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Chau, Y. K., R. J. Maguire, M. Brown, F. Yang, and S. P. Batchelor. "Occurrence of Organotin Compounds in the Canadian Aquatic Environment Five Years after the Regulation of Antifouling Uses of Tributyltin." Water Quality Research Journal 32, no. 3 (August 1, 1997): 453–522. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1997.029.
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Abstract A survey was conducted of water and sediment from across Canada in 1993-94 to assess the effectiveness of the 1989 regulation of antifouling uses of tributyltin (TBT) under the Canadian Pest Control Products Act. The survey was also designed to assess concentrations of 13 other organotin species in water and sediment, and in sewage treatment plant influents, effluents and sludges. The main conclusion is that the 1989 regulation has only been partially effective. It has had some effect in the reduction of TBT concentrations in fresh water, but not in sea water. It has had less effect in the reduction of TBT concentrations in sediment, probably because of the longer persistence of TBT in sediment than in water. In many locations the TBT concentration was high enough to cause acute and chronic toxicity to aquatic and benthic organisms. In some areas there may be potential for recycling TBT from contaminated sediments back into the water column. In addition, it appears that large harbours that handle ships legally painted with TBT-containing antifouling paints continued to experience ecotoxicologically significant TBT contamination. Other organotin species found appear to pose no acute or chronic hazards to fresh water or marine organisms, but nothing is known of their hazards to benthic organisms. The presence of monooctyltin and dioctyltin in sediments and sewage treatment plant influents, effluents and sludges is reported for the first time, and tripropyltin is quantified in sediments for the first time.
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Sahli, Leila, Fatima-Zohra Afri-Mehennaoui, Mohamed El Hadef El Okki, Christian Blaise, and Smail Mehennaoui. "Spatial and seasonal variations and ecotoxicological significance of sediment trace metal concentrations in Kebir-Rhumel basin (Northeast of Algeria)." Water Science and Technology 64, no. 8 (October 1, 2011): 1759–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.693.
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This study sought to assess sediment contamination by trace metals (cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, manganese, nickel, lead and zinc), to localize contaminated sites and to identify environmental risk for aquatic organisms in Wadis of Kebir Rhumel basin in the Northeast of Algeria. Water and surficial sediments (0–5 cm) were sampled in winter, spring, summer and autumn from 37 sites along permanent Wadis of the Kebir Rhumel basin. Sediment trace metal contents were measured by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. Trace metals median concentrations in sediments followed a decreasing order: Mn > Zn > Pb > Cr > Cu > Ni > Co > Cd. Extreme values (dry weights) of the trace metals are as follows: 0.6–3.4 μg/g for Cd, 10–216 μg/g for Cr, 9–446 μg/g for Cu, 3–20 μg/g for Co, 105–576 μg/g for Mn, 10–46 μg/g for Ni, 11–167 μg/g for Pb, and 38–641 μg/g for Zn. According to world natural concentrations, all sediments collected were considered as contaminated by one or more elements. Comparing measured concentrations with American guidelines (Threshold Effect Level: TEL and Probable Effect Level: PEL) showed that biological effects could be occasionally observed for cadmium, chromium, lead and nickel levels but frequently observed for copper and zinc levels. Sediment quality was shown to be excellent for cobalt and manganese but medium to bad for cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, nickel and zinc regardless of sites.
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Yang, Fan, R. James Maguire, and Yiu K. Chau. "Occurrence of Butyltin Compounds in Freshwater Mussels (Elliptio complanata) from Contaminated Aquatic Areas in Ontario, Canada." Water Quality Research Journal 36, no. 4 (November 1, 2001): 805–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2001.043.
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Abstract The antifouling agent tributyltin (TBT) is extremely toxic to some aquatic organisms. The accumulation of butyltin compounds in the tissues of freshwater mussels from contaminated areas in Ontario was studied in the field with caged mussels (Elliptio complanata). Mussels were placed in four sites for 11 months, and one site for 6 months, in locations of previous contamination of water and sediments. Additional cages were exposed for 5 months at two of the sites to study the effect of mussel size on accumulation. The mussels were collected at regular intervals for butyltin analysis. After almost one year of exposure at four locations, the TBT contents in tissue of mussels were 9 to 148 ng as Sn/g (wet weight). The results showed that concentrations of TBT in mussels were related to the mussel size and the concentrations of TBT in contaminated aquatic areas, and that concentrations in mussel tissue increased dramatically over winter. The results of the experiment demonstrated that caged mussels are useful for indicating the presence of TBT in aquatic systems.
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Tomilina, I. I., L. P. Grebenyuk, N. V. Lobus, and V. T. Komov. "Biological effects of contaminated bottom sediments of water bodies in Central and South Vietnam on aquatic organisms." Inland Water Biology 9, no. 4 (October 2016): 413–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1995082916030196.
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Pociecha, Agnieszka, Agata Z. Wojtal, Ewa Szarek-Gwiazda, Anna Cieplok, Dariusz Ciszewski, and Sylwia Cichoń. "Neo- and Paleo-Limnological Studies on Diatom and Cladoceran Communities of Subsidence Ponds Affected by Mine Waters (S. Poland)." Water 12, no. 6 (June 2, 2020): 1581. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12061581.
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Plankton assemblages can be altered to different degrees by mining. Here, we test how diatoms and cladocerans in ponds along a river in southern Poland respond to the cessation of the long-term Pb-Zn mining. There are two groups of subsidence ponds in the river valley. One of them (DOWN) was contaminated over a period of mining, which ceased in 2009, whereas the other (UP) appeared after the mining had stopped. We used diatoms and cladocerans (complete organisms in plankton and their remains in sediments) to reveal the influence of environmental change on the structure and density of organisms. The water of UP pond was more contaminated by major ions (SO42−, Cl−) and nutrients (NO3−, PO43−) than the DOWN ponds. Inversely, concentrations of Zn, Cd, Cu and Pb were significantly higher in sediment cores of DOWN ponds in comparison to those in the UP pond. Ponds during mining had higher diversity of diatoms and cladocerans than the pond formed after the mining had stopped. CCA showed that diatom and cladoceran communities related most significantly to concentrations of Pb in sediment cores. Comparison of diatom and cladoceran communities in plankton and sediment suggests significant recovery of assemblages in recent years and reduction of the harmful effect of mine-originating heavy metals. Some features of ponds such as the rate of water exchange by river flow and the presence of water plants influenced plankton communities more than the content of dissolved heavy metals.
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Bremle, G., and G. Ewald. "Bioconcentration of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in chironomid larvae, oligochaete worms and fish from contaminated lake sediment." Marine and Freshwater Research 46, no. 1 (1995): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9950267.
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Values were determined for PCB bioconcentration factors (BCFs) for fish and BSF (ratio of organism-to-sediment PCB concentration) for fish, oligochaete worms and chironomid larvae, collected in a PCB-contaminated lake in the south of Sweden. Generally, the BCF and BSF increased slightly with increasing PCB lipophilicity. This was not the case for PCBs with a log octanol/water partitioning coefficient of >7, for which the BCF and BSF values levelled off or decreased. The BSF curves for PCBs were similar for the two benthic organisms but different for fish. There was a variation in PCB domain patterns for the benthic organisms between sampling points. This could be an effect of varying bioavailability of the PCBs in the different sediment types. Despite the similarity in BSF patterns for the benthic organisms, the PCB concentration in chironomids was about twice that in oligochaete worms. The chironomid lipids contained more than twice the amount of non-polar lipid components than did the lipids in oligochaete worms, which probably influenced the lipid/sediment equilibrium of PCB.
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Cera, Alessandra, Giulia Cesarini, and Massimiliano Scalici. "Microplastics in Freshwater: What Is the News from the World?" Diversity 12, no. 7 (July 9, 2020): 276. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d12070276.
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Plastic has become a “hot topic” for aquatic ecosystems’ conservation together with other issues such as climate change and biodiversity loss. Indeed, plastics may detrimentally affect habitats and biota. Small plastics, called microplastics, are more easily taken up by freshwater organisms, causing negative effects on growth, reproduction, predatory performance, etc. Since available information on microplastics in freshwater are fragmentary, the aim of this review is twofold: (i) to show, analyse, and discuss data on the microplastics concentration in freshwater and (ii) to provide the main polymers contaminating freshwater for management planning. A bibliographic search collected 158 studies since 2012, providing the scientific community with one of the largest data sets on microplastics in freshwater. Contamination is reported in all continents except Antarctica, but a lack of information is still present. Lentic waters are generally more contaminated than lotic waters, and waters are less contaminated than sediments, suggested to be sinks. The main contaminating polymers are polypropylene and polyethylene for sediment and water, while polyethylene and polyethylene terephthalate are mainly found in biota. Future research is encouraged (1) to achieve a standardised protocol for monitoring, (2) to identify sources and transport routes (including primary or secondary origin), and (3) to investigate trophic transfer, especially from benthic invertebrates.
