Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Aquaculture industries'

The fisheries resources of Lake Victoria support the livelihoods to the lakeside rural communities and are vital to the economies of Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda, especially through fish exports. Management decisions to enable long-term sustainable exploitation of these fisheries require appropriate knowledge of the fishing effort and catch statistics, as these are pertinent for evaluating the fish stocks and future prospects of the fishery. Catch assessment programmes in the Ugandan part of the lake, which should provide this type of information, collapsed in the late 1980s. This study evaluated the current status of fishing effort and fish catches and their implications for the management of the fisheries in the Ugandan part of Lake Victoria. Historical trends in fishing effort and fish catches, total fishing effort in 1990 and 2000, and the current status of fish catch-effort, in the Ugandan part of the lake, were examined.

Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) have been suggested as one of the solutions to coral reef fisheries management. It is thought that their effects on biomass, species diversity and habitat could improve surrounding fisheries yields through fish migration and increased recruitment. However, MPAs' benefits on surrounding fisheries are difficult to establish due to the lack of historical data. Furthermore, the lack of involvement of stakeholders have led to a number of failures. MPAs in the form of No Take Zones (NTZ), which aim to promote the sustainable use of fisheries resources, might contribute to the successful management of coral reef fisheries. However, few studies have considered their benefits from the point of view of surrounding fishing communities. It is evident that if stakeholders are to be further involved in MPA management, they need to perceive the benefits. The hypothesis tested was that if NTZs are of benefit to surrounding communities, their food security situation would be improved. The fieldwork was carried out in Southern Kenya with five fishing communities located around a long established MPA. The study showed that a range of food security indicators gave good information on MPAs' benefits to the surrounding communities. It was found that these benefits were highly affected by distances. Thus, although fishing households were the least food secure, they were better off if they fished nearer the protected reefs. Households dependent on MPA-related tourism were the most food secure but this dependency decreased with the communities' distance from the main tour operators. The results showed that MPAs' benefits were not equally shared by the communities bearing most of the costs. In addition, it was also found that tourism seasonality does not always compensate for the seasonality of other activities. Furthermore, tourism could not be assumed to develop around MPAs and provide reliable alternative employment.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the environmental remediation and energy potential of anaerobic digesters on pig and dairy farms and to demonstrate how incorporating those benefits into a cost-benefit analysis would make biodigester projects more financially feasible. By assigning dollar values to the emissions and water pollution avoided by this technology, I sought to update the traditional cost-benefit analyses (CBAs) to demonstrate that this technology is more widely applicable. The study took place In the Lake Champlain Drainage Basin, USA and the Lake Tai Drainage Basin, China. Dairy and pork production are high density endeavors and produce large quantities of waste which make them ideal candidates for biodigesters. Using standard emissions estimates and gas production rates from past research and from the current Cow Power Program in Vermont, the methane and nitrous oxide emissions averted by adding a biodigester to a particular farm were estimated. Additionally, using past research, the total nitrogen and phosphorous collected by the biodigesters and diverted from becoming classified as non-point source pollution was calculated, valued, and incorporated into a CBA tool. The results from this study show that the incorporation of environmental benefits in a CBA for Green Mountain Dairy increased profitability by 60% and reduced the payback period by two years. Overall, projects that include environmental benefits are 72% more profitable and the payback period is cut in half. Further development of the CBA tool is needed to strengthen results. This study points to the need for more experimental data on the environmental benefits of biodigesters.

The purpose of this study is to investigate how the rights of the indigenous people are being affected because of the forest and salmon industries surrounding them. The question of the thesis is “How do the companies (multinational and national) in Chile discursively construct themselves as responsible actors in the local communities through their CSR profiles on their webpages?” Through the CDA approach of Fairclough’s three-stage model, I want to analyse the language and how the companies promote themselves as sustainable through their CSR profiles. The intention was to illustrate how certain interpretative repertoires can serve to legitimise or reproduce certain structures. The companies construct themselves by presenting themselves through different discourses. The prominent discourses presented on the webpages are all part of the companies’ strategies to construct a reality tailored to fit the companies’ needs. The point is that the industries are still problematic, and they create issues by consuming the native forests and by the use of different chemicals and antibiotics. They have still not solved how to be global actors and have less impact on the surroundings at the same time. There is also a people-policy gap where the indigenous people do not seem to be part of the policy-making processes. This gap creates power imbalances and the gap keeps growing when the local communities do not have a chance to affect the policies and political processes.

This dissertation aims to propose an appropriate architectural intervention within a site that requires both ecological restitution and the commemoration of industrial heritage. The Johannesburg Gasworks site serves as a clear example of how the Industrial Revolution and subsequent industrial technologies have both damaged the natural environment and left blighted legacies within ever developing urban conditions.The project aims to uphold the general significance of Industrial heritage as proposed by charters such as the Nizhny Tagil charter prepared by The International Council for the Commemoration of Industrial Heritage as well as the unique heritage significance of the Gasworks site. An appropriate theoretical framework and precedents are explored that reconcile the two seemingly opposing requirements of post-industrial sites - that of commemoration and ecological restitution. In post-industrial sites scarred by water, soil and air pollution, as well as dangerous or inaccessible places, maintaining an appreciation of heritage whilst employing the various rehabilitative actions required need to be balanced to ensure both. The project undertaken forms part of four schemes proposed for the site that aim to maintain the iconic identity of the Johannesburg Gasworks by proposing ecologically sensitive industries. These industries and interventions within the site aim to bring about urban resilience, site specific environmental rehabilitation as well as integration with the surrounding urban context. The proposed project for the site draws its program from global ecological issues as well as site specific heritage factors. The aim of scripting a new layer of intervention onto the Gas Works site is to make a legible reading between the site’s history and its ecologically resilient future legacy.
Mini Dissertation MArch(Prof)--University of Pretoria, 2018.
Architecture
MArch(Prof)
Unrestricted

L'elevage des crevettes d'eau douce (macrobrachium rosenbergii) est relativement recent en egypte (10 ans). Cette activite est orientee vers l'amelioration de l'elevage en etangs et en rizieres, afin d'augmenter les rendements faibles de la pisciculture egyptienne et d'ameliorer la rentabilite des projets piscicoles. Notre travail a consiste d'abord a etudier l'elevage de la crevette d'eau douce en monoculture et polyculture avec les oreochromis niloticus et cyprinus carpio, dans des etangs d'eau douce. En monoculture les conditions optimales serait d'utiliser des juveniles a raison de 5 individus/m#2 afin d'obtenir une production de crevettes sans pinces, avec un rendement d'environ 1. 400 kg/ha. En polyculture, les crevettes peuvent etre elevees a densite importante de poissons 2,5 poisson/m#2, pour obtenir une production globale de 3. 700 kg/ha (poissons et crevettes). En monoculture ou polyculture, nous avons ensuite cherche a utiliser l'eau saumatre usee d'agriculture pour elever les crevettes d'eau douce (m. Rosenbergii), les peneides (penaeus semisulcatus) avec les tilapias rouges de floride. Les resultats montrent que la croissance, le taux de survie et le rendement sont faibles en monoculture et polyculture pour ces trois especes probablement a cause de la salinite insatisfaisante des eaux de drainage dans le delta du nil. En monoculture en eau saumatre, l'elevage de crevette d'eau douce suivi de peneide enregistre en eau saumatre une production de 564 et 284 kg/ha respectivement. En culture mixte, la production totale des 2 especes de crustaces elevees ensemblent est de 457 kg/ha (51% crevette d'eau douce et 49% crevette d'eau marine). Si l'on ajoute des poissons a l'elevage la production passe a 786 kg/ha : 30% crevette d'eau douce, 19% crevette d'eau marine et 51% tilapia rouge de floride. Au plan economique l'estimation du profit annuel maximum par hectare de la ferme de nozha hydrodrome est obtenue en elevant des crevettes d'eau douce en monoculture a une densite de 5 juveniles/m#2. Elle donne un benefice moyen d'environ 7. 100 $$us et un taux de retour de 58%. Cette etude presente egalement les resultats economiques de l'elevage en riziere de crevettes et de tilapia dans le contexte de l'egypte. L'introduction de 2 juveniles de m. Rosenbergii/m#2 en riziculture permet donc de multiplier par 5 le revenu net de la riziculture traditionnel : 4. 500 $$us contre 900 $$us. L'interet economique, de cette espece pour l'egypte est donc clairement demontre.

