Relevant bibliographies by topics / Approximately 436 B.C.-358 B.C

Academic literature on the topic 'Approximately 436 B.C.-358 B.C'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles

Select a source type:

Contents

Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Approximately 436 B.C.-358 B.C.'

Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.

You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.

Journal articles on the topic "Approximately 436 B.C.-358 B.C"

1

Milijasevic-Marcic, Svetlana, Vesna Todorovic, Olja Stanojevic, Tanja Beric, Slavisa Stankovic, Biljana Todorovic, and Ivana Potocnik. "Antagonistic potential of Bacillus spp. isolates against bacterial pathogens of tomato and fungal pathogen of pepper." Pesticidi i fitomedicina 33, no. 1 (2018): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pif1801009m.

Full text
Abstract:
In vitro antagonistic potential of eleven isolates of Bacillus spp. against two phytopathogenic bacteria and one fungus was tested in order to identify potential biocontrol agents in vegetable crops. The Bacillus spp. isolates demonstrated different levels of antagonistic effect against the tested pathogenic microorganisms. Data in the study proved Xanthomonas vesicatoria to be more sensitive to Bacillus spp. strains than Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis. Ten B. subtilis strains induced growth inhibition of X. vesicatoria, while a strain of B. pumilus did not affect the growth of that bacterium. The largest inhibition zones against X. vesicatoria were induced by strains B-319, B-325 and B-358. The pathogenic strain C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis was most inhibited by two B. subtilis strains (B-338 and B-348) with mean inhibition zone diameters of up to 20 mm. B. subtilis strain B-319 which was the best in inhibiting X. vesicatoria, showed the lowest inhibitory effect on C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis. The largest growth inhibition percentage of Verticillium sp. (PGI approximately 70%) was induced by B. subtilis strains B-310 and B-322. The other B. subtilis strains showed PGI values ranging from 45% to 68%, while B. pumilus strain B-335 had the least antagonistic potential (PGI =34.43%) against the pathogen. This study identified at least one suitable biocontrol candidate, B. subtilis strain B-358, as effective in vitro against all three vegetable pathogens.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Jorgensen, A. M., C. L. Borders, and W. W. Fish. "Arginine residues are critical for the heparin-cofactor activity of antithrombin III." Biochemical Journal 231, no. 1 (October 1, 1985): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2310059.

Full text
Abstract:
A dilution/quench technique was used to monitor the time course of chemical modification on the heparin-cofactor (a) and progressive thrombin-inhibitory (b) activities of human antithrombin III. Treatment of antithrombin III (AT III) with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulphonate at pH 8.3 and 25 degrees C leads to the loss of (a) at 60-fold more rapid rate than the loss of (b). This is consistent with previous reports [Rosenberg & Damus (1973) J. Biol. Chem. 248, 6490-6505; Pecon & Blackburn (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259, 935-938] that lysine residues are involved in the binding of heparin to AT III, but not in thrombin binding. Treatment of AT III with phenylglyoxal at pH 8.3 and 25 degrees C again leads to a more rapid loss of (a) than of (b), with the loss of the former proceeding at a 4-fold faster rate. The presence of heparin during modification with phenylglyoxal significantly decreases the rate of loss of (a). Full loss of (a) correlates with the modification of seven arginine residues per inhibitor molecule, whereas loss of (b) does not commence until approximately four arginine residues are modified and is complete upon the modification of approximately eleven arginine residues per inhibitor molecule. This suggests that (the) arginine residue(s) in AT III are involved in the binding of heparin in addition to the known role of Arg-393 at the thrombin-recognition site [Rosenberg & Damus (1973) J. Biol. Chem. 248, 6490-6505; Jörnvall, Fish & Björk (1979) FEBS Lett. 106, 358-362].
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

DiVenere, V. J., and N. D. Opdyke. "Paleomagnetism of the Maringouin and Shepody formations, New Brunswick: a Namurian magnetic stratigraphy." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 27, no. 6 (June 1, 1990): 803–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e90-082.

