admission to the emergency department (ED), and the severity of head and extracranial injuries were statistically significant predictors of prolonged hospital and ICU LOSs, medical complications, failure to discharge to home, and death. Traumatic brain injury during aquatic sports was similarly associated with prolonged ICU and hospital LOSs, medical complications, and failure to be discharged to home. CONCLUSIONS Age, hypotension on ED admission, severity of head and extracranial injuries, and sports mechanism of injury are important prognostic variables in adult sports-related TBI. Increasing TBI awareness and helmet use—particularly in equestrian and roller sports—are critical elements for decreasing sports-related TBI events in adults.

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Calderon, Edjean, Sharon Salgado, Yahaira Candelaria, Flavia Bayron, Carlos Seda, and Alexis Ortiz. "Effectiveness Of Aquatic Therapy Versus Land Therapy In Athletes With Lower Extremity Injuries." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 40, Supplement (May 2008): S441. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000322875.10304.0b.

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Andrew, Nadine E., Belinda J. Gabbe, Rory Wolfe, and Peter A. Cameron. "Trends in sport and active recreation injuries resulting in major trauma or death in adults in Victoria, Australia, 2001–2007." Injury 43, no. 9 (September 2012): 1527–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2011.01.031.

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Konlian, C. "Aquatic therapy: Making a wave in the treatment of low back injuries." Journal of Orthopaedic Nursing 3, no. 3 (August 1999): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1361-3111(99)80068-5.

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Crowe, Louise M., Vicki Anderson, Cathy Catroppa, and Franz E. Babl. "Head injuries related to sports and recreation activities in school-age children and adolescents: Data from a referral centre in Victoria, Australia." Emergency Medicine Australasia 22, no. 1 (February 2010): 56–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-6723.2009.01249.x.

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Donaldson, Alex, Aisling Callaghan, Mario Bizzini, Andrew Jowett, Patrick Keyzer, and Matthew Nicholson. "Awareness and use of the 11+ injury prevention program among coaches of adolescent female football teams." International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 13, no. 6 (July 10, 2018): 929–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747954118787654.

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Coaches are essential to participant safety, particularly by implementing injury prevention programs. The evidence-based injury prevention programs developed by sports scientists will not prevent injuries in real-world sports settings if they are not properly implemented. This study investigated the knowledge and use of the highly efficacious 11+ injury prevention program among coaches of adolescent, female football teams, in Victoria, Australia. A cross-sectional online survey based on the RE-AIM framework identified that nearly half (42%) of the 64 respondents (response rate = 36%) were not aware of the 11+, and only one-third (31%) reported using it. Three-quarters (74%) of the 19 respondents who reported on the 11+ components they used, did not use the entire program. Nearly half (44%) of the 18 respondents who reported the frequency with which they used the 11+, used it less than the recommended twice a week. Barriers to implementing the 11+ included: limited awareness of the 11+; lack of knowledge about how to implement it; not having time to implement it; and believing that the 11+ does not incorporate appropriate progression. This study suggests that it is unlikely that the 11+ prevents a significant number of injuries in real-world football settings due to the lack of awareness and use among coaches. Football-governing bodies should use evidence-based strategies to raise awareness of the 11+, build coach competency to implement it, and address time-related implementation barriers that coaches experience. Coaches should keep up-to-date with injury prevention research evidence and prioritize injury prevention at training, including allocating time to implement injury prevention programs properly.

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Perera, Nirmala Kanthi Panagodage, Joanne L. Kemp, Corey Joseph, and Caroline F. Finch. "Corrigendum to “Epidemiology of hospital-treated cricket injuries sustained by women from 2002–2003 to 2013–2014 in Victoria, Australia. [J. Sci. Med. Sport. 22 (2019) 1213–1218]”." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 23, no. 9 (September 2020): 790–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2020.04.009.

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Lathlean, Timothy J. H., Paul B. Gastin, Stuart V. Newstead, and Caroline F. Finch. "Player Wellness (Soreness and Stress) and Injury in Elite Junior Australian Football Players Over 1 Season." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 15, no. 10 (November 1, 2020): 1422–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2019-0828.

