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Academic literature on the topic 'Approximations of practice'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Approximations of practice"

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Grossman, Pam, Christa Compton, Danielle Igra, Matthew Ronfeldt, Emily Shahan, and Peter W. Williamson. "Teaching Practice: A Cross-Professional Perspective." Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 111, no. 9 (September 2009): 2055–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016146810911100905.

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Background/Context This study investigates how people are prepared for professional practice in the clergy, teaching, and clinical psychology. The work is located within research on professional education, and research on the teaching and learning of practice. Purpose/Objective/Research Question/Focus of Study The purpose of the study is to develop a framework to describe and analyze the teaching of practice in professional education programs, specifically preparation for relational practices. Setting The research took place in eight professional education programs located in seminaries, schools of professional psychology, and universities across the country. Population/Participants/Subjects Our research participants include faculty members, students, and administrators at each of these eight programs. Research Design This research is a comparative case study of professional education across three different professions—the clergy, clinical psychology, and teaching. Our data include qualitative case studies of eight preparation programs: two teacher education programs, three seminaries, and three clinical psychology programs. Data Collection and Analysis For each institution, we conducted site visits that included interviews with administrators, faculty, and staff; observations of multiple classes and field-work; and focus groups with students who were either at the midpoint or at the end of their programs. Conclusions/Recommendations We have identified three key concepts for understanding the pedagogies of practice in professional education: representations, decomposition, and approximations of practice. Representations of practice comprise the different ways that practice is represented in professional education and what these various representations make visible to novices. Decomposition of practice involves breaking down practice into its constituent parts for the purposes of teaching and learning. Approximations of practice refer to opportunities to engage in practices that are more or less proximal to the practices of a profession. In this article, we define and provide examples of the representation, decomposition, and approximation of practice from our study of professional education in the clergy, clinical psychology, and teaching. We conclude that, in the program we studied, prospective teachers have fewer opportunities to engage in approximations that focus on contingent, interactive practice than do novices in the other two professions we studied.
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Campbell, Matthew P., Erin E. Baldinger,, and Foster Graif. "Representing Student Voice in an Approximation of Practice: Using Planted Errors in Coached Rehearsals to Support Teacher Candidate Learning." Mathematics Teacher Educator 9, no. 1 (September 1, 2020): 23–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mte.2020.0005.

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Approximations of practice provide opportunities for teacher candidates (TCs) to engage in the work of teaching in situations of reduced complexity. A problem of practice for teacher educators relates to how to represent student voice in approximations to engage TCs with interactive practices in meaningful ways. In this article, we share an analysis of our use of “planted errors” in coached rehearsals with secondary mathematics TCs focused on the practice of responding to errors in whole-class discussion. We highlight how different iterations of the planted errors affect the authenticity of how student voice was represented in the rehearsals and the resulting opportunities for TC learning. We offer design considerations for coached rehearsals and other approximations of practice.
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Beyer, Stephan, and Markus Chimani. "Strong Steiner Tree Approximations in Practice." ACM Journal of Experimental Algorithmics 24 (December 17, 2019): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3299903.

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Kavanagh, Sarah Schneider, Mike Metz, Mary Hauser, Brad Fogo, Megan Westwood Taylor, and Janet Carlson. "Practicing Responsiveness: Using Approximations of Teaching to Develop Teachers’ Responsiveness to Students’ Ideas." Journal of Teacher Education 71, no. 1 (April 18, 2019): 94–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022487119841884.

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As practice-based teacher education (PBTE) has become more prevalent, debates about its contribution have emerged. Critics of PBTE question whether emphasizing practice will support a technocratic approach to teacher education rather than promoting instruction that is responsive to students’ ideas. This qualitative case study was motivated by an interest in understanding whether and in what ways practice-based approaches to teacher learning can support teachers in practicing responsiveness as opposed to practicing decontextualized moves. To this end, we investigated how early-career teachers in a practice-based professional development program were supported to approximate teaching practices. We focused on the extent to which approximations of practice supported teachers to hone their skill at being responsive to students’ ideas. Findings revealed characteristics of approximations of practice that support teachers in developing their capacity to enact responsive instruction. These findings have implications for program design, teacher educator pedagogy, and future research.
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Negrea, Jeffrey, and Jeffrey S. Rosenthal. "Approximations of geometrically ergodic reversible markov chains." Advances in Applied Probability 53, no. 4 (November 22, 2021): 981–1022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/apr.2021.10.

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AbstractA common tool in the practice of Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) is to use approximating transition kernels to speed up computation when the desired kernel is slow to evaluate or is intractable. A limited set of quantitative tools exists to assess the relative accuracy and efficiency of such approximations. We derive a set of tools for such analysis based on the Hilbert space generated by the stationary distribution we intend to sample, $L_2(\pi)$. Our results apply to approximations of reversible chains which are geometrically ergodic, as is typically the case for applications to MCMC. The focus of our work is on determining whether the approximating kernel will preserve the geometric ergodicity of the exact chain, and whether the approximating stationary distribution will be close to the original stationary distribution. For reversible chains, our results extend the results of Johndrow et al. (2015) from the uniformly ergodic case to the geometrically ergodic case, under some additional regularity conditions. We then apply our results to a number of approximate MCMC algorithms.
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Karakida, Ryo, and Kazuki Osawa. "Understanding approximate Fisher information for fast convergence of natural gradient descent in wide neural networks*." Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment 2021, no. 12 (December 1, 2021): 124010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-5468/ac3ae3.

