Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'APS'

Thermal barrier coatings (TBC) with MCrAlY (M=Co and/or Ni) bond coats have been widely used in hot sections of gas turbines to protect underlying superalloys from high temperatures, oxidation, and hot corrosion. Deposition of MCrAlY bond coats using atmospheric plasma spray (APS), as oppose to conventionally employed vacuum/low-pressure plasma spray and high velocity oxy-fuel deposition, allows greater flexibility in ability to coat economically and rapidly for parts with complex geometry including internal surfaces. There were three objectives of this study. First, relationships between APS spray parameters and coating microstructure was examined to determine optimum spray parameters to deposit APS CoNiCrAlY bond coats. Second, free-standing APS CoNiCrAlY coatings were isothermally oxidized at 1124ºC for various periods to examine the evolving microstructure of internal oxidation. Third, as a function of time of isothermal oxidation (i.e., internal oxidation), thermal conductivity and coefficient of thermal expansion were measured for free-standing APS CoNiCrAlY bond coats. Thirteen CoNiCrAlY coatings were deposited on steel substrates by APS using the F4-MB plasma torch. APS CoNiCrAlY bond coats were produced by incremental variation in the flow rate of primary (argon) gas from 85 to 165 SCFH and the flow rate of secondary (hydrogen) gas from 9 to 29 SCFH. Optimum coating microstructure was produced by simultaneously increasing the flow rate of both primary and secondary gas, so that the particle temperature is high enough for sufficient melting and the particle velocity is rapid enough for minimum in-flight oxidation. Optimum spray parameters found in this study were employed to deposit free-standing APS CoNiCrAlY coatings that were isothermally oxidized at 1124ºC for 1, 6, 50,100, and 300 hours. Extent of internal oxidation was examined by scanning electron microscopy and image analysis. Internal oxidation occurred by a thickening of oxide scales segregated at the splat boundaries oriented parallel to the coating surfaces. Thermal conductivity and coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of the free-standing APS CoNiCrAlY coatings were measured as a function of internal oxidation (i.e., time of oxidation or extent of internal oxidation). Thermal conductivity of free-standing APS CoNiCrAlY was found to decrease with increasing internal oxidation from 28 to 25 W/m-K. This decrease is due to an increase in the amount of internal oxides with lower thermal conductivity (e.g., Al2O3). CTE of free-standing APS CoNiCrAlY, measured in temperature range of 100°~500°C, was also found to decrease with increasing internal oxidation. Internal oxides have lower CTE than metallic CoNiCrAlY coatings. These evolving properties of APS CoNiCrAlY should be beneficial to the overall performance of TBCs in gas turbine applications.
M.S.M.S.E.
Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering
Engineering and Computer Science
Materials Science & Engr MSMSE

De nos jours, les caméras sont de plus en plus utilisées lors de missions spatiales ou en centrale nucléaire pour des missions d'observations (civiles ou militaires) et de surveillance (vérification du déploiement de panneaux solaires, opérations extravéhiculaires, accident nucléaire, site de stockage). L'environnement spatial, les réacteurs civils nucléaires ou les lieux de stockage de déchets radioactifs sont des milieux radiatifs qui peuvent très fortement perturber les composants électroniques et les systèmes. Dans ces environnements, les rayonnements ionisants dégradent les paramètres électriques des composants électroniques. La dose totale ionisante conduit à l'apparition d'un nombre significatif de charges dans les oxydes des matériaux constituant les composants électroniques, modifiant leurs propriétés électriques. Il en résulte qu'une exposition à la dose totale ionisante peut entraîner une défaillance partielle ou totale d'un composant voire d'un système électronique embarqué.Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous proposons une méthode de régénération pour guérir les paramètres électriques dégradés par la dose totale ionisante de composants électroniques soumis aux rayonnements ionisants. Cette méthode consiste à appliquer des cycles de recuit isothermes à un composant électronique. Dans un premier temps, cette méthode est appliquée sur des transistors MOS, et une étude est menée sur l'impact des différents paramètres clés du recuit (polarisation, température, durée de recuit, pas en dose entre chaque recuit). Dans un second temps, nous nous intéressons à des composants plus intégrés et plus récents tels que des capteurs d'images de type CMOS APS. Nous montrons expérimentalement l'impact d'un recuit sur ce type de composant et enfin, nous adaptons la méthode de régénération pour l'appliquer à ces capteurs APS afin d'augmenter leur durée de vie
Nowadays, cameras are more and more used in space missions or nuclear plant for observation (civil or military) and monitoring missions (checking the deployment of solar panels, extravehicular operations, nuclear accident, and area storage). The space environment, nuclear reactors or radioactive waste storage areas are radiative environments that can greatly disturb electronic components and systems. In these environments, ionizing radiation degrades the electrical parameters of electronic components. The total ionizing dose induces significant charge build-up in oxides, degrading the electrical properties of the materials of electronic devices. That can result in the loss of functionality of the entire electronic system.In this thesis, we propose a regeneration method to recover the electrical parameters degraded by total ionizing dose of electronic components subjected to ionizing radiation. In this method isothermal annealing cycles are applied to electronic devices. In a first step, this method is applied on MOS transistors, and a study is conducted on the impact of various key parameters of annealing (bias, annealing temperature, annealing time, dose step between each annealing). In a second step, we focus on components more integrated and newer such as CMOS APS image sensors. We experiment what is the impact of annealing on this type of component and finally, the regeneration method is modified to be suitable on these APS sensors to increase their lifetime