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Purpose: To investigate the association between player wellness and injury in elite junior Australian football players over 1 competitive season. Methods: Prospective cohort study. Elite junior Australian football players (N = 196, average age = 17.7 y, range = 16–18 y) were recruited in the under-18 state league competition in Victoria, Australia. They recorded their wellness (sleep, fatigue, soreness, stress, and mood) according to a 5-point Likert scale 3 times weekly, with injuries (missed match/training session) entered into an online sport-injury surveillance system. A logistic generalized estimating equation was used to examine the association (expressed as odds ratio [OR]) between wellness and injury (yes/no). Results: Soreness was associated with injury at each time point across the week, with the strongest association evident for soreness reported 6 d postmatch (OR = 1.30; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.17–1.44; P < .001). Stress and injury were associated with injury for average stress values across the week, as well as specifically on day 1 postmatch (OR = 1.10; 95% CI, 1.01–1.21; P = .038). Mood reported in the middle of the week (3 d postmatch) was associated with injury (OR = 0.87; 95% CI, 0.78–0.97; P = .014), as was fatigue (OR = 1.10; 95% CI, 1.00–1.22; P = .044). Conclusions: This study demonstrates key associations between wellness and injury in elite junior Australian football, specifically soreness, stress, fatigue, and mood. Monitoring strategies help identify injury-risk profiles, which can help decision makers (coaches or medical staff) intervene when relevant to reduce injury risk.

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Lathlean, Timothy J. H., Paul B. Gastin, Stuart V. Newstead, and Caroline F. Finch. "Absolute and Relative Load and Injury in Elite Junior Australian Football Players Over 1 Season." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 15, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 511–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2019-0100.

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Purpose: To investigate the association between training and match loads and injury in elite junior Australian football players over 1 competitive season. Methods: Elite junior Australian football players (n = 290, age 17.7 [0.3] y, range 16–18 y) were recruited from the under-18 state league competition in Victoria to report load and injury information. One-week load (session rating of perceived exertion multiplied by duration) and all time-loss injuries were reported using an online sport-injury surveillance system. Absolute load measures (weekly sums) enabled the calculation of relative measures such as the acute:chronic workload ratio. Load measures were modeled against injury outcome (yes/no) using a generalized estimating equation approach, with a 1-wk lag for injury. Results: Low (<300 arbitrary units [au]) and high (>4650 au) 1-wk loads were associated with significantly higher risk of injury. Furthermore, low (<100 au) and high (>850 au) session loads were associated with a higher risk of injury. High strain values (>13,000) were associated with up to a 5-fold increase in the odds of injury. There was a relatively flat-line association between the acute:chronic workload ratio and injury. Conclusions: This study is the first investigation of elite junior athletes demonstrating linear and nonlinear relationships between absolute and relative load measures and injury. Coaches should focus player loads on, or at least close to, the point at which injury risk starts to increase again (2214 au for 1-wk load and 458 au for session load) and use evidence-based strategies across the week and month to help reduce the risk of injury.

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Yue, John K., Ethan A. Winkler, John F. Burke, Andrew K. Chan, Sanjay S. Dhall, Mitchel S. Berger, Geoffrey T. Manley, and Phiroz E. Tarapore. "Pediatric sports-related traumatic brain injury in United States trauma centers." Neurosurgical Focus 40, no. 4 (April 2016): E3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2016.1.focus15612.

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OBJECTIVE Traumatic brain injury (TBI) in children is a significant public health concern estimated to result in over 500,000 emergency department (ED) visits and more than 60,000 hospitalizations in the United States annually. Sports activities are one important mechanism leading to pediatric TBI. In this study, the authors characterize the demographics of sports-related TBI in the pediatric population and identify predictors of prolonged hospitalization and of increased morbidity and mortality rates. METHODS Utilizing the National Sample Program of the National Trauma Data Bank (NTDB), the authors retrospectively analyzed sports-related TBI data from children (age 0–17 years) across 5 sports categories: fall or interpersonal contact (FIC), roller sports, skiing/snowboarding, equestrian sports, and aquatic sports. Multivariable regression analysis was used to identify predictors of prolonged length of stay (LOS) in the hospital or intensive care unit (ICU), medical complications, inpatient mortality rates, and hospital discharge disposition. Statistical significance was assessed at α < 0.05, and the Bonferroni correction (set at significance threshold p = 0.01) for multiple comparisons was applied in each outcome analysis. RESULTS From 2003 to 2012, in total 3046 pediatric sports-related TBIs were recorded in the NTDB, and these injuries represented 11,614 incidents nationally after sample weighting. Fall or interpersonal contact events were the greatest contributors to sports-related TBI (47.4%). Mild TBI represented 87.1% of the injuries overall. Mean (± SEM) LOSs in the hospital and ICU were 2.68 ± 0.07 days and 2.73 ± 0.12 days, respectively. The overall mortality rate was 0.8%, and the prevalence of medical complications was 2.1% across all patients. Severities of head and extracranial injuries were significant predictors of prolonged hospital and ICU LOSs, medical complications, failure to discharge to home, and death. Hypotension on admission to the ED was a significant predictor of failure to discharge to home (OR 0.05, 95% CI 0.03–0.07, p < 0.001). Traumatic brain injury incurred during roller sports was independently associated with prolonged hospital LOS compared with FIC events (mean increase 0.54 ± 0.15 days, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS In pediatric sports-related TBI, the severities of head and extracranial traumas are important predictors of patients developing acute medical complications, prolonged hospital and ICU LOSs, in-hospital mortality rates, and failure to discharge to home. Acute hypotension after a TBI event decreases the probability of successful discharge to home. Increasing TBI awareness and use of head-protective gear, particularly in high-velocity sports in older age groups, is necessary to prevent pediatric sports-related TBI or to improve outcomes after a TBI.