Full text
Abstract:
Two hundred thirty-five oriented cores were taken in a stratigraphic sequence of 575 m of red sediments from the Namurian Maringouin and Shepody formations. These samples were taken from the south-dipping limb of the Maringouin Anticline on the Maringouin Peninsula in eastern New Brunswick. An additional 59 samples of the Maringouin and Shepody formations were taken from the north-dipping limb for separate fold tests. Progressive thermal demagnetization to temperatures as high as 700 °C permitted the resolution of an intermediate-temperature, syn-folding B component and a high-temperature, pre-folding C component. The C-component mean for the Maringouin Formation yields a north paleopole at 32.4°N, 121.3°E. The Shepody Formation mean yields a paleopole at 35.7°N, 124.3°E. The circles of confidence (α95) for the Maringouin and Shepody formations are 3.8 °and 4.6°, respectively. Plotting sample polarity versus stratigraphie position yields the first coherent magnetic stratigraphy from the late Paleozoic of North America, with five discrete reversed-polarity and five discrete normal-polarity zones. The magnetic field in Namurian times had approximately 50% normal and 50% reversed polarity.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Velasquez, A. E., J. Manríquez, D. Veraguas, F. O. Castro, and L. I. Rodríguez-Alvarez. "105 BOVINE DEMI-BLASTOCYSTS ARE ABLE TO EXPAND TO A SIZE SIMILAR TO INTACT BLASTOCYSTS UNTIL AT LEAST DAY 13 OF IN VITRO CULTURE." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 28, no. 2 (2016): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv28n2ab105.

Full text
Abstract:
Embryo bisection has been used to produce identical twins, to increase the pregnancy rate per embryo, and for preimplantation diagnosis. However, the invasive nature of splitting might affect development decreasing embryo survival. In general, after bisection or biopsy, embryos are transferred to surrogate mothers and their competence evaluated in terms of implantation and pregnancy maintenance. However, this makes it difficult to evaluate the immediate response of each embryo to bisection. Our aim was to evaluate embryo growth during the 5 days following bisection by using an extended in vitro culture system. We postulated that bisected blastocysts are able to counteract the injury and expand in size until Day 13 of in vitro culture. Two experiments were performed. First, two different culture systems were evaluated to determine the best to support embryo development from Day 9 to 13. One system consisted of conventional culture in plastic (CCP), while the other one included co-culture with endometrial cells derived from a cycling cow (CC). Both used SOFaa supplemented with 3 mg mL–1 of fatty acid-free BSA and 2% FBS in 4-well dishes. Twenty-six nonbisected in vitro-derived blastocysts were cultured. Embryo size and survival were recorded daily. All living embryos were measured with Micrometrics™ SE Premium software and statistical analyses were performed using the Kruskal–Wallis test. From Day 9 to 11, blastocysts cultured in the CCP system had smaller diameters than those cultured in CC [Day 9: CC 358 µm, CCP 277 µm (P = 0.04); Day 10: CC 456 µm, CCP 340 µm (P = 0.005); and Day 11: CC 535 µm, CCP 408 µm (P = 0.02)]. However, on Day 12 and 13, no difference was observed in embryo diameters [(Day 12: CC 560 µm, CCP 411 µm (P = 0.1) and Day 13: CC 470 µm, CCP 474 µm (P = 0.9)]. Additionally, embryos with diameters less than 200 µm on Day 9 did not develop further independent of the culture system (P < 0.001). Thus, in the second experiment, to determine embryo size after bisection, only well-expanded grade 1 blastocysts >200 µm were used in the conventional CCP system. Twenty four Day 8 bisected (B) and nonbisected (C) blastocysts were cultured from Day 9 until 13. In the bisected group, one-half was kept for further gene expression analysis. Significant differences were observed in embryo diameter between both groups on Day 9 and 10 of culture [Day 9: B 321 µm, C 277 µm (P = 0.05); D10: B 436 µm, C 340 µm (P = 0.01)]. However, on Days 11, 12, and 13, no differences in diameter were observed (Day 11: B 411 µm, C 408 µm (P = 0.8); Day 12: B 394 µm, C 411 µm (P = 0.5); Day 13: B 316 µm, C 474 µm (P = 0.3)]. In conclusion, we show that bovine embryos are capable of developing in vitro until Day 13, and embryo diameter on Day 9 impacts on the subsequent in vitro survival of nonsplit embryos, regardless of culture system. Finally, on Day 11 of culture, the split embryos were able to overcome the injury caused by the bisection procedure and expanded in size similar to controls, until at least Day 13 of culture.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Suresh, C. G., B. P. Gangamani, and K. N. Ganesh. "The rare trans-syn thymine photodimers: structures of polyoxyethylene-linked bisthymines and the derived trans-syn thymine photodimers. Comparison of the stereochemistry before and after photodimerization." Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science 52, no. 2 (April 1, 1996): 376–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108768195012006.

