Academic literature on the topic 'Appropriated sound and style'
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Journal articles on the topic "Appropriated sound and style"
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King, Jeanette, Margaret Maclagan, Ray Harlow, Peter Keegan, and Catherine Watson. "Prestige norms and sound change in Māori." Language Ecology 4, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 95–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/le.00011.kin.
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Abstract Māori, the threatened language of the indigenous people of New Zealand, has been undergoing revitalisation since the 1970s. The MAONZE project (Māori and New Zealand English) has studied sound change in Māori by comparing the speech of historical elders, present-day elders and young speakers. Here we analyse the read speech from nine present-day elders and twelve young speakers and compare it with the results from our previous analysis of their conversational material to investigate whether style shift occurs in more careful Māori speech. Pronunciation change was restricted to the backing of long /u:/, a sound whose fronting had been stigmatised and of which older female speakers seemed to be particularly aware. We conclude that, although there is some indication of style-shift in the read material, ‘first wave’ (Eckert 2012) sociolinguistic methodology is not appropriate for Māori speakers whose notion of class and prestige differ from that of previously articulated sociolinguistic norms.
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Turesky, Elizabeth Fisher, and Dennis Gallagher. "Know thyself: Coaching for leadership using Kolb’s Experiential Learning Theory." Coaching Psychologist 7, no. 1 (June 2011): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpstcp.2011.7.1.5.
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This article discusses the role of professional coaches who apply Kolb’s Experiential Learning Theory as a means of enhancing their client’s leadership capabilities. The authors posit that Kolb’s four learning modes and styles provide a guiding structure for professional coaches to individualise their approach to coaching leaders to overcome the leader’s overreliance on their dominant learning style and appropriately access more effective behaviours in handling the myriad of responsibilities they face. It is equally important for coaches to know their own learning styles to be more effective in their coaching role. A coach’s ability to access all four modes and learning styles in themselves can foster more effective coaching practices so that they may more effectively coach others whose learning styles are different from their own. The authors conclude that Kolb’s Experiential Learning Theory provides a sound theoretical framework to help professional coaches in the development of the organisation’s leadership capacity.
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Pashler, Harold, Mark McDaniel, Doug Rohrer, and Robert Bjork. "Learning Styles." Psychological Science in the Public Interest 9, no. 3 (December 2008): 105–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6053.2009.01038.x.
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The term “learning styles” refers to the concept that individuals differ in regard to what mode of instruction or study is most effective for them. Proponents of learning-style assessment contend that optimal instruction requires diagnosing individuals' learning style and tailoring instruction accordingly. Assessments of learning style typically ask people to evaluate what sort of information presentation they prefer (e.g., words versus pictures versus speech) and/or what kind of mental activity they find most engaging or congenial (e.g., analysis versus listening), although assessment instruments are extremely diverse. The most common—but not the only—hypothesis about the instructional relevance of learning styles is the meshing hypothesis, according to which instruction is best provided in a format that matches the preferences of the learner (e.g., for a “visual learner,” emphasizing visual presentation of information). The learning-styles view has acquired great influence within the education field, and is frequently encountered at levels ranging from kindergarten to graduate school. There is a thriving industry devoted to publishing learning-styles tests and guidebooks for teachers, and many organizations offer professional development workshops for teachers and educators built around the concept of learning styles. The authors of the present review were charged with determining whether these practices are supported by scientific evidence. We concluded that any credible validation of learning-styles-based instruction requires robust documentation of a very particular type of experimental finding with several necessary criteria. First, students must be divided into groups on the basis of their learning styles, and then students from each group must be randomly assigned to receive one of multiple instructional methods. Next, students must then sit for a final test that is the same for all students. Finally, in order to demonstrate that optimal learning requires that students receive instruction tailored to their putative learning style, the experiment must reveal a specific type of interaction between learning style and instructional method: Students with one learning style achieve the best educational outcome when given an instructional method that differs from the instructional method producing the best outcome for students with a different learning style. In other words, the instructional method that proves most effective for students with one learning style is not the most effective method for students with a different learning style. Our review of the literature disclosed ample evidence that children and adults will, if asked, express preferences about how they prefer information to be presented to them. There is also plentiful evidence arguing that people differ in the degree to which they have some fairly specific aptitudes for different kinds of thinking and for processing different types of information. However, we found virtually no evidence for the interaction pattern mentioned above, which was judged to be a precondition for validating the educational applications of learning styles. Although the literature on learning styles is enormous, very few studies have even used an experimental methodology capable of testing the validity of learning styles applied to education. Moreover, of those that did use an appropriate method, several found results that flatly contradict the popular meshing hypothesis. We conclude therefore, that at present, there is no adequate evidence base to justify incorporating learning-styles assessments into general educational practice. Thus, limited education resources would better be devoted to adopting other educational practices that have a strong evidence base, of which there are an increasing number. However, given the lack of methodologically sound studies of learning styles, it would be an error to conclude that all possible versions of learning styles have been tested and found wanting; many have simply not been tested at all. Further research on the use of learning-styles assessment in instruction may in some cases be warranted, but such research needs to be performed appropriately.
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Nasution, Sukma Septian. "THE MASS MEDIA’S LANGUAGE STYLES: ITS POWER AND APPROPRIATENESS FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL LINGUISTICS." Premise: Journal of English Education 7, no. 1 (April 16, 2018): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.24127/pj.v7i1.1333.