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Petrass, Lauren A., Kate Simpson, Jenny Blitvich, Rhiannon Birch, and Bernadette Matthews. "Exploring the impact of a student-centred survival swimming programme for primary school students in Australia: the perceptions of parents, children and teachers." European Physical Education Review 27, no. 3 (February 3, 2021): 684–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1356336x20985880.

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Teaching basic swimming, water safety and rescue skills is recommended by the World Health Organization for all school-aged children. However, there is a lack of evidence on effective pedagogies to develop swimming competency and the success of swimming lessons as a drowning prevention intervention. This study used a self-report questionnaire and practical testing procedures to examine the effectiveness of a 10-week student-centred aquatic programme designed for children aged 10–12 years. The study also determined whether the non-traditional swimming programme was accepted by swim teachers, school teachers and principals, and parents from a range of schools from different geographical regions in Victoria, Australia. A total of 204 students were enrolled in the programme. The pre-programme results indicated a good level of swimming, water safety and aquatic knowledge, but low swimming ability. Swimming ability significantly improved from pre-programme to post-programme, with no significant post-programme ability differences between male and female children or for participants from different programmes. Qualitative feedback collected through questionnaires, interviews and/or focus groups from students ( n = 73) and parents ( n = 69), school teachers and principals ( n = 14), swim teachers and swim school managers ( n = 21) indicated strong support from principals and swim teachers for the student-centred pedagogy, and all stakeholders valued the focus on survival swimming competencies. This research highlights the importance of including stakeholders when designing and implementing aquatics programmes. The study has resulted in a well-founded, effective programme with tailored resources and instructional materials that are available for swim centres and schools that would enable schools globally to adopt and implement this programme.

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Elbardesy, Hany, Eoghan Meagher, and Shane Guerin. "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the trauma and orthopaedic department at level one Major Trauma Centre in the republic of Ireland." Acta Orthopaedica Belgica 87, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 571–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.52628/87.3.26.

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The Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) has been identified as the cause of a rapidly spreading respira- tory illness in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China in early December 2019. Since then, the free movement of people has decreased. The trauma-related injuries and the demand on the trauma and orthopaedic service would be expected to fall. The aim of this study to examine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on a level 1 Trauma Centre in the Republic of Ireland (ROI). Patients admitted to the Trauma & Orthopaedic (T&O) Department at Cork University Hospital (CUH) and the South Infirmary Victoria University Hospital (SIVUH), and their associated fracture patterns and management, between 01/03/20 and the 15/04/20 were documented and compared to the patient admissions from the same time period one year earlier in 2019. The total number of T&O operations performed decreased by 10.15% (P= 0.03)between the two time periods. The number of paediatric procedures fell by 40.32% (P= 0.15). Adult Distal radius and paediatric elbow fractures (excluding supracondylar fracture) increased by 88% and 13% (P= 0.19), (P= 0.04) respectively. Hip fractures remained the most common fracture-type admitted for surgery. The COVID-19 crisis has to lead to a decrease in the total numbers of trauma surgeries in a major trauma centre in the ROI. This decline is most evident in the number of paediatric and male adult patients presenting with fractures requiring operative management. Interestingly, fractures directly related to solo outdoor activities, such as running or cycling, as well as simple mechanical falls like ankle, distal radius, elbow, and hand fractures all increased. Irish males were more compliant with outdoors restrictions than females.

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Fiedler, Thomas, and Trent Verstegen. "Fibre-Reinforced Composite for Protection against Shark Bites." Materials 13, no. 22 (November 10, 2020): 5065. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13225065.

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The number of shark attacks resulting in fatalities and severe injuries has increased steadily over recent years. This is mainly attributed to a growing population participating in ocean sports such as swimming, diving, and surfing. To mitigate the severity of shark attacks, the current study presents a novel fibre-reinforced composite for bite protection. This material is intended for integration into neoprene wetsuits, e.g., in the form of protective pads. A suitable material must be able to withstand significant bite forces, which are concentrated within a small contact area at the tips of the shark teeth. At the same time, the material should not hinder the complex motion sequences of aquatic sports. To this end, a novel fibre-reinforced composite was created by integrating Kevlar fibres into an elastic matrix. Uni-axial testing using shark teeth replicas was conducted on a specially designed test rig to quantify the effectiveness of the novel protective material.