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Abstract Natural gradient descent (NGD) helps to accelerate the convergence of gradient descent dynamics, but it requires approximations in large-scale deep neural networks because of its high computational cost. Empirical studies have confirmed that some NGD methods with approximate Fisher information converge sufficiently fast in practice. Nevertheless, it remains unclear from the theoretical perspective why and under what conditions such heuristic approximations work well. In this work, we reveal that, under specific conditions, NGD with approximate Fisher information achieves the same fast convergence to global minima as exact NGD. We consider deep neural networks in the infinite-width limit, and analyze the asymptotic training dynamics of NGD in function space via the neural tangent kernel. In the function space, the training dynamics with the approximate Fisher information are identical to those with the exact Fisher information, and they converge quickly. The fast convergence holds in layer-wise approximations; for instance, in block diagonal approximation where each block corresponds to a layer as well as in block tri-diagonal and K-FAC approximations. We also find that a unit-wise approximation achieves the same fast convergence under some assumptions. All of these different approximations have an isotropic gradient in the function space, and this plays a fundamental role in achieving the same convergence properties in training. Thus, the current study gives a novel and unified theoretical foundation with which to understand NGD methods in deep learning.
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Glasserman, Paul, and Hui Wang. "Discretization of deflated bond prices." Advances in Applied Probability 32, no. 2 (June 2000): 540–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1239/aap/1013540178.

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This paper proposes and analyzes discrete-time approximations to a class of diffusions, with an emphasis on preserving certain important features of the continuous-time processes in the approximations. We start with multivariate diffusions having three features in particular: they are martingales, each of their components evolves within the unit interval, and the components are almost surely ordered. In the models of the term structure of interest rates that motivate our investigation, these properties have the important implications that the model is arbitrage-free and that interest rates remain positive. In practice, numerical work with such models often requires Monte Carlo simulation and thus entails replacing the original continuous-time model with a discrete-time approximation. It is desirable that the approximating processes preserve the three features of the original model just noted, though standard discretization methods do not. We introduce new discretizations based on first applying nonlinear transformations from the unit interval to the real line (in particular, the inverse normal and inverse logit), then using an Euler discretization, and finally applying a small adjustment to the drift in the Euler scheme. We verify that these methods enforce important features in the discretization with no loss in the order of convergence (weak or strong). Numerical results suggest that these methods can also yield a better approximation to the law of the continuous-time process than does a more standard discretization.
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Glasserman, Paul, and Hui Wang. "Discretization of deflated bond prices." Advances in Applied Probability 32, no. 02 (June 2000): 540–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001867800010077.

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This paper proposes and analyzes discrete-time approximations to a class of diffusions, with an emphasis on preserving certain important features of the continuous-time processes in the approximations. We start with multivariate diffusions having three features in particular: they are martingales, each of their components evolves within the unit interval, and the components are almost surely ordered. In the models of the term structure of interest rates that motivate our investigation, these properties have the important implications that the model is arbitrage-free and that interest rates remain positive. In practice, numerical work with such models often requires Monte Carlo simulation and thus entails replacing the original continuous-time model with a discrete-time approximation. It is desirable that the approximating processes preserve the three features of the original model just noted, though standard discretization methods do not. We introduce new discretizations based on first applying nonlinear transformations from the unit interval to the real line (in particular, the inverse normal and inverse logit), then using an Euler discretization, and finally applying a small adjustment to the drift in the Euler scheme. We verify that these methods enforce important features in the discretization with no loss in the order of convergence (weak or strong). Numerical results suggest that these methods can also yield a better approximation to the law of the continuous-time process than does a more standard discretization.
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Majda, Andrew J., Boris Gershgorin, and Yuan Yuan. "Low-Frequency Climate Response and Fluctuation–Dissipation Theorems: Theory and Practice." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 67, no. 4 (April 1, 2010): 1186–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jas3264.1.

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Abstract The low-frequency response to changes in external forcing or other parameters for various components of the climate system is a central problem of contemporary climate change science. The fluctuation–dissipation theorem (FDT) is an attractive way to assess climate change by utilizing statistics of the present climate; with systematic approximations, it has been shown recently to have high skill for suitable regimes of an atmospheric general circulation model (GCM). Further applications of FDT to low-frequency climate response require improved approximations for FDT on a reduced subspace of resolved variables. Here, systematic mathematical principles are utilized to develop new FDT approximations on reduced subspaces and to assess the small yet significant departures from Gaussianity in low-frequency variables on the FDT response. Simplified test models mimicking crucial features in GCMs are utilized here to elucidate these issues and various FDT approximations in an unambiguous fashion. Also, the shortcomings of alternative ad hoc procedures for FDT in the recent literature are discussed here. In particular, it is shown that linear regression stochastic models for the FDT response always have no skill for a general nonlinear system for the variance response and can have poor or moderate skill for the mean response depending on the regime of the Lorenz 40-model and the details of the regression strategy. New nonlinear stochastic FDT approximations for a reduced set of variables are introduced here with significant skill in capturing the effect of subtle departures from Gaussianity in the low-frequency response for a reduced set of variables.
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Huang, Yichen. "Matrix product state approximations: Bringing theory closer to practice." Quantum Views 3 (November 6, 2019): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.22331/qv-2019-11-06-26.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Approximations of practice"

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Emanuelsson, Kristoffer. "Approximating multi-commodity max-flow in practice." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för datavetenskap och kommunikation (CSC), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-184193.