The strive to increase the engine efficiency in terms of fuel consumption and lower emissions have lead to higher demands on materials. In this thesis five different thermal barrier coatings applied using air plasma spraying to three materials commonly used for exhaust application are evaluated. This thesis work was done at Scania CV in Södertälje with main focus on evaluation during thermal cycling. The goal of this thesis is to evaluate the coatings and correlate their behaviour to their characteristic microstructure. The coatings were evaluated through their stability in thermal conductivity, fracture toughness, hardness, porosity and failure modes. The parameters where obtained using laser flash, Vickers indentation, Vickers indentation fracture toughness and microscopic evaluation methods. The evaluation shows that conventionally used zirconia based materials exhibits low thermal conductivity, high hardness, and stable fracture toughness compared to other evaluated materials. One material that can be applicable in diesel exhaust application is mullite, which showed similar performance to zirconia based materials. For the use of TBC together with SiMo51 a different bondcoat than conventional NiCrAlY needs to be evaluated.
Strävan efter att konstruera effektivare motorer för att generera minskade utsläpp och bättre bränsleekonomi har genererat högre krav på konstruktionsmaterialen som används idag. I detta examensarbete som utförts på Scania CV i Södertälje utvärderas fem olika termiska barriärsskikt som belagts med plasma sprayning på tre vanligt förekommande konstruktionsmaterial för grenrör. Målet med detta examensarbete är att utvärdera beläggningarnas beteende under termisk cykling och koppla deras beteende till karakteristiska mikrostrukturer. Beläggningarna utvärderades genom att jämföra deras värmeledningsförmåga, hårdhet, brottseghet och porositet. Materialparametrarna utvärderades genom laser flash, Vickers hårdhetsmätning, Vickers brottseghet samt mikroskopiska bildanalyser. Resultaten visar att kommersiellt använda zirkonium baserade material uppvisar låg värmeledningsförmåga, hög hårdhet och hög brottseghet i förhållande till övriga material. Ett annat material som analyserats, mullit, visar på liknande beteenden som zirkonium baserade material men behöver utvärderas ytterligare. Om SiMo51 används som substratmaterial finns behovet att utvärdera användningen av andra typer av bindskikt än det austenitiska NiCrAlY nu använt.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico
O Sistema Ãnico de SaÃde aponta a necessidade de mudanÃas das prÃticas hegemÃnicas em saÃde, e fomenta transformaÃÃes do modelo tÃcnico-assistencial que perpassa as prÃticas de saÃde e a formaÃÃo profissional. PolÃticas pÃblicas tÃm sido desenvolvidas visando à reorientaÃÃo da formaÃÃo dos profissionais em saÃde. O objetivo da pesquisa à avaliar a formaÃÃo mÃdica para a APS com base nas percepÃÃes dos egressos de medicina da UFC à luz das DCN e dos eixos do PrÃ-SaÃde. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de carÃter avaliativo, com abordagem qualitativa que contemplou a anÃlise documental do projeto polÃtico pedagÃgico (PPP) do curso de medicina da UFC e coleta de entrevistas semiestruturadas com 10 mÃdicos egressos do curso, graduados entre 2003 e 2011, com atuaÃÃo na APS em Fortaleza. As entrevistas foram transcritas e analisadas em categorias de acordo com Minayo. Destacam-se como principais achados: dificuldades para integrar o ciclo bÃsico ao profissional no currÃculo, as competÃncias gerais das DCN nÃo contempladas nas ementas das disciplinas foram EducaÃÃo Permanente e da AdministraÃÃo e Gerenciamento, necessidade do PPP atualizar o conteÃdo das suas ementas, tentativa da IES em estruturar o PPP de acordo com as recomendaÃÃes das DCN, necessidade de se adequar a pedagogia dos docentes no mÃdulo de ABS, equilibrar o mÃdulo de ABS com maior nÃmero de docentes e preceptores com especializaÃÃo em Medicina de FamÃlia, capacitaÃÃo para os preceptores mÃdicos, a prÃtica no territÃrio do SF como potente transformadora da formaÃÃo, vivÃncias em cenÃrios de prÃticas diversificados e atividades complementares agregaram aos egressos competÃncias para atuar na APS, formaÃÃo crÃtica e alinhada ao paradigma da integralidade, fragilidades na IntegraÃÃo Ensino-ServiÃo, atividades de EducaÃÃo Permanente nos serviÃos de saÃde desconectadas das necessidades dos profissionais e da comunidade. Essa pesquisa proporcionou um processo de reflexÃo-aÃÃo acerca das potencialidades e fragilidades no processo formativo dos recursos humanos para o SUS.
The Health System indicates the need to change the hegemonic practices in health, and promotes changes in the technical-assistance model that permeates health practices and training. Public politics have been developed aiming at reorienting the training of high level professionals and qualification of service professionals.The objective of the research is to evaluate medical training for PHC based on perceptions of medical graduates at the UFC in the light of DCN and the axes of the Pro-Health. It is an evaluative research study with a qualitative approach that included the documentary analysis of the political pedagogical project (PPP) of the medical course at UFC and semi-structured interviews with 10 medical graduates at the course, graduates between 2003 and 2011, acting at APS in Fortaleza. Stand out as the main findings: difficulties in integrating the basic cycle to the professional curriculum, the general competences of the DCN not included in the disciplines were Permanent Education and Administration and Management, need to the PPP update the content of their disciplines, IES tried to structuring PPP in accordance with the recommendations of the DCN, is need to adapt the pedagogy of teachers in the ABS module, balance the ABS module with the highest number of teachers and tutors with expertise in family medicine, training for preceptors doctors, the practice at SF and at the territory as powerful transformative training, experiences in diverse practice settings and complementary activities had added to the graduates the skills to work in the APS, critical training and aligned to the integrality paradigm, weaknesses in the integration Teaching-service, Permanent education activities in health services disconnected from the needs of professionals and the community. This research provided a process of reflection-action about the strengths and weaknesses in the training process of human resources for SUS.

Mestrado em Engenharia e Gestão Industrial
Este trabalho tem como objectivo a exploração de sistemas de informação orientados para a gestão da produção, em especial os sistemas Advanced Planning Systems (APS), Sistemas Avançados de Planeamento e Programação, destinados ao planeamento e optimização da produção em organizações industriais. Como alicerce desse trabalho, é apresentada uma revisão bibliográfica, que descreve os conceitos principais relacionados com a área da gestão da produção, nomeadamente com a fase do planeamento e controlo da produção, e apresenta uma perspectiva histórica dos principais tipos de sistemas de informação vocacionados para a área, discutindo os que são utilizados actualmente no sector industrial. A realização deste trabalho teve como base o período de estágio realizado pelo autor na empresa Portuguesa Softi9, que se dedica ao desenvolvimento e comercialização de sistemas de informação orientados para a gestão e produção industrial. O trabalho apresentado incide no Sistema de Planeamento e Optimização da Produção Izaro APS® desenvolvido e comercializado pela Softi9, sendo apresentada uma análise dos conceitos e funcionalidades oferecidos pela nova versão do sistema e descritos alguns testes realizados no âmbito do desenvolvimento da mesma. ABSTRACT: This work aims to describe the types of information systems designed to support production management, with special emphasis on the Advanced Planning Systems (APS), which are systems designed to support production planning in manufacturing companies. A literature survey is set up as the groundwork for the study, which reviews the main concepts related with the area of production management and production planning and control (PPC) and provides an historical perspective of the main types of information systems in the area, discussing the ones that are currently used in the industrial sector. The work here described was based on the author’s training placement at the Softi9 Portuguese company, that operates in the development and commercialization of enterprise and production management information systems. The work here presented is focused on the Izaro APS® system, developed and commercialized by Softi9, and presents an analysis of the concepts and functionalities included in the new version of the system as well as the description of some tests carried out in the scope of the development of this version.