Full text
Abstract:
trans-syn Photodimer of polyoxyethylene bisthymine (1) [1,1′-(ethylenedioxydiethylene)dithymine], trans-syn-1,8-(ethylenedioxyethylene)hexahydro-4a,4b-dimethylcyclobuta[1,2-d:4,3-d′]dipyrimidine-2,4,5,7(3H,6H)-tetrone (2), C16H22N4O6, Mr = 366.4, triclinic P{\bar 1}, a = 7.900 (4), b = 10.061 (8), c = 12.048 (4) Å, α = 71.37 (5), β = 78.13 (13), γ = 72.17 (5)°, V = 857.7 (9) Å3, Z = 2, Dx = 1.418 g cm−3, μ = 0.103 mm−1, F(000) = 388, R = 0.0953 for 1482 observed reflections; 1,1′-(1,2-phenylenedioxydiethylene)dithymine (3), C20H22N4O6, Mr = 414.4, triclinic, P{\bar 1}, a = 8.558 (2), b = 11.077 (2), c = 11.437 (3) Å, α = 108.57 (2), β = 94.37 (2), γ = 99.77 (2)°, V = 1003.1 (4) Å3, Z = 2, Dx = 1.377 g cm−3, μ = 0.096 mm−1, F(000) = 436, R = 0.0443 for all reflections; trans-syn photodimer of (3), 1,8-(1,2-phenylenedioxydiethylene)hexahydro-4a,4b-dimethylcyclobuta[1,2-d:4,3-d′]dipyrimidine-2,4,5,7(3H,6H)-tetrone (4), C20H22N4O6, Mr = 414.4, monoclinic, P21/n, a = 10.357 (4), b = 14.578 (5), c = 12.676 (2) Å, β = 97.99 (3)°, V = 1895 (1) Å3, Z = 4, Dx = 1.453 g cm−3, μ = 0.102 mm−1, F(000) = 872, R = 0.0628 for 1077 observed reflections. The bisthymines (1) and (3) on photodimerization produce cyclobutane-linked trans-syn thymine dimers as the exclusive products. The planar thymines stack one above the other in (1), while they are approximately perpendicular in (3). Planarities of the thymines are altered on photodimerization. The stereochemistry around the cyclobutane ring in photoproducts (2) and (4) is highly strained. The distortions in the bond lengths and angles due to this strain are concentrated mainly on the C5 and C6 atoms, which form the interpyramidal bonds. This strain is comparatively less in the rigid catechol-linked dimer (4). The N3 atom of thymines forms hydrogen bonds in all structures. Photoproducts show closer packing compared with the parent compounds.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Rino, Y., N. Yukawa, T. Yamada, T. Imada, S. Morinaga, S. Ohkawa, K. Miyakawa, M. Ueno, and K. Tarao. "Reduction therapy of ALT levels and prevention of HCC development in patients with HCV-associated cirrhosis." Journal of Clinical Oncology 25, no. 18_suppl (June 20, 2007): 1529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2007.25.18_suppl.1529.