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Schipper, Cor A., Joost Lahr, Paul J. van den Brink, Steve G. George, Peter-Diedrich Hansen, Helena C. da Silva de Assis, Ron van der Oost, et al. "A retrospective analysis to explore the applicability of fish biomarkers and sediment bioassays along contaminated salinity transects." ICES Journal of Marine Science 66, no. 10 (August 14, 2009): 2089–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsp194.
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Abstract Schipper, C. A., Lahr, J., van den Brink, P. J., George, S. G., Hansen, P-D., da Silva de Assis, H. C., van der Oost, R., Thain, J. E., Livingstone, D., Mitchelmore, C., van Schooten, F-J., Ariese, F., Murk, A. J., Grinwis, G. C. M., Klamer, H., Kater, B. J., Postma, J. F., van der Werf, B., and Vethaak, A. D. 2009. A retrospective analysis to explore the applicability of fish biomarkers and sediment bioassays along contaminated salinity transects. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 2089–2105. Biological-effects monitoring in estuarine environments is complex as a result of strong gradients and fluctuations in salinity and other environmental conditions, which may influence contaminant bioavailability and the physiology and metabolism of the organisms. To select the most robust and reliable biological-effect methods for monitoring and assessment programmes, a large-scale field study was conducted in two estuarine transects in the Netherlands. The locations ranged from heavily polluted harbour areas (the ports of Rotterdam and Amsterdam) to cleaner coastal and freshwater sites. Assessment methods used included a variety of biomarkers in flounder (Platichthys flesus) and a range of in vitro (sediment extracts) and in vivo bioassays. Multivariate statistical analysis was applied to investigate correlations and relationships between various biological effects and contaminant levels in flounder liver or sediments. Several biological methods seemed to be too much affected by salinity differences for routine use in estuaries. The most discriminative biomarkers in the study were hepatic metallothionein content and biliary 1-OH pyrene in fish. Mechanism-based in vitro assays DR-CALUX and ER-CALUX applied to sediment extracts for screening of potential toxicity were much more responsive than in vivo bioassays with macro-invertebrates using survival as an endpoint.
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Yunus, Kamaruzzaman, M. A. Zuraidah, and Akbar John. "A review on the accumulation of heavy metals in coastal sediment of Peninsular Malaysia." Ecofeminism and Climate Change 1, no. 1 (June 3, 2020): 21–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/efcc-03-2020-0003.
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Purpose This study aims to examine the metal pollution in coastal sediment in the Peninsular Malaysia. Design/methodology/approach Approximately 141 published studies were screened from 1,285 documents and reviewed to determine the existing pollution status in the coastal areas of Peninsular Malaysia and the metals under review were Pb, Hg, Cd, Ar, Cu, Zn, Cr and Ni. Sources of pollutants and their effect on biological systems, marine organisms and human health were addressed in this review as well as recommendation of heavy metal removal or remedies in short. Emphasis is placed on marine pollution, particularly on the toxic metal accumulation in biota. Findings This study has revealed the different concentrations of pollutants, low, moderately, and chronically contaminated areas from heavy metals and the consequences to aquatic ecosystem and indirectly to human health, since an increasing in the coastal developments in Peninsular Malaysia. Originality/value This study has revealed the different concentrations of pollutants, low, moderately, and chronically contaminated areas from heavy metals and the consequences to aquatic ecosystem and indirectly to human health, since an increasing in the coastal developments in Peninsular Malaysia.
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Sanada, Yukihisa, Kenji Miyamoto, Hiroyasu Momma, Nobuyuki Miyazaki, Takamasa Nakasone, Junichiro Tahara, Shoichiro Baba, and Hiroki Furuyama. "Development of a Radiation Survey Device for a Multipurpose Unmanned Surface Vehicle." Marine Technology Society Journal 55, no. 5 (September 1, 2021): 222–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.55.5.19.
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Abstract Large quantities of volatile radionuclides were released into the atmosphere after the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station (FDNPS) accident in March 2011. An inventory of these radionuclides in seafloor sediments is important for evaluating their environmental behavior and effects on aquatic organisms. We developed a dedicated radiation survey device that can be installed on a multipurpose unmanned surface vehicle called the Intelligent Boat for Oceanological Survey from Hama-dori (i-BoSH). Both the i-BoSH and dedicated radiation survey device were developed by a local consortium to survey places of heavy damage from the accident. The radiation survey device can measure radioactivity in-situ and collect eight sediment samples. The device also contains sensors to measure the relative distance between the i-BoSH and the seafloor as well as other fundamental seawater information such as temperature. A comprehensive test that included in-situ radiation measurements in sediment and collection of sediment core samples was conducted offshore from a radiocesium-contaminated fishing port in Fukushima. Consequently, the effectiveness of this device was confirmed via a successful operation at 12 sampling points with two cruises from the fishing port. Good correlations were observed between the laboratory and field measurement results of the sampled sediment cores and the in-situ radiation survey, respectively. Successful application of this device is expected to go beyond environmental surveys around the FDNPS to more general radiation monitoring around nuclear facilities and longer post-accident periods.
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Terra, Nara Regina, and Silvana Pereira Gonçalves. "Daphnia magna Straus, 1820 response to sediment samples from a contaminated river ( Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil)." Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia 25, no. 1 (March 2013): 19–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2179-975x2013000100004.
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AIM: The Sinos River, a tributary of Guaíba Lake, is 200 km long from the headwaters to the mouth and is influenced by several sources of pollution. A study to learn more about conditions in this river was performed in the middle and lower reaches. The study evaluated the effects of sediment contamination by xenobiotics on the survival and reproduction of Daphnia magna. METHODS: Eight sediment samples were collected per site from Dec/2007 to Aug/2009, as a substrate for 480 young cladocera (2-26 h old at the beginning of the trials) in chronic toxicity tests (21 days). For this purpose, D. magna individuals were exposed to sediment and M4 culture medium, at a proportion of 1:4 (v:v) using 50 mL beakers, kept at 20 ºC ± 2 ºC in 16h light:8h dark cycles. The test organisms came from lots with LC50-24h = 1.04 mgK2Cr2O7 ± 0.11 mg. Percentage survival and reproduction were considered to define acute and/or chronic responses. Duncan (p < 0.05) and T (p < 0.05) Tests, ANOVA and Spearman correlation of the biological data were used as statistical complementation. The Spearman correlation was also applied looking for dependencies between the rainfall measured at the sites and the biological parameters but there was no evidence of correlation. The presence of acute toxicity was diagnosed for the sample in which survival was less than 80%, and for chronic toxicity when the mean number of neonates was less than 20 daphniids. RESULTS: Reproductive delays were found coinciding with physical and chemical parameters, as well as the presence of metals at values that were not in accordance with the law. Statistical analysis suggested the predominance of point sources of contamination. An effect on survival was observed in 17% of the samples, and on reproduction in 87%. CONCLUSIONS: This study found that pollutants discharged into the Sinos River remain and can interfere in the equilibrium of the trophic network, since they increase mortality and diminish the production of offspring among the cladocera, representatives of the primary consumers in the food chain.
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Kirici, M., V. S. Nedzvetsky, C. A. Agca, and V. Y. Gasso. "Sublethal doses of copper sulphate initiate deregulation of glial cytoskeleton, NF-kB and PARP expression in Capoeta umbla brain tissue." Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems 10, no. 1 (March 15, 2019): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/021916.