Submitted by Maria Creuza Silva (mariakreuza@yahoo.com.br) on 2015-12-02T18:52:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS ACADEM. Thiago Santos de Souza. 2015.pdf: 816591 bytes, checksum: 932a1762a707d59c8c080d54e7e91e05 (MD5)
Approved for entry into archive by Maria Creuza Silva (mariakreuza@yahoo.com.br) on 2015-12-02T18:53:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS ACADEM. Thiago Santos de Souza. 2015.pdf: 816591 bytes, checksum: 932a1762a707d59c8c080d54e7e91e05 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-02T18:53:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS ACADEM. Thiago Santos de Souza. 2015.pdf: 816591 bytes, checksum: 932a1762a707d59c8c080d54e7e91e05 (MD5)
Nas últimas duas décadas, a Estratégia Saúde da Família evoluiu nos municípios e com a implantação dos Núcleos de Apoio à Saúde da Família (NASF) a atenção primária à saúde (APS) passou a contar com equipes que deveriam atuar em estreita parceria. Entretanto, ainda permanecem na literatura lacunas relacionadas à análise do processo de trabalho do NASF e suas relações técnicas e sociais. Esse estudo teve como objetivo analisar as práticas de saúde da equipe NASF, a fim de identificar se a inserção destes profissionais na APS reforça a fragmentação do trabalho em saúde ou fomenta a integração de suas práticas. Trata-se de um estudo de caso realizado em um município baiano, onde investigamos a equipe NASF e três EqSF. O estudo fundamenta-se nos referencias teóricos da teoria do processo de trabalho em saúde e dos modelos de atenção à saúde. Foram utilizadas como fontes de evidência documentos do município e da equipe NASF, informações registradas no diário de campo do pesquisador e realizadas 14 entrevistas semi-estruturadas envolvendo os integrantes do Núcleo de Apoio, médicas e enfermeiras de três EqSF, gestoras da atenção básica e uma profissional responsável por uma pesquisa de promoção à saúde, que os profissionais da APS do município participaram. A análise dos dados envolveu a técnica de triangulação de dados e fontes, e para compreensão das práticas foi utilizada uma matriz elaborada com a representação do “tipo ideal” de NASF por referência a cada modelo de atenção. Os resultados evidenciaram que a maioria dos profissionais nunca havia atuado na APS e não possuía formação em saúde coletiva. Apesar de terem sido identificados os principais agravos e problemas que acometiam a populaçãofoi evidente que a equipe NASF não enfatizou os determinantes sociais nas suas atividades.Os instrumentos de trabalho utilizados por estes profissionais foram relacionados à tecnologia material médica e ações de tecnologia sanitária. As atividades realizadas envolveram palestras, atendimentos, visitas e grupos nas unidades e instituições do território. Já as relações técnicas e sociais têm ocorrido com ausência de espaços compartilhados de decisões, circulação da informação limitada e existência de conflitos entre as equipes. Foi possível identificar que a equipe investigada se aproxima mais das características dos modelos hegemônicos. Destaca-se que a inserção dos profissionais do Núcleo de Apoio na APS tem possibilitado as EqSF do município ampliar suas atividades. Porém, existem desafios de diversas ordens que limitam as práticas e impõem entraves as relações técnicas e sociais tornando o processo de trabalho fragmentado. São necessárias outras pesquisas de natureza empírica que problematizem o trabalho da equipe NASF, aprofundem a compreensão das relações estabelecidas com as EqSF e avaliem a efetividade das suas atividades.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Produção.
Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-21T06:23:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 227047.pdf: 582650 bytes, checksum: 1cf14f575c7e302e476f1a490c5d1bfa (MD5)
A área de serviços tem desafios singulares, diferente daqueles encontrados na área de manufatura, que tem sido o foco tradicional de pesquisa. É imperativo reconhecer que os serviços não são atividades periféricas, mas sim, parte integrante da sociedade. O setor de serviços não só facilita como possibilita as atividades de produção de bens, tanto do setor primário como secundário, possibilitando que às tecnologias de racionalização do trabalho e os empregos na indústria, no seu devido tempo, migrassem para o setor de serviços, ou seja, o que antes era somente aplicado na indústria passasse a ser utilizado nos serviços, optamos assim, pela linha de pesquisa de planejamento e controle da produção, sendo que neste cenário surgiu o pressuposto de aplicabilidade do conceito de capacidade finita e APS trazida da área de manufatura para a área de prestação de serviços.Esse trabalho apresenta aspectos conceituais de PCP, PMP, capacidade finita e APS, balanceamento e seqüenciamento, que posteriormente foi aplicado metodológicamente, através de um estudo de caso numa empresa prestadora de serviços financeiros.Os resultados obtidos foram o aumento de eficácia na gestão do negócio, devido às informações mais precisas e parametrizadas da capacidade de processamento do pedido de clientes, aumento da confiança das relações com clientes, sendo que esses reconhecem as mudanças visíveis de atendimento, dada a redução do tempo de atendimento de seus pedidos que caíram consideravelmente, em média, em 50% do tempo.