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Garg and Könemann developed a framework for computing multi-commodity maximum flow in a graph, later called a multiplicative weight update framework. Madry used this framework and exchanged Dijkstra’s algorithm to a dynamic graph algorithm for approximating the shortest paths through the graph. With this approachhe developed the fastest algorithm to date for calculating the multi-commodity maximum flow, with a running time of Õ(mnϵ2). This project have implemented the algorithm and compared it with a slightly modified version of the former fastest algorithm by Fleischer with a time complexity of Õ(m2ϵ2). The results show that Madry’s algorithms is slower than Fleischer’s algorithm in practice for graph with less than 100 million edges. This project also computed the space needed for the dynamic algorithms used in Madry’s algorithm and can show a resulting space complexity of O(n(n+m)log2n), compared to the space complexity of Fleischer’s algorithm of O(n). For a graph with 100 million edges, 50 million Gb of space is needed to use Madry’s algorithm, which is more than our test computers had. We can therefore conclude that Madry’s algorithm is not usable in real life today, both in terms of memory usage and time consumption.
Garg and Könemann utvecklade ett framework för att beräkna multi-commodity maximum flöde i en graf sedan kallat ett multiplicative weight update framework. Madry använde detta framework och bytte ut Dijkstra’s algoritm mot en dynamisk grafalgoritm för att kunna approximera kortaste vägen i grafen. Med detta angeppssätt utvecklade han den idag snabbaste algoritmen för beräkning av multicommodity maximum flöde med en tids komplexitet på Õ(mnϵ2). Det här projektet har implementerat hans algoritm och jämfört den med den tidigare snabbaste algoritmen skapad av Fleischer med en tidskomplexitet på Õ(m2ϵ2). Resultatet visar att Madrys algoritm är långsammare än Fleischers algoritm i praktiken för grafer med färre än 100 miljoner kanter. Detta projekt beräknade också minnesåtgången för de dynamiska algoritmerna i Madrys algorithm och kan visa en resulterade minneskomplexitet på O(n(n+m)log2n), jämfört med Fleischers algoritm på O(n). För en graf med 100 miljoner kanter så behövs 50 miljoner Gb av minne för att kunna använda Madrys algoritm, vilket var mer än våra testdatorer hade. Vi kan därför konstatera att Madrys algoritm inte är användbar i praktiken idag, både när det kommer till minnesanvändning och till tidsåtgång.
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Techakesari, Onvaree. "Filter and control performance bounds in the presence of model uncertainties with aerospace applications." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2013. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/63956/1/Onvaree_Techakesari_Thesis.pdf.

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This thesis establishes performance properties for approximate filters and controllers that are designed on the basis of approximate dynamic system representations. These performance properties provide a theoretical justification for the widespread application of approximate filters and controllers in the common situation where system models are not known with complete certainty. This research also provides useful tools for approximate filter designs, which are applied to hybrid filtering of uncertain nonlinear systems. As a contribution towards applications, this thesis also investigates air traffic separation control in the presence of measurement uncertainties.
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Senjean, Bruno. "Development of new embedding techniques for strongly correlated electrons : from in-principle-exact formulations to practical approximations." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAF035/document.

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Cette thèse traite du développement et de l’implémentation de nouvelles méthodes visant à décrire la corrélation électronique forte dans les molécules et les solides. Après avoir introduit l’état de l’art des méthodes utilisées en chimie quantique et en physique de la matière condensée, une nouvelle méthode hybride combinant théorie de la fonction d’onde et théorie de la fonctionnelle de la densité (DFT) est présentée et s’intitule “site-occupation embedding theory” (SOET). Celle-ci est appliquée au modèle de Hubbard à une dimension. Ensuite, le problème du gap fondamental est revisité en DFT pour les ensembles, où la dérivée discontinue est réécrite comme une fonctionnelle de la densité de l'état fondamental. Enfin, une extension à la chimie quantique est proposée, basée sur une fonction d’onde de séniorité zéro complémentée par une fonctionnelle de la matrice densité, et exprimée dans la base des orbitales naturelles
The thesis deals with the development and implementation of new methods for the description of strong electron correlation effects in molecules and solids. After introducing the state of the art in quantum chemistry and in condensed matter physics, a new hybrid method so-called ``site-occupation embedding theory'' (SOET) is presented and is based on the merging of wavefunction theory and density functional theory (DFT). Different formulations of this theory are described and applied to the one-dimensional Hubbard model. In addition, a novel ensemble density functional theory approach has been derived to extract the fundamental gap exactly. In the latter approach, the infamous derivative discontinuity is reformulated as a derivative of a weight-dependent exchange-correlation functional. Finally, a quantum chemical extension of SOET is proposed and based on a seniority-zero wavefunction, completed by a functional of the density matrix and expressed in the natural orbital basis
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Strömberg, Eric. "Applied Adaptive Optimal Design and Novel Optimization Algorithms for Practical Use." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för farmaceutisk biovetenskap, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-308452.