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Alcaraz, Pedro E., Tomás T. Freitas, Elena Marín-Cascales, Anthony J. Blazevich, José Oliveira, Susana Soares, and João P. Vilas-Boas. "SCS 4th Annual Conference: Strength and Conditioning for Human Performance, Porto, Portugal, 2021." Sports 10, no. 6 (June 10, 2022): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports10060093.

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On behalf of the Strength & Conditioning Society (SCS) and the Faculty of Sport of the University of Porto, we are pleased to present the abstracts of the SCS 4th Annual Conference: Strength and Conditioning for Human Performance, which took place in, Porto, Portugal, on 12–13 November 2021. The event was a success with invited sessions from renowned international and national speakers on a myriad of topics related to strength and conditioning and its application to health and sports performance, such as agility training and testing, high-intensity interval training in chronic conditions, hamstring strain injuries in soccer, and the utilization of surface electromyography (EMG) decomposition for assessing human performance, among others. During the Conference there were also different practical workshops on (1) velocity-based training; (2) performance testing and athlete monitoring using force platforms; (3) 3D kinematics tracking and flow force assessment in aquatic sports; (4) the application of inertial sensors for physical performance testing; (5) muscle fiber recruitment, force production, and energy expenditure in progressive bicycle testing; (6) EMG decomposition, motor-units recruitment, and muscle contraction modes; and (7) recovery strategies in team-sport athletes. Researchers and academics were able to present their latest findings by submitting the abstracts that compose this Conference Report.

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Boelsen-Robinson, Tara, Liliana Orellana, Kathryn Backholer, Ariana Kurzeme, Alethea Jerebine, Beth Gilham, Alexandra Chung, and Anna Peeters. "Change in drink purchases in 16 Australian recreation centres following a sugar-sweetened beverage reduction initiative: an observational study." BMJ Open 10, no. 3 (March 2020): e029492. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029492.

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ObjectiveTo assess the impact of a sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) reduction initiative on customer purchasing patterns, including volume sales of healthy and unhealthy packaged drinks and sales value of all packaged drinks, in a major Australian aquatic and recreation provider, YMCA Victoria.DesignProspectiveSetting16 aquatic and recreation centres in Victoria, Australia.InterventionsThe SSB-reduction initiative aimed to remove all SSBs (excluding sports drinks) and increase healthier drink availability over a 1-year period.Primary and secondary outcome measuresItemised monthly drink sales data were collected for 16 centres, over 4 years (2 years preimplementation, 1 year implementation and 1 year postimplementation). Drinks were classified as ‘green’ (best choice), ‘amber’ (choose carefully) or ‘red’ (limit). Interrupted time series analysis was conducted for each centre to determine the impact on volume sales of ‘red’ and ‘green’ drinks, and overall sales value. A novel meta-analysis approach was conducted to estimate the mean changes across centres.ResultsFollowing implementation, volume sales of ‘red’ drinks reduced by 46.2% across centres (95% CI: −53.2% to −39.2%), ‘green’ drink volume did not change (0.0%, 95% CI: −13.3% to 13.2%) and total drink sales value decreased by 24.3% (95% CI: −32.0% to −16.6%).ConclusionsThe reduction of SSBs in health-promoting settings such as recreation centres is a feasible, effective public health policy that is likely to be transferable to other high-income countries with similarly unhealthy beverage offerings. However, complementary strategies should be considered to encourage customers to switch to healthier alternatives, particularly when translating policies to organisations with less flexible income streams.

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Fang, Bin, Yong-hwan Kim, and Moon-young Choi. "Effects of High-Intensity Aquatic or Bicycling Training in Athletes with Unilateral Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 8 (April 13, 2022): 4675. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084675.

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Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is one of the most common overuse injuries experienced by athletes. It is characterized by pain and functional deficits that lead to decreased performance, thereby limiting sports activity. Therefore, optimal training interventions are required to improve physical fitness and function while minimizing pain due to PFPS. This study aimed to compare and analyze the effects of high-intensity aquatic training (AT) and bicycling training (BT) in male athletes with PFPS. Fifty-four athletes with PFPS were divided into AT and BT intervention groups. Intervention training was conducted three times per week for 8 weeks. Cardiorespiratory fitness was evaluated using the graded exercise test (GXT) based on peak oxygen uptake (VO2 peak), and anaerobic threshold. For the knee strength test, extension and flexion were performed and measured using isokinetic equipment. One-leg hop tests and the Y-balance test (YBT) were performed to evaluate dynamic balance, and the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) scoring system was used for subjective knee evaluation. The GXT, YBT, and IKDC scores were reported according to the group and duration of the intervention. After training, VO2 peak, YBT, knee extension strength, and IKDC score improved significantly in both the AT and BT groups compared with the pre-training values. Furthermore, the AT group exhibited significant improvement compared with the BT group. We demonstrated that AT and BT effectively improved the symptoms and muscle strength of athletes with PFPS who were only able to engage in limited high-intensity field training. AT produced a modestly better effect than BT.