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Copper sulphate pentahydrate (CuSO4∙5H2O) is widely used as a pesticide not only in agricultural but in aquaculture farming as well. Copper sulphate is a cheap chemical and able to contaminate the environment, especially water sources, which is crucial for fish harvesting and farming. The copper contamination in some areas is caused over decades because this pesticide has long been used everywhere. Copper ions inhibit invasive aquatic plants and many microorganisms but contaminate soil and natural water resources. The family of copper-containing chemicals is frequently used as algaecides in swimming pools. Despite the high toxicity of copper ions for fish in freshwater ponds, copper sulphate remains one of the prevalent pesticides in fish farming everywhere. High cytotoxicity and accumulation of the copper ions in sediments require study and calculation of the optimal dosage for its use as an antiseptic agent which will not have a detrimental effect on various tissue types of aquatic organisms. The main recognized mechanism which accompanies the toxic effect of copper ions is the generation of oxidative stress. Neural tissue cells are extremely susceptible to oxidative damage and the functions of the CNS are critical to the vitality of organisms. Glial cells maintain the structure and many vital functions of neurons. The cytoskeleton glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), transcriptional nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB) and Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) are critical participants in a cellular response to a toxic agent impact. As this takes place, it could be applied in biomarking of heavy metal toxicity. In the presented study, we investigated the effects of copper ions on PARP, NF-kB, and GFAP expression in the Tigris scraper Capoeta umbla brain tissue. For 96 hours the fish were exposed to copper sulphate at sublethal concentrations, namely 1/2, 1/4 and 1/8 of the LD50 value. Western blot analysis of GFAP and PARP was used to assess further effects in the brain tissue. Every studied dose of copper significantly downregulated the expression of GFAP after 72 hours of treatment. In spite of the common increment in the GFAP content, 48 hours exposure to copper initiated the upregulation of that cytoskeleton marker. Moreover, treatment with copper sulphate induced several changes in the β-actin level, especially in the fish group treated for 72 hours. The observed effect of copper in the fish brain evidences the unspecific toxic effect of the copper ions in the brain tissue cells. The obtained results demonstrated meaningful disturbance in the expression of transcriptional factor NF-kB in the brain of the fish group exposed to copper. The changes found in the fish brain indicate the dose-dependent effect in a concentration range 185–740 µg/L of copper sulphate during 72 hours. However, the exposure to low dose of copper ions showed no effect in the fish group treated for 24 hours. Comparative analyses of the PARP content in the brain of fish exposed to copper for 72 hours was significantly less than in the groups treated with copper for both 24 and 48 hours. Thus, the copper ions in the dose range 185–740 µg/L can suppress PARP expression in a time-dependent manner. The results showed that copper ions could induce astroglial response accompanied by modulations of NF-kB and PARP-1 expression. The data obtained in this study suggest that copper sulphate has a significant effect on astrogliosis and DNA damage in the fish brain.
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Taylor, Anne, and William Maher. "Developing a sentinel mollusc species for toxicity assessment: metal exposure, dose and response – laboratory v. field exposures and resident organisms." Environmental Chemistry 13, no. 3 (2016): 434. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en15104.
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Environmental contextMetal contamination in estuarine sediments can affect ecosystem health. Molluscs are commonly used as environmental indicators because they accumulate contaminants that cause adverse health effects. We investigated metal uptake and effects in the Sydney cockle, comparing exposure to contaminated lake sediments in situ and in laboratory aquariums. Although differences were observed between the different exposure types, all approaches were found to be valid for investigating metal health effects in this organism. AbstractRelationships between exposure, tissue dose and biological responses of the benthic marine bivalve Anadara trapezia to an estuarine sediment zinc, copper, lead, cadmium and selenium contamination gradient in Lake Macquarie, NSW, were evaluated using three approaches. Organisms were exposed to sediments in laboratory aquaria, caged in situ in the lake and lake resident organisms collected. Dose included total metal tissue burden and subcellular metal distribution to determine metabolically available metal. Response indices were total antioxidant capacity, lipid peroxidation, lysosomal stability and condition index. Bioaccumulation of total metals was higher in the laboratory and resident organisms than in those transplanted in the field but the contribution of individual metals to the total differed. Laboratory-exposed organisms had increased concentrations of cadmium and lead in their biologically active and detoxified metal fractions but not of the essential elements zinc and copper. Subcellular metal distribution patterns were the same in resident organisms but cadmium and lead burdens were higher in both fractions. Biomarker responses were similar in laboratory, transplanted and resident organisms. Total antioxidant capacity was significantly reduced and lipid peroxidation and lysosomal destabilisation significantly increased in all metal-exposed organisms compared with the reference A. trapezia. Condition index of laboratory-exposed organisms was significantly lower than in situ, resident and reference organisms. Clear metal exposure–dose–response relationships have been demonstrated for A. trapezia in laboratory and in situ experiments. Non-resident organisms, in both exposure scenarios, gave similar responses to resident metal-exposed organisms, showing all approaches are valid when investigating effects in this species.
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Gardner, George R., and Paul P. Yevich. "Comparative histopathological effects of chemically contaminated sediment on marine organisms." Marine Environmental Research 24, no. 1-4 (January 1988): 311–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0141-1136(88)90327-3.
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Yogaswara, Deny. "ADSORPSI SENYAWA POLISIKLIK AROMATIK HIDROKARBON (PAH) OLEH KARBON AKTIF." OSEANA 42, no. 1 (April 30, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/oseana.2017.vol.42no.1.33.
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PAH ADSORPTION BY ACTIVATED CARBON. The growing population and the rapid economic development have led an increasing input of waste waters mainly from industries, agriculture and households into marine environment. In addition, discharge of maritime transportation and accidents of oil spills contribute to the marine as pollutants. The released compounds have dangerious effects, for example hazard to human health, hindrance to marine activities, and impairment of the quality of seawaters. Because of hydrophobic character, these compound contaminants tend to be adsorbed to sediment particles and therefore it could be considered as pollution reservoirs. They are also accumulated in the aquatic organisms and biomagnified in the food chains. Some contaminants pose a health risk to aquatic organisms and ultimately to humans who consume contaminated seafood. Therefore, study of activated carbon adsorption will reduce organic pollution such as PAH in marine environment.
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Moore, Barry C., Edward Martinez, John M. Gay, and Daniel H. Rice. "Survival of Salmonella enterica in Freshwater and Sediments and Transmission by the Aquatic Midge Chironomus tentans (Chironomidae: Diptera)." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, no. 8 (August 2003): 4556–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.69.8.4556-4560.2003.
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ABSTRACT Survival of a nalidixic acid-resistant strain of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium mr-DT-104 in water and sediments was tested using artificially contaminated aquaria. Water samples remained culture positive for salmonella for up to 54 days. Sediment samples were culture positive up to 119 days. In addition, potential mechanisms for spreading salmonella in the environments by chironomid larvae and adults were tested. We evaluated the acquisition of mr-DT-104 by chironomids from contaminated aquatic sediments and subsequent spread to uncontaminated sediments. Larval chironomids raised in contaminated sediments became culture positive, and the bacteria were carried over to adults after emergence. Contamination of clean sediments by chironomid larvae was not demonstrated. These findings clearly suggest that mr-DT-104 serovar organisms can survive in aquatic sediments for at least several months. Uptake of salmonellae by chironomid larvae and adults suggests that they are possible vectors of mr-DT-104 in both aquatic and terrestrial environments, although the role of larval defecation in movement of bacteria to new sediments was not demonstrated.
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Larsson, Per. "Zooplankton and Fish Accumulate Chlorinated Hydrocarbons from Contaminated Sediments." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 43, no. 7 (July 1, 1986): 1463–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f86-181.
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Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) originating from the sediment were taken up by zooplankton and fish in artificial ponds in the field. PCB uptake in zooplankton was concentration dependent, as levels of the residues in water varied seasonally. Planktivorous fish accumulated the compounds to high levels at high summer concentrations of PCBs in the water, after which elimination was slow. Levels of PCBs in benthic fishes continuously increased during the 1.5-yr study. The results show that chlorinated hydrocarbons deposited in sediments are available to aquatic organisms.
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Václavík, Josef, Pavla Sehonová, and Zdeňka Svobodová. "Does aquatic sediment pollution result in contaminated food sources?" Acta Veterinaria Brno 90, no. 4 (2021): 453–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb202190040453.
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The sediment pollution of the aquatic environment by waste due to anthropogenic activity is of an increasing concern. The contaminants coming from the aquatic environment can enter the aquatic food chain and accumulate in the tissues of fish and shellfish used for human consumption. The aim of this study was to sum up the current level of knowledge concerning the pollution of aquatic sediments and its transfer to aquatic foods as well as to indicate whether such contamination has the potential to affect the health and welfare of aquatic organisms as well as the quality and safety of the species intended for human consumption. Based on the results of scientific studies, the European Food Safety Authority, and the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed, contamination of fish and seafood occurs predominantly through their diet and the levels of bioaccumulative contaminants are higher in fish which rank higher in the food chain. Contamination of aquatic habitats can not only significantly affect behavior, development, and welfare of aquatic organisms, but it can also affect the safety of fish and seafood for human consumption.
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Barthe, Mickael, and Émilien Pelletier. "Comparing bulk extraction methods for chemically available polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with bioaccumulation in worms." Environmental Chemistry 4, no. 4 (2007): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en07017.
