Academic literature on the topic 'Approximately 1010-approximately 1070'
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Journal articles on the topic "Approximately 1010-approximately 1070"
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Saravanan, S. "Stacking of InAs QDs with Different Spacer Layer Thickness on GaAs Substrate by Molecular Beam Epitaxy." Advanced Science Letters 24, no. 8 (August 1, 2018): 5574–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/asl.2018.12152.
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InAs QDs were grown by supplying 2.5 mono-layers (MLs) of InAs at 500 °C in a molecular beam epitaxial (MBE) system. The QDs are approximately 4–6 nm height with an areal density of 3×85 ×1010 cm−2 for single layer QDs. Typical diameter was found to be about 15–25 nm. InAs QDs were stacked with the spacer layer thickness of 5, 10, 15, 25 and 35 nm. For 15 nm of spacer layer thickness the QDs density decreased to 2.62×1010 cm−2 and again increased for 35 nm spacer layer and reached to the value of 3.65×1010 cm−2. The 14 K photoluminescence (PL) spectra of single layer InAs QDs covered by GaAs layer centered at 1079 nm. For the stacking of InAs QDs with spacer layer thickness of 5 and 10 nm another peak appeared around 1100 nm due to size broadening of QDs because of strain propagation to next layer due to less thickness of spacer layer. When the thickness of the spacer layer increased to 35 nm the peak position is around 1073 nm and the intensity increased more than 3 fold when compare to single layer QDs.
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ZUO, XUE, HUA ZHU, YUANKAI ZHOU, CONG DING, and GUODONG SUN. "DEVELOPMENT OF FRACTAL DIMENSION AND CHARACTERISTIC ROUGHNESS MODELS FOR TURNED SURFACE OF CARBON STEELS." Fractals 24, no. 04 (December 2016): 1650042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218348x16500420.
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Relationships between material hardness, turning parameters (spindle speed and feed rate) and surface parameters (surface roughness [Formula: see text]a, fractal dimension [Formula: see text] and characteristic roughness [Formula: see text] are studied and modeled using response surface methodology (RSM). The experiments are carried out on a CNC lathe for six carbon steel material AISI 1010, AISI 1020, AISI 1030, AISI 1045, AISI 1050 and AISI 1060. The profile of turned surface and the surface roughness value are measured by a JB-5C profilometer. Based on the profile data, [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are computed through the root-mean-square method. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) reveals that spindle speed is the most significant factors affecting [Formula: see text]a, while material hardness is the most dominant parameter affecting [Formula: see text]. Material hardness and spindle speed have the same influence on [Formula: see text]. Feed rate has less effect on three surface parameters than spindle speed and material hardness. The second-order models of RSM are established for estimating [Formula: see text]a, [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. The validity of the developed models is approximately 80%. The response surfaces show that a surface with small [Formula: see text]a and large [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] can be obtained by selecting a high speed and a large hardness material. According to the established models, [Formula: see text]a, [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] of six carbon steels surfaces can be predicted under cutting conditions studied in this paper. The results have an instructive meaning to estimate the surface quality before turning.
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Evans, A. S., D. T. Frayer, Vassilis Charmandaris, Lee Armus, Hanae Inami, Jason Surace, Sean Linden, et al. "GOALS-JWST: Hidden Star Formation and Extended PAH Emission in the Luminous Infrared Galaxy VV 114." Astrophysical Journal Letters 940, no. 1 (November 1, 2022): L8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ac9971.
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Abstract James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI) images of the luminous infrared (IR) galaxy VV 114 are presented. This redshift ∼0.020 merger has a western component (VV 114W) rich in optical star clusters and an eastern component (VV 114E) hosting a luminous mid-IR nucleus hidden at UV and optical wavelengths by dust lanes. With MIRI, the VV 114E nucleus resolves primarily into bright NE and SW cores separated by 630 pc. This nucleus comprises 45% of the 15 μm light of VV 114, with the NE and SW cores having IR luminosities, L IR(8 − 1000 μm) ∼ 8 ± 0.8 × 1010 L ⊙ and ∼ 5 ± 0.5 × 1010 L ⊙, respectively, and IR densities, ΣIR ≳ 2 ± 0.2 × 1013 L ⊙ kpc−2 and ≳ 7 ± 0.7 × 1012 L ⊙ kpc−2, respectively—in the range of ΣIR for the Orion star-forming core and the nuclei of Arp 220. The NE core, previously speculated to have an active galactic nucleus (AGN), has starburst-like mid-IR colors. In contrast, the VV 114E SW core has AGN-like colors. Approximately 40 star-forming knots with L IR ∼ 0.02–5 × 1010 L ⊙ are identified, 28% of which have no optical counterpart. Finally, diffuse emission accounts for 40%–60% of the mid-IR emission. Mostly notably, filamentary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emission stochastically excited by UV and optical photons accounts for half of the 7.7 μm light of VV 114. This study illustrates the ability of JWST to detect obscured compact activity and distributed PAH emission in the most extreme starburst galaxies in the local universe.