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Beck, AJ. "1 The integrity of the scapholunate ligament in competitive divers." British Journal of Sports Medicine 53, no. 13 (June 14, 2019): 843.1–843. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2019-basemabs.1.

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AimWrist pain and injury is common condition in competitive, elite divers. Literature has shown that divers sustain high impacts of force through the wrists on water entry. It is likely this and the repetitive nature of the sport that results in wrist injuries.1 2 No studies have yet looked at the structures injured when divers have wrist pain. This study was conducted to ascertain the demographics of the diving population within the United Kingdom at competitive level and how many of them experienced wrist pain. It was also used to investigate if one of the crucial stabilising ligaments in the wrist was disrupted, the scapholunate ligament (SLL).MethodsData was collected at the British Diving Championships, 2018. 51 divers were eligible for inclusion and 43 divers took part. Two divers were excluded due to previous wrist surgery. Participants completed a questionnaire on diving career to date and wrist injuries. They then underwent wrist examination using Watson’s test and ultrasound imaging of both SLL.ResultsThis study found that 78% of divers had disruption of one or both SLL. Of these, 65.9% had disruption of the ligament in the supporting hand rather than the entry hand. No significant difference was found between springboard and platform divers. Those divers who taped were found to reduce ligament disruption by 28 times over those who did not (OR 27.9, 95% CI 3.31 to 234, P=0.002). It was demonstrated that Watson’s test has poor sensitivity and specificity, with reasonable positive predicted value.ConclusionSpringboard and Platform divers at a competitive level are at high risk of SLL disruption. The supporting hand is more at risk than the entry hand. Taping confers a significant reduction in risk of disruption and should be used to prevent injury. Watson’s test is a poor clinical test in diagnosis of SLL disruption.ReferencesHarrison S, Cohen R, Cleary P, et al. A coupled biomechanical-smoothed particle hydrodynamics model for predicting the loading on the body during elite platform diving. Appl Math Model 2015;40:3812–31.Prien A, Mountjoy M, Miller J, et al. Injury and illness in aquatic sport: how high is the risk? A comparison of results from three FINA world championships. Br J Sports Med 2016;51:277–82.

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Steel, C., and A. Morrice-West. "A survey of trainers on the use of swimming and other water-based exercise for Thoroughbred racehorses in Australia." Comparative Exercise Physiology 15, no. 3 (July 1, 2019): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/cep190012.

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We aimed to determine the extent of use of water-based exercise and to describe swimming training practices in Thoroughbred racehorses in Victoria, Australia. A convenience sample of 118 trainers were interviewed, information relating to swimming protocols, perceived benefits and contra-indications, and use of other water-based exercise recorded and descriptive data analyses performed. Water-based exercise was used by 85.6% (n=101) trainers: 82.2% (n=97) swimming, 25.4% (n=30) using a water walker, 13.6% (n=16) incorporating ridden trotting (‘surging’) exercise in chest deep water, and 1.7% (n=2) using an underwater treadmill. Common reasons (and trainer %) for swimming were training variety and mental ‘freshness’ (62.9%), part of the exercise regime on ‘slow’ days (61.9%) and fitness benefits (60.8%). These horses swam a median of 50-90 m (ranging from a minimum of 40-180 m to a maximum of 40-450 m), continuously or as intervals, after track work, once or twice daily a median 3 days/week (range 0.5-7). Swimming for 50 (range 40-120 m) to 90 m (range 40-200 m) before track work 7 days/week (range 3-7) was used by 43 of the 97 trainers (44.3%) to manage horses prone to exertional rhabdomyolysis. Swimming was used to replace fast work by three trainers who swam horses with limb injuries up to 270-450 m. Common reasons (and % trainers) for not swimming individual horses were demeanour/distress (73.2%), previous swim colic (35.1%) or exercise induced pulmonary haemorrhage (35.1%) although only five trainers had ever seen epistaxis after swimming exercise. Swimming is widely used in training Thoroughbred horses in Australia yet trainer opinions particularly on fitness benefits, contra-indications and protocols vary widely and need to be scientifically validated. Diversifying training activities is a common strategy for managing racehorses in training, yet a better understanding of the best use of swimming and other cross-training options is needed so that evidence-based recommendations can be made.