En los últimos 40 anos, la acuicultura industrial de camarones (la camaronicultura) se ha desarrollado con el incentivo de los gobiernos, agencias de desarrollo e Instituciones Financieras Internacionales (IFIs) – como el Banco Mundial y el Fondo Monetario Internacional –, la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura (FAO) e industria agroalimentaria como medio para alcanzar un crecimiento económico basado en las exportaciones de grandes volúmenes de alimentos, disminuyendo la presión sobre las poblaciones salvajes marinas, aliviando de este modo la pobreza en los países en desarrollo. El fuerte apoyo político, económico y la permisividad legislativa, impulsó esta actividad económica que en un breve periodo de tiempo ha tenido un vertiginoso crecimiento. Esta actividad generó crecientes críticas por sus consecuencias, incluida la conversión y la expropiación de tierras húmedas como los manglares, causando la disminución del flujo de los servicios ecosistémicos generados para la humanidad en general y para las comunidades locales en particular. La acuicultura industrial ha convertido un gran porcentaje de los territorios costeros de los países tropicales en vías de desarrollo en fincas para cultivo de camarones para la exportación. Esta situación se ha traducido en numerosos conflictos en todo el mundo, donde las poblaciones locales han elegido desafiar los procesos de acumulación por desposesión y se organizan para resistir, dando lugar a conflictos socioambientales cada vez más apoyados por organizaciones y movimientos de Justicia Ambiental. Durante las últimas décadas, un caso particular de este conflicto se ha desarrollado en zona costera de Brasil, donde un gran porcentaje de los manglares, se han deforestado para el desarrollo de la acuicultura del camarón. Frente a este contexto, la presente tesis pretende arrojar luz y analizar la degradación ambiental y el conflicto socioambiental causado por la acuicultura industrial de camarones en Brasil desde la perspectiva de la Ecología Política, buscando vincular diferentes niveles de análisis - local, nacional y mundial - en distintas dimensiones claves para su comprensión: político-ambiental, social y económica. La dimensión político-ambiental, revela la trayectoria de privatización de los ecosistemas costeros por la acuicultura industrial de los camarones a partir de un diagnóstico de los impactos socioambientales en la cuenca del río Jaguaribe (Ceará, Brasil) y su estrecha relación con el contexto político y económico del desarrollo nacional del camaroneo. La dimensión social, a partir de la percepción comunitaria de los pescadores y de la combinación de metodologías sociales (observación participante, free listings, grupos focales, encuestas, seguimientos, etc.), demuestra que más allá de una vinculación material, existe una vinculación simbólica entre los servicios que proporcionan los manglares y el bienestar de las comunidades de pescadores, factores no considerados por los diferentes estamentos que toman decisiones a diversos niveles. Por último, la dimensión económica, a partir de un seguimiento a dos comunidades de pescadores (Cumbe y Curral Velho, en Ceará, Brasil), determina la viabilidad económica y principios de solidaridad tradicional colectiva que se basan la pesca artesanal y su incompatibilidad con la camaronicultura, direccionada a la acumulación de bienes e ingresos. Este análisis multidimensional concluye que el desarrollo de la acuicultura del camarón en Brasil, ha venido acompañado por una huella de profunda transformación de los recursos naturales causando la degradación de los ecosistemas, poniendo en peligro la seguridad y soberanía alimentaria y causando el empobrecimiento de las comunidades tradicionales. Un combinado que ha promovido un grave conflicto socioambiental, que se repite en las zonas tropicales de los países en vías de desarrollo de Asia, América Latina y África. Las herramientas construidas pueden ser extrapoladas a otros sistemas para ayudar a entender y resolver otros conflictos socioambientales, aportando informaciones multidimensionales a los procesos de toma de decisión para una gestión sostenible e integrada de la zona costera.
In the past 40 years, industrial shrimp aquaculture developed with economic incentives from governments, public and private agencies and International Financial Institutions (IFIs) - including the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the food industry. The target was achieving economic growth based on exports of large volumes of food, reducing the pressure on marine wildlife populations and thereby alleviating the poverty in developing countries. Extensive political and economic aid along with legislative permissiveness has promoted this economic activity which, growning exponentially in a short period of time. This fast growth of industrial shrimp farming has generated increasing criticism due to its consequences, which include the conversion and expropriation of wetlands such as mangroves, causing a decreasing flow of ecosystem services available for society in general and local communities in particular. The aquaculture industry has converted a high percentage of coastal areas of developing tropical countries into properties for shrimp farming for export. This situation has resulted in numerous conflicts around the world, where local people have chosen to challenge the processes of accumulation by dispossession and have organized to resist, leading to environmental struggles which have been increasingly supported by organizations and movements demanding environmental justice. During the last few decades, a particular example of this conflict has developed in coastal area of Brazil, where a large percentage of mangroves areas have been deforested for the development of shrimp aquaculture. This thesis aims to clarify and analyze the environmental degradation and socio-environmental conflict caused by industrial shrimp farming in Brazil from the perspective of political ecology, seeking to link different levels of analysis - local, national and global - in several key dimensions to achieve a political and environmental, a social and an economic understanding. The political and environmental dimension illustrates the history of privatization of coastal ecosystems by industrial shrimp aquaculture with a diagnosis of the social and environmental impacts on the Jaguaribe river basin (Ceará, Brazil), and its close relationship with the political and economic context of national shrimp industry development. The social dimension is analyzed making and approach to the community perception of the fishermen, employing a combination of social methodologies (participant observation, free listings, focus groups, surveys, monitoring, etc.) which have shown that, beyond the physical link, there is a symbolic relationship between the services provided by mangroves and the welfare of fishing communities. This factor is not considered by decision makers at various levels. Finally, the economic dimension, studied via a monitoring of two fishing communities (Cumbe and Curral Velho in Ceará, Brazil), shows the collective economic viability and the traditional principles of solidarity that the artisanal fisheries are based on. It also demonstrates their incompatibility with shrimp aquaculture dedicated to the accumulation of assets and income. This multidimensional analysis concludes that the impact of the development of shrimp aquaculture in Brazil, has a profound transformation of natural resources causing degradation of ecosystems, threatening food security and sovereignty and causing the impoverishment of traditional communities. This combination of effects caused a serious socio-environmental conflict, repeated in the tropics of the developing countries of Asia, Latin America and Africa. The investigative tools developed in this study can be easily extrapolated to other systems such as aiding in the understanding and solving of other environmental conflicts, providing multidimensional information to the decision-making processes to achieve a sustainable and integrated management of coastal areas.

Etude, sur plus de 20 membranes, performances de l'unite d'ultrafiltration pour la fabrication du surimi. Recherche des conditions optimales et application en site industriel. Etude de la concentration du phytoplancton par microfiltration, en conservant la viabilite des cellules. Essais sur site aquacole, mise au point des conditions operatoires: point de coupure et configuration de la membrane, vitesses tangentielles et pressions transmembranaires

Mestrado em Engenharia de Automação Industrial
Esta dissertação apresenta um sistema de aquacultura que possibilita a sua monitorização e o seu controlo autónomo. O sistema é capaz de ler grandezas como nível, pH, luminosidade, pressão e temperatura, e, posteriormente, ativar ou desativar os atuadores, como as eletroválvulas e as bombas peristálticas, até que se encontrem os valores pretendidos. O GSM é uma parte relevante do sistema desenvolvido, que permite uma interação à distância com o sistema, utilizando um telemóvel. Em qualquer momento, o utilizador pode pedir informações ao sistema, através de uma solicitação efetuada por mensagem de texto. As informações requeridas podem ser relativas ao estado dos atuadores e aos valores que os sensores apresentam. O utilizador pode, ainda, modificar o estado de um atuador, através de mensagem de texto enviada para o sistema. A resposta ao utilizador é uma mensagem com a verificação do que foi pedido. O sistema permite também ser configurado através de mensagem de texto, definindo os limites de cada parâmetro. Tem, ainda, a capacidade de enviar alertas, via mensagem de texto, quando algum valor estiver fora do pretendido. Apresenta uma aplicação em Visual Basic, que permite interagir com o sistema, controlar os limites e os atuadores, visualizar os alertas emitidos e registá-los em base de dados, para guardar o historial e compreender o comportamento através de gráficos.
This dissertation presents a system that enables its aquaculture monitoring and autonomous control. The system is capable of acquire readings such as pH, light, pressure, and temperature, and then of enabling or disabling the actuators, solenoid valve and peristaltic pump, until they meet the desired values. The GSM is an important part of the developed system, which also allows for remote interaction with the system using a mobile phone. The user can request information from the system, any time, through a request made by text message. The information required to the system can be related to the state of the actuators and the sensors values. The user can also modify the state of an actuator, by sending a text message to the system. The answer to the user is a message with the verification values of the request. The system also allows it to be configured via text message, defining the limits of each parameter. It also has the ability to send an alert via text message when any value is outside the established limits. The system presents a Visual Basic application enabling users to interact with the system, to control limits and actuators, to view alerts, to register in the database to keep a record log and to visualize the behavior through graphs.