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Miyashita, Takuto, Takeshi Kondo, Kohei Ikeda, Kazumichi Yoshii, Feng-Lei Hong, and Tomoyuki Horikiri. "Offset-locking-based frequency stabilization of external cavity diode lasers for long-distance quantum communication." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 60, no. 12 (November 10, 2021): 122001. http://dx.doi.org/10.35848/1347-4065/ac2e67.
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Abstract Quantum repeaters are required for long-distance quantum communication. For efficient coupling of quantum entangled photon sources with narrow-linewidth quantum memories, we performed the frequency stabilization of two lasers at 1514 and 1010 nm. The 1514 nm pump laser of the entangled photon source exhibited a frequency stability of 3.6 × 10–12 (τ = 1 s). The 1010 nm pump laser of the wavelength conversion system exhibited a frequency stability of 3.4 × 10–12 (τ = 1 s). The stabilities of both lasers were approximately two orders of magnitude smaller than the frequency width of 4 MHz of the Pr:YSO quantum memory. Such frequency-stabilized lasers can realize the remote coupling of a quantum memory and an entangled photon source in quantum repeaters.
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Robinson, K. G., H. M. Dionisi, G. Harms, A. C. Layton, I. R. Gregory, and G. S. Sayler. "Molecular assessment of ammonia- and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria in full-scale activated sludge wastewater treatment plants." Water Science and Technology 48, no. 8 (November 1, 2003): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0460.
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Nitrification was assessed in two full-scale wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) over time using molecular methods. Both WWTPs employed a complete-mix suspended growth, aerobic activated sludge process (with biomass recycle) for combined carbon and nitrogen treatment. However, one facility treated primarily municipal wastewater while the other only industrial wastewater. Real time PCR assays were developed to determine copy numbers for total 16S rDNA (a measure of biomass content), the amoA gene (a measure of ammonia-oxidizers), and the Nitrospira 16S rDNA gene (a measure of nitrite-oxidizers) in mixed liquor samples. In both the municipal and industrial WWTP samples, total 16S rDNA values were approximately 2-9 × 1013 copies/L and Nitrospira 16S rDNA values were 2-4 × 1010 copies/L. amoA gene concentrations averaged 1.73 × 109 copies/L (municipal) and 1.06 × 1010 copies/L (industrial), however, assays for two distinct ammonia oxidizing bacteria were required.
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MICHALSKI, C. B., R. E. BRACKETT, Y. C. HUNG, and G. O. I. EZEIKE. "Use of Capillary Tubes and Plate Heat Exchanger to Validate U.S. Department of Agriculture Pasteurization Protocols for Elimination of Salmonella Enteritidis from Liquid Egg Products." Journal of Food Protection 62, no. 2 (February 1, 1999): 112–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-62.2.112.
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D values for a five-strain cocktail of Salmonella Enteritidis in five different liquid egg products (whole egg, egg yolk, egg white, egg yolk + 5% sucrose + 5% NaCl, and egg yolk + 10% NaCl) were determined using 100-μl capillary tubes. The egg products were inoculated with approximately 1 × 1010 organisms/ml and heated in capillary tubes to temperatures ranging from 51 to 68°C for various time intervals. Using a pilot scale plate heat exchanger, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) protocols for pasteurization were also evaluated using egg products inoculated with approximately 1 × 107 Salmonella Enteritidis/ml. Results of experiments with capillary tubes suggested that almost all processes would result in less than the 9D process recommended by the USDA. However, when the egg products were pasteurized using the plate heat exchanger, a greater than 9D process was achieved for Salmonella Enteritidis in all products except egg yolk containing 5% sucrose + 5% NaCl, which received approximately a 4D process.