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The costs of developing new pharmaceuticals have increased dramatically during the past decades. Contributing to these increased expenses are the increasingly extensive and more complex clinical trials required to generate sufficient evidence regarding the safety and efficacy of the drugs.  It is therefore of great importance to improve the effectiveness of the clinical phases by increasing the information gained throughout the process so the correct decision may be made as early as possible.   Optimal Design (OD) methodology using the Fisher Information Matrix (FIM) based on Nonlinear Mixed Effect Models (NLMEM) has been proven to serve as a useful tool for making more informed decisions throughout the clinical investigation. The calculation of the FIM for NLMEM does however lack an analytic solution and is commonly approximated by linearization of the NLMEM. Furthermore, two structural assumptions of the FIM is available; a full FIM and a block-diagonal FIM which assumes that the fixed effects are independent of the random effects in the NLMEM. Once the FIM has been derived, it can be transformed into a scalar optimality criterion for comparing designs. The optimality criterion may be considered local, if the criterion is based on singe point values of the parameters or global (robust), where the criterion is formed for a prior distribution of the parameters.  Regardless of design criterion, FIM approximation or structural assumption, the design will be based on the prior information regarding the model and parameters, and is thus sensitive to misspecification in the design stage.  Model based adaptive optimal design (MBAOD) has however been shown to be less sensitive to misspecification in the design stage.   The aim of this thesis is to further the understanding and practicality when performing standard and MBAOD. This is to be achieved by: (i) investigating how two common FIM approximations and the structural assumptions may affect the optimized design, (ii) reducing runtimes complex design optimization by implementing a low level parallelization of the FIM calculation, (iii) further develop and demonstrate a framework for performing MBAOD, (vi) and investigate the potential advantages of using a global optimality criterion in the already robust MBAOD.
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Codreanu, Elias Julian [Verfasser], Christina [Akademischer Betreuer] Seidel, Christina [Gutachter] Seidel, and Andreas [Gutachter] Obersteiner. "Approximating practice: Developing a video-based simulation for measuring preservice teachers' diagnostic skills / Elias Julian Codreanu ; Gutachter: Christina Seidel, Andreas Obersteiner ; Betreuer: Christina Seidel." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1239812558/34.

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Tung-ChengWu and 吳東承. "Moderating Maximal Value - a Practical Expectation-Based Method for Value Function Approximation in Reinforcement Learning." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/6mj7s9.

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碩士
國立成功大學
工程科學系
107
In this study, we propose a practical expectation-based value function approximation method to decrease the value overestimation in temporal-difference (TD) learning. Because of Optimizer's Curse, value will be overestimated easily either in softmax policy or greedy policy. In order to address this problem, we use the tanh value of action-value instead of action-value to calculate policy. Tanh function will limit the extreme and decline the influence of maximal action-value in policy. With this tanh softmax policy, our expectation-based method can decrease the value overestimation successfully. Examining the benefit of decreasing value overestimation, we corporate our expectation-based method into advantage learning (AL) and propose expected advantage learning (eAL). We use four criteria to evaluate the performance of Deep Q Network (DQN), AL and eAL in every episodes. Our result shows that eAL can improve the performance in score-related criteria, and got maximal 6% more than AL got in the highest score criterion.
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Books on the topic "Approximations of practice"

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Trefethen, Lloyd N. Approximation Theory and Approximation Practice, Extended Edition. Philadelphia, PA: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1137/1.9781611975949.

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Approximating prudence: Aristotelian practical wisdom and economic models of choice. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.

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Approximation Theory and Approximation Practice. Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, 2012.

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Approximation Theory and Approximation Practice. Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, 2020.

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Skantze, P. A. Gloriously Inept and Satisfyingly True. Edited by Mark Franko. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199314201.013.41.

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Invoking the methodology of the act of spectating as a practice, an idea developed from Skantze’s Itinerant Spectator/Itinerant Spectacle, this chapter examines reenactment from the perspective of the active spectator. The archive and the document common to reenactment present the spectator as practitioner with interpretive tools, and yet often the reception of reenactments becomes stronger by way of the mix of spectator memory with the not quite accurate or faithful in the representation. Wim Vandekeybus’s Booty Looting, a dance performance that not only stages a reenactment, but also confronts the spectator with the material of memory, forms the basis for thinking through the paradox of the truth in approximations and flawed enactments.
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Escudier, Marcel. Kinematic description of fluids in motion and approximations. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198719878.003.0006.

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In this chapter some of the terminology and simplifications which enable us to begin to describe and analyse practical fluid-flow problems are introduced. The terms ‘fluid particle’ and ‘streamline’ are defined. The principle of conservation of mass applied to steady one-dimensional flow through a streamtube of varying cross-sectional area resulted in the continuity equation. This important equation relates mass flowrate ṁ, volumetric flowrate Q̇, average fluid velocity V̄, fluid density ρ‎, and cross-sectional area A: m = ρ‎ Q̇ = ρ‎AV̅ = constant. For a constant-density fluid this result shows that fluid velocity increases if the cross-sectional area decreases, and vice versa. The no-slip boundary condition, a consequence of which is the boundary layer, is introduced.
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Draganov, Alexandr. Mathematical Tools for Real-World Applications. The MIT Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/14218.001.0001.