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The role of mass media is inevitably significant for people’s everyday life. As one of mass media, newspaper is very effective not only in informing the readers but also in influencing their principles and belief regarding to certain issues. However, texts published in newspapers potentially goes unsuitable for the targeted readers making its significance in informing and influencing less optimal. Accordingly, it is necessary to research the language styles of newspapers to optimize its power of significance in influencing the potential or targeted readers. This is a descriptive analysis study employing systemic functional linguistics (SFL) in analyzing the language styles of texts published by two popular mass media; The Jakarta Post and National Geographic. The analysis tools underpinned by SFL used in this study are the lexical system of congruency, lexicogrammar of complex-simplex clauses, conjunctive relations, and complexity of verbal and nominal groups of the news. The results show that (1) the targeted readers of the news are adult; (2) the use of incongruent lexis, internal conjunction, simple clause, complex group both verbal and nominal, and generic participant are more frequently employed; accordingly (3) written style is employed more often than spoken style. The findings drive to the conclusions that most of the news’ language styles go appropriate to the targeted readers. It means that its power to inform and influence the readers goes optimal. However, the linguistic techniques need improving in order the texts sound more intelligible to the targeted readers.
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KOSENKO, P. "MECHANISMS OF PRACTICAL ASSESSMENT OF OBJECTIVE REGULATIONS OF VOICE PRODUCTION IN THE PROCESS OF VOCAL PERFORMANCE TRAINING OF FUTURE TEACHERS OF THE ART OF MUSIC." Scientific papers of Berdiansk State Pedagogical University Series Pedagogical sciences 1, no. 2 (October 6, 2022): 174–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.31494/2412-9208-2022-1-2-174-183.
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Since, under the influence of the information environment, today's youth show an active interest in singing as a form of musical performance, the vocal and performing training of the future music teacher acquires particular importance. Today, when beginning singers seek to test themselves in the pop, academic, folk, and even jazz singing genres, it is not enough for a vocal teacher to master a particular vocal style to work productively with them. It is also necessary for him to learn the objective regularities of the functioning of the singing voice, which will allow finding appropriate means of implementation for the variety of vocal sounds in pedagogical work today. According to the author of the proposed publication, the possibility of learning these regularities will depend on the presence of a complex of controlled sensations acquired by practicing, thanks to which different types of vocal sound will be able to associate with a determinate mechanism of sound production. It will become possible if, during classroom and independent work, the student can dive іn the process of active observation of the complex interaction of auditory, resonator, and proprioceptive (muscular) sensations that complement singing. As a result, having gone through the trials of overcoming his own mistakes, the vocalist will find confirmation of the correctness of the actions of the vocal apparatus through the signals sent to him by his own body. He will learn not only to analyze the quality of the voice sound but also to imagine the mechanism of its work during voice formation. In the future, when a young specialist starts teaching, he will be able to choose the efficient performing tools for reproducing different types of voice sounds. In addition, he will be able to develop such sensitivity in himself, which will open the possibility of noticing the student's mistakes, guessing their reasons, and passing through and refracting the latter's vocal sound through his sensation. Key words: singing, voice production, musical hearing, resonator sensations, proprioception.
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Do, Hoc Van. "Some problems of language use, of style in written documents in state management institutions." Science and Technology Development Journal 18, no. 1 (March 31, 2015): 64–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v18i1.1012.
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Text editing is a regular activity, common to officials and civil servants. One of the requirements to editing requires knowledge and know-how to efficiently use the knowledge of language for such effective expressions that the text content is presented clearly, coherently, in order to create favorable conditions for quick and accurate understanding, and to avoid misinterpretation as well as misunderstanding of the text content. The use of language and style in written documents in state management institutions should ensure the rigth use of sound and structure form, of the right word to convey the right meaning, of correct grammar and functional properties of words, of appropriate language and style to keep away from redundant, repetitious words and cliché. Clearly defining the wording in terms of style and according to the concepts of grammar and vocabulary studies; Mastering word layers and the right word choice will help accurately and effectively express the text content. In addition, word alternation and word combination in terms of meaning and grammatical relations are the basic steps to help editors choose the most appropriate words expressing text contents the most accurately.
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Dexter, Joseph P., Theodore Katz, Nilesh Tripuraneni, Tathagata Dasgupta, Ajay Kannan, James A. Brofos, Jorge A. Bonilla Lopez, et al. "Quantitative criticism of literary relationships." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 16 (April 3, 2017): E3195—E3204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1611910114.
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Authors often convey meaning by referring to or imitating prior works of literature, a process that creates complex networks of literary relationships (“intertextuality”) and contributes to cultural evolution. In this paper, we use techniques from stylometry and machine learning to address subjective literary critical questions about Latin literature, a corpus marked by an extraordinary concentration of intertextuality. Our work, which we term “quantitative criticism,” focuses on case studies involving two influential Roman authors, the playwright Seneca and the historian Livy. We find that four plays related to but distinct from Seneca’s main writings are differentiated from the rest of the corpus by subtle but important stylistic features. We offer literary interpretations of the significance of these anomalies, providing quantitative data in support of hypotheses about the use of unusual formal features and the interplay between sound and meaning. The second part of the paper describes a machine-learning approach to the identification and analysis of citational material that Livy loosely appropriated from earlier sources. We extend our approach to map the stylistic topography of Latin prose, identifying the writings of Caesar and his near-contemporary Livy as an inflection point in the development of Latin prose style. In total, our results reflect the integration of computational and humanistic methods to investigate a diverse range of literary questions.
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Tworko, Paulina. "Physiology and Ergonomics of Piano Playing." Kwartalnik Młodych Muzykologów UJ, no. 47 (4) (2020): 229–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/23537094kmmuj.20.050.13923.
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Much has been said about performance, styles, and interpretation. However, we should ask ourselves where they come from, what they depend on, and what factors influence them. The answer proves very complex. This article deals with the problem of piano technique as an element on which interpretation, sound and expression depend to a large extent. The piano is an instrument with incredible tonal possibilities, but it requires fingering skills, the ability to ‘feel’ the keys and a certain physical strength which is directly related to the technique we use. Achieving a high level in playing requires years of diligent work, perseverance, and determination. Technical proficiency, in turn, facilitates expression and appropriate interpretation, in line with the style of a given musical period and the feelings of the pianist-performer. We are thus talking about two things that inexorably influence each other: technique and its results. The latter depend largely on the former. This article explores the knowledge of piano technique which needs to be acquired so that in the end nothing comes in the way of communication between performers, listeners, and the music.