Mestrado em Biotecnologia - Biotecnologia Industrial e Ambiental
Marine Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS) produce great volume of wastewater, which may be reutilized/recirculated or reutilized after undergoing different treatment/remediation methods, or partly discharged into neighbour water-bodies (DWW). Phosphates, in particular, are usually accumulated at high concentrations in DWW, both because its monitoring is not compulsory for fish production since it is not a limiting parameter, and also because there is no specific treatment so far developed to remove them, especially in what concerns saltwater effluents. As such, this work addresses two main scientific questions. One of them regards the understanding of the actual (bio)remediation methods applied to effluents produced in marine RAS, by identifying their advantages, drawbacks and gaps concerning their exploitation in saltwater effluents. The second one is the development of a new, innovative and efficient method for the treatment of saltwater effluents that potentially fulfil the gaps identified in the conventional treatments. Thereby, the aims of this thesis are: (i) to revise the conventional treatments targeting major contaminants in marine RAS effluents, with a particular focus on the bioremediation approaches already conducted for phosphates; (ii) to characterize and evaluate the potential of oyster-shell waste collected in Ria de Aveiro as a bioremediation agent of phosphates spiked into artificial saltwater, over different influencing factors (e.g., oyster-shell pre-treatment through calcination, particle size, adsorbent concentration). Despite the use of oyster-shells for phosphorous (P) removal has already been applied in freshwater, its biosorptive potential for P in saltwater was never evaluated, as far as I am aware. The results herein generated showed that NOS is mainly composed by carbonates, which are almost completely converted into lime (CaO) after calcination (COS). Such pre-treatment allowed obtaining a more reactive material for P removal, since higher removal percentages and adsorption capacity was observed for COS. Smaller particle size fractions for both NOS and COS samples also increased P removal. Kinetic models showed that NOS adsorption followed, simultaneously, Elovich and Intraparticle Difusion kinetic models, suggesting that P removal is both a diffusional and chemically rate-controlled process. The percentage of P removal by COS was not controlled by Intraparticle Diffusion and the Elovich model was the kinetic model that best fitted phosphate removal. This work demonstrated that waste oyster-shells, either NOS or COS, could be used as an effective biosorbent for P removal from seawater. Thereby, this biomaterial can sustain a cost-effective and eco-friendly bioremediation strategy with potential application in marine RAS.
As atividades realizadas em Aquacultura Marinha de Recirculação (RAS) levam à constante produção de efluentes, sendo a maior parte reutilizados/recirculados ou reciclados depois de submetidos a diferentes métodos de tratamento/remediação, ou parcialmente lançadas em corpos de água vizinhos (DWW). Os fosfatos, em particular, são normalmente acumulados em altas concentrações em DWW, tanto porque a sua monitorização não é obrigatória para a produção de peixe, uma vez que não é um parâmetro limitante, e também porque não há nenhum tratamento específico até agora desenvolvido para removê-los, em especial no que diz respeito a efluentes de água salgada. Como tal, este trabalho aborda duas questões científicas principais. Uma delas diz respeito à compreensão dos métodos de (bio)remediação aplicados aos efluentes produzidos em RAS marinhos, identificando as suas vantagens, desvantagens e lacunas relativas à sua exploração nos efluentes de água salgada. A segunda é o desenvolvimento de um método novo, inovador e eficiente para o tratamento de efluentes de água salgada que potencialmente preenchem as lacunas identificadas nos tratamentos convencionais. Desse modo, os objetivos desta tese são: (i) rever os tratamentos convencionais aplicados para os principais contaminantes nos efluentes RAS marinhos, com especial incidência sobre as abordagens de biorremediação já realizados para fosfatos; (ii) caracterizar e avaliar o potencial de resíduos de concha de ostra colhidos na Ria de Aveiro como um agente de biorremediação de fosfatos em água salgada artificial, mediante diferentes fatores (e.g., prétratamento das conchas de ostra por calcinação, tamanho de partícula, concentração de adsorvente). Apesar das conchas de ostras já terem sido testadas na remoção de fósforo (P) em água doce, o seu potencial de biosorção de P em água salgada, tanto quanto eu estou ciente, ainda não foi avaliado. Os resultados demonstraram que as conchas naturais (NOS) são compostas principalmente por carbonatos, sendo estes praticamente convertidos em cal (CaO) após calcinação. Tal pré-tratamento permitiu a obtenção de um material mais reativo (COS) para a remoção de P, uma vez que se observou maiores percentagens de remoção e capacidade de adsorção. Frações de menor tamanho, tanto para NOS e COS, aumentaram a remoção de P. Os modelos cinéticos mostraram que NOS ajusta-se, simultaneamente, aos modelos de Elovich e de Difusão Intrapartícula, o que sugere que a remoção de P é um processo controlado tanto quimicamente como pela taxa de difusão. A percentagem de remoção de P em COS não é controlada por difusão e o modelo Elovich foi o que melhor se ajustou para a remoção de fosfato. Este trabalho demonstrou que os resíduos de conchas de ostra, quer NOS ou COS, podem ser usados como biosorventes na remoção de fosfato em água salgada. Desse modo, este biomaterial pode sustentar uma estratégia de biorremediação económica e amiga do ambiente, com potencial para aplicação em RAS de água salgada.

Mestrado em Biotecnologia - Biotecnologia Industrial e Ambiental
A Aquacultura tem recebido especial destaque nos últimos anos como alternativa às atividades de pesca tradicional, atualmente restritas pelos limites legais de captura. Neste sentido, têm-se desenvolvido novas técnicas de modo a aumentar o lucro e o rendimento das atividades associadas à aquacultura. No entanto, a sobre-exploração de espécies, poluição, surgimento de doenças e o aumento de microorganismos resistentes a antibióticos, surgem como consequências deste desenvolvimento. Vibrio anguillarum é uma bactéria Gram-negativa que causa infeções em peixes de sistemas de aquacultura e que origina perdas económicas significativas. Estas infeções são normalmente tratadas com recurso a agentes antimicrobianos, tais como antibióticos. No entanto, a prevalência de bactérias resistentes a estes compostos destaca a necessidade crucial de desenvolvimento de estratégias terapêuticas alternativas. O uso de anticorpos, nomeadamente a imunoglobulina Y (IgY) produzidas em aves poedeiras e purificado a partir de gemas de ovos é uma abordagem promissora para o controlo de infeções por V. anguillarum na aquacultura. O atual trabalho centrou-se no desenvolvimento de anticorpos IgY específicos contra os determinantes de virulência associados a V. anguillarum como uma estratégia antimicrobiana capaz de melhorar a produtividade dos sistemas de aquacultura. Neste são apresentados resultados da produção, purificação e caracterização de anticorpos IgY de galinha e codorniz contra antigénios (extratos celulares, frações da membrana externa e péptidos do canal TolC) de V. anguillarum. Aves hiperimunes foram produzidas com sucesso para cada antigénio e foram purificadas as respetivas frações específicas de IgY (> 95% de pureza). Por fim, estudou-se o potencial antimicrobiano dos anticorpos anti-extrato celular de V. anguillarum por ensaios de crescimento bacteriano que revelaram um efeito bacteriostático promissor com 50% de inibição. Em suma, e face aos resultados obtidos, os anticorpos podem ser usados como agentes antimicrobianos alternativos para combater e prevenir infeções por V. anguillarum em sistemas de aquacultura.
Aquaculture has received remarkable attention in recent years as an alternative to traditional fishing activities, currently restricted by fishing quotas. New techniques have therefore been developed to increase production and profit of aquaculture activities. However, over-exploitation, pollution, appearance of infectious diseases and antimicrobial resistance, have emerged as concerning consequences of such development. Vibrio anguillarum is a Gram-negative bacterium causing fish infections in aquaculture systems and leading to significant economic losses. These infections are usually treated with antibiotics; however, the prevalence of bacteria resistant to such drugs urges the development of alternative therapeutic strategies. The use of antibodies, namely avian Immunoglobulin Y (IgY) purified from bird egg yolks, is a promising approach for the control of V. anguillarum infections in aquaculture. The current work focused on the development of specific IgY antibodies against virulence determinants associated to V. anguillarum, envisaging an antimicrobial strategy capable of improving the productivity of aquaculture systems. In this work, the production, purification and characterization of chicken and quail IgY antibodies against V. anguillarum antigens are presented. Whole-cell extracts, outer-membrane fractions and outer-membrane TolC channel peptides were used as antigens in independent protocols to elicit target-specific V. anguillarum antibodies. Hyperimmune birds were successfully generated for each antigen and respective target-specific IgY fractions were purified (>95% purity) from selected bird eggs for downstream studies. Finally, the antimicrobial potential of anti-whole-cell V. anguillarum antibodies was studied by bacterial growth assays, revealing a promising bacteriostatic effect, with 50% of bacterial growth inhibition. In summary, and according to the results obtained, such antibodies can be used as alternative antimicrobial agents to prevent and combat infections by V. anguillarum in aquaculture systems.