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Li, Shulong, and Zhizhang Wang. "Time, Spatial and Component Characteristics of Agricultural Carbon Emissions of China." Agriculture 13, no. 1 (January 14, 2023): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13010214.
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In this study, the time trend, regional distribution and component characteristics of the agricultural carbon emissions (ACEs) of China are analyzed. The estimation methods of each component of the ACE are introduced. According to the annually provincial panel data set with the 31 provinces from 1996 to 2019, the time trend, regional distribution and component characteristics are empirically discussed. Meanwhile, since it is also worthwhile to explore the effect of the ACE on economic growth, econometric models such as the pooled ordinary least squares (OLS) and fixed effect (FE) models are employed to examine the inverted “U”-shape effect of ACE on both of the agricultural GDP and GDP under the control of other variables. The results show that (1) the carbon emission started to fall after 2015; (2) the majority source of the agricultural carbon emission is caused by chemical fertilizer, which is approximately half of the total; (3) the current provincial ACE levels (0.287 ×1010 kg in 2019) are significantly smaller than the estimated optimal level for agricultural GDP as well as GDP (respectively, 1.003×1010 kg and 1.256×1010 kg). In light of this, environmental protection and agricultural development are currently conflicted. Therefore, we suggest that the government should accept a trade-off between economic growth and the quality of the environment.
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Cernicharo, J., C. Cabezas, M. Agúndez, B. Tercero, J. R. Pardo, N. Marcelino, J. D. Gallego, F. Tercero, J. A. López-Pérez, and P. de Vicente. "TMC-1, the starless core sulfur factory: Discovery of NCS, HCCS, H2CCS, H2CCCS, and C4S and detection of C5S." Astronomy & Astrophysics 648 (April 2021): L3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202140642.
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We report the detection of the sulfur-bearing species NCS, HCCS, H2CCS, H2CCCS, and C4S for the first time in space. These molecules were found towards TMC-1 through the observation of several lines for each species. We also report the detection of C5S for the first time in a cold cloud through the observation of five lines in the 31–50 GHz range. The derived column densities are N(NCS) = (7.8 ± 0.6) × 1011 cm−2, N(HCCS) = (6.8 ± 0.6) × 1011 cm−2, N(H2CCS) = (7.8 ± 0.8) × 1011 cm−2, N(H2CCCS) = (3.7 ± 0.4) × 1011 cm−2, N(C4S) = (3.8 ± 0.4) × 1010 cm−2, and N(C5S) = (5.0 ± 1.0) × 1010 cm−2. The observed abundance ratio between C3S and C4S is 340, that is to say a factor of approximately one hundred larger than the corresponding value for CCS and C3S. The observational results are compared with a state-of-the-art chemical model, which is only partially successful in reproducing the observed abundances. These detections underline the need to improve chemical networks dealing with S-bearing species.
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Kotloff, Karen L., Marcelo B. Sztein, Steven S. Wasserman, Genevieve A. Losonsky, Susan C. DiLorenzo, and Richard I. Walker. "Safety and Immunogenicity of Oral Inactivated Whole-CellHelicobacter pylori Vaccine with Adjuvant among Volunteers with or without Subclinical Infection." Infection and Immunity 69, no. 6 (June 1, 2001): 3581–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.69.6.3581-3590.2001.