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Alvarez-Cueva, Priscila, and Paula Guerra. "Rosalía’s kaleidoscope in the crossroads of late modernity." Catalan Journal of Communication & Cultural Studies 13, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 3–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/cjcs_00036_1.
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Rosalía gained worldwide fame with the release of El Mal Querer in 2018, carving a niche for herself in mainstream music with her distinctive aesthetic style and the incorporation of flamenco rhythms in her music. Our study aims to analyse four of her most important songs to highlight how she created her artistic place by incorporating collective cultural memories and translating them into a late modern scenario while at the same time commodifying the working-class standard of choni women in Spain. Our main findings suggest that (1) Rosalía’s work appropriates certain cultural and collective memories and translates them into a fashionable and desirable late modern lifestyle that combines a flamenco sound with other rhythms that could lead to the sustenance of this music genre in the new generations; (2) Rosalía establishes her youth style and femininity by incorporating a set of consumer practices that are also guided by elements of the postfeminist sensibility; and (3) there are four main actions that helped Rosalía to establish the choni-chic style. With this combination, we argue that Rosalía brings to the present a hybridized flamenco for contemporary generations while also rescuing cultural and patrimonial elements that are relevant within the construction of identities.
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Tworko, Paulina. "Fizjologia i ergonomia gry na fortepianie." Kwartalnik Młodych Muzykologów UJ, no. 47 (4) (2020): 229–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/23537094kmmuj.20.025.13211.
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Ergonomics and Physiology of Piano Playing Much has been said about performance, styles and interpretation. However, we should ask ourselves where they come from, what they depend on, and what factors influence them. The answer is much more complex. This article deals with the problem of piano technique as an element on which interpretation, sound and expression depend to a large extent. The piano is an instrument with incredible tonal possibilities, but it requires fingering skills, the ability to “feel” the key and certain physical strength which is directly related to the technique we use. Achieving a high level in playing requires years of diligent work, perseverance and determination. Technical proficiency, in turn, facilitates the expression and appropriate interpretation, in line with the style of a given musical period and the feelings of the pianist-performer. So we are talking about two things that inexorably influence each other – the workshop and its result, the hape of latter depends largely on the first. This article deepens the knowledge of piano workshop so that in the end nothing comes in the way between performers, listeners and music.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Appropriated sound and style"
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Baker, Michael. "Rockumentary: style, performance, and sound in a documentary genre." Thesis, McGill University, 2011. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=104569.
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Rockumentary: Style, Performance, and Sound in a Documentary Genre is the comprehensive study of an audio-visual genre concerned with the nonfictional representation of rock music and related idioms. Sparked by the explosive rise in popularity of rock music in the 1960s, rockumentary follows a trajectory tracing the broader history of documentary practice, at times serving to reshape that history and at others providing the clearest examples of documentary's limits and potentials. It both captures and contributes to histories of documentary film and popular music generally, and rock music and rock culture specifically. It is noteworthy for its visual style, innovation in the area of film sound technology, and the complex industrial interactions which in part foster its development. Moreover, rockumentary serves as an early and ongoing example of the negotiation of the presence of stars and staged spectacles in the context of nonfiction film and video. It is the site where the anxieties about sound and the documentary image—an unease which runs throughout the history of cinema and has specific implications within the context of nonfiction film—are particularly acute, and the various conceptual and sociological issues surrounding film as a mediation of live experience versus a wholly constructed entity are crystallized most concretely. This dissertation presents rockumentary as an audio-visual genre with both artistic relevance and commercial appeal, and poses questions about the role of pleasure as a means of differentiating the corpus from other nonfiction film and video genres. Through textual analysis, reception studies, and documentary research, this dissertation contributes to film, media, and popular music studies, and lays the foundation for the study of nonfiction representations of popular music in contemporary moving images and new media.Rockumentary: Style, Performance, and Sound in a Documentary Genre est une étude approfondie d'un genre audio-visuel dédié à la représentation non-fictive de la musique rock et de ses idiomes. Née de l'explosive croissance de popularité de la musique rock dans les années 60, le rockumentaire évolue en bordure de l'historique plus large de la pratique documentaire, se trouvant parfois à la remodeler et parfois à démontrer les limites et le potentiel du genre. Le rockumentaire contribue à l'histoire du documentaire et de la musique populaire en général, ainsi qu'à celle de la culture et de la musique rock. Il se démarque par son style visuel, son innovation dans le domaine de la technologie sonore cinématographique et par les relations industrielles complexes qui ont favorisé son développement. En outre, le rockumentaire met en évidence les tractations entre la présence de prestations misent en scène et de vedettes dans le cadre de films et de vidéos de non-fiction. Le rockumentaire est un lieu où les angoisses liées au son et à l'image documentaire – un malaise qui traverse l'histoire du cinéma et qui a des implications précises dans le contexte du cinéma de non-fiction – sont particulièrement vives. Également, les questions conceptuelles et sociologiques qui entourent le cinéma en tant que médiation de l'expérience en direct par rapport à une entité fabriquée y sont cristalisées de manière des plus concrètes. Cette dissertation présente le rockumentaire comme un genre audio-visuel ayant à la fois une pertinence artistique et un attrait commercial qui remet en question le rôle du plaisir comme manière de différencier le corpus des autres genres de films et de vidéos de non-fiction. Avec l'aide de l'analyse textuelle, d'études de réception et de recherche documentée, cette dissertation est un apport dans le domaine des études cinématographiques, médiatiques ainsi que des études de la musique populaire, puisqu'elle jette les bases sur l'étude des représentations non-fictives de la musique populaire dans les nouveaux médias et les images contemporaines.