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Techniques for applying mathematical concepts in the real world: six rarely taught but crucial tools for analysis, research, and problem-solving. Many young graduates leave school with a solid knowledge of mathematical concepts but struggle to apply these concepts in practice. Real scientific and engineering problems are different from those found in textbooks: they are messier, take longer to solve, and standard solution recipes might not apply. This book fills the gap between what is taught in the typical college curriculum and what a practicing engineer or scientist needs to know. It presents six powerful tools for analysis, research, and problem solving in the real world: dimensional analysis, limiting cases, symmetry, scaling, making order of magnitude estimates, and the method of successive approximations. The book does not focus on formulaic manipulations of equations, but emphasizes analysis and explores connections between the equations and the application. Each chapter introduces a set of ideas and techniques and then shows how these techniques apply to a series of problems. (Knowledge of algebra and trigonometry, but not calculus, is required.) The final two chapters tie all six techniques together and apply them to two real-world problems: computing the probability of a rare, catastrophic event, and tracking a satellite with a GPS receiver. Readers will learn how to analyze, dissect, and gain insight into the results by using all the techniques presented in earlier chapters—and discover how analysis tools work on problems not concocted for a textbook. The appendix provides solutions to many of the problems found throughout the book. Alexandr Draganov was born and raised in Kyiv, Ukraine; in light of the current war in Ukraine he will donate 100% of his royalties for the first year to support medical and humanitarian efforts there.
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Cohen, Matthew Isaac. Gamelanesque effects. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199352227.003.0009.

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Standard accounts of gamelan’s internationalization focus on the growth of gamelan as an ‘ethnic ensemble’ in university and community settings, in touring gamelan troupes, and in intercultural abduction. To complicate this narrative, this chapter examines the Polish composer-pianist Leopold Godowsky and the American composer Henry Eichheim, who approached gamelan to convey impressions of a distant land in the manner of the travelogue, and the place of gamelan in the development of universalist musical theories and practices in American early-twentieth-century educational settings. During this period, audiences were rarely exposed directly to gamelan music; instead they experienced distant approximations or interpretations. Such ‘gamelanesque’ music provided a fantasy of the musical ‘Other’ and anti-modern escapism.
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Juillard, Michel. Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium Models. Edited by Shu-Heng Chen, Mak Kaboudan, and Ye-Rong Du. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199844371.013.4.

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Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) models have become popular in macroeconomics, but the combination of nonlinear microeconomic behavior of the agents and model-consistent expectations raise intricate computational issues; this chapter reviews solution methods and estimation of DSGE models. Perfect foresight deterministic models can easily be solved with a great degree of accuracy. In practice, medium-sized stochastic models can only be solved by local approximation or the perturbation approach. The Bayesian approach to estimation is privileged. It provides a convenient way to communicate both the prior information available to the econo-metrician and new information revealed by the data. This chapter focuses on methods frequently used in applied work rather than aiming at being exhaustive.
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Juergensmeyer, Mark, and Mona Kanwal Sheikh. A Sociotheological Approach to Understanding Religious Violence. Edited by Michael Jerryson, Mark Juergensmeyer, and Margo Kitts. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199759996.013.0040.

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This chapter tries to illustrate that there has been a “sociotheological turn” in contemporary scholarship which encourages social scientists to take stock of the religious justifications for social action, and theologians and scholars of religious studies to be more aware of the social significance of spiritual ideas and practices. Sociotheology takes religious thinking and social context seriously. The approximation of the fields of psychology and theology and sociology as poles in the same discursive dynamics contributes to eroding a stonewall dichotomy between theology and the social sciences. Guidelines for sociotheological studies include demarcating an epistemic worldview, bracketing assumptions about the truth of a worldview, entering into an epistemic worldview, conducting informative conversations, identifying narrative structures, and locating social contexts. The revival of religion in world politics and the rising value of transnational religious movements have offered an analytic dispute that sociotheology has risen to meet.
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Book chapters on the topic "Approximations of practice"

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Bent, Russell, Irit Katriel, and Pascal Van Hentenryck. "Sub-optimality Approximations." In Principles and Practice of Constraint Programming - CP 2005, 122–36. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11564751_12.

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Ascari, Flavio, Roberto Bruni, and Roberta Gori. "Limits and difficulties in the design of under-approximation abstract domains." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 21–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99253-8_2.

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AbstractStatic analyses are mostly designed to show the absence of bugs: if the analysis reports no alarms then the program won’t exhibit any unwanted behaviours. To this aim they manipulate over-approximations of program semantics and, inevitably, they often report some false alarms. Recently, O’Hearn proposed Incorrectness Logic, that is based on under-approximations, as a formal method to find bugs that only reports true alarms. In this paper we aim to answer one important question raised by O’Hearn, namely which role can Abstract Interpretation play for the development of under-approximate tools for bug catching. In principle, Abstract Interpretation based static analyses can be defined for computing over-approximations as well as under-approximations, but in practice, most techniques exploited the former while few attempts developed the latter. To show why it is difficult to design effective under-approximation abstract domains, we first propose the new definitions of non emptying functions and highly surjective function family and then we formally prove the limits of under-approximation analysis by showing the non existence of abstract domains able to approximate such functions in a non trivial way. Our results outline the limits of under-approximation Abstract Interpretation and clarify, for the first time, why over- and under- approximation analyzers exhibited such a different development.
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Petcu, Adrian, and Boi Faltings. "Approximations in Distributed Optimization." In Principles and Practice of Constraint Programming - CP 2005, 802–6. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11564751_68.