TORRES, A. C. S. Formação médica para a APS: percepções de egressos da UFC. 2016. 118 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Saúde Pública) - Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2016.
Submitted by Erika Fernandes (erikaleitefernandes@gmail.com) on 2017-04-18T12:17:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_dis_acstorres.pdf: 1731254 bytes, checksum: 420eb14d9e58abd1a80b92cbacdb7f3c (MD5)
Approved for entry into archive by Erika Fernandes (erikaleitefernandes@gmail.com) on 2017-04-18T12:18:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_dis_acstorres.pdf: 1731254 bytes, checksum: 420eb14d9e58abd1a80b92cbacdb7f3c (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-18T12:18:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_dis_acstorres.pdf: 1731254 bytes, checksum: 420eb14d9e58abd1a80b92cbacdb7f3c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-31
The Health System indicates the need to change the hegemonic practices in health, and promotes changes in the technical-assistance model that permeates health practices and training. Public politics have been developed aiming at reorienting the training of high level professionals and qualification of service professionals.The objective of the research is to evaluate medical training for PHC based on perceptions of medical graduates at the UFC in the light of DCN and the axes of the Pro-Health. It is an evaluative research study with a qualitative approach that included the documentary analysis of the political pedagogical project (PPP) of the medical course at UFC and semi-structured interviews with 10 medical graduates at the course, graduates between 2003 and 2011, acting at APS in Fortaleza. Stand out as the main findings: difficulties in integrating the basic cycle to the professional curriculum, the general competences of the DCN not included in the disciplines were Permanent Education and Administration and Management, need to the PPP update the content of their disciplines, IES tried to structuring PPP in accordance with the recommendations of the DCN, is need to adapt the pedagogy of teachers in the ABS module, balance the ABS module with the highest number of teachers and tutors with expertise in family medicine, training for preceptors doctors, the practice at SF and at the territory as powerful transformative training, experiences in diverse practice settings and complementary activities had added to the graduates the skills to work in the APS, critical training and aligned to the integrality paradigm, weaknesses in the integration Teaching-service, Permanent education activities in health services disconnected from the needs of professionals and the community. This research provided a process of reflection-action about the strengths and weaknesses in the training process of human resources for SUS.
O Sistema Único de Saúde aponta a necessidade de mudanças das práticas hegemônicas em saúde, e fomenta transformações do modelo técnico-assistencial que perpassa as práticas de saúde e a formação profissional. Políticas públicas têm sido desenvolvidas visando à reorientação da formação dos profissionais em saúde. O objetivo da pesquisa é avaliar a formação médica para a APS com base nas percepções dos egressos de medicina da UFC à luz das DCN e dos eixos do Pró-Saúde. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de caráter avaliativo, com abordagem qualitativa que contemplou a análise documental do projeto político pedagógico (PPP) do curso de medicina da UFC e coleta de entrevistas semiestruturadas com 10 médicos egressos do curso, graduados entre 2003 e 2011, com atuação na APS em Fortaleza. As entrevistas foram transcritas e analisadas em categorias de acordo com Minayo. Destacam-se como principais achados: dificuldades para integrar o ciclo básico ao profissional no currículo, as competências gerais das DCN não contempladas nas ementas das disciplinas foram Educação Permanente e da Administração e Gerenciamento, necessidade do PPP atualizar o conteúdo das suas ementas, tentativa da IES em estruturar o PPP de acordo com as recomendações das DCN, necessidade de se adequar a pedagogia dos docentes no módulo de ABS, equilibrar o módulo de ABS com maior número de docentes e preceptores com especialização em Medicina de Família, capacitação para os preceptores médicos, a prática no território do SF como potente transformadora da formação, vivências em cenários de práticas diversificados e atividades complementares agregaram aos egressos competências para atuar na APS, formação crítica e alinhada ao paradigma da integralidade, fragilidades na Integração Ensino-Serviço, atividades de Educação Permanente nos serviços de saúde desconectadas das necessidades dos profissionais e da comunidade. Essa pesquisa proporcionou um processo de reflexão-ação acerca das potencialidades e fragilidades no processo formativo dos recursos humanos para o SUS.