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Bidgood, Lee. "Towards a Definition of the ‘Mash’ Approach to Bluegrass: Sound, Style, and Gesture." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/3247.
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Lapp-Szymanski, Jean-Paul. "Technology inna rub-a-dub style : technology and dub in the Jamaican sound system and recording studio." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=98547.
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This thesis attempts to chart the development of a Jamaican musical form known as dub. This development is considered primarily in terms of the island's encounter with a series of new playback, amplification, recording, and sound treatment technologies. Section I focuses on the formation of the Jamaican sound system (a network of powerful mobile discos) and its pivotal role in the birth of a fertile domestic record industry. Section II extends the investigation to the Jamaican recording studio and record industry. What distinguishes this work from others on Jamaican dub is its emphasis on technology, and theories of technology, within a geo-political framework. In Section I, this emphasis is most notably informed by the work of Harold Innis, Karl Marx and Lewis Mumford, with Marshall McLuhan and Walter Benjamin becoming more prominent in Section II. Key technologies in this analysis include mechanization (mechanical reproducibility), the Williamson amplification circuit, the House of Joy speaker, the dub plate (acetate phonograph) and vinyl record, twin-turntables and the microphone, the magnetic tape recorder, and perhaps most importantly, the multi-track recorder and interface (the multi-track mixing-board).
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Taylor, Andrew James. "Aspects of style and technique in cello playing of the late nineteenth and the twentieth centuries : a study of selected written documents and sound recordings." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.250588.
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Rydblom, Oskar. "Snap! Crack! Pop! : A corpus study of the meanings of three English onomatopoeia." Thesis, Linnaeus University, School of Language and Literature, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:vxu:diva-7159.
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The focus of this essay is on examining the meanings of the onomatopoeia (sound imitating words) snap, crack and pop. Previous studies on onomatopoeia and sound symbolism are used to define the terms and create a model for an alternative categorization of these meanings. This model is then applied in a corpus study, conducted on the COCA (Corpus Of Contemporary American English) and BYU-BNC (The British National Corpus) corpora, to find a way to more accurately describe the meanings and functions of these words. For this purpose the context in which snap, crack and pop are used is also addressed by observing how frequently they occur in formal and informal texts and which adjectives and adverbs frequently modify them. In the study it was discovered that these three words took on many different meanings that would be hard to list separately in a dictionary. These meanings did follow a pattern linked to the properties associated with the word. The study found snap, crack and pop to be informal words with a tendency to add emotion or effect to a statement. It is therefore concluded that sorting onomatopoeia by sound and non sound-related meaning and describing the informal characteristics of these words leads to a greater understanding of how they are used.
Keywords: Arbitrariness, crack, emotive, ideophones, mimetics, mimes, non-arbitrariness, onomatopoeia, phenomimes, phonomimes, pop, psychomimes, register, semantics, snap, sound symbolism and style.
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Garst, John. "The Recorded Legacy of Enrico Caruso and its Influence on the Italian Vocal Tradition." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2016. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc849763/.
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This dissertation presents evidence for the influence which tenor Enrico Caruso had on the Italian Vocal Tradition. This impact was clearly boosted by the revolution realized in the fledgling recording industry, and the recordable disc. In the years of 1902-1920 gramophones became commonplace, and collecting recordings became an interest for many. This new technology required specialized skills, and was especially suited to certain qualities of voice. Caruso enjoyed immense success in this medium, in recording over 250 records.
Italian vocal style at the turn of the century was changing, and Caruso employed a new "modern" style in his singing. His interpretive decisions, vocal method, and repertoire which he championed had an impact on the vocal tradition of future generations. Comparison of his recordings with tenors Fernando de Lucia, Giuseppe Anselmi, and Alessandro Bonci shows a marked contrast in styles of "the old school" and Caruso's "more straightforward" approach. A collection of historical documents for those who succeeded him include many biographies, reviews, and quotes to demonstrate the extent of his influence. Recordings also show a movement toward "the Caruso Sound." Jussi Bjoerling, Franco Corelli, Richard Tucker, Mario Lanza, and Luciano Pavarotti were all influenced by the great Caruso. Almost 100 years have passed since he sang his last performance. He continues to inspire singers to this day, through his recordings and legacy passed on by many generations. He is the ideal, the measuring stick for all tenors to follow, and continues even to today.
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Reis, Hugo Leonardo Castilhos dos. "Sobre a luz e o silêncio : o plano de longa duração e a dinâmica do som no cinema de Carlos Reygadas." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2014. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/5622.
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This work aims to discuss the cinema of Carlos Reygadas, with the focuses on the importance of sound and its dynamics within the long duration take, a procedure that strongly characterizes the style of this director. Initially, excerpts from films Japón (2002), Battle in Heaven (2005) and Silent Light (2007) were analyzed to highlight the formation of a stylistic corpus and a predominantly contemplative and sensory conception of cinema. Then we elected Silent Light as a conductive thread of a broader analysis in relation to the main crop. Therefore, we had as main references studies by David Bordwell (2008) on traditional directors of the plan-sequence, as well as the categories and theoretical assumptions of Michel Chion (1994, 2009) on the uses of sound in cinema.
Esta dissertação tem por objetivo discutir o cinema de Carlos Reygadas, sob um recorte que se concentra especificamente na importância do som e de sua dinâmica no interior dos planos de longa duração, procedimento que caracteriza fortemente o estilo deste diretor. Inicialmente, trecho dos filmes Japón (2002), Batalha no Céu (2005) e Luz Silenciosa (2007) foram analisados para salientar a conformação de um corpus estilístico e de uma concepção de cinema de caráter predominantemente contemplativo e sensorial. Em seguida, elegemos Luz Silenciosa como o fio condutor de uma análise mais abrangente em relação ao principal recorte. Para tanto, tivemos como principais referências os estudos de David Bordwell (2008) sobre tradicionais diretores do plano-sequência, bem como as categorias e pressupostos teóricos de Michel Chion (1994; 2009) sobre usos do som no cinema.