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Agraz, Jaime, and Valentín Martínez-Frígols. "Beneficios del ejercicio físico acuático en la readaptación de la lesión del ligamento cruzado anterior." Revista de Investigación en Actividades Acuáticas 1, no. 1 (February 25, 2021): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21134/riaa.v1i1.392.

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Antecedentes: La rodilla es una unidad funcional anatómica móvil que juega un papel clave en la función deportiva. Las lesiones producidas en esta articulación y, más específicamente, las roturas de ligamento cruzado anterior son de gran gravedad obligando al deportista a estar mucho tiempo apartado de la competición. En los últimos años, el trabajo en el medio acuático se ha incrementado debido a las diferentes ventajas que este proporciona. En cuanto a la readaptación de este tipo de lesiones, las terapias acuáticas pueden ser favorables debido a su implementación en etapas tempranas en las que se requiere minimizar el impacto en la articulación lesionada.Objetivos: Averiguar si la readaptación en el medio acuático produce beneficios durante las distintas fases de recuperación de la lesión del ligamento cruzado anterior respecto a una readaptación en el medio terrestre.Método: Se ha llevado a cabo una revisión de artículos que han comprobado los beneficios obtenidos entre una readaptación acuática y otra tradicional, así como la complementación de ambas.Resultados: Los resultados obtenidos no muestran diferencias significativas en la mayoría de variables (dolor, ROM, fuerza, etc.), aunque si se evidencian mejoras en cuanto al tiempo de recuperación durante el ejercicio en el medio acuático. También se encuentran diferencias negativas en el trabajo de fuerza isquitibial en el medio acuático respecto al entrenamiento tradicional.Conclusiones: El ejerccio físico en el medio acuático es un complemeto útil para la recuperación terrestre. Además, facilita la recuperación en la etapa temprana de la lesión.Palabras clave: ligamento cruzado anterior, rotura, intervención quirúrjica, hidroterapia, piscina, recuperación, ROM, fuerza. AbstractIntroduction: The knee is a mobile anatomical functional unit that plays a key role in sports function. The injuries produced in this joint and, more specifically, anterior cruciate ligament tears are of great gravity, forcing the athlete to be a long time away from the competition. In recent years, work in the aquatic environment has increased due to the different advantages it provides. Regarding the rehabilitation of this type of lesions, aquatic therapies may be favorable due to their implementation in the early stages in which it is required to minimize the impact on the injured joint.Objectives: To determine if the readaptation in the aquatic environment produces benefits during the different phases of recovery of the anterior cruciate ligament injury with respect to a readaptation in the terrestrial environment.Method: A review has been carried out of articles that have verified the benefits obtained between an aquatic and a traditional readaptation, as well as the complementation of both.Results: The results obtained do not show significant differences in the majority of variables (pain, ROM, force, etc.), although there is evidence of improvement in recovery time during exercise in the aquatic environment. There are also negative differences in the work of isquitibial force in the aquatic environment compared to traditional training.Conclusions: Physical exercise in the aquatic environment is a useful supplement for terrestrial recovery. It also facilitates recovery at the early stage of the injury.Keywords: anterior cruciate ligament, rupture, surgical intervention, hydrotherapy, pool, recovery, ROM, strength. ResumoAntecedentes: O joelho é uma unidade funcional anatômica móvel que desempenha um papel fundamental na função desporto. Lesões nessa articulação e, mais especificamente, quebra ACL são extremamente graves obrigando o atleta a ser longo para fora da competição. Nos últimos anos, o trabalho no ambiente aquático tem aumentado devido às diversas vantagens que ela proporciona. Como para a reabilitação de tais lesões, terapia da água pode ser favorável devido à sua implementação em estágios iniciais é necessária para minimizar o impacto sobre a articulação lesada.Objetivos: Descubra se a reciclagem no ambiente aquático produz benefícios durante as várias fases de lesão recuperação ACL sobre um retrofit em terra.Método: Realizou uma revisão de artigos têm mostrado os benefícios obtidos a partir de uma reabilitação aquática e outra tradicional e complementação de ambos.Resultados: Os resultados não mostram diferenças significativas na maioria das variáveis (dor, ROM, força, etc.), embora melhorias no tempo de recuperação são evidentes durante o exercício em ambiente aquático. As diferenças negativas também são encontrados na isquitibial força de trabalho no ambiente aquático em relação à formação tradicional.Conclusões: Ejercicio física no meio aquático é útil para recuperação complemeto terrestre. Além disso, facilita a recuperação na fase inicial da lesão.Palavras-chave: ligamento cruzado anterior, de ruptura, de intervenção quirúrjica, piscina de hidroterapia, recuperação, ROM, força.