Suivi de notre développement ou encore la compréhension de l’Univers. Deux technologies de capteurs d’image sont actuellement utilisées dans les missions d’imagerie de la Terre et de l’espace : les imageurs CCD (Charge Coupled Device) et CMOS. L’environnement radiatif spatial est constitué de particules énergétiques qui dégradent les performances des imageurs. Et il s’avère que les dégradations réelles observées en vol dépendent fortement des conditions orbitales et de fonctionnement et sont donc très difficiles à prédire. L’étude menée dans le cadre de cette thèse a pour objet la compréhension des dégradations subies par les capteurs CCD et CMOS lorsqu’ils sont soumis à l’environnement radiatif spatial et la proposition de méthodes d’évaluation mieux adaptées pour obtenir une meilleure prédiction de la dégradation réelle d’un imageur en orbite à partir de tests d’irradiation réalisés au sol. La démarche entreprise a tout d’abord consisté à identifier les paramètres d’essais au sol pouvant potentiellement être à l'origine des différences observées entre les résultats sol et vol. Un plan d’essai d’irradiation aux rayons y et aux protons a ainsi été défini afin d’évaluer la dégradation des imageurs CCD et CMOS dans des conditions de fonctionnement et d’irradiation proches de celles en vol. Nous avons étudié l’impact des conditions de mise en opération du composant durant l’irradiation (polarisation, rapport cyclique, etc.) mais aussi l’impact des conditions d’irradiation (débit de dose, énergies des protons, etc.). Le périmètre de cette thèse se limite à l’étude des effets sur le courant d’obscurité, sur la dispersion pixel-à-pixel du courant d’obscurité et sur l’apparition des pixels chauds, qui sont, au premier ordre, les principaux critères de performances dégradés d’un imageur par les radiations. L’étude de l’influence du débit de dose de l’irradiation a montré un phénomène ELDRS (Enhanced Low Dose Rate Sensitivity) pour la première fois sur un capteur CCD polarisé dynamiquement avec un rapport cyclique ON/OFF. Les conditions de polarisation dynamique évaluées sur les APS ont démontré que la dégradation est d’autant plus importante que la fréquence d’activation et le rapport cyclique sont grands. Les irradiations aux protons sur les imageurs CMOS ont aussi montré l’apparition et la guérison de pixels chauds après irradiation à température ambiante ainsi que l'apparition du bruit de signal aléatoire télégraphique (RTS). Ces deux modes de dégradation ont été analysés plus en détail afin d'évaluer leur comportement en guérison pour le premier et extraire les statistiques d'apparition sur l'autre, sur un grand nombre de pixels. En parallèle, un code de simulation de l’effet de dose dans les oxydes de structures élémentaires MOS, ACDC (Accumulation des Charges en Dose Cumulée), a été adapté et utilisé. Ce code a permis de mettre en évidence les constantes de temps impliquées dans la dégradation par effets ionisants dans ces structures. Ces constantes de temps sont utilisées pour l'interprétation des effets de la polarisation dynamique. Les résultats expérimentaux obtenus sur les capteurs d’image CCD et CMOS ont un impact sur l’assurance durcissement. Les irradiations aux protons des imageurs CMOS ont notamment montré un phénomène de guérison des pixels chauds plus marqué que sur les autres pixels, montrant l'intérêt d'une caractérisation de plusieurs semaines après irradiation. Pour les irradiations au Co60 des imageurs CMOS, il est recommandé de ne pas utiliser des temps de polarisation ON trop courts (périodes de cycle petites) car cela peut conduire à une sous-estimation de la dégradation (charge piégée et états d'interface)
Two imaging sensor technologies are presently used in Earth and space imagery missions: Charge Couple Devices (CCD) and CMOS detectors. The space radiation environment is composed of energetic particles that degrade imaging sensor’s performances. It has been shown that real in-orbit degradation of imaging sensors are strongly dependent of orbital and operating conditions and are, as a consequence, difficult to predict. The work performed in this thesis has for purpose an understanding of space radiation-induced degradations for both CCD and CMOS technologies and the proposal of better suited assessment methods for these specific devices in order to better prediction of real in-orbit detector’s degradation from on-ground irradiation tests. The first step of the work focused on the identification of on-ground test parameters that could possibly explain the differences observed between inorbit and on-ground data. Thus an irradiation test plan to y-rays and proton particles has been defined in order to assess the imaging sensor’s degradation for both CCD and CMOS technologies in operating and irradiation conditions close to in-orbit ones. The effects of detector’s operation conditions during irradiation (bias, duty cycle, etc.) but also the irradiation conditions (dose rate, proton energy, etc.) have been studied. The present work focuses on effects on dark current, on its pixel to pixel dispersion and on the presence of hot pixels, which are, at first order, the main performance parameters of an imaging sensor that is degraded by space radiations. The study of the irradiation dose rate influence has shown an Enhanced Low Dose Rate Sensitivity (ELDRS) phenomenon observed for the first time on a CCD imager under dynamic bias condition with a ON/OFF duty cycle. The tested bias conditions CMOS image sensors have demonstrated that the higher the activation frequency and duty cycle, the higher is the degradation. Besides, the proton irradiations performed on CMOS detectors have induced hot pixels that anneal just after irradiation at room temperature. A random telegraphic signal (RTS) behaviour of the dark current has also been shown on CMOS sensors. In parallel to the irradiation tests, a simulation code of ionizing dose effects on oxides of MOS elementary structures has been adapted and used. This program, called ACDC (Accumulation des Charges en Dose Cumulée), has allowed to assess the quantification time constants of physical mechanisms that induce ionizing dose degradation on these structures. These time constants are used for the interpretation of dynamic bias effects

Devido à grande pressão pela redução de estoques e prazos de entrega, concomitantemente com o aumento da variedade de produtos, o planejamento e controle da produção tem se tornado cada vez mais complexo e desafiador. Basicamente, essa atividade das empresas objetiva planejar e controlar o uso dos recursos produtivos, visando atender à demanda dos clientes. Tradicionalmente, a literatura tem abordado os sistemas MRP, KANBAN, OPT, mas um novo conjunto de soluções de sistemas de programação finita vem sendo crescentemente tratado. As empresas, na busca de aprimoramento para a atividade de PCP estão à procura de ferramentas de programação finita, também conhecidas como Advanced Planning and Scheduling (APS), a fim de melhorar o processo de gerenciamento de pedidos, incluindo quesitos como a determinação de prazos de entrega na etapa de negociação dos pedidos, programação efetiva dos pedidos firmes e controle da produção. Esta dissertação pretende verificar as necessidades e dificuldades da programação detalhada da produção, as barreiras de implantação e os benefícios dos APS. O método utilizado foi o levantamento survey nas empresas filiadas à Federação das Indústrias do Estado de São Paulo (Fiesp). Os resultados obtidos mostram que a programação detalhada da produção é uma atividade complexa para a maioria das empresas com estratégia de produção contra pedido (MTO), que estão direcionadas para aumento de desempenho estratégico. A grande maioria das empresas ainda utiliza o modelo de planejamento MRP, porém elas possuem objetivos que podem ser mais facilmente alcançados com o uso de sistemas APS. O aspecto financeiro ainda é limitador para aquisição de sistemas e falta de capacitação.
Due to the great pressure to reduce inventory and delivery, together with the increasing variety of products, production planning and control (PPC) has become increasingly complex and challenging. Basically, this activity aims business planning and control productive resources, to meet customer demand. Traditionally, the literature has addressed the systems MRP, KANBAN, OPT, but a new set of solutions of finite scheduling systems is increasingly being investigated. Companies in search of improvement to the activity of PPC are looking for finite scheduling tools, also known as Advanced Planning and Scheduling (APS) in order to improve the process of order management, including issues such as the determination of time delivery in the stage of negotiation of claims, effective scheduling of orders and production control. This study aims to ascertain the needs and difficulties in the detailed production scheduling, the stage of implementation, and benefits that APS software can provide. The research method was the survey in industries affiliated to the Federation of Industries of Sao Paulo (Fiesp). The results indicated that scheduling production is a complex activity for most companies under the make-to-order strategy (MTO). Companies are using MRPII planning model, but they have goals that can be more easily achieved with the use of advanced planning and scheduling systems (APS). This financial point is still limiting for acquisition of systems and lack of training.