Full text
Abstract:
1529 Background: Approximately 30 million people worldwide are estimated to have liver cirrhosis (LC) associated with hepatitis C virus (HCV). In addition, patients with HCV-associated liver cirrhosis (HCV-LC) have a high risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Namely, 60–80% of the patients may develop HCC in 10 years. So, preventing these patients from developing HCC is an urgent problem to be solved. To find a way to prevent the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) from hepatitis C-virus associated liver cirrhosis (HCV-LC), an analysis of the HCV-LC patients who had reduction therapy of ALT levels was performed. Patients and Methods: Seventy-four consecutive HCV-LC patients of Child Stage A were followed for > 10 years for the development of HCC. They were divided into two groups: In group A, the reduction therapy for ALT levels is aggressively performed and in group B, the reduction therapy was not performed aggressively. Results: Initial ALT was higher in group A than in group B, but there was no significance. After reduction therapy, ALT level was significantly high in group A in the first year. However, there were no significant differences between ALT levels in groups A and B of after the second year. In total, 39 patients out of 74 (52.7%) developed HCC within 13 years from the beginning of the study and 35 patients did not developed HCC in the same observation period. The incidence of HCC development in group B [65.7% (23/35)] was significantly higher than in group A [41.0% (16/39)] (p=0.039). The median HCC developing time in group A (12.8 years) was significantly longer than in group B (3.8 years) (p=0.0013). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that reduction therapy and ALT levels were the significant factors affecting HCC development. The incidence of HCC development in group B was 5.8 times higher than in group A. The high and unclassified ALT groups were 4.6 times and 2.2 times higher than in the low ALT group. Conclusion: The chances of surviving for more than 10 years without developing HCC in the HCV-LC patients of Child Stage A were far more favorable in group A than in group B. These results suggest that aggressive reduction therapy for ALT levels in HCV-LC patients could significantly prevent HCC development. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Park, Seung Ha, Lindsay D. Plank, Ki Tae Suk, Yong Eun Park, Jin Lee, Joon Hyuk Choi, Nae Yun Heo, et al. "Trends in the prevalence of chronic liver disease in the Korean adult population, 1998–2017." Clinical and Molecular Hepatology 26, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 209–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3350/cmh.2019.0065.

Full text
Abstract:
Data on the trends in the prevalence of chronic liver disease (CLD) in Korea are scarce. This study aimed to evaluate whether the CLD prevalence changed between 1998–2001 and 2016–2017. Data were extracted from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1998–2001 to 2016–2017; n=25,893). Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) was defined as a hepatic steatosis index >36 in the absence of any other evidence of CLD. The definition of alcoholrelated liver disease (ALD) was excessive alcohol consumption (≥210 g/week for men and ≥140 g/week for women) and an ALD/NAFLD index >0. The prevalence of NAFLD increased from 18.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 17.8–19.5%) in 1998–2001 to 21.5% (95% CI, 20.6–22.6%) in 2016–2017. During the same time period, increases were observed in the prevalence of obesity (27.0 vs. 35.1%), central obesity (29.4 vs. 36.0%), diabetes (7.5 vs. 10.6%), and excessive drinking (7.3 vs. 10.5%). ALD prevalence also increased from 3.8% (95% CI, 3.4–4.2%) to 7.0% (95% CI, 6.4–7.6%). In contrast, chronic hepatitis B decreased from 5.1% (95% CI, 4.6–5.5%) to 3.4% (95% CI, 3.0–3.8%). The prevalence of chronic hepatitis C was approximately 0.3% in 2016–2017. The prevalence of NAFLD and ALD increase among Korean adults. Our results suggest potential targets for interventions to reduce the future burden of CLD.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Gu, Yian, Jose Gutierrez, Irene B. Meier, Vanessa A. Guzman, Jennifer J. Manly, Nicole Schupf, Adam M. Brickman, and Richard Mayeux. "Circulating inflammatory biomarkers are related to cerebrovascular disease in older adults." Neurology - Neuroimmunology Neuroinflammation 6, no. 1 (November 14, 2018): e521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/nxi.0000000000000521.

Full text
Abstract:
ObjectiveThis investigation aimed at examining whether circulating inflammatory biomarkers C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL6), and alpha 1-antichymotrypsin (ACT) were related to cerebrovascular disease (CVD) assessed by MRI.MethodsThe study included nondemented elderly participants of a community-based, multiethnic cohort, who received baseline MRI scans and had CRP (n = 508), ACT (435), and IL6 (N = 357) measured by ELISA. Silent brain infarcts and white matter hyperintensities (WMH) were derived from all available MRI scans at baseline, approximately 4.4 years after blood sample collection for inflammatory biomarkers. Repeated assessments of infarcts and WMH, as well as microbleeds assessment, were performed at follow-up MRI visits around 4.5 years later. Cross-sectional and longitudinal relationship between inflammatory biomarkers and CVD were analyzed using appropriate logistic regression models, generalized linear models, or COX models.ResultsAfter adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, education, APOE genotype, and intracranial volume, 1 SD increase in log10IL6 was associated with infarcts on MRI {odds ratio [OR] (95% confidence interval [CI]) = 1.28 [1.02–1.60], p = 0.033}, and 1 SD increase in log10CRP and log10ACT was associated with microbleeds (OR [95% CI] = 1.46 [1.02–2.09], p = 0.041; and 1.65 [1.11–2.46], p = 0.013; respectively). One SD increase in log10ACT was also associated with larger WMH at the follow-up MRI (b = 0.103, p = 0.012) and increased accumulation of WMH volume (b = 0.062, p = 0.041) during follow-up. The associations remained significant after additional adjustment of vascular risk factors and excluding participants with clinical stroke.ConclusionsAmong older adults, increased circulating inflammatory biomarkers were associated with the presence of infarcts and microbleeds, WMH burden, and progression of WMH.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Yu, L., X. L. Chen, L. L. Gao, H. R. Chen, and Q. Huang. "First Report of Botryosphaeria dothidea Causing Canker and Shoot Blight of Eucalyptus in China." Plant Disease 93, no. 7 (July 2009): 764. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-93-7-0764c.