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"Alpine sports injuries in Victoria." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 6, no. 4 (December 2003): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1440-2440(03)80135-4.

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"A 16-year study of injuries to professional kickboxers in Victoria." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 5, no. 4 (December 2002): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1440-2440(02)80184-0.

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"A 16-year study of injuries to professional boxers in Victoria." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 5, no. 4 (December 2002): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1440-2440(02)80284-5.

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Hauser, Blake M., Saksham Gupta, Samantha E. Hoffman, Mark M. Zaki, Anne A. Roffler, David J. Cote, Yi Lu, et al. "Adult sports-related traumatic spinal injuries: do different activities predispose to certain injuries?" Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine, August 2021, 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2021.1.spine201860.

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OBJECTIVE Sports injuries are known to present a high risk of spinal trauma. The authors hypothesized that different sports predispose participants to different injuries and injury severities. METHODS The authors conducted a retrospective cohort analysis of adult patients who experienced a sports-related traumatic spinal injury (TSI), including spinal fractures and spinal cord injuries (SCIs), encoded within the National Trauma Data Bank from 2011 through 2014. Multiple imputation was used for missing data, and multivariable linear and logistic regression models were estimated. RESULTS The authors included 12,031 cases of TSI, which represented 15% of all sports-related trauma. The majority of patients with TSI were male (82%), and the median age was 48 years (interquartile range 32–57 years). The most frequent mechanisms of injury in this database were cycling injuries (81%), skiing and snowboarding accidents (12%), aquatic sports injuries (3%), and contact sports (3%). Spinal surgery was required during initial hospitalization for 9.1% of patients with TSI. Compared to non-TSI sports-related trauma, TSIs were associated with an average 2.3-day increase in length of stay (95% CI 2.1–2.4; p < 0.001) and discharge to or with rehabilitative services (adjusted OR 2.6, 95% CI 2.4–2.7; p < 0.001). Among sports injuries, TSIs were the cause of discharge to or with rehabilitative services in 32% of cases. SCI was present in 15% of cases with TSI. Within sports-related TSIs, the rate of SCI was 13% for cycling injuries compared to 41% and 49% for contact sports and aquatic sports injuries, respectively. Patients experiencing SCI had a longer length of stay (7.0 days longer; 95% CI 6.7–7.3) and a higher likelihood of adverse discharge disposition (adjusted OR 9.69, 95% CI 8.72–10.77) compared to patients with TSI but without SCI. CONCLUSIONS Of patients with sports-related trauma discharged to rehabilitation, one-third had TSIs. Cycling injuries were the most common cause, suggesting that policies to make cycling safer may reduce TSI.

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Pigeolet, Manon. "Trampoline Injuries." HPHR Journal, no. 36 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.54111/0001/jj2.

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The first version of the trampoline was invented by Eskimo groups in the Pacific Northwest, to help them search for game. The person launched into the air by this device could inspect a much larger area of land or ice for game than what would be possible from the ground. The recreational trampoline as we know it today was only invented in the 1930s. Four formulas are needed to understand the physics of trampolines. A person with a larger mass will as such extend the springs of the trampoline more and increase the total energy at play. However, because of that larger mass, gravity will pull this person down more compared to a person weighing less. There are several known and described mechanisms of injury for trampoline injuries, but one mechanism seems to be recurring over and over again: the failed flip or somersault. The failed flip usually leads to an impact on the cervical spine because the head reaches the trampoline first. In 1998, 6500 pediatric cervical spine injuries were reported in the United States, of which 0.5% ended in death or permanent neurological damage. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) issued their first policy paper in 1977 warning for the dangers of recreational use of trampolines and its use during physical education classes. The initial policy paper came to be, after striking numbers surfacing of cervical spine injuries, quadriplegia and even death due to trampolines. Despite the success of the AAP-policy statement in 1977 to completely ban the use of trampolines, new bans are not on the radar of clinicians and public health specialists. The preferred approach for most countries in the new millennium seems to be regulation.

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Marasco, Silvana F., Jacqueline Nguyen Khuong, Mark Fitzgerald, Robyn Summerhayes, Mir Wais Sekandarzad, Vincent Varley, Ryan J. Campbell, and Michael Bailey. "Flail chest injury—changing management and outcomes." European Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery, November 1, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00068-022-02152-1.