This paper focuses on three main themes. Firstly, what is Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) and the rhetoric surrounding it? Secondly, does the reality match the rhetoric? Thirdly, is the model that has been adopted by the private sector an appropriate model for the Australian public sector to be using? HR has been criticised for being an administrative function that is regulatory and compliance based, adding little value to an organisation. SHRM provides a strategic focus, involving the partnering of HR and line areas to provide value added people services. SHRM has been described by some theorists (Ulrich, Rothwell et al) as the only way of the future for the HR function. The model/s of SHRM that have been adopted by the private sector are now being promoted by the Public Service and Merit Protection Commission as the way forward for HR in the Australian Public Service. This paper discusses the appropriateness of the SHRM model/s for the public sector by examining what is happening in the HR area in three Commonwealth Government departments: Health and Aged Care, Transport and Regional Services and Family and Community Services. It examines the dilemmas for the HR functions as they try to move to an SHRM approach in these organisations, and suggests models that are appropriate to the public sector context.

The application of the thermally sprayed WC-Co and Cr 3C2-NiCr coatings have been widely used in industry for its superior sliding, abrasive and erosive wear properties. The Al2O3 coating possessing high hardness can be utilized to improve the wear resistance of the metallic surface. Replacing the stamping tool material from steel to lightweight aluminium with protective coatings offers significant gains such as reduction in power costs and increasing operational efficiency during manufacturing of sheet automobile parts. In this study, the WC-CoCr and Cr3C2-NiCr coatings were sprayed with High Velocity Air-Fuel (HVAF) process and Al2O3 coating was deposited using Atmosphere Plasma Spraying (APS) process. The coatings were evaluated and compared based on the results of roughness tests, hardness tests, adhesion tests, quantitative imaging analysis and microstructure analysis. The experimental results revealed that the roughness value varied in a lower range which implies of a high density of the coatings. It was found that coatings have an extremely high hardness value as tested by the Vickers hardness test. The WC-Co coating was found to be the hardest (1215.2HV). The adhesion test was implemented according to the ASTM C633-79 standard. The result showed that WC-Co and Cr3C2-NiCr coatings without a bond coat had high tensile strength, higher than the respective glue strength (63.54MPa, 75.89MPa). Whereas, the Al2O3 coating has a much lower tensile strength (15.2MPa, 25.68MPa, with and without bond) than others and using a bond coat layer does not contribute to an increase in adhesion strength of the cermet coatings. The coating thickness was evaluated using Light Optical Microscopy (LOM) and microstructure analysis was carried out using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). From the microstructure analysis, it was observed that all the coatings have a dense microstructure, very low porosity and low oxide inclusions in top coat. The WC and Cr3C2 grains retain a large volume fraction of finely dispersed in matrix. The alumina coating was found to have low levels of un-melted or the re-solidified particles in the coating. All of the aforementioned analysis and results reveal that WC/CoCr and Cr3C2-NiCr coating show promising potential for press tool applications. However, abrasive resistance test still remained to be done and will be performed in the future. The result of it can reveal the actual wear resistance between two coatings in reality and will be helpful in determining the better protective coating for aluminium press tools

This study concerns the effects of public school redistricting on communities in Atlanta. It is based upon interviews with people in two neighborhoods which are part of the Atlanta Public Schools (APS) system directly affected by redistricting. All schools slated to close are located in low-income, minority areas and serve similar populations. Of the ten schools selected for closing, three were saved during the final APS board meeting in April 2012, and will remain open. I spoke with people who reside in a neighborhood where a local school is slated to close, as well as those in an area where a school was saved from closing. I asked informants why they felt their schools were identified for closure and how they responded to the threat of closing. I learned that both communities organized to save their schools but with different results based on available forms of social and cultural capital.

Mestrado em Engenharia e Gestão Industrial
O presente trabalho tem como objectivo principal apresentar uma análise sobre as funcionalidades existentes nos sistemas avançados de planeamento/calendarização da produção ou APS (Advanced Planning Systems). Para o efeito utilizou-se o software Izaro APS desenvolvido pela empresa Softi9, Inovação Informática, Lda., na qual o estágio curricular foi realizado. Como fundamento para a análise, foi elaborada uma revisão bibliográfica acerca dos sistemas de informação relacionados com a área da produção, onde se abordou os di ferentes sistemas que contribuíram para a melhoria do sector, como por exemplo os sistemas MRP e ERP. Foi também conduzido um estudo, utilizando o software Izaro APS, a nível da usabilidade da sua interface, com o intuito de identificar possíveis pontos de melhoria.
The main objective of the following report is to present an analysis of the functionalities existent in Advanced Planning systems or APS. The software used for this purpose was Izaro APS. This software is developed by the company Softi9, Informatics Innovation, Inc. It was in this company that the internship was carried out. As a fundament for the analysis, a bibliographic revision was made, regarding the information systems connected to the production field, where was discussed many different systems that contributed to the improvement of the sector, as examples we have MRP and ERP systems. It was also conducted a study using the software Izaro APS regarding its interface usability, with the objective of identifying the main improvement aspects.

The thesis is mainly driven by the modelling of business processes focusing on process optimization namely processes related to Investment Banking. The main goal of the thesis is driven by the EPC process modelling for optimization the key Investment process in a particular company APS HOLDING SE. The theoretical part contains processes descriptions optimizations and process modelling standards. The practical part is devoted to design and optimize of the process related to Debt Assets Investment Banking under the EPC modelling standards. Each part of the Investment process is described below the model. Reader can feel more comfortable by using the glossary of terms attached in appendix. Focus on higher efficiency of the Investment management process will be the key goal for the company management in 2016.