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Environmental context. Determining the bioavailability of organic contaminants in sediments is a critical step in assessing the ecological risks of contamination in aquatic ecosystems. Standardised sediment bioaccumulation tests using benthic organisms are often performed to determine the relative bioavailability of sediment contamination. Unfortunately biological methods are time consuming, expensive and organisms are often difficult to maintain in good health in a laboratory exposure system. Contradictory results have been reported in the last decade and factors that affect the behaviour of extractants need to be examined for a large range of sediments. A study was conducted to determine the bioavailability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediment using worms and to compare the uptake by the biological samplers with mild solid/liquid extractions when exposed to unspiked low and highly contaminated marine and freshwater sediments. Abstract. The purpose of this study is to evaluate different techniques for assessing the availability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in contaminated sediments. This goal was achieved by comparing results from 28-day uptake experiments by Nereis virens and Lumbriculus variegatus with PAHs extracted by three non-exhaustive extraction methods using: n-Butanol (BuOH, 100%), an aqueous solution of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPCD) and a surfactant solution of Brij700 (B700). Our results highlight the importance of considering both the PAH level in sediments and the molecular size of PAHs when attempting to predict their bioaccumulation in a biological sampler like worms using a solid/liquid extraction method. The surfactant B700 solution was quite successful to predict PAH bioaccumulation when exposed to unspiked highly contaminated sediments (25–5700 μg g–1). When low contaminated sediments (0.06–11 μg g–1) were used, HPCD and BuOH were better extractants for estimating bioaccumulation whereas B700 appeared to be too mild an extractant for most samples. Our results illustrate the interest and difficulties in finding an adequate chemical predictor for PAH bioavailabilty, particularly because PAH concentrations and sequestration processes play a determining role in the quality of results. Because B700 is not expansive and extraction solutions are easy to prepare, an extraction procedure involving this surfactant is proposed as a reliable predictor for aged highly contaminated sediments.
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Wiener, James G., and Pamela J. Shields. "Mercury in the Sudbury River (Massachusetts, U.S.A.): pollution history and a synthesis of recent research." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 57, no. 5 (May 1, 2000): 1053–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f00-039.
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We review the transport, fate, and bioavailability of mercury in the Sudbury River, topics addressed in the following five papers. Mercury entered the river from an industrial complex (site) that operated from 1917 to 1978. Rates of mercury accumulation in sediment cores from two reservoirs just downstream from the site decreased soon after industrial operations ended and have decreased further since capping of contaminated soils at the site in 1991. The reservoirs contained the most contaminated sediments (some exceeding 50 μg Hg·g dry weight-1) and were depositional sinks for total mercury. Methyl mercury concentrations in biota did not parallel concentrations of total mercury in the sediments to which organisms were exposed, experimentally or as residents. Contaminated wetlands within the floodplain about 25 km downstream from the site produced and exported methyl mercury from inorganic mercury that had originated from the site. Natural burial processes have gradually decreased the quantity of sedimentary mercury available for methylation within the reservoirs, whereas mercury in the lesser contaminated wetlands farther downstream has remained more available for transport, methylation, and entry into food webs.
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Rigaud, Sylvain, Jean-Marie Garnier, Xavier Moreau, Laetitia De Jong-Moreau, Nicolas Mayot, Perrine Chaurand, and Olivier Radakovitch. "How to assess trace elements bioavailability for benthic organisms in lowly to moderately contaminated coastal sediments?" Marine Pollution Bulletin 140 (March 2019): 86–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.01.007.
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Li, Ting, Pinghe Yin, Ling Zhao, Guifang Wang, Qiming Jimmy Yu, Huanyong Li, and Shunshan Duan. "Spatial–temporal distribution of phthalate esters from riverine outlets of Pearl River Delta in China." Water Science and Technology 71, no. 2 (December 1, 2014): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.485.
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The aquatic environments of the Pearl River Delta (PRD) in China have been contaminated by various industrial chemicals from local industries. In this study, the spatial–temporal distribution of six priority phthalate esters (PAEs) in surface water and sediments from the PRD was investigated. The PAEs were detected with total concentrations (Σ6PAEs) ranging from 0.35 to 20.70 μg L−1 in surface water and dry weight ranging from 0.88 to 5.69 μg g−1 in sediments. The Σ6PAEs concentrations in surface water were higher in the wet season than those in the dry season, while the opposite pattern was observed in sediments. Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) was the most abundant congener, which was higher than those reported in the literature. Risk quotients for relevant aquatic organisms were obtained and showed that most of these PAEs, in particular, butyl benzyl phthalate, DEHP and di-n-octyl phthalate, have significant potential health and ecological risks for the aquatic environment studied.
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Zhang, Min, Xiangchun Wang, Long Yang, and Yangyang Chu. "Research on Progress in Combined Remediation Technologies of Heavy Metal Polluted Sediment." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 24 (December 13, 2019): 5098. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16245098.
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Heavy metals contaminated sediment has become a worldwide environmental issue due to its great harm to human and aquatic organisms. Thus, economical, effective, and environmentally-friendly remediation technologies are urgently needed. Among which, combined remediation technologies have attracted widespread attention for their unique advantages. This paper introduces combined remediation technologies based on physical-, chemical-, and bio-remediation of heavy metal polluted sediments. Firstly, the research progress in physical-chemical, bio-chemical, and inter-organismal (including plants, animals, microorganisms) remediation of heavy metal polluted sediments are summarized. Additionally, the paper analyzes the problems of the process of combined remediation of heavy metals in river sediments and outlooks the future development trends of remediation technologies. Overall, this review provides useful technology references for the control and treatment of heavy metal pollution in river sediments.
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Couillard, Y., P. G. C. Campbell, J. G. Auclair, and J. Pellerin-Massicotte. "Field transplantation of a freshwater bivalve, Pyganodon grandis, across a metal contamination gradient. II. Metallothionein response to Cd and Zn exposure, evidence for cytotoxicity, and links to effects at higher levels of biological organization." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 52, no. 4 (April 1, 1995): 703–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f95-071.
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To examine links between the metallothionein (MT) status of an organism and its general health, we transplanted adult specimens of the freshwater bivalve Pyganodon grandis (formerly Anodonta grandis) from a less to a more contaminated lake in the mining area of Rouyn-Noranda, in northwestern Québec. The transplanted bivalves were maintained in open enclosures placed in the bottom sediments of the contaminated lake; in addition, indigenous specimens were maintained in control enclosures in their lake of origin. Up to 16 individuals were removed from pairs of enclosures at times t = 0 (June 1990), 5, 14, 30, 60, 90, and 400 d. Excised gill tissue was analyzed for metallothionein, Cd, Cu, Zn, Ca, and malondialdehyde (MDA), a product of lipid peroxidation. Metal partitioning in the gill cytosol, as determined on a subset of gill samples from transplanted molluscs, changed markedly during the experiment. After 400 d, Cd was present in the low molecular weight fraction of the gill cytosol, and symptoms of cellular toxicity were detected in the transplanted molluscs (elevated [MDA] and [Ca]). At the whole organism level, the marked transplanted bivalves grew more slowly over the 400-d experiment than did marked control bivalves in Lake Opasatica, and their condition index deteriorated over time.
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Coppola, Francesca, Amadeu M. V. M. Soares, Etelvina Figueira, Eduarda Pereira, Paula A. A. P. Marques, Gianluca Polese, and Rosa Freitas. "The Influence of Temperature Increase on the Toxicity of Mercury Remediated Seawater Using the Nanomaterial Graphene Oxide on the Mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis." Nanomaterials 11, no. 8 (July 31, 2021): 1978. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11081978.
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Mercury (Hg) has been increasing in waters, sediments, soils and air, as a result of natural events and anthropogenic activities. In aquatic environments, especially marine systems (estuaries and lagoons), Hg is easily bioavailable and accumulated by aquatic wildlife, namely bivalves, due to their lifestyle characteristics (sedentary and filter-feeding behavior). In recent years, different approaches have been developed with the objective of removing metal(loid)s from the water, including the employment of nanomaterials. However, coastal systems and marine organisms are not exclusively challenged by pollutants but also by climate changes such as progressive temperature increment. Therefore, the present study aimed to (i) evaluate the toxicity of remediated seawater, previously contaminated by Hg (50 mg/L) and decontaminated by the use of graphene-based nanomaterials (graphene oxide (GO) functionalized with polyethyleneimine, 10 mg/L), towards the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis; (ii) assess the influence of temperature on the toxicity of decontaminated seawater. For this, alterations observed in mussels’ metabolic capacity, oxidative and neurotoxic status, as well as histopathological injuries in gills and digestive tubules were measured. This study demonstrated that mussels exposed to Hg contaminated seawater presented higher impacts than organisms under remediated seawater. When comparing the impacts at 21 °C (present study) and 17 °C (previously published data), organisms exposed to remediated seawater at a higher temperature presented higher injuries than organisms at 17 °C. These results indicate that predicted warming conditions may negatively affect effective remediation processes, with the increasing of temperature being responsible for changes in organisms’ sensitivity to pollutants or increasing pollutants toxicity.