Full text
Abstract:
Eucalyptus spp. are grown on approximately 2 million ha in China and is the most important genus in forest plantations worldwide. An outbreak of cankers and shoot blight was observed for the first time on Eucalyptus grandis in China during May of 2008. Symptoms included dieback of shoots and branches, lesions and canker formation on the stems, and clear or yellow-to-red exudates on stems and branches. Isolations were made from affected trees in Shilin County from May to July of 2008. Diseased samples were plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and incubated at 26°C. Fungal isolates developed copious, white, aerial mycelium that became dark gray after 5 to 6 days and formed black pycnidia after 14 days. Conidia were hyaline, aseptate, thin walled, fusiform, and measured 19 to 28 × 4 to 6 μm. Ascospores were hyaline, aseptate, and widest from the middle to upper third (17 to 28 × 6 to 13 μm). Identity was confirmed by analysis of the rDNA internal transcribed spacer region (ITSI-5.8S-ITS2) with primers ITS1 and ITS4. BLAST searches showed 99 to 100% identity with Botryosphaeria dothidea isolates from GenBank (Accession Nos. FJ358703 and EU080916). Representative sequences of B. dothidea from eucalyptus from China were deposited into GenBank (Accession Nos. FJ517657 and FJ517658). On the basis of morphological and molecular results, the fungus isolated from diseased eucalyptus wood was confirmed to be B. dothidea. Pathogenicity tests were conducted by stem inoculation of 10-month-old E. grandis seedlings. Two experiments were conducted using two inoculation techniques. In the first experiment, 2-mm-diameter actively growing mycelium plugs of B. dothidea were applied to 2-mm-long bark wounds on the middle point of the stems, and control seedlings were inoculated with sterile PDA plugs in a similar fashion as above. Inoculated and control seedlings were inoculated in a greenhouse and watered as needed. In the second experiment, segments of branches (averaging 18 mm in diameter and 30 cm long) were inoculated with 5-mm-diameter plugs of actively growing mycelium. Control segments of branches were inoculated as previously described. The branches were incubated at 26°C in moist chambers. There were five replicate seedlings per inoculation technique. After 20 days, all E. grandis seedlings showed leaf wilting, Dark, vascular stem tissue was observed. Symptoms were more abundant on the segment of branches. After 6 days, vascular necroses that developed on the inoculated plants were 5.2 ± 1.2 cm. B. dothidea was reisolated from all inoculated symptomatic tissue; no symptoms were visible in the control seedlings and no fungus was isolated from them. These results confirm previous reports of B. dothidea causing canker and dieback symptoms of Eucalyptus species in Australia (2), the United States (1), and South Africa (3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of B. dothidea causing canker disease on eucalyptus in China. References: (1) E. L. Barnard et al. Plant Dis. 71:358, 1987. (2) E. M. Davison and C. S. Tay. Plant Dis. 67:1285, 1983. (3) H. Smith et al. Plant Pathol. 43:1031, 1994.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Lee, H. B., and C. J. Kim. "First Report of Colletotrichum destructivum on Curly Dock." Plant Disease 86, no. 11 (November 2002): 1271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2002.86.11.1271a.