O contexto de elevada competitividade empresarial resulta em aumento das exigências por eficiência operacional, como redução dos níveis de estoques e melhoria nos níveis de serviço oferecido aos clientes. Desta forma as decisões tomadas no planejamento tático das companhias ganham complexidade e criticidade. Neste contexto há uma demanda por parte das empresas pela implantação de sistemas de apoio à decisão cada vez mais robustos. É neste cenário que a aplicação de APS no processo de S&OP adquire grande relevância, motivando o entendimento das melhorias trazidas ao processo de planejamento pela ferramenta. Este trabalho foi então norteado por duas questões de pesquisa: quais são os benefícios trazidos para o S&OP com a utilização de APS e quais são os fatores críticos para o sucesso da implantação deste sistema. Para isso, foi feito um estudo de caso em uma empresa que representa bem o contexto desta pesquisa, trata-se de uma grande empresa de lácteos da indústria alimentícia brasileira. Inserida em um setor com elevada competição de mercado e margens de lucro estreitas, há na empresa em questão uma grande necessidade de operar de maneira eficiente. Esta empresa possui múltiplas plantas industriais e passou recentemente pela implantação de um APS para suporte ao seu processo de S&OP, que é responsável pelo planejamento tático integrado da companhia. Como resultado desta pesquisa, identificaram-se os principais benefícios do APS ao processo de S&OP: uma maior confiança e assertividade no processo de planejamento e um melhor balanceamento de estoques em toda cadeia desta empresa. O projeto de implantação passou por algumas dificuldades que atrasaram o cronograma estabelecido, estes pontos merecem ser apontadas como os principais fatores críticos para o sucesso: é importante que o projeto conte com o apoio de toda alta gerência. Quanto à disponibilidade dos dados para desenvolvimento do sistema, é necessário que a empresa tenha processos transacionais integrados para permitir a padronização das informações, além de ser fundamental para o projeto que as pessoas envolvidas na implantação estejam disponíveis para trabalharem com foco no projeto.
Extreme business competition results in increased demands for operational efficiency, such as reducing inventory levels and improving the quality of services offered to customers. Consequently, the decisions in the companies tactical planning gain complexity and criticality. There is a demand by firms for the implementation of increasingly robust decision-support systems. The application of Advanced Planning Systems (APS) in the Sales and Operations Planning (S&OP) process is, then, of utmost importance, motivating the understanding of improvements this tool may add to planning. This dissertation is structured around two research questions: which benefits the use of APS brings to the S&OP, and what are the critical factors for the successful implementation of this system. A case study has been conducted in a company that suits the research: one of the major dairy companies in the Brazilian food industry. Placed in a sector with high market competition and narrow profit margins, one may note the great need the company in question has to operate efficiently. This firm owns several plants and has recently been through the implementation of an APS to support its S&OP process, which is responsible for the integrated tactical planning of the company. The research has identified the main benefits of the APS to the S&OP process: greater confidence and accuracy in planning, and better balancing of inventory throughout the whole firm chain. The deployment project went through specific difficulties that delayed its schedule. Those difficulties should be highlighted as the main critical factors to success, indicating it is important that the project be fully supported by all senior managers. Regarding the availability of data for system development, it is necessary that the company integrate transactional processes, allowing the standardization of information; besides, it is fundamental that the personnel involved in the implementation of the project be available to focus on it.

De nos jours, afin de réduire le frottement et l'usure dans les moteurs thermiques et par voie de conséquence les émissions polluantes ainsi que la consommation énergétique, des revêtements APS (Atmospheric Plasma Spray) sont appliqués sur les chemises des cylindres. Le MoDTC (Di-ThioCarbamate de Molybdène), est un additif organométallique largement utilisé dans la lubrification automobile pour réduire le frottement grâce à la formation sur les surfaces frottantes de feuillets de MoS2. Ce travail de thèse porte sur l’étude de la réaction tribochimique du MoDTC avec le revêtement TiO2 APS dans des conditions de lubrification mixte / limite. Des poudres de TiO2 de taille micrométrique ont été utilisées pour obtenir un revêtement APS de TiO2 de 70 µm d'épaisseur. Différents tribomètres ont été utilisés pour effectuer des essais de frottement en présence d’une huile de base contenant du MoDTC. Les résultats obtenus pour un contact acier / TiO2 APS lubrifié avec du MoDTC présente une réduction significative du frottement par rapport au contact acier / acier (contact de référence). Les analyses de surface montrent que le tribofilm formé sur le plan de TiO2 APS est composé de MoS2 et de MoO3 tandis qu’il est constitué d’oxysulfure de molybdène, de MoS2 et de MoO3 sur le plan de référence en acier. De plus, les résultats indiquent que des phases Magneli résistantes à l'usure sont formées sur la surface du plan de TiO2 réduisant ainsi l'usure du contact lorsque celui-ci est uniquement lubrifié avec l'huile de base. L'impact de divers paramètres tels que la rugosité, la température d'essai, la pression de contact, la concentration en MoDTC et le remplacement des billes en acier par des billes en céramique sur le comportement tribologique du TiO2 APS a également été étudié. Les résultats ont été comparés avec ceux obtenus dans les mêmes conditions avec un contact acier / acier de référence et révèlent que le coefficient de frottement est toujours plus faible dans le cas des contacts impliquant un revêtement de TiO2 APS. Des résultats similaires à ceux obtenus avec le TiO2 APS (en termes de comportement tribologique et de composition chimique du tribofilm) ont été obtenus avec des nanoparticules de TiO2 mélangées dans l’huile de base avec du MoDTC dans le cas d'un contact acier / acier de référence. Dans les deux cas, une décomposition complète de MoDTC conduisant à la formation de MoS2 a été observée. Un phénomène de tribocatalyse a été suggéré comme pouvant être le mécanisme responsable de la décomposition du MoDTC en présence de matériaux à base de TiO2 comme le revêtement TiO2 APS et les nanoparticules de TiO2
Nowadays to reduce friction and wear as well as gas emission and oil consumption of the passenger car engines, Atmospheric Plasma Spray (APS) coatings are used on cylinder liner. MoDTC (Molybdenum Di-Thiocarbamate), organometallic friction modifier has been previously used to reduce friction by formation of layered molybdenum disulphide flakes. This study focuses on tribochemical interaction of MoDTC with TiO2 APS coating under mixed / boundary lubrication conditions. Fused and crushed micron sized powders were used to obtain a 70 µm thick TiO2 coating. Various tribometers were used to carry out tribotests in presence of lubricant containing MoDTC. Steel / TiO2 APS contact showed significant friction reduction than steel / reference steel contact. It was shown that the tribofilm is composed of MoS2 and MoO3 on TiO2 APS flats while it is composed of Mo-oxysulphide, MoS2 and MoO3 on reference steel flats. It was shown that wear resistant Magneli phases are formed on the surface of TiO2 APS disc, decreasing wear when the contact was lubricated only with base oil. Impact of various parameters like roughness, test temperature, contact pressure, concentration of MoDTC and change of counterpart materials from steel balls to ceramic balls, on the tribological behavior of TiO2 APS was also studied. Results obtained were compared with contacts involving reference steel and it was confirmed that friction coefficient was always lower in case of contacts involving TiO2 APS coating. Similar tribological results and chemistry were obtained for TiO2 nanoparticles blended with MoDTC in case of steel / reference steel contact. Both the cases, TiO2 APS and TiO2 nanoparticles showed complete decomposition of MoDTC to form MoS2. Tribocatalysis was suggested as the mechanism responsible for complete decomposition of MoDTC in case of TiO2 based materials like TiO2 APS coating and TiO2 nanoparticles