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Зємцова, Поліна Олексіївна, and Polina Ziemtsova. "Музична школа в сьогоденні." Thesis, Національний авіаційний університет, 2021. https://er.nau.edu.ua/handle/NAU/50935.
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1. Основи дизайну інтер’єру : навч. посіб. / О. П. Олійник, Л. Р. Гнатюк, В. Г. Чернявський. — К. : НАУ, 2011. — 228 с.
2. Безбородова, Л. А. Методика викладання музики в освітніх установах / Л.А. Безбородова, Ю.Б. Алієв. - М .: Видавничий центр «Академія», 2002. - 416 с.
3. Юртаева, А. Д. Зміна пріоритетів в конструюванні простору бібліотеки і перехідна вектор творчої діяльності - 2016. - 116-117 с.Значення музики в розвитку духовного світу особистості дитини, його пізнавальних та інтелектуальних здібностей важко переоцінити. Соціальна значущість проєкту в першу чергу це — проблема будь-якого малого міста, селища — віддаленість від культурних центрів. Найчастіше музична школа стає основною культурною установою академічної спрямованості населеного пункту, тому створення оптимальних умов для розвитку творчого потенціалу дітей стає тут найбільш актуальним. Дитяча музична школа ставить перед собою завдання виховання гармонійно розвиненої людини, формування естетичних смаків на кращих зразках класичної музики, залучення до музикального мистецтва. В дизайні інтер’єру використаний екостиль. Екостиль дозволяє створити простір затишним й комфортним, що буде слугувати місцем для відпочинку, відновлення сил та енергії. Поєднання нестандартних форм, натуральних матеріалів створюють унікальну красу закладу.
The importance of music in the development of the spiritual world of the child's personality, his cognitive and intellectual abilities is difficult to overestimate. The social significance of the project is first of all a problem of any small town, settlement - remoteness from cultural centers. Most often, the music school becomes the main cultural institution of the academic orientation of the settlement, so the creation of optimal conditions for the development of children's creative potential becomes most relevant here. Children's music school aims to educate a harmoniously developed person, the formation of aesthetic tastes on the best examples of classical music, involvement in the art of music. Eco-style is used in the interior design. Eco-style allows you to create a cozy and comfortable space that will serve as a place for rest, recovery and energy. The combination of non-standard forms, natural materials create a unique beauty of the institution.
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Bonetti, Paul-Antoni. "Sound and style: a compositional exploration of appropriated source material: portfolio of compositions and exegesis." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/97907.
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This submission for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Elder Conservatorium of Music, University of Adelaide, consists of a portfolio of original compositions supported by an exegesis. The materials are presented in three parts contained in two volumes; Part A in Volume One, and Parts B and C in Volume Two. Part A, the portfolio, contains the following five works: Moto Fuoco, a suite of four pieces for symphony orchestra; Requiem Lux Aeternam, four movements for chamber choir, strings, percussion and electronics; Love, Lust, Life and Loss: Choyce Madrigals on Intimately Procured Poetic Texts, a suite of four songs for a cappella vocal quartet; Five Characteristic Songs for Baritone and Guitar; and the Bonetti Motets Project, for a cappella chamber choir. Part B, the exegesis, explains the conceptual and aesthetic framework for the compositions, followed by chapters on the compositional methods and techniques adopted for individual works. Part C contains sound recordings of the works presented on two CDs. The aim of this project has been to appropriate a diverse range of styles and sounds as source materials that form part of the compositions. These source materials have originated from forms of contemporary popular music such as hip-hop and rap, jazz, drum and bass, electronic dance music, and heavy metal; as well as earlier styles of art music such as medieval plainsong, the Renaissance madrigal genre, and characteristics of Baroque and Renaissance style. As part of this process, it was important that these source materials were adapted to fit with stylistic conventions of the instrumental or vocal performance medium for which the compositions were written, yet still retain aspects of their aural and/or stylistic characteristics in this new context. This highlighted a creative and methodological tension that has been explored and resolved through the generation of the composition works.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, Elder Conservatorium of Music, 2015
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Hsieh, Cheng-Hsuan, and 謝承軒. "Reproducing the Viennese-Style Trumpet Sound by a RegularPiston Trumpet." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/50407814174692129849.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
電機工程學研究所
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My research, thus far, consists of building two kinds of models of rigid-wall trumpets by the finite element method. My research demonstrates feasibility by solving the eigenfrequencies, the impulse response (or the transfer function) and the modulated input source that is supposed to be capable of reproducing a Viennese style trumpet sound via a regular piston trumpet. In addition, the objective of this research has been achieved to some extent such that future improvement is possible.
Books on the topic "Appropriated sound and style"
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Yagoda, Ben. The Sound on the Page. New York: HarperCollins, 2008.
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Music, sound and filmmakers: Sonic style in cinema. New York, NY: Routledge, 2012.
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The sound effects bible: How to create and record Hollywood style sound effects. Studio City, CA: Published by Michael Wiese Productions, 2008.
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Album: Style and image in sleeve design. London: Mitchell Beazley, 2003.
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The Sound on the Page: Style and Voice in Writing. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 2004.
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Sound mind, sound body: A new model for lifelong health. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994.
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Pelletier, Kenneth R. Sound mind, sound body: A new model for lifelong health. New York: Fireside, 1995.
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Northwest inspirations: Flavors of South Puget Sound. Olympia, Wash: Junior League of Olympia, 2009.
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Cinema's conversion to sound: Technology and film style in France and the U.S. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2005.
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The sound of medieval song: Ornamentation and vocal style according to the treatises. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Appropriated sound and style"
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Freeborn, Dennis. "Rhyme, rhythm and sound III." In Style, 166–82. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-24710-3_14.