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Dewi, Godfrida Any Yusriana, Steven A. Samson, and Usman Usman. "ANALISIS KANDUNGAN LOGAM BERAT Pb DAN Cd DI MUARA SUNGAI MANGGAR BALIKPAPAN." ECOTROPHIC : Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan (Journal of Environmental Science) 12, no. 2 (November 30, 2018): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/ejes.2018.v12.i02.p02.
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Human activities around the estuary of the Manggar river in Balikpapan produce waste disposal and cause heavy metal contamination such as lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in water bodies. The contaminant can endanger the life of aquatic organisms. It can also occurs heavy metal bioaccumulation in the body of the aquatic organisms. The results show that the heavy metal content of Pb and Cd in water, sediment and water biota indicated that the estuary of the Manggar River was contaminated by heavy metals. The content of Pb and Cd in water is 0.276 mg/l and 0.020 mg/l, in sediments is 24.7 mg/kg and 4.52 mg/kg, and in the biota is 4.20 mg/kg and 0.80 mg/kg. This means that fish and shells taken from the waters around the estuary of the Manggar River are not safe for consumption because they can interfere the human health.
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Parks, J. W., J. A. Sutton, and A. Lutz. "Effect of Point and Diffuse Source Loadings on Mercury Concentrations in the Wabigoon River: Evidence of a Seasonally Varying Sediment–Water Partition." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 43, no. 7 (July 1, 1986): 1426–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f86-176.
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Ten years after major mercury loadings from a chlor-alkalai plant were sharply reduced, mercury levels in the surface sediments, water, and suspended sediments of the Wabigoon River downstream of Dryden, Ontario, remain markedly elevated. During 1979, a typical water year, average mercury concentrations in water throughout an 80-km reach were nearly five times the mean value at the control site. Elevated mercury levels in the Wabigoon River are primarily due to the chemical and biological remobilization of mercury from sediments. Lesser amounts are due to the erosion of mercury-enriched sediments during high flows and to current releases from the mill site at Dryden. In the absence of resuspended sediment during high flows, mercury levels in contaminated waters can be best described by a sediment – water – suspended solids partition. This condition was established within half a day in the most contaminated portion of the system. Mercury concentrations in water can fluctuate seasonally by an order of magnitude. Highest concentrations were associated with elevated summer temperatures.
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Bird, David J., Sabine Duquesne, Steeg D. Hoeksema, William J. Langston, and Ian C. Potter. "Complexity of spatial and temporal trends in metal concentrations in macroinvertebrate biomonitor species in the Severn Estuary and Bristol Channel." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 91, no. 1 (January 14, 2011): 139–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315410001918.
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Cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel, lead and zinc concentrations in the bivalve molluscMacoma balthicaand the polychaete annelidsHediste diversicolorandArenicola marinawere measured, during winter and summer, at sites throughout the Severn Estuary and Bristol Channel. The mean concentration of each metal inA. marinawas greater in the lower Severn Estuary than in the far less contaminated outer Bristol Channel and the concentration of a given metal,e.g.Cr, in a species occasionally peaked at a site, reflecting local metal contamination. The concentrations of each metal in each of these biomonitor species almost invariably differed significantly among sites and often seasons and there were sometimes interactions between site and season. This indicates that the various factors that determine the concentration of a metal in a species operate in a complex manner and that their individual effects can vary among sites and/or seasons. The rank order of each metal concentration in each species at a site within the estuary frequently did not match the sequence for the concentration of that metal measured in the sediment at that site at the same time. This lack of correspondence is likely to be due, at least in part, to one or both of the following: (1) variations in the bioavailability of certain metals among sites due to differences in such features as the metal-binding properties of the sediments; (2) the effects of the constant transport and redistribution of the sediments and thus also of their associated trace metals by the very strong tidal action that characterizes the Severn Estuary. This would mean that single time measurements do not accurately reflect the overall trace metal environment to which the biomonitor organism had been exposed in the weeks/months prior to sampling. Marked differences in the concentrations of certain metals,e.g.Cu and Zn, in co-occurring biomarker species could frequently be related to differences between the ability of these species to regulate certain metals. Non-metric multi-dimensional scaling ordination and associated tests emphasize that the relationships between the concentrations of the various metals differed markedly among species and between sites and seasons in individual species and elucidated which metals contributed most to those differences. If the proposed scheme for harnessing tidal power in the Severn Estuary proceeds, the data in this paper provide a baseline for assessing the impact of such major changes on the bioavailability of trace metals in this estuary. This information will also be invaluable for predicting the changes likely to occur in other estuaries that become subjected to major structural changes.
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Suryani Harahap, Fatma, and Adi Syaputra. "Analysis of Heavy Metal Distribution in Regional Sediments Batang Ayumi River Flow." Eksakta : Berkala Ilmiah Bidang MIPA 21, no. 2 (September 30, 2020): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/eksakta/vol21-iss2/225.
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The presence of heavy metals in waters can be sourced from mining, household, agricultural waste and industrial wastes. Some heavy metals are toxic such as Cu, Hg, and Pb can accumulate in aquatic sediments. Sediments that are contaminated with heavy metals will endanger the organisms that live in them. This research aims to identify the concentrations of heavy metals Cu, Hg, and Pb in sediments in the Batang Ayumi River. This research uses a descriptive exploratory method by conducting a survey in advance. Determination of sampling locations using purposive sampling method at four determined stations. This research uses an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Data analysis was performed by comparing the test result data with the quality standards issued by the IADC / CEDA. The test results show that the concentration of Cu, Hg and Pb in the sediment has a value smaller than the target level value, so the substance in the sediment is not too dangerous for the environment.
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Jiao, Li Ping, Xia Sun, and Yang Luo. "Chinese Arctic Yellow River Station Research Monitoring Program. 1. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Sediment from Svalbard." Applied Mechanics and Materials 522-524 (February 2014): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.522-524.25.
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Surface sediments of the west coast of Svalbard near Ny-Ålesund Spitsbergen were collected. PAHs of lake sediments (mean: 260, range: 11 - 1100 ng/g dry wt) were higher than previously report of surface lake sediment in Svalbard 1995, suggesting significant PAH contamination is occurring due to long-term atmospheric transport and local coal mining and fossil fuel sources, pointing to the role of Arctic lakes as potential reservoirs of semi-volatile organic compounds, including PAHs. Compound-specific analysis revealed different PAH patterns between Svalbard lakes and European high mountain lakes, showing higher proportions of low molecular weight compounds and lower levels of high molecular weight PAHs in Svalbard lakes. PAH indicator ratios suggest that the majority of PAHs in lake sediments have pyrogenic origins (coal mining, fossil fuel and biomass combustion), while coastal marine sediments were mainly contaminated by petroleum-derived PAHs (shipping activities in coastal areas, and perhaps as a result of an oil spill in 1986). Sediment fluxes of PAHs were estimated to be 0.2 - 22 ng cm-2yr-1. The current PAH levels exceeded Canadian sediment quality guidelines, suggesting the presence of possible risks for aquatic organisms and the need for further studies.
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Berezina, Nadezhda A., Evita Strode, Kari K. Lehtonen, Maija Balode, and Sergey M. Golubkov. "Sediment quality assessment using Gmelinoides fasciatus and Monoporeia affinis (Amphipoda, Gammaridea) in the northeastern Baltic Sea." Crustaceana 86, no. 7-8 (2013): 780–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685403-00003215.