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ABSTRACT Helicobacter pylori infection of the gastric mucosa can be found in approximately 50% of the world's population and is associated with a range of pathology, including peptic ulcer, atrophic gastritis, and gastric cancer. To explore immunization as a strategy for preventing and treating H. pylori-associated disease, we assessed the safety and immunogenicity in healthy adults of a formalin-inactivated, oral H. pylori whole-cell (HWC) vaccine, administered with or without mutant Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin (LTR192G) as a mucosal adjuvant. In a dose-response study, 23 subjects with or withoutH. pylori infection were vaccinated with either 2.5 × 106 HWC, 2.5 × 108 HWC, or 2.5 × 1010 HWC, plus 25 μg of LTR192G. Thereafter, a randomized study was conducted in which 18 H. pylori-infected subjects were assigned, in a double-blind fashion, to receive either 2.5 × 1010 HWC plus placebo-adjuvant, placebo-vaccine plus 25 μg of LTR192G, placebo-vaccine plus placebo-adjuvant, or 2.5 × 1010 HWC plus 25 μg of LTR192G. Diarrhea (six subjects), low-grade fever (five subjects), and vomiting (two subjects) were observed, usually after the first dose. Significant rises in geometric mean mucosal (fecal and salivary) anti-HWC immunoglobulin A antibodies occurred amongH. pylori-infected and uninfected subjects following inoculation with 2.5 × 1010 HWC plus 25 μg of LTR192G. Moreover, among H. pylori-negative volunteers, this regimen induced significant lymphoproliferative responses in 5 of 10 subjects and gamma interferon production responses to H. pylori sonicate in 7 of 10 subjects. There was no evidence that vaccination eradicatedH. pylori in infected volunteers. These results suggest that it is possible to stimulate mucosal and systemic immune responses in humans to H. pylori antigens by using an HWC vaccine.
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Guo, Liangyan, Hongchao Cheng, Junfeng Chen, Wentao Chen, and Jingyao Zhao. "Pore structure characterization of oak via X-ray computed tomography." BioResources 15, no. 2 (March 16, 2020): 3053–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.2.3053-3063.
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The microscopic pore structure of wood is an important factor that affects its macroscopic properties. In this study, an oak sample was used for pore structure characterization. X-ray computed tomography imaging was carried out, and the scanning results (a multi-layer two-dimensional planar image) were rendered using Avizo software (a three-dimensional stereo image). A digital image processing method was used to identify the characteristics of the three-dimensional pore structure features and to calculate the characteristic parameters, i.e., the porosity (volume/surface), pore area and volume, pore size distribution, and the connectivity. The 27 mm3 oak sample had the following characteristics: a pore size which ranged from 8.56 µm to 1262.84 µm; a pore volume of 1.01 × 1010 µm3; a pore area and volume porosity of 1.12 × 109 µm2 and 37.6%, respectively; a surface porosity range of approximately 36.1% to 39.1%; a pore diameter for axial connection ranging from approximately 164.57 µm to 1262.84 µm; and had corresponding proportions of the pore area and volume of approximately 74.4% and 67.3%, respectively. This information provided useful structural data for the construction of future models.
Book chapters on the topic "Approximately 1010-approximately 1070"
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Gryk, M. R., and O. Jardetzky. "Flexibility and Function of the Excherichia coli trp Represser." In Biological NMR Spectroscopy. Oxford University Press, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195094688.003.0011.
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The trp repressor from Escherichia coli is a DNA binding protein, which in the presence of the ami no acid tryptophan inhibits the transcription of at least five operons: trpEDCBA, trpR, aroH, mtr, and aroL (Zubay et al., 1972; Rose et al., 1973; Zurawski et al., 1981; Heatwole and Somerville, 1991, 1992). The ligand-free form (aporepressor) shows only weak binding (KD ~ 106 - 107 M) to DNA, independent of the nucleotide sequence (Carey, 1988; Hurlburt and Yanofsky, 1990). The tryptophan containing form (holorepressor) binds preferentially to specific operator sequences with a much higher binding constant (KD ~ 1010 - 1011 M) (Carey, 1988; Chou et al., 1989; Hurlburt and Yanofsky, 1990). The binding of the repressoris thus regulated by tryptophan, which acts as a corepressor (Rose et al., 1973). With a molecular weight of approximately 25kD, the trp repressoris one of the smallest regulatory systems known, which makes it attractive as a prototype for the study of the molecular mechanism of allosteric regulation. In the twelve years since it was isolated and purified (Joachimiak et al., 1983), it has become one of the most extensively studied allosteric systems. Although Perutz has justly pointed out that the trp repressoris not allosteric in a classical sense (Perutz, 1989), in fact, the control site is too close to the DNA binding site to separate direct and indirect (allosteric) effects, the system does manifest an essential feature of all allosteric control mechanisms - a structural change induced by ligand binding. Structures of both the apo- and the holorepressor have been determined both by x-ray diffraction (Zhang et al., 1987; Schevitz et al., 1985; Lawson et al., 1988) and by NMR (Arrowsmith et al., 1991a; Zhao et al., 1993). Structures of the operator DNA have also been reported (Lefèvre et al., 1987; Shakked et al., 1994a,b), and several structures of operator-repressor complexes are available: two crystal structures (Otwinowski et al., 1988, Lawson and Carey, 1993), and a family of NMR solution structures (Zhang et al., 1994).