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Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to assess trends in management of flail chest injuries over time and to determine impact on patient outcomes. Methods A retrospective review of data from a prospectively collated database of all trauma patients admitted to a level 1 trauma service in Victoria was conducted. All trauma patients admitted to the hospital between July 2008 and June 2020 with an Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) code for flail chest injury were included. Results Our study included 720 patients, mean age was 59.5 ± 17.3 years old, and 76.5% of patients were male. Length of ICU stay decreased on average by 9 h each year. Regional anaesthesia use increased by 15% per year (0% in 2009 to 36% in 2020) (p < 0.001). Surgical stabilisation of rib fractures increased by 16% per year (2.9% in 2009 to 22.3% in 2020) (p = 0.006). The use of invasive ventilation decreased by 14% per year (70% in 2008 to 27% in 2020) (p < 0.001), and invasive ventilation time decreased by 8 h per year (p = 0.007). Conclusion Over the past decade, we have seen increasing rates of regional anaesthesia and surgical rib fixation in the management of flail chest. This has resulted in lower requirements for and duration of invasive mechanical ventilation and intensive care unit stay but has not impacted mortality in this patient cohort.

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Rahman, M. M., Kamaruzzaman Yunus, and Raslan Alenezi. "Ethical Considerations in Exploiting, Culturing and Killing Fish towards Animal Rights in Islam." IIUM Medical Journal Malaysia 17, no. 2 (December 14, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/imjm.v17i2.949.

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Human show cruelty to fish during exploiting, culturing, killing, experimentation and amusement. Presently, overexploitation of marine fishes is a serious problem worldwide. More than 50% of total fish production is now raised in aquafarms where many fish suffer from parasitic infections, diseases, and debilitating injuries in culture systems. Every year, millions of fish are caught in nets and on hooks. Many of them are tortured just for sports. Fishes are also regularly used for scientific experiments. Many of them are killed by unethical ways. Among all animals, human is the main culprits in causing harms to animals including fishes by damaging their ecosystems. To secure animal rights, modern bio-ethics started to be developed in the last century. The principle of modern bio-ethics is very similar to the principle of Islamic bio-ethics. Therefore, modern bio-ethics might be guided by Islamic bio-ethics, which was well established in the 7th century. According to Islam, God gave the human being responsibility to look after animals, to protect them, and not to abuse or threaten them. Human is not permitted to kill animals just for sports or amusements. God created the universe in a perfect balance and human should not disturb this. Therefore, human may exploit and culture food (fish and other organisms) and ornaments without destroying aquatic ecosystems. Islam prescribes a set of rules to treat animals with the utmost kindness and compassion. However, Islamic direction can be integrated with science to ensure minimum stress, pain and suffering when killing animals including fishes.

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King, Savannah, Lily Dong, Michelle Caron, and Julie N. Côté. "Changes in Muscle Activation During and After a Shoulder-Fatiguing Task: A Comparison of Elite Female Swimmers and Water Polo Players." Frontiers in Sports and Active Living 4 (July 13, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2022.881582.

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This study compared female athletes with different aquatic sports expertise in their neuromuscular activation before, during, and after a shoulder internal rotation fatigue protocol. Eleven water polo players, 12 swimmers, and 14 controls completed concentric maximal voluntary external and internal shoulder rotations before and after a fatigue protocol consisting of concentric internal rotations at 50% of maximal voluntary contraction for at least 3 min or until reporting a rating of perceived effort RPE of 8/10 or higher. Muscle activation was measured for the maximal voluntary contractions, as well as for the first (T1), middle (T2), and third (T3) minute of the fatigue protocol using surface electromyography (EMG) on pectoralis major, anterior and posterior deltoid, upper and middle trapezius, and latissimus dorsi. Intramuscular EMG was used for supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and subscapularis. Pre-fatigue internal rotation torque was significantly correlated with shorter task duration (r = −0.39, p = 0.02), with water polo players producing significantly greater torque than controls but having significantly lower endurance. Swimmers demonstrated decreased latissimus dorsi activation at T3 compared to T2 (p = 0.020, g = 0.44) and T1 (p = 0.029, g = 0.74), differing from water polo players and controls who exhibited increased agonist activation and decreased activation of stabilizers. Comparing the pre-fatigue to the post-fatigue maximal shoulder rotations, water polo players had decreased activation in subscapularis (p = 0.018, g = 0.67); all groups had decreased activation in latissimus dorsi (p < 0.001), though swimmers demonstrated a large effect (g = 0.97); and controls had decreased activation in supraspinatus (p = 0.005, g = 0.71). Together, these results suggest that sports expertise may be associated with different muscle activation both while and after fatigue is induced. Further research should continue to explore sports-specific patterns of muscle recruitment and fatigue adaptations, as well as if certain strategies are adaptive or maladaptive. This may have important consequences for injury prevention among athletes who perform repetitive overhead movements in their sports and who are susceptible to overuse injuries.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Aquatic sports injuries Victoria'

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