Full text
Abstract:
Curly dock (Rumex crispus L.) is a perennial deciduous plant in the family Polygonaceae. It is widely distributed in grasslands and orchards and is an important weed that is traditionally used as a medicinal herb. During the summers of 2000 and 2001, a severe anthracnose disease was observed on leaves of mature curly dock in the foothills near the western coastal area of Muchangpo, Ungchon, the district of Chungnam in Korea. Initial symptoms usually appeared in June as a small number of slightly soaked spots on leaves. Typical symptoms, generally observed in late July and August following a long, rainy, hot period, consisted of a number of brown leaf spots that expanded and often twisted, resulting in discoloration of whole parts to blackish brown or slightly reddish brown and defoliation. A fungus, which was isolated from the leaf lesion, was identified as Colletotrichum destructivum O'Gara based on previous descriptions (1,3). The fungus was characterized by conidia, which were long, relatively narrow, and straight to slightly curved with abruptly tapered and obtuse ends, complex appressoria, and cultures with apricotto salmon-colored sectors that lacked sclerotia. Conidial size ranged from 4.0 to 6.4 μm (average 4.8) × 10 to 23 μm (average 16.5). Setae were slender and straight but frequently flexuous, subulate, brown, and variable in length. C. destructivum has a teleomorph, Glomerella glycines (Hori) Lehman & Wolf, but the species is not well known, and the connection has not been studied in detail. The isolate has been deposited in the IMI Culture Collection as isolate IMI387103. The dimensions of conidia from the isolate matched those of C. destructivum N150 (GenBank Accession No. AF325064) isolated from Nicotiana tabacum (3). C. destructivum is distinguishable from C. gloeosporioides, whose spores are short and cylindrical with obtuse apices tapering slightly to a truncate base. Pathogenicity of the isolate was determined on 5-week-old leaves of curly dock. Leaves were inoculated with a conidial suspension of the fungus (approximately 1 × 106 conidia per ml), placed in a moist chamber for 3 days, and subsequently transferred to a growth chamber maintained at 25°C. Within 7 days after inoculation, symptoms appeared that were similar to those originally observed on leaflets. Uninoculated control (sprayed only with distilled water) leaves exposed to the same environmental conditions remained healthy. C. destructivum was consistently reisolated from infected leaves. C. destructivum has been reported as a pathogen on approximately 15 genera, including Medicago sativa, Trifolium spp., Cuscuta spp., and N. tabacum (1,3), and two fungal species, C. erumpens and C. rumicis-crispi, have been reported to cause anthracnose on R. crispus. To our knowledge, R. crispus represents a previously unreported host for C. destructivum causing anthracnose, although C. gloeosporioides has been reported as a pathogen of R. crispus in Korea (2). References: (1) A. P. Baxter et al. S. Afr. Tydskr. Plantk. 2:259, 1983. (2) B. S. Kim et al. Korean J. Plant Pathol. 14:358, 1998. (3) S. Shen et al. Mycol. Res. 105:1340, 2001.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
More sources

Book chapters on the topic "Approximately 436 B.C.-358 B.C"