In the summer of 2016 I worked at The Moore Street Market Farm run by Oko Farms LLC., New York City’s first and largest outdoor urban aquaponics company. Aquaponics is a method of farming that combines the cultivation of aquatic animals and plants in a mutually beneficial, symbiotic relationship. While the industry is in its infancy, aquaponics is acknowledged to have great potential to change the future of farming for sustainability, as it uses less water than traditional agriculture and can be implemented almost anywhere. This thesis examines current challenges to the industry and the potential future applications of aquaponics in urban environments, through discussion of current developments in aquaponics in Europe; Growing Power’s use of aquaponics for community benefit in the Milwaukee; as well as in the case-studies of Oko Farms and Agtech aquaponics companies in New York City. While eventually concluding that implementations of aquaponics for profit might not be viable in the long run, this thesis ends with a short discussion on hypothetical successful applications the industry could thrive in.

Thesis (MScEng (Industrial Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study is to investigate the techno-economic feasibility of operating an aquaponics farm in South Africa. Aquaculture is the fastest-growing type of food production in the world, yet South Africa is lagging behind international efforts to boost the industry. An independent academic feasibility study on small scale aquaponics farms in South Africa has not been performed before, causing current and prospective farmers to be uncertain about the prospects of the venture. The study is approached by investigating the aquaculture and aquaponics industry and gathering the relevant information. By investigating other models used to represent aquaculture or aquaponics systems, the required information is gathered in order to build a unique model for the purpose of determining the feasibility of the case study farms. The model is modified to represent each of the case study farms. The results show that the majority of the farms are not economically viable. A sensitivity analysis provides some insight on how varying certain parameters can affect the performance of the systems. Using the information gathered in the case studies and research, a near-ideal system is specified in order to establish whether this improved system can be viable whilst taking into account the constraints placed upon aquaponics ventures in South Africa. The study suggests some recommendations for current and prospective farmers that might improve their chances of succeeding with an aquaponics venture. The study finds that currently aquaponics in South Africa is hindered by a number of constraints that result in it being a high-risk venture with meagre returns on investment. However, the study shows that if an aquaponics system were designed, built and managed correctly, it could theoretically be an economically viable venture. The investigation has, in a logical method, provided insight into the viability of operating an aquaponics farm in South Africa.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie studie is om die lewensvatbaarheid van akwaponika in Suid-Afrika te ondersoek. Akwakultuur is die tipe voedselproduksie wat die vinnigste groei in die wêreld, maar Suid-Afrika hou nie tred met die internasionale poging om akwakultuur te ontwikkel nie. „n Onafhanklike lewensvatbaarheid studie oor kleinskaal akwaponika plase in Suid-Afrika is nog nooit onderneem nie. Dit veroorsaak dat huidige en voornemende akwaponika boere onseker is oor die uitkomste van hulle ondernemings. Die studie is benader deur die akwaponika en akwakultuur bedrywe te ondersoek, en die relevante inligting te versamel. Deur ander modelle wat gebruik word om akwakultuur en akwaponika sisteme te verteenwoordig te ondersoek, is die nodige inligting versamel om „n unieke model te bou wat gebruik word om die lewensvatbaarheid van die gevallestudies te bepaal. Die model is aangepas om elkeen van die gevallestudies te verteenwoordig. Die resultate wys dat die meerderheid van die gevallestudie plase nie ekonomies lewensvatbaar is nie. „n Sensitiwiteitsanaliese gee insig oor hoe spesifieke parameters die prestasie van die sisteme affekteer. Deur die inligting wat versamel is tydens die gevallestudies en navorsing te gebruik, kan „n sisteem gespesifiseer word om te bevestig of hierdie verbeterde sisteem lewensvatbaar kan wees terwyl dit die beperkings waaronder akwaponika sisteme in Suid Afrika geplaas word in ag neem. Die studie verskaf „n paar aanbevelings vir huidige en voornemende boere. Hierdie aanbevelings kan die kanse van sukses van die ondernemings verbeter. Die studie het gevind dat akwaponika in Suid-Afrika deur „n aantal beperkings benadeel word, wat lei tot „n situasie waar dit „n hoë-risiko onderneming is, met lae opbrengste op die belegging. Maar, die studie wys ook dat as „n sisteem korrek ontwerp, bou en bestuur word, dit teoreties „n ekonomies lewensvatbare onderneming kan wees. Die studie het op „n logiese wyse insig gegee oor die haalbaarheid van akwaponika in Suid-Afrika.

Mestrado em Biotecnologia - Biotecnologia Industrial e Ambiental
O consumo de macroalgas pelos seres humanos tem vindo a aumentar nos últimos anos, o que está relacionado, para além do valor nutricional que lhes é reconhecido, com os seus compostos biofuncionais benéficos para a saúde. Assim, há a necessidade de aumentar sua produção de forma sustentável, onde os sistemas de Aquacultura Multitrópica Integrado (IMTA) surgem como uma alternativa promissora à aquacultura convencional, envolvendo mais de um nível trófico. No âmbito do controlo de qualidade deste novo tipo de alimento, surge um desafio: as macroalgas são organismos que tendem a bioacumular elementos potencialmente tóxicos (PTEs). O objetivo deste estudo foi monitorar a concentração de Cd, Pb, Hg e Al na macroalga Ulva rigida cultivada na empresa ALGAplus num sistema IMTA implementado pela empresa na Ria de Aveiro e inferir de um possível impacto dos factores de produção na concentração destes elementos nas algas. Avaliaram-ase três diferentes situações que poderiam influenciar a acumulação de PTEs nas algas: densidade de cultivo, taxa de renovação da água e época do ano (sazonalidade). Foi ainda feita uma comparação entre espécies cultivadas na empresa e pertencentes a outras classes: Fucus vesiculosus e Gracilaria sp. O teor de Cd, Pb e Al na biomassa de macroalgas foi determinado por atomização com plasma associada a deteção com espectroscopia de massa (ICP-MS), após digestão com ácido e microondas. O teor de Hg foi determinado por absorção atómica após combustão da amostra em atmosfera de oxigénio. As concentrações de Pb, Cd, Hg e Al para a Ulva rigida foram 0.3-3.1, <0.05, 0.01-0.03, e 121-3178 μg/g (peso seco – DW), respetivamente. A variabilidade sazonal não foi significativa (ρ > 0.05), e as condições de cultivo apenas influenciaram estatisticamente o teor de Pb (ρ < 0.05). Todos os valores obtidos para os PTEs quantificados estão abaixo do valor limite indicado na legislação que regula a qualidade das algas para consumo humano, o que evidencia que neste sistema IMTA não ocorrem problemas de contaminação com PTEs.
Macroalgae consumption by humans has been increasing in the last years, which is related with their biofunctional compounds with health benefits. Therefore, there is the need to increase their production in a sustainable way where Integrated Multi Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) emerges as a promising alternative to conventional aquaculture that involves more than one trophic level. Quality assurance of this new aliment is crucial and that is why this study is so important: macroalgae are known to be high bioaccumulators of potentially toxic elements. The objective of this study is to monitor the concentration of Cd, Al, Pb, and Hg in Ulva rigida during the year, assessing possible correlations with the cultive conditions and seasonality. There were evaluated three situations that could influence PTEs accumulation in macroalgae: cultivation density, water renewal rate and season. A comparison was made with other species also cultivated in the company and belonging to other classes: Fucus vesiculosus and Gracilaria sp. Cd, Hg, Pb and Al content in macroalgal biomass was determined through plasma atomization and mass spectrometry detection (ICP-MS), after acid and microwave digestion. Hg content was determined through atomic absortion after oxygen-rich combustion of the sample. Concentrations of Pb, Cd, Hg e Al in Ulva rigida ranged as it follows: 0.3-3.1, <0.05, 0.01-0.03, e 121-3178 μg/g dry weight (DW), respectively. Seasonal variability was not significant (p >0.05), and cultivation conditions were significant only for Pb (p< 0.05). All values obtained are below the limit of legislation which proves that in the IMTA system there are no relevant problems related with potential toxic elements accumulation in macroalgae