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Chimani, Markus, and Matthias Woste. "Contraction-Based Steiner Tree Approximations in Practice." In Algorithms and Computation, 40–49. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-25591-5_6.

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Brigo, Damiano, and Fabio Mercurio. "Monte Carlo Tests for LFM Analytical Approximations." In Interest Rate Models Theory and Practice, 317–68. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04553-4_8.

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Bazgan, C., J. Monnot, V. Th Paschos, and F. Serrière. "Greedy Differential Approximations for Min Set Cover." In SOFSEM 2005: Theory and Practice of Computer Science, 62–71. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-30577-4_9.

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Leahu, Lucian, and Carla P. Gomes. "Quality of LP-Based Approximations for Highly Combinatorial Problems." In Principles and Practice of Constraint Programming – CP 2004, 377–92. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-30201-8_29.

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Goldsztejn, Alexandre, and Luc Jaulin. "Inner and Outer Approximations of Existentially Quantified Equality Constraints." In Principles and Practice of Constraint Programming - CP 2006, 198–212. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11889205_16.

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Gnecco, Giorgio, and Marcello Sanguineti. "Smooth Optimal Decision Strategies for Static Team Optimization Problems and Their Approximations." In SOFSEM 2010: Theory and Practice of Computer Science, 440–51. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-11266-9_37.

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González, Gloriana. "Moving Toward Approximations of Practice in Teacher Professional Development: Learning to Summarize a Problem-Based Lesson." In Scripting Approaches in Mathematics Education, 115–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62692-5_6.

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Conference papers on the topic "Approximations of practice"

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Mortimer, Jillian. "Investigating How Preservice Teachers Think About Mathematical Practices in Approximations of Teaching Practice." In 2020 AERA Annual Meeting. Washington DC: AERA, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/1578994.

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Bötcher, Anneke, Carsten Lutz, and Frank Wolter. "Ontology Approximation in Horn Description Logics." In Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-19}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/218.

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We study the approximation of a description logic (DL) ontology in a less expressive DL, focusing on the case of Horn DLs. It is common to construct such approximations in an ad hoc way in practice and the resulting incompleteness is typically neither analyzed nor understood. In this paper, we show how to construct complete approximations. These are typically infinite or of excessive size and thus cannot be used directly in applications, but our results provide an important theoretical foundation that enables informed decisions when constructing incomplete approximations in practice.
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Haga, Anneke, Carsten Lutz, Johannes Marti, and Frank Wolter. "A Journey into Ontology Approximation: From Non-Horn to Horn." In Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Seventeenth Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-PRICAI-20}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/253.

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We study complete approximations of an ontology formulated in a non-Horn description logic (DL) such as ALC in a Horn DL such as EL. We provide concrete approximation schemes that are necessarily infinite and observe that in the ELU-to-EL case finite approximations tend to exist in practice and are guaranteed to exist when the source ontology is acyclic. In contrast, neither of this is the case for ELU_bot-to-EL_bot and for ALC-to-EL_bot approximations. We also define a notion of approximation tailored towards ontology-mediated querying, connect it to subsumption-based approximations, and identify a case where finite approximations are guaranteed to exist.
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Lai, Yvonne. "Is the Medium the Message? Video-Recording and Writing for Approximations of Practice." In 2021 AERA Annual Meeting. Washington DC: AERA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/1688572.

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Kozak, Alexander L., Philip J. Cacciatore, and L. Magnus Gustafsson. "Seismic Response of Floating Roof Liquid Storage Tanks: Part II—Contact Pressure Approach." In ASME 2010 Pressure Vessels and Piping Division/K-PVP Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2010-25062.

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Seismic response of liquid storage tank floating roofs involve phenomena that require dynamic analysis of nonlinear geometric and material behavior as well as surface to surface contact. Good engineering practice requires a practical analytical approach that captures the essential ingredients of structural behavior under earthquake excitation by making reasonable, conservative, and manageable approximations to the actual conditions. This paper discusses an approach to approximating the stresses and deformations of a liquid storage tank floating roof under seismic loading. The method is validated by a fully coupled fluid-structure interaction (FSI) finite element analysis using actual earthquake ground accelerations. The method is supported by both the American Petroleum Institute (API) and the Petroleum Association of Japan (PAJ).
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Park, Seok-Min, Richard H. Crawford, and Joseph J. Beaman. "Sliced Geometry Representation Based on Implicit Curves." In ASME 2000 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2000/cie-14625.