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Crustaceans in the order Amphipoda are sensitive organisms for the assessment of sediment quality. In this work we performed 10-day toxicity tests on muddy sediments collected from a total of 29 sites in the Gulf of Finland, the Gulf of Riga and the Gulf of Bothnia (northeastern Baltic Sea) using Baltic Sea species such as the native amphipod Monoporeia affinis (Bousfield, 1989) and the invasive amphipod Gmelinoides fasciatus (Stebbing, 1899), and also compared these results with those of bioassays carried out using the standard test species, laboratory-cultivated amphipod Hyalella azteca (Saussure, 1858). The sediment samples (three cm of the upper layer) were collected by a GEMAX Dual Corer during the R/V “Aranda” cruises in August and September of 2009 and 2010. Toxicity of sediments in bioassays with M. affinis and G. fasciatus gave varied results depending on the amphipod species used. The lowest quality of sediments determined using M. affinis was recorded at sites located in the offshore and deepwater areas (60-100 m depths) of the Gulf of Finland characterized by hypoxic/anoxic conditions. Toxicity testing applying G. fasciatus showed that sediments at >50% of the study sites in the Gulf of Finland and in the Gulf of Riga can be assessed as highly contaminated. Males of G. fasciatus were significantly more sensitive to potential contamination in sediments than females. The lower survival of males under contaminant stress may result in a skewed sex ratio in natural populations and in a decline of reproduction success. The survival rate of G. fasciatus in the toxicity tests correlated positively with the Shannon diversity index (calculated for macrozoobenthos at the study sites), weight losses on ignition (%) in sediments, and it also showed a negative relation with the bottom water oxygen content (mg/l). The results suggest that G. fasciatus is the more sensitive species of the three amphipods tested and can be used as a indicator of sediment quality in the Baltic Sea and other water bodies.
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Hill, Liesl, and Sebastian Jooste. "The effects of contaminated sediments of the Blesbok Spruit near Witbank on water quality and the toxicity thereof to Daphnia pulex." Water Science and Technology 39, no. 10-11 (May 1, 1999): 173–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0650.
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With the increasing focus on environmental issues, the objective of this study is to evaluate the potential impact of contaminated sediments of the Blesbok Spruit near Witbank - which receives acid mine drainage (AMD) inter alia - on biota. Direct transfer of chemicals from sediments to organisms is considered to be a major route of exposure for many species, and therefore focusing attention on sediment contamination and highlighting the fact that sediments are an important resource. Acute toxicity tests were performed on Daphnia pulex using both extracted sediment interstitial water and surface water. Chemical analyses were also performed on the sediment, interstitial water and surface water samples. The toxicity results suggest that metal toxicity adds significantly to the toxicity of the stream water which is enhanced by the effect of pH. The pH of the stream and interstitial water was consistently below 4.5.
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Riedel, Gerhardt F., James G. Sanders, and Richard W. Osman. "The effect of biological and physical disturbances on the transport of arsenic from contaminated estuarine sediments." Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 25, no. 6 (December 1987): 693–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0272-7714(87)90016-3.
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Bartoszek, Lilianna, Renata Gruca-Rokosz, Agnieszka Pękala, and Joanna Czarnota. "Heavy Metal Accumulation in Sediments of Small Retention Reservoirs—Ecological Risk and the Impact of Humic Substances Distribution." Resources 11, no. 12 (December 2, 2022): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources11120113.
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Anthropogenic pollutants that accumulate in bottom sediments may pose a serious threat to the aquatic environment and humans. The aim of the study was to determine the ecological risk related to the contamination of sediment with heavy metals and the relationship between the accumulation of heavy metals and various granulometric fractions and humic substances in the bottom sediments of small retention reservoirs located in catchments of varying anthropopressure. The research objects were five small dam reservoirs located in south-eastern Poland. The sediments of the reservoir exposed to the greatest anthropopressure from the catchment area posed a serious threat to aquatic organisms feeding at the bottom. The bottom sediments of the remaining reservoirs showed a low level of potential toxicity (or non-toxicity). The observed relationship between the enrichment of sediments with organic matter (OM) and the increased risk of their ecotoxic impact on aquatic organisms was determined by excessive exposure to heavy metal contamination. The sand content did not appear to have a clear effect on the metal accumulation, although it was associated with enrichment in OM. Due to diverse environmental conditions, it was not possible to unequivocally confirm that the accumulation of heavy metals in the sediments of small retention reservoirs directly depends on the content of organic matter and humic substances, but such relationships were observed in most of the objects.
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Marziali, Laura, and Lucia Valsecchi. "Mercury Bioavailability in Fluvial Sediments Estimated Using Chironomus riparius and Diffusive Gradients in Thin-Films (DGT)." Environments 8, no. 2 (January 25, 2021): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments8020007.
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Mercury bioavailability was assessed by exposing the dipteran Chironomus riparius for the whole life cycle to legacy-contaminated fluvial sediments (0.038–0.285 mg Hg kg−1 d.w.) and analyzing tissue concentrations in larvae at different exposure times (7, 11, and 16 days) and in adults. In the same experiment, diffusive gradients in thin-film passive samplers (DGTs), both piston- and probe-shaped, were co-deployed in the same sediments and retrieved at the same times as the organisms. To compare the two approaches, results showed a good agreement between accumulation kinetics of C. riparius and DGTs, both approximating an apparent steady-state. A strong correlation was found between values in tissues and in both types of DGTs (r between 0.74 and 0.99). Concentrations in mature larvae (19–140 µg kg−1 w.w.), which may represent a basal level of the aquatic food web, exceeded the European Environmental Quality Standard for biota (20 µg kg−1 w.w.), which aims at protecting the top predators from secondary poisoning. Body burdens in larvae and in adults were similar, showing negligible decontamination during metamorphosis and proving an efficient mercury transfer from sediments to terrestrial food webs.
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Zhong, Mingqin, Pinghe Yin, and Ling Zhao. "Nonylphenol and octylphenol in riverine waters and surface sediments of the Pearl River Estuaries, South China: occurrence, ecological and human health risks." Water Supply 17, no. 4 (January 2, 2017): 1070–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2017.002.
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The temporal–spatial distribution and risks of nonylphenol (NP) and octylphenol (OP) in the surface waters and sediments from the six major riverine runoff outlets of the Pearl River Estuaries (PRE) were investigated. NP and OP were detected in all samples. It is worth mentioning that the levels of NP and OP in July in waters ranged from 1,740 to 16,200 ng L−1, and from 1,265 to 15,700 ng L−1, respectively; in sediments, they ranged from 28 to 92 ng g−1 dw and from 2.7 to 42 ng g−1 dw, respectively. According to aquatic risk assessment based on hazard quotient (HQ), NP and OP posed a high potential ecological risk (HQ > 1) to relevant aquatic organisms (excluding the alga, Selenastrum capricornutum), indicating that aquatic organisms, in particular crustaceans, have been significantly affected by NP and OP. Although the risk of NP for humans in water was regarded as endurable according to tolerable daily intake, it was higher than the drinking water safety limit (0.5 μg L−1). The results indicated that the heavy contamination caused by NP and OP and their adverse effect on local aquatic organisms in the PRE deserved to arouse wide concern.
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Bondareva, Lydia, Nadezhda Kudryasheva, and Ivan Tananaev. "Tritium: Doses and Responses of Aquatic Living Organisms (Model Experiments)." Environments 9, no. 4 (April 14, 2022): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments9040051.
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Tritium is a byproduct of many radiochemical reactions in the nuclear industry, and its effects on aquatic organisms, particularly low-dose effects, deserve special attention. The low-dose effects of tritium on aquatic microbiota have been intensively studied using luminous marine bacteria as model microorganisms. Low-dose physiological activation has been demonstrated and explained by the signaling role of reactive oxygen species through the “bystander effect” in bacterial suspensions. The activation of microbial functions in natural reservoirs by low tritium concentrations can cause unpredictable changes in food chains and imbalances in the natural equilibrium. The incorporation of tritium from the free form into organically bound compounds mainly occurs in the dark and at a temperature of 25 °C. When tritium is ingested by marine animals, up to 56% of tritium is accumulated in the muscle tissue and up to 36% in the liver. About 50% of tritium in the liver is bound in non-exchangeable forms. Human ingestion of water and food products contaminated with background levels of tritium does not significantly contribute to the total dose load on the human body.
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Ionescu, Lucian, Stefania Gheorghe, Daniel Mitru, Catalina Stoica, Alina Roxana Banciu, Madalina Mihalache, and Mihai Nita-Lazar. "EVALUATING THE ECOTOXICITY OF DIFFERENT PHARMACEUTICALS USING ALIIVIBRIO FISCHERI BIOASSAYS." Romanian Journal of Ecology & Environmental Chemistry 2, no. 1 (July 31, 2020): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21698/rjeec.2020.107.
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An endless list of companies has produced a large amount of pharmaceutical compounds in a year-on-year growth trend. Due to the excessive consumption of these substances and the inappropriate disposal, the environment was contaminated, especially aquatic ecosystems, with quantities of pharmaceuticals (PHACs) so that they have affected the living organisms, leading to decreased biodiversity and ecological degradation. Many studies on PHACs environmental presence and toxic effects were performed, but unfortunately, no limit was establishing for discharging into the environment, especially into the aquatic systems. The aim of this study was to use the bioluminescence of Aliivibrio fischeri bacteria as an indicator of toxical effect of different PHACs in simulated marine mediums. The Microtox® bioassay is based on the PHACs inhibitory effect on the metabolism of bacteria which induced changes in their bacterial bioluminescence. The test organisms were exposed to analgesics and anti-inflammatories such as Diclofenac, Ketoprofen, Naproxen and Ibuprofen. The results showed that based on EC50 values, Naproxen had a very low toxicity but Diclofenac, Ketoprofen and Ibuprofen had a harmful effect on the aquatic organisms.