Extensive brackishwater aquaculture, which is a dominant land-based aquaculture system in Indonesia, has experienced variable success in most farming locations in the country due to poor understanding of spatial assessment of environmental factors and rudimentary site selection criteria. Despite tremendous potential, the application of GIS and remote sensing in spatial assessment has tended to focus on Boolean (Crisp) logic that is often unable to effectively handle the complexity and spatial variability of key environmental factors for the development of aquaculture. This study explored the possibility of integrating fuzzy logic techniques into GIS and remote sensing technology to generate more robust mapping protocols in aquaculture, compensating for the disadvantages of the Crisp method. Two models were developed in two different provinces in Indonesia to spatially assess soil and hydrological constraints on extensive brackishwater aquaculture. The soil assessment focussed on acid sulfate soils (ASS) and sandy-textured sediments in Aceh, and the hydrological study focused on investigating important wave parameters that influence the suitability of coastal areas for siting extensive pond units in South Sulawesi. The study showed that fuzzy-based classification methods, integrated into the image analysis, was highly effective in identifying existing and potential pond areas for extensive brackishwater aquaculture compared to the best result of the commonly used Crisp method. By addition of one or more key environmental variables of ASS into the fuzzy-classified existing and potential ponds areas, a very robust predictive tool to identify potential ponds areas affected by ASS in Kembang Tanjung, Aceh was developed. A more detailed assessment of ASS developed in this study also successfully highlighted the severity of sandy-soils and identified them as another key soil variable that has and will severely impact on pond productivity. The second model developed by the study enables fuzzy logic to be integrated into GIS to predict the possible areas impacted by moderate to high energy wave conditions and possible ways of minimising their direct and indirect impacts. The models developed in this study were shown to work well in both study sites and can be applied elsewhere. The mapping outputs are easy to interpret even by stakeholders with no prior training in map reading. Overall, the models have the potential to reduce planning errors and to improve decision making in aquaculture provided that quality data sources are used.

Much of the current research into the sustainability of the fisheries and aquaculture industry has focused on achieving continued growth. The report “Value creation from productive oceans,” makes annual growth predictions of 4% for aquaculture and 7% for the marine ingredients sector from 2010 to 2050. The Norwegian government incorporated these growth rates into a political vision presented to parliament as Meld.St.22 “the world’s foremost seafood nation.” Among many ambitions presented in Meld.St.22, three were chosen as being particularly relevant to industry ecology: import reliance, utilization of by-products and sustainable growth. These ambitions were tested along with the 4 and 7% growth rates from the “Value creation from productive oceans,” report using the industrial ecology methodology of material / substance flow analysis. The MFA/SFA model of the fisheries and aquaculture system used a multi-layered approach with a product weight layer as the base and EPA + DHA as the substance layer. Results for import reliance suggest that Norway is 88% reliant on imports (product weight) for aquaculture and 55% for marine ingredients (EPA + DHA). The model estimated that imported Peruvian Anchoveta represented approximately 50% of the EPA + DHA in Norwegian aquaculture feed and 55% for marine ingredients in 2012. By-product utilization was found to be nearly 100% for the aquaculture and pelagic sectors, 34% for whitefish species and nearly zero for macroalgae and marine mammals. The overall by-product utilization rate for Norway, including all Norwegian landed marine fish, zooplankton, macroalgae and marine mammals was 62% for product weight. Sustainability was assessed from an industry, consumer and general environmental perspective. Sustainability from an industry perspective was evaluated using a demand and supply forecast for EPA + DHA. Growth rates of 4% for aquaculture and 7% for marine ingredients were used to model the future supply and demand relative to the system calculated values in the base year (2012). Results suggest a shortage of EPA + DHA within two years and a 45% deficit in demand by 2020. The future EPA + DHA shortage was independently confirmed by a study performed by EWOS using similar parameters and assumptions. The whole fish FIFO for fish oil was calculated to be 1,3 kg of whole forage fish required for 1 kg of whole salmon. The efficiency of seafood deliverables indicator (ESD) was created to add an element of efficiency to the sustainability of seafood from a consumer perspective. The aquaculture industry was found to require 3,22 kg of EPA + DHA per kg of EPA + DHA delivered to consumers as seafood, while the wild fishery sector required 1,76 / kg. The overall findings suggest that EPA & DHA are critical nutrients for: Fish health, human health, industry growth and consumer preferences. The challenge posed by the worsening shortage of EPA & DHA will affect the sustainability of the industry and dialogue concerning realistic growth prospects is suggested.

Corn is a valuable agricultural commodity in the United States and in the world. The causal agent of Stewart's wilt disease in corn, Pantoea stewartii subsp. stewartii, is a bacterial phytopathogen that is vectored into the plant by the corn flea beetle, Chaetocnema pulicaria. After entering the apoplast of the leaf, the bacteria cause water soaking symptoms before traveling to the plant xylem to form a dense biofilm, thereby blocking water transport and inducing necrosis and wilt. This results in reduced crop yield and may even lead to death of the corn plant. To better understand the in planta requirements of this pathogen, a whole transcriptome study was performed via RNA-Seq to determine genes differentially expressed in the bacteria while inside the corn. It was found that nutrient transporters and stress response genes were upregulated specifically when the bacteria are in their host plant, suggesting a response to nutrient availability and host defense in the xylem. Further elucidation of the genes required for the P. stewartii in planta lifestyle was performed via a reverse genetics approach where in-frame gene deletions and the corresponding complementation strains were constructed for genes that had shown a fitness defect in corn based on a previously published Tn-Seq study: genes encoding seven transcription factors, nsrR, iscR, lrp, nac, DSJ_00125, DSJ_03645, and DSJ_18135, as well as a hypothetical protein DSJ_21690. Investigation of the physiological role of these genes was performed using in planta virulence and competition assays for all strains. An in planta qRT-PCR analysis of bacterial gene transcription was also completed for the strains with deletions in nsrR and iscR. In vitro assays were performed on all strains to determine their capsule production and motility phenotypes. Taken together, it was seen that iscR is important for colonization capabilities in planta, both NsrR and IscR act as regulators, and lrp is important for full disease capabilities, perhaps due to reduced capsule and motility phenotypes. These findings lay the groundwork for finding potential disease intervention strategies not only against P. stewartii, but also other xylem-dwelling bacterial phytopathogens. In addition to exploring ways to enhance crop yield, an additional research area was on repurposing a byproduct of corn ethanol production, syrup. It was hypothesized that this corn-based syrup could be utilized as a carbon source to grown bacteria. In turn, the resulting bacterial biomass could then be added as a fish feed supplement in aquaculture. Syrup was tested as a growth medium for individual soil bacterial isolates as well as a full mixed bacterial community consortium to determine which bacteria could grow most efficiently, both in rate and yield. It was found that the highest growth rate and yield was from Bacillus species, some of which may have probiotic benefits to fish. Ultimately, the collective outcomes from these projects in basic research about a bacterial corn pathogen and applied research about beneficial microbes grown on a corn-based substrate are expected to improve scientific endeavors as well as agricultural practices.
Doctor of Philosophy
Corn is a top agricultural commodity in the United States, as a food for human consumption, a primary nutrient source used in animal feed, and a substrate consumed during biofuel production. These various corn-based industries are impacted by bacteria in multiple ways; in some cases, bacteria may cause disease that reduces crop yield, but other bacteria serve beneficial roles that enhance health. This dissertation research describes studies about the bacterium that causes Stewart's wilt disease in corn, Panteoa stewartii subsp. stewartii. In an initial experiment, the genes that P. stewartii expresses at the highest levels when it grows inside the corn plant were identified. These genes were deduced to be important for the ability of the bacterium to live successfully in this environment. This work was followed up with a more specific approach that examined the role of certain genes that were predicted to be master regulators of the expression of other genes in the ability of the P. stewartii to colonize the plant and/or cause disease. By identifying key bacterial genes, disease intervention strategies to combat Stewart's wilt and other similar bacterial plant pathogen diseases might become possible. Protecting corn yields is important for ethanol production. The final study of this dissertation examined the ability of bacteria to grow on a byproduct of ethanol production called syrup. The goal was to then use the biomass of these beneficial microbes as a food source for animals being produced in aquaculture facilities. Among the species tested, the highest growth rate and yield was from Bacillus subtilis, a safe-to-eat bacterium that has known beneficial health properties when consumed by fish. Overall, the research studies that were completed for this dissertation have the potential to improve agricultural practices by decreasing corn disease leading to increased corn yield and developing new downstream corn-based animal feed products.