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Butler, Jeremy G., and Amanda D. Lotz. "Style and Sound." In Television, 282–307. Fifth edition. | New York : Routledge, 2018.: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315181295-11.
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Harris, Robert A. "Sound." In Writing with Clarity and Style, 157–69. Second edition. | New York, NY : Routledge, [2018] | Previous edition published in 2003.: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203712047-15.
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Freeborn, Dennis. "Rhyme, rhythm and sound II — heightening and foregrounding." In Style, 152–65. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-24710-3_13.
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Freeborn, Dennis. "Rhyme, rhythm and sound I — patterns of stress and rhythm." In Style, 139–51. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-24710-3_12.
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Milsom, David. "Understanding Joseph Joachim's Style and Practice." In Early Sound Recordings, 99–117. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003194521-8.
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Barney, Tom. "‘Public-House Confidence’: The Indispensability of Sound Patterns." In Language and Style, 133–42. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-06574-2_9.
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Ver Straten-McSparran, Rebecca. "Aesthetics of image, sound, and style." In Lars von Trier's Cinema, 143–201. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003171928-4.
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Cohen, Miri Weiss, Leticia Cherchiglia, and Rachel Costa. "Evolving Mondrian-Style Artworks." In Computational Intelligence in Music, Sound, Art and Design, 338–53. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55750-2_23.
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Colton, Simon. "Evolving Neural Style Transfer Blends." In Artificial Intelligence in Music, Sound, Art and Design, 65–81. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72914-1_5.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Appropriated sound and style"
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Ule, Helen, Colin Novak, Robert Gaspar, Arunima Panigrahy, and Gamal Refai-Ahmed. "Effect of Next Generation Computer Graphic Card Blower Fan Speed on Thermal Performance and Acoustic Noise With Psychoacoustic Metrics." In ASME 2005 Pacific Rim Technical Conference and Exhibition on Integration and Packaging of MEMS, NEMS, and Electronic Systems collocated with the ASME 2005 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2005-73180.
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Graphic Processor Units (GPUs) on the latest models of computer graphic cards generate significant amounts of heat. In fact, the required dissipation rate is so large that cooling fans mounted on heat-sinks must be used to maintain satisfactory GPU temperatures. The packaging of these fans is small and similar designs have been used for cooling of electronic packaging for decades. The appropriate application of these fans as well as their optimal design for minimal noise generation and maximum air movement has not kept pace with that of large industrial sized fans. Where space limitations allow and heat transfer requirements dictate, blower type fans are implemented because they are capable of delivering relatively high flow rates in high impedance environments when they are compared to more traditional axial flow fans. The operation of these blower fans, particularly at high speeds, results in the generation of noise which is experienced by the user. Both computer manufacturers and consumers alike have deemed this noise to be excessive and annoying. The fan model predictions and the operational reality of the higher fan speeds needed to deliver increased air flow both lead to the reality of higher noise levels. The purpose of this study was to experimentally investigate the realized thermal and acoustic performance of a blower style fan-sink mounted on an advanced graphics port (AGP) card. The goal of this investigation was to determine what thermal benefits of higher flow rate are realized by the blower fan at the expense of increased noise emissions. The experimental results of thermal measurement results spanning the operating speed of the fan are presented and accompanied by the noise data. These data include both traditional acoustic analysis techniques using sound pressure and power level measurements as well as psychoacoustic metrics. The result of the thermal testing suggests that the rate of improvement in thermal performance decreases as the blower fan speed increases. As expected, an increase in noise level was also observed. Of particular interest were the results of the psychoacoustic analysis which indicate a similar detrimental effect with increased fan speed for some metrics, while other metrics indicate no change across the operating speed range of the blower fan.
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Zhang, Yichi, and Zhiyao Duan. "Visualization and Interpretation of Siamese Style Convolutional Neural Networks for Sound Search by Vocal Imitation." In ICASSP 2018 - 2018 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2018.8461729.
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Ma, Yanhong, Hong Wang, Haoyu Li, and Jie Hong. "Study on Metal Rubber Material’s Characteristics of Damping and Sound Absorption." In ASME Turbo Expo 2008: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2008-50961.
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Metal Rubber (MR) is a kind of new-style porous damping material. It is made of wires through choiceness, encircling, wiredrawing, weaving and molding by compression. The special production techniques make its characteristics incomparable, such as high damping, controllable porosity and strong environmental adaptability, besides it is easy to be fabricated into complex shapes. Thus MR can be widely used in many aspects such as damping, sound absorption, seal and thermal protection. The damping and sound-absorbing characteristics of MR material are studied in theory and experiment in the paper, and the applications of MR products are introduced. This paper first presents the characteristics of MR’s stiffness and damping, and the energy dissipating model is used to describe the relative dry friction process of wires. Through static and dynamic experiments, the influencing laws of production techniques and structural parameters on the performance of MR are studied, and the design parameters’ range of different dampers is obtained. The research on the principle of porous acoustic absorption materials is performed. Through measuring the absorption coefficient and acoustic impedance of MR with different structural parameters, the influencing laws of porosity, thickness, cavity size and other factors on sound-absorbing characteristics of MR are obtained.
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Khiznichenko, Anna V., and Larisa B. Kryukova. "Linguistic units with semantics of sound in the «Dictionary of perceptual images of the poetic works by B.L. Pasternak»." In Lexicography of the digital age. TSU Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/978-5-907442-19-1-2021-101.
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The section of the author's dictionary, which presents perceptual images of sound, represented in the poems by B.L. Pasternak is described. The general principles of text material classification are considered and a version of the language entry (perceptual image "music") is proposed. The focus is on individual style particularities and the text-forming potential of linguistic units with semantics of sensual perception.