1

"are purified lipid contents and others are not, and the puri-(Paspalum scrobiculatum), and barnyard (Echinocloa fied lipid content depends on the purification method. colona). Sridhar and Lakshminarayana [32] also reported Starch lipids (SL) are those bound to starch, and they FL contents of 5.0, 5.6, and 2.2% for Proso, Foxtail, and are the most difficult to extract. Since true SL are present Finger millet, respectively. Taira [45] found slightly high-inside the starch granules, even a very polar solvent such er average FL (ether extraction) contents for glutinous as WSB cannot extract them at ambient temperature. Effi-foxtail millet (4.2-5.1%, average 4.7% of 21 samples) cient extraction of SL requires mixtures of hot aqueous al-than for nonglutinous foxtail millet (4.0-4.7%, average cohol in proportions optimized for controlled swelling of 4.4% of 31 samples). Among millet, pearl millet contains the starch granules and solubilization of the lipids [25]. the most FL. The best solvents are n-propanol or isopropanol with water Lipid contents of rice in Table 2 were cited by Morrison (3:1, by volume) used under nitrogen at 100°C. However, [3] using the data of Nechaev and Sandler [2]. Taira and some n-butanol—water and methanol-water mixtures also Chang [46] reported that the average nonglutinous brown are reasonably efficient extraction solvents at 100°C [25]. rice FL (ether extraction) contents of 20 varieties each of Recently, a third lipid category was introduced. Starch sur-Indica and Japonica types were 2.7% (2.38-2.91%) and face lipids (SSL) are portions of the nonstarch lipids 2.9% (2.54-3.58%), respectively. More recently, Taira et (NSL), which become firmly absorbed onto or into starch al. [47] reported the average FL contents of 15 nongluti-granules during the separation of pure starch [24]. nous varieties as 2.5% (2.24-2.97%) for Indica, 2.5% Lipids are minor components of the cereal grains shown (2.12-2.94%) for Japonica, 2.7% (2.35-3.03%) for Sinica, in Table 2. Data in this table, expressed on a dry basis, and 2.6% (2.11-2.99%) for Japonica types. were calculated from reported values [3,16,26-41]. Also, some BL or TL contents were calculated by subtracting FL from TL or by adding FL to BL, depending on the avail-B. Nonstarch Lipid Classes of Grains ability of data. The FL contents range from 1.5 to 2% of Lipids can be separated into three broad classes by open-the kernel weights of barley, rice, rye, triticale, and wheat column silicic acid chromatography. Nonpolar lipids (NL) grains. They range from 3 to 7% of the kernel weights of are first eluted by chloroform, glycolipids (GL) are eluted oats, millet, corn, and sorghum. However, BL contents in next by acetone, and phospholipids (PL) are eluted last grains are more uniform than FL contents. Therefore, the with methanol. Mixtures of GL and PL are polar lipids FL:BL ratio is substantially higher for corn, millet, oats, (PoL). After NL elution from a silicic acid column, PoL and sorghum than for rye, triticale, and wheat grains. The can be eluted with methanol without the GL elution step. FL:BL ratios for barley and rice are intermediate. Lipids can also be separated into various classes by thin-High oil-containing grains such as corn are continuous-layer chromatography (TLC) using different development ly bred for higher oil content with improved production solvent systems. Each individual lipid class migrates dif-yield. Application of wide-line NMR spectroscopy for ferently on the thin-layer plate, and the difference in mi-nondestructive analysis of the oil content in single corn gration rates makes it possible to separate complex lipids kernels made selection for higher oil content more efficient into classes. The NL consists of SE, TG, DG, MG, and [42]. Corn hybrids with 6-8.5% oil content and grain FFA (see Table 1). The total NL content is obtained by yields equal to those of good commercial hybrids were adding these NL class contents as measured by densitome-produced [43]. try. Thus, the NL content of samples may differ, to some Several kinds of millet exist, and the lipid data in the extent, depending on methodology used (column separa-literature are confusing. Rooney compared the FL (ether tion or TLC separation). extraction) contents of several types of millet in a review The data [1,13,27,29,32,36-38,40,48-58] shown in paper [16]. The average FL contents of pearl millet (Pen-Table 3 may be used for only approximate comparison of nisetum typhoids) were 5.1% (4.1-5.6%, 14 samples), the NL content from different grains because some were 5.4% (2.8-8.0%, 167 samples, [44]), 5.6% (4.3-7.1%, 40 obtained by column chromatography and some by TLC. samples), and 6.2% (4.2-7.4%, 35 samples) [16]. Other All cereal grain lipids are richer in NL than in other class-reported average FL contents were 4.8% (4.6-5.0%, 6 es: 60-70% of the TL are NL in wheat (hexaploid), triti-samples) for foxtail millet (Setaria Italica), 5.8% cale, and rye; 65-80% for barley and oat groats; 77-87% (5.5-6.3%, 6 samples) for Japanese millet (Echinochloa for sorghum and rice; and 75-96% for corn and millet crusgalli), and 4.2% (3.8-4.9%, 20 samples) for proso (Pennisetum americanum). Sridhar and Lakshminarayana millet (Panicum miliaceum) [16]. Sridhar and Lakshmi-[32] reported 82, 80, and 79% of NL for Foxtail, Proso, narayana [30] reported a FL content range of 3.4-5.7% for and Finger millet, respectively. There are significant vari-small millet, including little (Panicum sumatrense), kodo etal effects on the NL/PoL ratio for corn and millet (P." In Handbook of Cereal Science and Technology, Revised and Expanded, 434. CRC Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420027228-43.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
You might also be interested in the extended bibliographies on the topic 'Approximately 436 B.C.-358 B.C' for particular source types:
Journal articles
We offer discounts on all premium plans for authors whose works are included in thematic literature selections. Contact us to get a unique promo code!

To the bibliography