Depuis quelques années, la production maritime latino-américaine enregistre une forte croissance; ce phénomène est tout à fait original dans un contexte international marqué par le déclin des captures. Si le Pérou a été un pionnier en la matière; depuis les années soixante-dix et quatre-vingt, la plupart des États côtiers découvrent l'intérêt du secteur halieutique. L'espace maritime devient un lieu de production. En dépit des disparités, les stratégies de valorisation des ressources biologiques marines présentent quelques traits communs : la production repose essentiellement sur la pêche industrielle et les espèces spéculatives destinées aux marchés internationaux et à la bourgeoisie locale. Cet essor, stimule par des facteurs exogènes, s'accompagne rarement d'un véritable développement et, trop souvent, les populations littorales traditionnelles ne sont pas associées aux programmes de modernisation des pêches. Toutefois, ce modèle rencontre des limites; la surexploitation de certains stocks, la dégradation de l'environnement, l'effort de structuration des associations de pêcheurs-artisans et les nouvelles stratégies des organismes internationaux devraient se traduire par une meilleure gestion des ressources
For some years now latin american maritime production has witnessed a strong increase; this occurence is quite marginal in an international context indicating a decline in catches. If Peru has broken new ground in this field, since the nineteen seventies and nineteen eigthies, most coastal states have discovered the interest of the halieutics sector. Maritime surroundings are becoming spheres of production. In spite of disparities, the strategies for the appreciation of marine biological resources share a few common characteristics : production is related mainly to industrial fishing and speculative fishing intented for international markets and the local middle-classes. Stimulous was given to this boom by exogenous factors but is has seldom been followed by genuine development and, too often, the traditional seaboard populations are not partners to the modernization programmes for fishing. All the same, this pattern shows it has its limits; the overpopulation of certain stocks, the degradation of the environment, the effort to organize the companies of independent-fishermen and the new strategies of international bodies, should in the end show a better management of resources

The issue of sustainability has greatest significance in the midst of unilateral bio-socioeconomic degradation resulting from intense and increasing societal pressures placed on the unified global ecology. In such an environment, sustainable development seeks to manage natural resources within a free market economy, aiming to meet the needs of today's population, and to protect and enhance current resource quality and abundance. In this light, techniques of integrated sustainable primary production and wastewater management are the subject matters of this applied research. There are many researchable issues which could be addressed within the subject matter. The first focus in the research scope was driven by the most severe sustainability issue facing Central Queensland (Australia) in 2000: the depletion and degradation of freshwater supplies. Central Queensland (CQ) is an arid sub-tropical region that has suffered from a marked reduction in rainfall and increase in temperature over the last 100 years, {Miles, 2004 #172}, and by the year 2000, conditions had been exacerbated by eight years of severe drought and warmer than average temperatures and resulted in widespread animal and crop failures due to freshwater shortages. Such a problem required a multi-faceted ecological, social, and economic approach. Hence, research centred on investigating the science of integrating regional water-related industries and agribusiness, and biodiverse ecosystems to achieve water and wastewater reuse applications, and associated eco-socioeconomic benefits. Specifically, this research investigates the integration of (a) electrical power station wastewater (b) barramundi culture, (c) red claw culture, (d) constructed wetlands (for water quality management and habitat creation), and (e) hydroponic flower culture. This research produced outcomes of integrated water and wastewater reuse and recycling, marketable agriproducts production (fish, crayfish, and flowers), water and wastewater reuse and conservation, wetland primary production, carbon dioxide sequestration, aquatic pollution control, and biodiversity creation and support. Successful design and management, experimental trialing and evaluation of system components and subjects, and the development of a knowledge base including static and dynamic system models, represent advances in respective research areas, and underpin the emerging discipline of integrated systems approaches to eco-socioeconomic development. Additionally, several gaps in the current body of knowledge regarding integrated systems were filled, and interactive management tools were developed. Apart from this study, the integration of technologies (as described above) has not, to this author's knowledge, been accomplished.

El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como propósito determinar y analizar los factores que influyeron en las exportaciones peruanas de alimentos para animales de la industria acuícola con destino a Ecuador dentro del marco de la CAN entre los años 2010 al 2019. Para establecer ello, se ha determinado la selección de tres variables a estudiar con el fin de procurar responder si las normas de origen, la creación de comercio y las medidas sanitarias y fitosanitarias, todas ligadas a la relación entre Perú y la Comunidad Andina en términos comerciales sobresaliendo las preferencias arancelarias del producto elegido en dirección a Ecuador y los protocolos sanitarios aplicados, han estimulado un mayor intercambio comercial entre los dos países en los periodos considerados anteriormente. Del mismo modo, también se ha precisado la evaluación de organizaciones involucradas que afectan el nivel y el desarrollo de las exportaciones peruanas con destino a Ecuador. Para la presente investigación, la información recopilada se obtuvo de distintas fuentes como SUNAT, SIICEX y Trademap que posibilitaron el acceso a las estadísticas de exportaciones de la partida mostrando, de igual manera, a las empresas que las componen con sus respectivos registros. Sumado a ello, a través de distintas entrevistas con los actores primordiales implicados se logró obtener mayor información, conocimiento y apreciación en relación a los factores propuestos en esta investigación. En virtud de lo cual, todos los datos recolectados se analizarán bajo el Software SPSS Statistics v. 25 y Atlas.ti 8.
The purpose of this research work is to determine and analyze the factors that influenced Peruvian exports of animal feed from the aquaculture industry to Ecuador within the framework of the CAN between the years 2010 to 2019. To establish this, the selection of three variables to study has been determined in order to try to answer whether the rules of origin, the creation of trade and sanitary and phytosanitary measures, all linked to the relationship between Peru and the Andean Community in trade terms, highlighting the tariff preferences of the chosen product to Ecuador and the certifications obtained, have stimulated greater trade between the two countries in the periods considered above. In the same way, the evaluation of organizations involved that affect the level and development of Peruvian exports to Ecuador has also been specified. For the present investigation, the information collected was obtained from different sources such as SUNAT, SIICEX and Trademap, which made it possible to access the tariff heading's export statistics showing, in the same way, the companies that compose them with their respective records. Added to that, through different interviews with the main actors involved, it was possible to obtain more information, knowledge and appreciation in relation to the factors proposed in this research. By virtue of it, all the collected data will be analyzed under the SPSS Statistics v. 25 and Atlas.ti 8 Software.
Tesis

碩士
國立中山大學
兩岸高階主管經營管理碩士在職專班
104
Traditional industries face the option of transformation in the progress of development due to factors such as advances of technology, changes of marketing environment, and evolution of growth objects. When developed to a certain scale, some companies would try to diversify its business in order to to maintain their profits or create a competitive edge at a steady pace. The concept of diversification is fundamentally based on a strategy to reduce business risks, and then seek opportunities to generate new profit sources. Companies can take full advantages of their existing resources and core techniques to lower the entry barriers to a new industry and therefore create new profit sources. This study aims at investigating strategies as to how the ornamental fish industry may create new values by method of diversification utilizing its core techniques, existing resources, and product innovation. With the aid of reference literatures and in-depth interviews with an indicative company, J Trading Co., Ltd, this study offers seven feasible diversification business models suitable for the ornamental fish industry. In this regard, the associated conclusions and recommendations are also provided herein accordingly.

碩士
國立屏東科技大學
農企業管理系
94
The Purpose of the local industrial development lies in making the industry stronger in the area with weak economy, stabilizing and adjusting the local industry, promoting the value of traditional agricultural products. By means of research and development, we create a new type of industry, offer new chances, and above all, help the local industry activate again. In this research, Yan-Pu Aquaculture Production Zone is suggested to be local foundation of industry, taking into consideration their restriction of the water reserved area. The best development advantage consist of the pollution-free, organic farm production of development, high-quality source of water, offering spiritual peace and good health condition that moderns pursue. This research the Yan-Pu Aquaculture Production Zone as the object with, is conducted by means of questionnaire surrey. There are 169 valid questionnaires, as the foundation of research and analysis. The study shows that 66.3% would continue the industry, 18.3% would change to recreation industry, 5.3% to traditional industry, and 10.1% still under consideration. According to the analysis, we can see culturist have high expectations of such an industry. Most of them agree that continuing the industry enables the villages to have a brand-new scene.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
農業經濟學研究所
106
Aquaculture industry grows rapidly in the recent decades, and becomes very important due to the depletion of nature fishery resources. Large scale and vertical integration is needed for the industry to make the supply chain of aquaculture products to produce in a more efficient way. Contract farming is one of the common way to enhance the proceed of vertical integration, which has been applied in several agricultural industries such as rice, broiler, dairy and so on. Aquaculture industry contributed about 25% of total fishery quantity produced and 40% of total fishery value in Taiwan, showing its crucial role in Taiwans fishery sector. However, the industry is still at developing stage and lack of vertical integration will hinder the speed of development. This study aims to find out the reasons why contracting is rare in Taiwan’s aquaculture industry, and analyze preferences on contract farming among the fish farmers. Tilapia and Milkfish farmers are chosen for their significant in Taiwan’s aquaculture. To analyze the preferences, a discrete choice model was imployed in this study. Our findings suggest that fish farmers have significant preferences on formal contract, trustable partners, and high cash deposits. Due to the difficulty of monitoring, it is hard to guarantee the quality and quantity of fish products, which in turns hinder the willingness of buyers to sign contracts. More over, trust between firms and farmers cannot be easily built up under such situation, as fish farmers often worry about the reliability of the contract.