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Li, Xu, Dov Gabbay, and Réka Markovich. "Dynamic Deontic Logic for Permitted Announcements." In 19th International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning {KR-2022}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/kr.2022/23.
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In this paper, we introduce and study a dynamic deontic logic for permitted announcements. In our logic framework, it is permitted to announce something if announcing it would not lead to forbidden knowledge. It is shown that the logic is not compact, and we propose a sound and weakly complete Hilbert-style axiomatisation. We also study the computational complexity of the model checking problem and the decidability of the satisfiability problem. Finally, we introduce a neighbourhood semantics with a strongly complete axiomatisation.
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Ribeiro Rabello, Rafaelle. "Between absence and presence: Augmented Reality as a self-fiction poetic." In LINK 2021. Tuwhera Open Access, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/link2021.v2i1.105.
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This text comprises an excerpt of the Doctoral research completed in 2021, developed in the Line of Poetics and Processes of Performance in Arts (PPGARTES-UFPA), which will present a conceptual reflection about the creative process that unfolded poetically from the appropriation of an old family photo album. The album in question began to be observed as a place of overlapping time and space, triggering an internal movement of belonging by presenting itself as a place of poetic power due to the physical evidence that emerged from it. Through Augmented Reality, the empty spaces left by the time were occupied, following the tracks and telling another narrative through visual, textual, and sound layers, thus reconfiguring the album, which expanded and became a living space of memory activated by the cybrid experience. The way of facing the presence of absence and at the same time the absence of presence provoked me an inner movement of wanting more and more to belong to that space. There were countless times I approached this album and I was always worried about its gaps and emptiness in its narrative. And, by a sudden feeling of belonging to that space, I began to fill its “silence” and become part of that place. I have been calling this act the movement of self-fiction poetic. This concept is widely discussed in the book Essays on self-fiction, organized by Jovita Maria Gerheim and crossed my research, which I appropriated and used as an operative concept, thus comprising a movement that took place through the appropriation of an object, intervening in a poetic way, from which I became a character manifesting myself subjectively in the fictional narrative. Therefore, I articulated myself between the photographic language and other operational resources that mobile devices made possible, to recreate the space in mixtures with the past and the contemporary in a movement of mixing memories. The album presented itself as a space deconstructed by the action of time and subjects and through the poetic movement, I triggered a series of events, overlapping different times and spaces by inserting photographic files, video, text, and sound that activated this place as a living organism, revealing a new experience with memory. The reconfiguration process of this space was triggered exclusively by digital means. The idea of the movement of self-fiction poetic arose precisely because I brought photographic productions of my own in a mix with the photographs already present in the album. This intersection of authorship that unfolded in the presentation of another narrative, which includes me sometimes as a present character, sometimes as a hidden agent, allowed me to travel through the chain of memory and feel myself belonging to that space-time. By wanting to penetrate a past that was not mine, triggering subjective layers of information produced in the interstice of reality and fiction that photography allowed me, I was able to perceive the album beyond a memory space, but as a place of experience that opened and was available for interventions.
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Dai, Liming, Daryl J. Caswell, and Yong Ma. "Vibratory and Acoustic Behavior of Orchestral Bell Plates." In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-60087.
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This investigation is on design and assessment of the vibratory and acoustical behavior of a bell plate in imitating the sound of a bell to be used in a classical orchestral piece. In the investigation, the characteristics of the bell plate developed are compared to the real bell and a more traditional style of thin bell plate in four areas: the determination of the fundamental frequency, the spacing of the frequency partials, the relative strength of the partials and the decay envelope of the sound. The goal of this research is to gain further control over the four key components of the bell sound by capitalizing on beneficial constraints imposed on a metal plate by its material and three-dimensional geometry. The investigation led to the discovery of a small window of dimension that suppresses the undesirable vibrational modes and components of acoustic response of the freely suspended metal plate while at the same time emphasizes the bell-like qualities of the sound. The large aspect ratio of the plates leads to the use of the classical Rayleigh-Ritz method with beam functions to design the dimensions of the bell plates. A finite element method is employed to analyze the frequencies and vibrational modes of the bell plates. Numerous experiments are also carried out with steel plates of various geometrical dimensions for identifying the vibratory and acoustical behavior of the bell and plates and for evaluating the sound qualities of the bell plates to be developed. The effects of the methods of hanging the plates are analyzed and the hanging locations that provide the least effects to the vibrations and vibration modes of the bell plates are also determined. The experimental of the investigation measurements compare well with the numerical results obtained from the mathematical model and from the FEM model. An instrumental bell plate covering a full chromatic range from D3 to E4 is developed on the basis of the findings of the investigation. The instrument provides the desired bell sound of high strength, prominent smoothness and low decay rate over a sufficiently long decay period.
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Koch Ferreira, Flávia, João Fiorotti, Leonardo Brunherotto, Marcelo Cunha, Jose Luis Paredes, Thiago Piedade, Rafael Peralta, and Geraldo Filho. "Tailored Dependable Barrier Enables Operator to Flawlessly Complete True One Trip Ultra Slender Deepwater Well." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-21977-ms.