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Arifin, Fazilah, Rozilawati Mohamed Razali, and Vigneswari Sevakumaran. "Isolation and Identification of Hydrocarbon-Degrading Bacteria from Polychaete Marphysa moribidii." Squalen Bulletin of Marine and Fisheries Postharvest and Biotechnology 16, no. 3 (December 17, 2021): 130–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/squalen.567.
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Marine contamination caused by anthropogenic activities has side effects and causes severe contamination to the environment. Polychaetes are benthic organisms that live in the sediment and can be a good indicator of sediment contamination by organic compounds. In this study, bacterial strains were isolated and identified from the gut of polychaete worm Marphysa moribidii and the potential of the bacteria was evaluated to degrade hydrocarbon compounds. The isolated bacteria were primary and secondary screened on Minimal Salt Media (MSM) agar supplemented with 1% v/v of diesel oil. Diesel degradation analysis was performed by inoculating potential bacterium into MSM broth with 1% v/v diesel oil and incubated at 37 oC for 20 days. Diesel degradation percentage was analyzed using the gravimetric method, while the bacteria cell densities were measured using the standard plate count method. Then, the selected isolates were identified based on their morphological characteristics and 16S rDNA sequences. As a result, two bacteria isolates coded as Isolate 6 and Isolate 8 were able to degrade diesel oil up to 52.29% and 39.24% after 20 days of incubation. The 16S rDNA sequence analysis revealed that it was identified as Bacillus sp. strain UMTFA1 (RB) and Staphylococcus kloosii strain UMTFA2 (RS). Our result showed that these strains have the potential in oil-degrading processes, which will provide new insight into bioremediation process and decrease environmental pollution in soil and water contaminated with hydrocarbons.
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Urbaniak, Wyrwicka, Siebielec, Siebielec, Kidd, and Zieliński. "The Application of Different Biological Remediation Strategies to PCDDs/PCDFs Contaminated Urban Sediments." Water 11, no. 10 (September 20, 2019): 1962. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11101962.
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Our aim was to assess the efficacy of four different bioremediation strategies applied to soil treated with urban sediments for alleviating soil phytotoxicity (examined using Lepidium sativum), by removing polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and mitigating the toxic effect on plants by the applied sediment: (1) Natural attenuation, (2) phytoremediation with the use of two plants Tagetes patula L. and Festuca arundinacea, (3) rhizobacterial inoculation with Massilia niastensis p87 and Streptomyces costaricanus RP92 strains, (4) rhizobacteria-assisted phytoremediation with both plants and strains. The applied sediment had a positive influence on L. sativum growth (90% higher than in the unamended soil), mostly due to its high content of nutrients, mainly Ca and Fe, which immobilize pollutants. The positive effect of sediments continued for up to 10-week duration of the experiment; however, the rhizobacterial inoculated samples were characterized by higher growth of L. sativum. The application of rhizobacteria-assisted phytoremediation further increased the growth of L. sativum, and was also found to improve the efficiency of PCDD/PCDF removal, resulting in a maximum 44% reduction of its content. This strategy also alleviated the negative impact of urban sediments on T. patula and F. arundinacea biomass, and had a beneficial effect on protein and chlorophyll content in the studied plants.
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Onome Augustina Bubu-Davies, Benjamin Bameyi Otene, and Mpakaboari Vellington Cephas Ebini. "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contamination in water, sediments and aquatic life of Nigerian inland and coastal waters." Magna Scientia Advanced Research and Reviews 1, no. 3 (March 30, 2021): 01–012. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/msarr.2021.1.3.0014.
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formed during incomplete combustions of organic substances but few to be mention such as cigarettes, coal etc. They are usually found as a mixture containing two or more compounds such as soot. The emissions of PAHs in Nigeria have contributed significantly to the environment and live of aquatic organisms. Thus, this paper reviewed the contamination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) in the water, sediments and organisms in inland and coastal waters. Methodology: Literatures of relevant and previous studies of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the water, sediment and organism within and outside Nigeria were reviewed. Results: The contamination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was known to be carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic and can cause adverse effect on human health, wildlife and aquatic lives with no report on mammals in the aquatic environments. Conclusion and Recommendation: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) reviewed displayed different effects caused in the lives of human and aquatic organism based on the concentration level. Their sources were more of anthropogenic than natural source with varied concentrations at various source points due to different activities in question. The positive impact of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon on fish and other aquatic organisms as a result of bioconcentration, biotransformation and biomagnification become a threat to humans that rely on eighty percent of aquatic resources. Therefore, conceived efforts should be made to reduce these effects, general public monitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon on discharge sources in the biosphere.
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Yang, Dan-Yi, Yu-Wei Chen, John M. Gunn, and Nelson Belzile. "Selenium and mercury in organisms: Interactions and mechanisms." Environmental Reviews 16, NA (December 2008): 71–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/a08-001.
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This paper reviews the growing literature dealing with the antagonistic effect of selenium (Se) compounds on the toxicity of mercury (Hg) compounds in higher animals and organisms present in the aquatic environment. It covers both laboratory and field studies and summarizes the possible mechanisms that explain the protective action of Se compounds on mercuric mercury (Hg2+) and methylmercury (CH3Hg+) toxicity. The review is subdivided according to the molecular form of Hg and the organisms in which the antagonism has been studied. Many authors suggest that the protective effect of selenite on the toxicity of Hg2+in mammals is due mainly to the in vivo formation of mercuric selenide (HgSe), a stable and biologically inert complex. The detection of HgSe has been confirmed in several studies in support of this mechanism. Possible mechanisms that may be involved in the antagonism between Se compounds and CH3Hg+in mammals and aquatic organisms are also presented. The possibility of adding Se compounds to contaminated lakes and reservoirs as a remediation technique to limit the bioaccumulation of Hg2+and CH3Hg+is critically discussed.
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Luís, Ana Teresa, Francisco Córdoba, Catarina Antunes, Raul Loayza-Muro, José Antonio Grande, Bruna Silva, Jesus Diaz-Curiel, and Eduardo Ferreira da Silva. "Extremely Acidic Eukaryotic (Micro) Organisms: Life in Acid Mine Drainage Polluted Environments—Mini-Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 1 (December 30, 2021): 376. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010376.
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Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) results from sulfide oxidation, which incorporates hydrogen ions, sulfate, and metals/metalloids into the aquatic environment, allowing fixation, bioaccumulation and biomagnification of pollutants in the aquatic food chain. Acidic leachates from waste rock dams from pyritic and (to a lesser extent) coal mining are the main foci of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) production. When AMD is incorporated into rivers, notable changes in water hydro-geochemistry and biota are observed. There is a high interest in the biodiversity of this type of extreme environments for several reasons. Studies indicate that extreme acid environments may reflect early Earth conditions, and are thus, suitable for astrobiological experiments as acidophilic microorganisms survive on the sulfates and iron oxides in AMD-contaminated waters/sediments, an analogous environment to Mars; other reasons are related to the biotechnological potential of extremophiles. In addition, AMD is responsible for decreasing the diversity and abundance of different taxa, as well as for selecting the most well-adapted species to these toxic conditions. Acidophilic and acidotolerant eukaryotic microorganisms are mostly composed by algae (diatoms and unicellular and filamentous algae), protozoa, fungi and fungi-like protists, and unsegmented pseudocoelomata animals such as Rotifera and micro-macroinvertebrates. In this work, a literature review summarizing the most recent studies on eukaryotic organisms and micro-organisms in Acid Mine Drainage-affected environments is elaborated.
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Kinner, N. E., R. W. Harvey, K. Blakeslee, G. Novarino, and L. D. Meeker. "Size-Selective Predation on Groundwater Bacteria by Nanoflagellates in an Organic-Contaminated Aquifer." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64, no. 2 (February 1, 1998): 618–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.64.2.618-625.1998.