碩士
長榮大學
高階管理碩士在職專班
101
This project aims to explore the key features of operating a successful aquaculture enterprise. Two testing models were evaluated to contribute the conclusion. First group of participants are the representatives from several aquaculture leading companies. The in-depth interview was applied to these representatives, which generated the key factors influence the aquaculture business. Secondly, this research assessed the feature impacts and conducted the priority with AHP method on professional staffs. Refer to literature review, in-depth interview and AHP, three suggestions for operating a successful aquaculture enterprise has been concluded. (1) An effective marketing strategy could rise competitive ability (2) To enhance product’s quality and to compress rearing period could boost the profits (3)To integrate the relevant fishing market could stimulate a continuously business. Keywords: analysis hierarchy process (AHP), aquaculture feeds industry, key success factor, diamond model

碩士
國立臺北大學
社會學系
95
Taiwan’s aquaculture enjoyed a rapid expansion in the 1970s by exporting to Japan, and then suffers a severe decline since 1990s as Taiwan’s primary industry loses comparative advantage to Chinese and Southeast Asian competitors in global market. In response to the decline of aquaculture since the 1990s many fish-farmers become part-timers and seek other sources of income. Some seek to maintain income by expanding production scale. And still others upgrade their business by switching to fish species of higher value, or/and by developing the lucrative technology of fish-hatching. The latter trend tends to be carried out by young fish-farmers with higher level of education. To illustrate the restructuring of Taiwan’s aquaculture outlined above, this study also investigates how grouper-farmers in three prefectures in southern Taiwan develop a division of labor and production network along the stages of fish-hatching and fish-raising, and shows that the mode of aquaculture production varies with natural, social and historical conditions of each locale.

碩士
國立屏東科技大學
環境工程與科學系所
103
This study investigate the Dioxin-like compounds concentration and toxic contributions in fish farm's sediments nearby the Petroleum Industrial Park within two season, and used Fugacity Model simulate environment distribution in two season of Dioxin-like compounds were compared with measured values. In this study, the classified region codes is according to the sampling locations within a radius of the Petroleum Industrial Park from 0~10km,11~20km and 20km outside respectively, and classified to near zone,far zone and remote districts. From the results show that wet season and dry season sediments ΣPCDD / Fs concentration ranges are 30.70 ~ 988.25 pg / g (dw)、24.68 ~ 182.03 pg / g (dw) respectively. After TEF conversion, wet season and dry season sediments ΣPCDD / Fs toxicity equivalency quantity (TEQ) ranges are 0.13~1.62 pgWHO-TEQ/g (d.w.)、0.361~3.560 pgWHO-TEQ/g (d.w.) respectively. Wet season and dry season sediments ΣPCBs concentration ranges are 10.47~184.86 pg / g (d.w.)、10.45~89.49 pg / g (d.w.) respectively. After TEF conversion, wet season and dry season sediments ΣPCBs TEQ ranges are 0.010~0.108 pgWHO-TEQ/g (d.w.)、0.03~0.18 pgWHO-TEQ/g (d.w.) respectively. The concentrations of PCDD/Fs、PCBs measured in various regions of the wet season, it were greater than the measured concentration of each region of the dry season. PCDDs change with the seasons (wet season to the dry season) to reduce the toxicity contribution, PCDFs change with the seasons (wet season to the dry season) to increase the toxicity contribution.Select the appropriate Fugacity Model simulation parameters to calculate PCDD / Fs concentrations, displays the calculated range of analog values approaches the value of PCDD / Fs actual measurement in wet and dry season sediments.

Os produtos naturais, saudáveis e seguros têm vindo a ser uma tendência crescente por parte dos consumidores, forçando a novas pesquisas de forma, a encontrar novos produtos com ingredientes funcionais, evitando, deste modo, o uso de antibióticos. Estes incluem as microalgas, que ganharam, nos últimos anos, um importante destaque pelos seus valiosos compostos com a sua aplicação em vários sectores, como a farmacêutica, cosmética, biocombustíveis e na alimentação humana e animal. A otimização dos processos de produção, à escala industrial, é fundamental para a evolução deste sector. O presente trabalho permitiu avaliar a performance de crescimento de Nannochloropsis sp. e Skeletonema costatum em condições ambientais naturais. Partindo de placas de Petri, foi realizado o aumento de escala até aos fotobiorreatores tubulares de 15000 L da Necton, S.A.. As maiores produtividades (areal e volumétrica) foram verificadas, em modo de crescimento semi-contínuo, com a microalga Nannochloropsis sp.. A biomassa proveniente das microalgas supracitadas e de outras espécies, facultadas pela empresa Necton, S.A., tais como, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Porphyridium cruentum, Isochrysis galbana e Tetraselmis chuii, são produtoras de compostos bioativos com capacidades terapêuticas (anti-tumural, anti-inflamatório, entre outras). Neste estudo, foi investigada a atividade antibacteriana das microalgas e seus derivados usando quatro extratos orgânicos (acetato de etilo, acetona, etanol e hexano). O seu efeito inibitório foi testado através do método de difusão em poços, para patógenos causadores de perdas económicas em aquacultura (Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio anguillarum e Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida). A P. damselae subsp. piscicida revelou ser a bactéria mais sensível aos extratos testados. Os extratos de acetato de etilo e acetona de S. costatum destacaram-se pelo seu poder contra as bactérias testadas. Por sua vez, a purificação do extrato de acetato de etilo gerou sete frações, das quais duas (80% de acetato de etilo em hexano e acetato de etilo) se distinguiram pelo seu efeito antibacteriano. Quando, analisadas por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência a fucoxantina foi detetada como sendo o composto bioativo mais relevante.
Natural, healthy and safe products have been a growing trend among consumers, forcing the need for new research to find new products with functional ingredients, avoiding this way of using antibiotics. These include microalgae, which have gained in recent years, importance for their valuable compounds that have been applied to various sectors such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, biofuels and food and feed. The optimization of industrial production processes is fundamental for the evolution of this sector. The present work allowed the evaluation of the growth performance of Nannochloropsis sp. and Skeletonema costatum under natural environmental conditions. Starting from Petri dishes, the scale-up was performed up to the 15000 L tubular photobioreactors of Necton, S.A., in semi-continuous. There were higher yields (areal and volumetric) in Nannochloropsis sp.. Biomass from the above-mentioned microalgae and others, such as Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Porphyridium cruentum, Isochrysis galbana and Tetraselmis chuii, produce bioactive compounds with therapeutic properties (anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, among others). In this study, the antibacterial activity of the microalgae was investigated using four organic extracts (ethyl acetate, acetone, ethanol and hexane). Its inhibitory effect was tested by the well diffusion method for pathogens causing economic losses in aquaculture (Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio anguillarum and Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida). That said, P. damselae subsp. piscicida proved to be the most sensitive bacteria to the extracts tested. The ethyl acetate and acetone extracts of S. costatum were distinguished by their inhibitory power. In turn, purification of the ethyl acetate extract originated seven fractions, where two (80% ethyl acetate in hexane and ethyl acetate) distinguished themselves because of their antibacterial effect. The fucoxanthin was detected by high-performance liquid chromatography, as the most relevant bioactive compound.
Mestrado em Microbiologia

碩士
國立屏東科技大學
水產養殖系
94
The aquaculture developing policy of Taiwan was mainly focused on how to promote this industry’s annual production rather than how to keep these industries grow in an orderly, sustained way before serious problems happened. Those problems that happened were land shrinkage, market channel was monopolized, aquaculture environment turned worse therefore caused disease and product hygienic problems, production cost raised up and lower the competitive power, etc. In recent years, more problems were happened, such as the increasing competition from imported aquaculture products owing to Taiwan entered into the WTO organization as well as the smuggled aquaculture products from Mainland China. Facing the above problems, the Government started a series of programs in an attempt to save those problems, since those programs are policy-oriented and lack of feasibility evaluations, so the results are not good as their anticipation. This study will evaluate and then discuss the effect of the Government policies for saving the above said problems, then give suggestions to the policy makers. The methods used to evaluate the feasibility of the Government aquaculture policy in this study, first is to collect the content and actual results of the policy and its related programs of Taiwan, also to collect the same kind of informations of other countries. Besides, did literature review of the published papers from academic studies and informations released by the members of aquaculture industries both from Taiwan and other countries. The most important information came from the questionnaires and interviews from the members of aquaculture industries of Taiwan. (Including farm owners and businessman, scholars, researchers, and officers). Then, give a comprehensive review for all the above informations. Finally, give a comprehensive survey for all the above information. Finally, give comments, conclusions and suggestions for Taiwan aquaculture policies based on the above review results, this is for the reference of the policy makers and members of the aquaculture industries as well.