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Weiss, Ron, and Thomas F. ,Jr ,. Knight. "Genetic Process Engineering." In Cellular Computing. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195155396.003.0008.
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In this chapter we present an engineering discipline to obtain complex, predictable, and reliable cell behaviors by embedding biochemical logic circuits and programmed intercellular communications into cells. To accomplish this goal, we provide a well-characterized component library, a biocircuit design methodology, and software design tools. Using the cellular gates,we introduce genetic process engineering, a methodology for modifying the DNA encoding of existing genetic elements to achieve the desired input/output behavior for constructing reliable circuits of significant complexity.We also describe BioSpice, a prototype software tool for biocircuit design that supports both static and dynamic simulations and analysis of singlecell environments and small cell aggregates. The goal of our research is to lay the foundations of an engineering discipline for building novel living systems with well-defined purposes and behaviors using standardized, well-characterized components. Cells are miniature, energy efficient, self-reproduce, and can manufacture biochemical products. These unique characteristics make cells attractive for many novel applications that require precise programmed control over the behavior of the cells. The applications include nanoscale fabrication, embedded intelligence in materials, sensor/effector arrays, patterned biomaterial manufacturing, improved pharmaceutical synthesis, programmed therapeutics, and as a sophisticated tool for in vivo studies of genetic regulatory networks. These applications require synthesis of sophisticated and reliable cell behaviors that instruct cells to make logic decisions based on factors such as existing environmental conditions and current cell state. For example, a cell may be programmed to secrete particular timed sequences of biochemicals depending on the type of messages sent by its neighbors. The approach proposed here for engineering the requisite precision control is to embed internal computation and programmed intercellular communications into the cells. The challenge is to provide robust computation and communications using a substrate where reliability and reproducible results are difficult to achieve. Biological organisms as an engineering substrate are currently difficult to modify and control because of the poor understanding of their complexity. Genetic modifications to cells often result in unpredictable and unreliable behavior. A single Escherichia coli bacterial cell contains approximately 1010 active molecules, about 107 of which are protein molecules.
Conference papers on the topic "Approximately 1010-approximately 1070"
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Faulder, Leslie, John McClain, Bryan Edwards, and Vijay Parthasarathy. "Ceramic Stationary Gas Turbine Development Program — Design and Test of a First Stage Ceramic Nozzle." In ASME 1998 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/98-gt-528.
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The goal of the Ceramic Stationary Gas Turbine(CSGT) Development Program, under the sponsorship of the United States Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Industrial Technologies (OIT), is to improve the performance (fuel efficiency, output power, exhaust emissions) of stationary gas turbines in cogeneration through the selective replacement of hot section components with ceramic parts. Phase II of this program includes detailed engine and component design, procurement and testing. This paper will review the design and test of the first stage ceramic nozzle for the Centaur 50S engine. For this test an uncooled monolithic ceramic nozzle made from SN-88 silicon nitride(NGK Insulators Ltd.) was used. A major challenge in the successful introduction of ceramic parts into a gas turbine is the design of the interface between the ceramic parts and metallic components. The design and attachment of the ceramic nozzle was greatly influenced by these considerations. Metallic components in the stationary structure of the turbine have been added or redesigned to retrofit the ceramic nozzle into the all metallic Centaur 50S engine. This paper will also discuss special handling and assembly techniques used to install the ceramic nozzle into the engine. Trial assemblies were used in the engine build process, this proved most beneficial in identifying problems and reducing the risk of damage to the ceramic nozzles. Assembly techniques were designed to reduce assembly loads and to eliminate blind assemblies. Before installing any ceramic nozzles into the engine they were first required to successfully pass both mechanical and thermal proof tests. Details of these proof tests and the final full load engine test will be described in this paper. The engine test was run at a turbine rotor inlet temperature(TRIT) of 1010°C. Total number of engine starts was six, and the total run time was approximately 10 hours.