ViewPlus is collaborating with the American Physical Society (APS), DAISY, and several other companies and agencies to enable APS to publish its scientific journals in the highly accessible DAISY XML format. All text, math, and figures will be accessible to everybody, including people with print disabilities. The first experimental APS DAISY publications are targeted for 2010. All APS journals will eventually be published in DAISY form, and other scholarly publishers are expected to follow suit.

ViewPlus is collaborating with the American Physical Society (APS), DAISY, and several other companies and agencies to enable APS to publish its scientific journals in the highly accessible DAISY XML format. All text, math, and figures will be accessible to everybody, including people with print disabilities. The first experimental APS DAISY publications are targeted for 2010. All APS journals will eventually be published in DAISY form, and other scholarly publishers are expected to follow suit.

Orientadores: Luis Gimeno Latre, Maria Teresa Moreira Rodrigues
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-03T18:55:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pessoa_MarcosirisAmorimdeOliveira_M.pdf: 1025610 bytes, checksum: 1115cdec51d5e1f718aac28413cb39ad (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003
Mestrado

Orientadores: Luis Gimeno Latre, Maria Teresa Moreira Rodrigues
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-03T19:01:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EstombeloMontesco_RichardAndres_M.pdf: 1813584 bytes, checksum: 220cb8c19a9560dd5d82345e45ec70c5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003
Mestrado

A atenção primária à saúde (APS) tem-se mostrado como proposição estratégica para sistemas de saúde no mundo. No caso brasileiro é alvo recente de investimento das políticas de saúde até como recurso reordenador do Sistema Único de Saúde, em termos de cobertura populacional e em termos de qualidade assistencial. No entanto, seu uso em documentos e propostas concretas de implantação denota diferentes interpretações do termo, que se considera produto de uma incompleta elaboração conceitual. Isto desencadeia diferentes respostas operacionais no setor saúde, gerando, ao contrário do esperado, heterogeneidades importantes de qualidade assistencial. Com o intuito de contribuir para a melhor compreensão e operação da APS, empreende-se um estudo de perspectiva histórica para identificar e contextualizar os diferentes significados que assume desde sua emergência até os anos 1994. Por meio do exame de documentos oficiais do governo brasileiro com propostas para o sistema de saúde, com ênfase nas Conferências Nacionais de Saúde, e de textos da produção intelectual no campo da Saúde Coletiva nesta temática, buscou-se por analise do conteúdo, o resgate das formulações de APS. Tendo como referência a teoria do trabalho em saúde, procurou-se examinar os conteúdos documentais em três dimensões: enunciação da política, proposição organizacional e definição dos processos de trabalho das práticas de saúde. Metodologicamente operou-se a mencionada análise segundo a história do conceito, definindo o conceito como o plano máximo de complexidade reflexiva e de capacidade explicativa na produção de conhecimento teórico. Para tal, hierarquizouse a construção desse conhecimento em termos da elaboração de idéias, noções e conceitos, nesta ordem. Delimitaram-se dois distintos períodos históricos: 1920 - 1978; 1978 - 1994, em razão da criação do termo APS em 1978, na Conferência de Alma-Ata. No primeiro encontraram-se idéias antecessoras da APS e no segundo, a construção da APS como noção, sendo que nas citadas três dimensões de exame dos textos, encontraram-se as maiores contribuições na política e na organização do sistema relativamente à definição dos processos de trabalho. Com isto aponta-se para a deficiente elaboração reflexiva acerca das práticas de saúde, o que equivale a dizer uma deficiência teórica do sistema de saúde sobretudo em relação a seus modelos tecnológicos e assistenciais, inclusive com grande diversidade conceitual desses últimos termos. Aponta-se por fim que, a partir de 1994, quando a APS torna-se questão central para o sistema de saúde, pode-se esperar um potencial maior de construção do conceito.
Attention given to PHC has been considered a strategic proposition for the health systems in the world. In Brazil it has recently been the target for political health investment and rearranger resource of the health system, in terms of populational coverage and in terms of assistance quality. Its use in documents and concrete implantation proposals denote different interpretations from the term which we consider to be the product of an incomplete conceptual elaboration. This triggers different operational responses in the health sector causing, as opposed to what was expected, important assistance quality heterogeneity. In order to contribute to a better comprehension and effectiveness of the PHC, we make a study of the historical perspectives to identify and put into context the different meanings it takes from its beginning until 1994.By examining official documents from the Brazilian Government with proposals for the health system with emphasis on National Health Conferences and intellectual production of the text in the field of collective health, we have searched through context analysis for the rescue of PHC formulation. Having as a reference the theory of work in the field of health, we tried to examine the contexts of the documents in three dimensions: Political enunciation, organizational proposition and a definition of the work process in the health area. Methodologically speaking, we operate the already mentioned analysis according to its concept s history, defining concept as the highest plan of reflexive complexity and ability to explain in the theoretical knowledge production. In order to do so, we have put the building of this knowledge in terms of ideas, notions and concepts, in this order. We have delimited two distinct historical periods: 1920 - 1978; 1978 - 1994, due to the creation of the term PHC in 1978 at the Alma-Ata Conference. In the first period we have found antecessor ideas of PHC and the in second one, the building up of the PHC as a notion. In the three dimensions of the text exams, we can find the biggest political contribution and in the organization of the system related to the definition of the work processes. With that we point the defective reflexive elaboration of health practices, in other words a theoretical deficiency of the health system, especially when related to its technological and assistance models, including a great conceptual diversity of these two last terms. It is pointed out that, from 1994 on, when PHC becomes the center issue for the health system, a bigger potential of building concept can be expected.