The continuing industrialisation of global society, specifically in developing countries, has resulted in the ongoing extraction of the earth's resources to feed the ever increasing demand for economic growth. What will happen when resources become scarce and unobtainable? What will happen when population growth becomes unmanageable? What will happen when the quality of life becomes displaced by the quantity thereof? The effects of such exploitation are already evident, and the longer solutions toward growing global populations and diminishing natural resources are postponed, the bleaker the future for modern human civilisation becomes. Many tipping points are being approached; some have already been passed. Now is the time to innovate and to find alternatives, as ways to redefine the relationships between people and resources. This dissertation is an investigation of a post-industrial artefact, an obsolete clay brick quarry and brickworks amidst the suburbs on the southern edge of Pretoria. It has undergone constant changes over the last century and quite noticeably during the last decade, as it lies latent in its obsolescence. The effects of time can be observed in the natural processes of decay, entropy and change, as well as in human development and growth. The history imprinted onto the site tells us about the dynamic patterns and relationships between man and his natural environment, seen in this now Post-Industrial Latent Artefact (P.I.L.A.), and hints toward a path for its future. The principles of Regenerative Design are employed to assist in finding and utilising potential within the P.I.L.A. A new life for the site is found by accessing its inherent potential, while the importance of Industrial Heritage is acknowledged. The programme, as latent potential, is generated through the uncovering of the site's patent potentials, in response to global resource concerns and urban resilience. The architectural design is generated through the conceptual basis of exchanges between knowledge, heritage, the social, the bio-physical, the programmatic, and the tectonic. A social spine is intersected and paralleled by areas of new production, in contrast with areas of historical production, which are all supported by an enhanced ecology and tied together into a new synthetic landscape.
Dissertation MArch(Prof)--University of Pretoria, 2014.
Architecture
MArch(Prof)
Unrestricted

Dissertação de mestrado em Biotecnologia
The polyunsaturated essential fatty acids are divided into two relevant groups in human nutrition, omega-6 (n-6 PUFAs) and omega-3 (n-3 PUFAs) and carry on several important roles in the human body. However, several factors resulted in a consumption of n-6 PUFAs approximately 20 times greater than the consumption of n-3 PUFAs, showing a lack of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the dietary requirements. Both come from marine fish, such as salmon and mackerel, or from fish oils. As result of the increasing demand for food associated with a growing global population, these sources are not sufficient to answer the requirements for EPA and DHA, so it became necessary to explore alternative sources such as microalgae. The marine microalgae of the genera Nannochloropsis and Pavlova are important producers of EPA and DHA, since both exhibited the highest content of these n-3 PUFAS per dry weight biomass. Despite Nannochloropsis and Pavlova being currently used on the global food and feed market, the large-scale production of microalgae is not a widespread practice yet. The efficient use and wide implementation at an industrial scale requires improvements to reduce production costs. The main challenges to overcome are related with high nutrient supply and low production efficiency of biomass and high value-added metabolites. The potential of use agro-industrial by products and heterotrophic conditions as production strategies to reduce production costs and enhance microalgal biomass productivity of marine microalgae was evaluated with the following strains: Nannochloropsis gaditana, Nannochloropsis oceanica, Pavlova lutheri, Pavlova pinguis and Pavlova gyrans. The heterotrophic growth was evaluated with N. gaditana and N. oceanica. It was determined that both Nannochloropsis strains are not able to grow in heterotrophic conditions. P. pinguis and P. gyrans achieved similar or significant cell growth and lipid content in the medium composed of organic fertilizer than in synthetic control medium (f/2 medium). Cell growth and lipid content in the non-sterilized organic fertilizer medium were also found to be comparable to those in sterilized organic fertilizer media. P. gyrans cultured in organic fertilizer media suffered an interesting cell morphology variation, resulting in small, more elongated and motile cells. The use of synthetic aquaculture effluents as a culture medium to P. pinguis and P. gyrans cultivation, promoted an opposite trend, as lower cell growth was determined for both of these strains, suggesting the inhibitory impact of high nitrate concentrations (16 to 20 mM). The lipid content was unaltered. Overall, our results demonstrate that the replacement of synthetic culture medium by agroindustrial by-products is a viable approach to reduce production costs of Pavlova strains at industrial scale, while also contributing to a more sustainable economy and to produce organic microalgal biomass.
Os ácidos gordos polinsaturados estão divididos em dois grupos relevantes em termos nutricionais, omega-6 (n-6) e omega-3 (n-3), e desempenham variadas funções importantes no organismo humano. Contudo, diferentes fatores levaram a um consumo de ácidos gordos polinsaturados n-6 aproximadamente 20 vezes superior ao consumo de ácidos gordos polinsaturados n-3, ressaltando-se o baixo consumo de ácido eicosapentaenóico (EPA) e ácido docosahexaenóico (DHA), que advém de peixes de água salgada, como salmão e cavala, ou de óleos de peixe. Como resultado da crescente demanda por alimentos, associada a uma crescente população mundial, estas fontes de ácidos gordos não são suficientes para atender aos requisitos nutricionais de EPA e DHA. Tornou-se por isso necessário explorar fontes alternativas, como as microalgas. As microalgas marinhas dos géneros Nannochloropsis e Pavlova são importantes produtores de EPA e DHA, exibindo um elevado conteúdo de ácidos gordos n-3 por biomassa de peso seco. Apesar das espécies Nannochloropsis e Pavlova serem atualmente comercializadas a nível global, a produção em larga escala de microalgas ainda não é uma prática generalizada. Uma ampla implementação à escala industrial requer melhorias de forma a reduzir os custos de produção. Para atingir este objetivo, abordagens como (1) aumento da produtividade da biomassa por meio de culturas em condições de heterotrofia ou (2) substituição do meio de cultura sintético por subprodutos agroindustriais, podem ser implementadas. O potencial destas duas estratégias de produção foi avaliado com recurso às seguintes espécies de microalgas marinhas: Nannochloropsis gaditana, Nannochloropsis oceanica, Pavlova lutheri, Pavlova pinguis e Pavlova gyrans. Avaliou-se o crescimento heterotrófico das espécies N. gaditana e N. oceanica, e foi possível determinar que ambas as espécies não apresentam crescimento nestas condições. As microalgas P. pinguis e P. gyrans cultivadas em fertilizante orgânico obtiveram crescimentos celulares e teor lipídico semelhantes ou significativamente superiores às respetivas culturas controlo (meio de cultura f/2). Verificou-se também que o crescimento celular e o teor lipídico em meio de fertilizante orgânico não estéril são estatisticamente comparáveis aos obtidos com recurso a fertilizante orgânico previamente esterilizado. P. gyrans produzidas com fertilizante orgânico exibiram variação da morfologia das células, resultando em células mais pequenas, alongadas e com motilidade. A utilização de efluentes sintéticos de aquacultura como meios de cultura das espécies P. pinguis e P. gyrans promoveram um crescimento significativamente inferior ao obtido pelas respetivas culturas controlo (medi de cultura f/2), sugerindo um efeito inibitório de elevadas concentrações de nitrato (16 a 20 mM). O conteúdo lipídico manteve-se inalterado. De um modo geral, os resultados obtidos revelaram que a substituição de meios de cultura sintéticos por subprodutos agroindustriais é uma abordagem viável para reduzir os custos de produção de espécies de Pavlova à escala industrial, contribuindo simultaneamente para uma economia mais sustentável e obtenção de biomassa de microalgas certificada como orgânica.
Este trabalho foi realizado no âmbito do projeto ALGAVALOR - Microalgas: produção integrada e Valorização da biomassa e das suas diversas aplicações (POCI-01-0247-FEDER-035234), cofinanciado pelo Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional (FEDER), Portugal 2020, através do Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalização (COMPETE2020), do Programa Operacional Regional do Norte (Norte 2020), do Programa Operacional da Região Centro (Centro 2020), do Programa Operacional Regional de Lisboa (Lisboa 2020), do Programa Operacional Regional do Alentejo (Alentejo 2020) e do Programa Operacional do Algarve (CRESC ALGARVE 2020)