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ABSTRACT Time series incubations were conducted to provide estimates for the size selectivities and rates of protistan grazing that may be occurring in a sandy, contaminated aquifer. The experiments involved four size classes of fluorescently labeled groundwater bacteria (FLB) and 2- to 3-μm-long nanoflagellates, primarily Spumella guttula(Ehrenberg) Kent, that were isolated from contaminated aquifer sediments (Cape Cod, Mass.). The greatest uptake and clearance rates (0.77 bacteria · flagellate−1 · h−1 and 1.4 nl · flagellate−1 · h−1, respectively) were observed for 0.8- to 1.5-μm-long FLB (0.21-μm3 average cell volume), which represent the fastest growing bacteria within the pore fluids of the contaminated aquifer sediments. The 19:1 to 67:1 volume ratios of nanoflagellate predators to preferred bacterial prey were in the lower end of the range commonly reported for other aquatic habitats. The grazing data suggest that the aquifer nanoflagellates can consume as much as 12 to 74% of the unattached bacterial community in 1 day and are likely to have a substantive effect upon bacterial degradation of organic groundwater contaminants.
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Munkittrick, K. R., and D. G. Dixon. "Growth, Fecundity, and Energy Stores of White Sucker (Catostomus commersoni) from Lakes Containing Elevated Levels of Copper and Zinc." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 45, no. 8 (August 1, 1988): 1355–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f88-159.
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White sucker (Catostomus commersoni) were collected from lakes with elevated levels of both copper (13–15 μg∙L−1) and zinc (209–253 μg∙L−1) and from control lakes. In all cases the fish reached maturity between 4 and 6 yr of age, and until 6 yr of age there were no differences in length or weight of fish collected from control and contaminated lakes. After this age, fish from contaminated sites were significantly smaller and shorter than those from control sites. In addition, female sucker from contaminated lakes failed to exhibit significant increases in either length or weight after the age of maturity. The fish from contaminated lakes also exhibited decreases in egg size and fecundity, no significant increases in fecundity with age, and an increased incidence of spawning failure. The failure of female fish to grow significantly after maturity, and the decreased energetic commitment to reproduction, suggests that the food base in the contaminated lakes was limiting the performance of the female sucker. These fish exhibited decreased muscle lipid stores, decreased serum lipid levels during the postspawning period, and an apparent decrease in visceral lipid stores during the autumn. There was no effect of collection site on body stores of liver glycogen, liver lipids, serum triglycerides, or total serum cholesterol. It is known that several major food groups were missing from the sediments of contaminated lakes and that sediments under water deeper than 5 m may be incapable of supporting macroinvertebrates. Most of the alterations in sucker growth and reproduction appear to be related to nutritional deficiencies as a result of the chronic effects of elevated sediment metals on the food base of the sucker.
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Shumyhay, I. "Radiation-ecological and toxicological characterization of the Uzh river water." Agroecological journal, no. 1 (March 17, 2016): 152–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.33730/2077-4893.1.2016.248226.
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The hydrosphere is one of the main tanks, which eventually received artificial radionuclides produced in nuclear explosions and in the operation of nuclear power plants. When accidents at nuclear power plants, in particular the Chernobyl large contribution to the total emissions of radioactivity have long-lived radionuclides — 90Sr and 137Cs. Sources of contamination of river water after the accident were like immediate loss of aerosols on the water surface, and radionuclide contaminated surface water runoff from the watershed and soil particles during the rainy or melting snow, a local radionuclide contaminated tributaries waters that it led to their entry into the rivers and the transfer to the water streams down to the Black Sea. Migration of the latter in the aquatic environment is considered in this article. We determined the concentration of artificial radionuclides in the waters of the river Uzh on the territory of Kiev region and their danger to fish fauna. It has been found that 137Cs and 90Sr in water are mainly in the form of solution. Also, the vast amount of radionuclides in the ecosystem is situated in bottom sediments. As a result of the Chernobyl accident radionuclide contamination of aquatic ecosystems has become a permanent factor of influence on the life of aquatic organisms. Comparison of 90Sr and 137Cs in fish with different types of food shows that ichthyophagi contained more radionuclides than planktonofagi. Pit-trap polluted sludge played a significant role for water purification process from radionuclides.
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Yang, Jiwei, Fuhong Sun, Hailei Su, Yanru Tao, and Hong Chang. "Multiple Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Surface Water and Sediment in Taihu Lake, China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 20 (October 12, 2022): 13120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013120.
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Taihu Lake is the third-largest freshwater lake in eastern China. The contamination of heavy metals (HMs) in Taihu Lake resulting from rapid economic development and population growth has raised significant concerns in recent years. In this study, the contents and spatial distributions of eight typical HMs (Hg, Cr(VI), As, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in the fresh surface water and sediments from Taihu Lake were investigated. The potential ecological and health risks posed by HMs were evaluated using multiple assessment methods. Risk quotients were used to assess the ecological risks of HMs, and chronic risk quotients of Cu, Ni, and Pb (>1.0) were found in the surface water of Taihu Lake. According to the geo-accumulation index (Igeo) and pollution load index (PLI) values, the lake sediments exhibited moderate risks of Cd and Hg. In general, the sediments were moderately contaminated by HMs based on the average risk index (RI < 300). Spatially, a high ecological risk posed by the HMs existed in the sediments of northern Taihu Lake (RI > 300), while the sediments in the southwestern and eastern regions had moderate risk levels. The non-carcinogenic risk levels of Hg, Cd, Cu, and Zn were acceptable based on the exposure characteristics of residents living around Taihu Lake. The carcinogenic risk levels of Cr(VI), As, Pb, and Ni through drinking water were acceptable. However, the ingestion of Cr(VI), As, and Ni through drinking water and fish consumption may pose certain health risks. Therefore, the levels of toxic metals, in particular, Cr(VI), As, and Ni, in edible organisms should be monitored periodically and controlled to alleviate the potential carcinogenic risks through food ingestion. Our work provides valuable information concerning the ecological risk distribution of HMs in Taihu Lake, which is essential for protecting the safety of aquatic organisms and human health and minimizing HM pollution in the lake.
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Lesko, Lynn T., Stephen B. Smith, and Marc A. Blouin. "The Effect of Contaminated Sediments on Fecundity of the Brown Bullhead in Three Lake Erie Tributaries." Journal of Great Lakes Research 22, no. 4 (January 1996): 830–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0380-1330(96)71004-3.
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Yoon, Hyojik, and Jonghyun Yoon. "The Impact Evaluation of Acid Mine Drainage on Zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Water Fleas (Daphnia magna) in the Vicinity of the Geum River Basin in Korea." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 24 (December 8, 2022): 16470. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192416470.
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Heavy metals, such as copper, lead, and cadmium, carried by acid mine drainage are pollutants of the aquatic ecosystem, posing a significant health risk to the water resource for humans. Environmental technologies to reduce metal contamination are applied for post-mining prevention and improvement. Despite detailed pollution management, water contaminated by heavy metals still flows into the natural water system. This study investigated the impact of drainage discharged from abandoned mines near the major river in South Korea on aquatic organisms. The toxicity of the field water showed a more significant effect than observed through the experiment for each heavy-metal concentration. Various toxic substances coexisted in the field water around the mine, such that the overall toxic intensity was high even when the concentration of each heavy metal was low. As a result, the inhibition of activity of aquatic organisms was observed at low individual concentrations, and further investigation on the effect of long-term exposure to trace amounts of heavy metals is required.
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Heise, Susanne, Marc Babut, Carmen Casado, Ute Feiler, Benoit J. D. Ferrari, and Laura Marziali. "Ecotoxicological testing of sediments and dredged material: an overlooked opportunity?" Journal of Soils and Sediments 20, no. 12 (October 14, 2020): 4218–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11368-020-02798-7.
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Abstract Purpose Basing decisions for the management of contaminated sediments on ecotoxicological data is still often met with skepticism by European stakeholders. These concerns are discussed as they pertain to bioassays to show how ecotoxicological data may provide added value for the sustainable management of sediment in aquatic systems. Materials and methods Five “concerns” are selected that are often raised by stakeholders. The ecotoxicological practice is discussed in light of the knowledge gained in recent decades and compared with chemical sediment analysis and chemical data. Results and discussion Common assumptions such as a higher uncertainty of biotest results for sediments compared to chemical analyses are not supported by interlaboratory comparisons. Some confusion also arises, because the meaning of biotest data is often misunderstood, questioning their significance in light of a limited number of organisms and altered test conditions in the lab. Because biotest results describe a sediment property, they should not be directly equated with an impact upon the biological community. To identify a hazard, however, the possibility of false-negative results due to the presence of contaminants that are not analyzed but are toxic is lower. Conclusions The cost of increased investment in ecotoxicological tests is, in our view, small compared with that of making false-negative assessments of sediment/dredged material that can ultimately have long-term environmental costs. As such, we conclude that ecotoxicological testing is an opportunity for sediment management decision-making that warrants more attention and confidence in Europe.