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Abstract Current solid freeform fabrication data exchange practice supports only discretized approximations of part geometry. For producing accurate patterns and functional parts, the adequacy of linear approximations is suspect. The most efficient way of minimizing the degradation of geometric entities is to eliminate this intermediate format and directly exchange the source geometry. However, each commercial CAD vendor has its own representation, and choosing a single format has proven somewhat problematic. As an alternative, we have developed a method to approximate a contour from a set of discrete points using high order polynomials and to efficiently generate scan vectors from the high order contour. Our method exploits the so-called algebraic spline (A-spline) curve. Data fitting using A-splines gives a set of implicit curve segments with C3 local continuity, compared to the C0 continuous collection of line segments that is common in SFF practice. The A-spline approximation is capable of representing sliced geometry generated from various types of surfaces, including parametric, implicit, and mixed surface forms. The A-spline approximation method was tested by fabricating a curved object by Selective Laser Sintering. The resulting part showed higher surface quality with none of the tessellation artifacts inherent in part generation from polygonal contours. The run-time efficiency of the method is comparable to that of linear contour processing.
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Monroy, Charles, Guillaume de Hauteclocque, and Xiao-Bo Chen. "Systematic Accuracy Assessment of Two Frequently Used QTF Approximations in the Case of a Rectangular Barge." In ASME 2014 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2014-24600.

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This paper presents numerical results of the monodirectional second order forces acting on a rudimentory FPSO hull shape. The exact calculation of second order loads through potential theory is computationally challenging and requires the evaluation of a slowly-convergent free surface integral. In practice, this integral is often neglected as it is widely assumed that it does not contribute significantly to the overall load and few commercial seakeeping software propose this option anyway. An even rougher and widely used approximation consists in expressing the second order loads occuring at a non-zero difference frequency from the mean drift loads. It is called the Newman’s approximation; it enables serious CPU time gains, but at the cost of a worse accuracy. The object of this paper is to investigate on a simple case the accuracy of each of these two approximations (without the free surface integral and Newman’s approximation) and the influence of parameters such as the water depth and the sea state wave length. Depending on the resonant period of the considered mooring system, it may give some insight on a good compromise between CPU time and accuracy when choosing the way of determing the second order loads.
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Jay, Lightning. "Parsing the Purposes Behind Practice and Approximations: A Framework for Reflection-in-Action in Teacher Education." In 2022 AERA Annual Meeting. Washington DC: AERA, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/1886307.

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Allphin, Devin, and Joshua Hamel. "A Parallel Offline CFD and Closed-Form Approximation Strategy for Computationally Efficient Analysis of Complex Fluid Flows." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-38691.

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Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solution approximations for complex fluid flow problems have become a common and powerful engineering analysis technique. These tools, though qualitatively useful, remain limited in practice by their underlying inverse relationship between simulation accuracy and overall computational expense. While a great volume of research has focused on remedying these issues inherent to CFD, one traditionally overlooked area of resource reduction for engineering analysis concerns the basic definition and determination of functional relationships for the studied fluid flow variables. This artificial relationship-building technique, called meta-modeling or surrogate/offline approximation, uses design of experiments (DOE) theory to efficiently approximate non-physical coupling between the variables of interest in a fluid flow analysis problem. By mathematically approximating these variables, DOE methods can effectively reduce the required quantity of CFD simulations, freeing computational resources for other analytical focuses. An idealized interpretation of a fluid flow problem can also be employed to create suitably accurate approximations of fluid flow variables for the purposes of engineering analysis. When used in parallel with a meta-modeling approximation, a closed-form approximation can provide useful feedback concerning proper construction, suitability, or even necessity of an offline approximation tool. It also provides a short-circuit pathway for further reducing the overall computational demands of a fluid flow analysis, again freeing resources for otherwise unsuitable resource expenditures. To validate these inferences, a design optimization problem was presented requiring the inexpensive estimation of aerodynamic forces applied to a valve operating on a simulated piston-cylinder heat engine. The determination of these forces was to be found using parallel surrogate and exact approximation methods, thus evidencing the comparative benefits of this technique. For the offline approximation, latin hypercube sampling (LHS) was used for design space filling across four independent design variable degrees of freedom (DOF). Flow solutions at the mapped test sites were converged using STAR-CCM+ with aerodynamic forces from the CFD models then functionally approximated using Kriging interpolation. For the closed-form approximation, the problem was interpreted as an ideal 2-D converging-diverging (C-D) nozzle, where aerodynamic forces were directly mapped by application of the Euler equation solutions for isentropic compression/expansion. A cost-weighting procedure was finally established for creating model-selective discretionary logic, with a synthesized parallel simulation resource summary provided.
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Timbers, Finbarr, Nolan Bard, Edward Lockhart, Marc Lanctot, Martin Schmid, Neil Burch, Julian Schrittwieser, Thomas Hubert, and Michael Bowling. "Approximate Exploitability: Learning a Best Response." In Thirty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-22}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2022/484.

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Researchers have shown that neural networks are vulnerable to adversarial examples and subtle environment changes. The resulting errors can look like blunders to humans, eroding trust in these agents. In prior games research, agent evaluation often focused on the in-practice game outcomes. Such evaluation typically fails to evaluate robustness to worst-case outcomes. Computer poker research has examined how to assess such worst-case performance. Unfortunately, exact computation is infeasible with larger domains, and existing approximations are poker-specific. We introduce ISMCTS-BR, a scalable search-based deep reinforcement learning algorithm for learning a best response to an agent, approximating worst-case performance. We demonstrate the technique in several games against a variety of agents, including several AlphaZero-based agents. Supplementary material is available at https://arxiv.org/abs/2004.09677.
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Reports on the topic "Approximations of practice"

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Figliozzi, Miguel. Practical Approximations to Quantify the Impact of Time Windows and Delivery Sizes on Freight VMT in Urban Areas. Portland State University Library, October 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/trec.13.

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Arhin, Stephen, Babin Manandhar, Kevin Obike, and Melissa Anderson. Impact of Dedicated Bus Lanes on Intersection Operations and Travel Time Model Development. Mineta Transportation Institute, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2022.2040.

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Over the years, public transit agencies have been trying to improve their operations by continuously evaluating best practices to better serve patrons. Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA) oversees the transit bus operations in the Washington Metropolitan Area (District of Columbia, some parts of Maryland and Virginia). One practice attempted by WMATA to improve bus travel time and transit reliability has been the implementation of designated bus lanes (DBLs). The District Department of Transportation (DDOT) implemented a bus priority program on selected corridors in the District of Columbia leading to the installation of red-painted DBLs on corridors of H Street, NW, and I Street, NW. This study evaluates the impacts on the performance of transit buses along with the general traffic performance at intersections on corridors with DBLs installed in Washington, DC by using a “before” and “after” approach. The team utilized non-intrusive video data to perform vehicular turning movement counts to assess the traffic flow and delays (measures of effectiveness) with a traffic simulation software. Furthermore, the team analyzed the Automatic Vehicle Locator (AVL) data provided by WMATA for buses operating on the study segments to evaluate bus travel time. The statistical analysis showed that the vehicles traveling on H Street and I Street (NW) experienced significantly lower delays during both AM (7:00–9:30 AM) and PM (4:00–6:30 PM) peak hours after the installation of bus lanes. The approximation error metrics (normalized squared errors) for the testing dataset was 0.97, indicating that the model was predicting bus travel times based on unknown data with great accuracy. WMATA can apply this research to other segments with busy bus schedules and multiple routes to evaluate the need for DBLs. Neural network models can also be used to approximate bus travel times on segments by simulating scenarios with DBLs to obtain accurate bus travel times. Such implementation could not only improve WMATA’s bus service and reliability but also alleviate general traffic delays.
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Dudley, Lynn M., Uri Shani, and Moshe Shenker. Modeling Plant Response to Deficit Irrigation with Saline Water: Separating the Effects of Water and Salt Stress in the Root Uptake Function. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586468.bard.

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Standard salinity management theory, derived from blending thermodynamic and semi- empirical considerations leads to an erroneous perception regarding compensative interaction among salinity stress factors. The current approach treats matric and osmotic components of soil water potential separately and then combines their effects to compute overall response. With deficit water a severe yield decrease is expected under high salinity, yet little or no reduction is predicted for excess irrigation, irrespective of salinity level. Similarly, considerations of competition between chloride and nitrate ions have lead to compensation hypothesis and to application of excess nitrate under saline conditions. The premise of compensative interaction of growth factors behind present practices (that an increase in water application alleviates salinity stress) may result in collateral environmental damage. Over-irrigation resulting in salinization and elevated ground water threatens productivity on a global scale. Other repercussions include excessive application of nitrate to compensate for salinity, unwillingness to practice deficit irrigation with saline water, and under-utilization of marginal water. The objectives for the project were as follows: 1) To develop a database for model parameterization and validation by studying yield and transpiration response to water availability, excessive salinity and salt composition. 2) To modify the root sink terms of an existing mechanism-based model(s) of water flow, transpiration, crop yield, salt transport, and salt chemistry. 3) To develop conceptual and quantitative models of ion uptake that considers the soil solution concentration and composition. 4) To develop a conceptual and quantitative models of effects of NaCl and boron accumulation on yield and transpiration. 5) To add a user interface to the water flow, transpiration, crop yield, salt transport, chemistry model to make it easy for others to use. We conducted experiments in field plots and lysimeters to study biomass production and transpiration of com (Zeamays cv. Jubilee), melon (Cucumismelo subsp. melo cv. Galia), tomato (Lycopersiconesculentum Mill. cv. 5656), onion (Alliumcepa L. cv. HA 944), and date palms (Phoenix Dactylifera L. cv. Medjool) under salinity combined with water or with nitrate (growth promoters) or with boron (growth inhibitor). All factors ranged from levels not limiting to plant function to severe inhibition. For cases of combined salinity with water stress, or excess boron, we observed neither additive nor compensative effects on plant yield and transpiration. In fact, yield and transpiration at each combination of the various factors were primarily controlled by one of them, the most limiting factor to plant activity. We proposed a crop production model of the form Yr = min{gi(xi), where Yr = Yi ym-1 is relative yield,Ym is the maximum yield obtained in each experiment, Xi is an environmental factor, gi is a piecewise-linear response function, Yi is yield of a particular treatment. We selected a piecewise-linear approach because it highlights the irrigation level where the response to one factor ceases and a second factor begins. The production functions generate response "envelopes" containing possible yields with diagonal lines represent response to Xi alone and the lines parallel to the X-axis represent response to salinity alone. A multiplicative model was also derived approximating the limiting behaviour for incorporation in a hydrochemical model. The multiplicative model was selected because the response function was required to be continuous. The hydrochemical model was a better predictor of field-measured water content and salt profiles than models based on an additive and compensative model of crop response to salinity and water stress.
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