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Abstract Drilling time and resources for casing and cementing the wellbore represent a significant cost in oil well construction. Therefore, slender wells have been targeted to be constructed with less phases and higher efficiency reducing costs by half. The objective of this paper is to present how a fit-for-purpose foam cement system contributed to delivering a dependable barrier for a True-One-Trip Ultra-Slender well, where a single barrier shall provide wellbore mechanical integrity and competent isolation from the reservoir to seabed. The methodology for this foam cement job involved, initially, hydraulic and thermal modeling, followed by lab testing, such as thickening time, compressive strength, and foam stability tests. The pumping schedule included 4 different tailored systems that were pumped to maximize probability of returns at the mudline. By using the constant-nitrogen-rate technique, the foam quality was optimized to help ensure slurry and foam stability at downhole conditions. Proper energized fluid selection and casing centralization were placed to guarantee a slurry system application with improved mud removal capacity and optimized standoff to avoid slurry contamination attributed to channeling. During execution, no issues were observed until reaching the final depth. The open hole diameter was estimated based on volumetric determination by pumping a tracer and a scavenger slurry, to be visualized at the mudline. Based on that information, further volumes were fine tuned and pumped to ensure appropriated foam cement quality and density along the wellbore section. As one of the major objectives of the job, returns could be achieved at mudline and the final differential pressure was higher than expected, indicating a cement sheath in the annulus had extensive length. Cement job evaluation was performed after the job using sonic and ultrasonic tools to confirm the quality of the barrier placed in the annulus. Additionally, an advanced Cement Evaluation was executed and showed excellent isolation for the slurries placed in the well. The results from this unprecedented operation in Brazil have proven the features and benefits of using foamed cement in ultra-slender wells for specific challenges, such as: requirement of returns at mudline, application in long length zonal isolation operations, and the necessity of high-strength low-density solutions near the mudline. After this job, similar wells have been constructed in the same area, and the applied technique has continuously proven to be a dependable and sound solution for similar scenarios. Based on the successful case history presented in this paper, the application of foam cement technology in ultra-slender wells represent an innovative and dependable solution for the actual and future high-efficiency wellbore geometries. By reducing the risks of having a single cement sheath in the entire well, it enables the oilwell industry to reduce time and risks during wellbore construction and helps enhance its productivity.
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Niemtsova, Liliya. "A Combination of Professional and Personal Qualities in the Choir Conductor." In ATEE 2020 - Winter Conference. Teacher Education for Promoting Well-Being in School. LUMEN Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/lumproc/atee2020/21.
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The article outlines the problem of combining professional and personal qualities in the choir conductor. Research gaps in the profession of choir conductor are outlined. We established that the art of conducting, and choral performance as its component, currently requires professionally trained personnel, who have an active life position and are able to provide a creative approach to choral singing. It was found that conducting should be interpreted as a creative process characterized by a step-by-step structure and a combination of analysis and comprehension of the choral score, its artistic interpretation, which allows embodying the formed musical image in the real choral sound. It was found that the conductor’s professional qualities are based on the conductor’s individual style or his “creative method”. It is established that the emotional sphere of the conductor is the result of a combination of qualities that will allow the conductor and the choir to demonstrate a bright and convincing revelation of the originality of texture, expressive timbre colors of numerous choral scores, and a rich palette of nuances.
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Anderson, Mark. "Compressor Map Corrections for Highly Non-Linear Fluid Properties." In ASME Turbo Expo 2021: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2021-60275.
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Abstract Turbomachinery systems are often subject to variations in ambient conditions and applied loads in operation. Standard maps (perhaps the most common being pressure ratio verses mass flow for compressors) are usually presented in terms of fixed inflow conditions. To account for changes in performance due to varying inlet conditions, compressors maps are often presented in standardized form where the mass flow and rotational speeds are normalized as a function of the reference condition total pressure and temperature. These methods are very widely used, particularly in the turbo charger industry. With these normalized maps, the actual performance of a compressor in a given environment can be deduced simply and easily with very reasonable accuracy in most cases. The underlaying assumption of this conventional normalization process is that the fluid behaves as a perfect gas. While this is usually sufficient for air compressors, the method is not viable where the fluid properties are not near perfect gas conditions, which is certainly the case for supercritical applications. The highly variable fluid properties near the critical point, and the challenges they present in design, have been well documented in the literature. The two most critical properties to consider in the design process are the density and the speed of sound. The density determines the volumetric flow for a given mass flow and this in turn determines the incidence angle, a primary driver of performance. The speed of sound directly affects the range of the compressor via choking. Choking range can be further complicated by the fact that under certain conditions, the choked state can be reached at Mach numbers less than one. While rare, this situation can occur when the inflow conditions are found close to the liquid side of the saturation dome. To account for these effects, a new method is proposed to generate normalized maps of performance that can be used to determine actual performance of a wide range of inlet conditions for highly non-linear thermodynamic properties. Although not as simple as the conventional perfect gas method that can be applied in a “back-of-the-envelope” style, the new method can be applied very rapidly using a spreadsheet-based method directly calling high fidelity NIST thermodynamic models. The end result of this tool is that a compressor map that has been painstakingly generated with testing or CFD can be applied to any inlet condition and the range and performance predicted very rapidly with high accuracy.
Reports on the topic "Appropriated sound and style"
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Law, Edward, Samuel Gan-Mor, Hazel Wetzstein, and Dan Eisikowitch. Electrostatic Processes Underlying Natural and Mechanized Transfer of Pollen. United States Department of Agriculture, May 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1998.7613035.bard.
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The project objective was to more fully understand how the motion of pollen grains may be controlled by electrostatic forces, and to develop a reliable mechanized pollination system based upon sound electrostatic and aerodynamic principles. Theoretical and experimental analyses and computer simulation methods which investigated electrostatic aspects of natural pollen transfer by insects found that: a) actively flying honeybees accumulate ~ 23 pC average charge (93 pC max.) which elevates their bodies to ~ 47 V likely by triboelectrification, inducing ~ 10 fC of opposite charge onto nearby pollen grains, and overcoming their typically 0.3-3.9 nN detachment force resulting in non-contact electrostatic pollen transfer across a 5 mm or greater air gap from anther-to-bee, thus providing a theoretical basis for earlier experimental observations and "buzz pollination" events; b) charge-relaxation characteristics measured for flower structural components (viz., 3 ns and 25 ns time constants, respectively, for the stigma-style vs. waxy petal surfaces) ensure them to be electrically appropriate targets for electrodeposition of charged pollen grains but not differing sufficiently to facilitate electrodynamic focusing onto the stigma; c) conventional electrostatic focusing beneficially concentrates pollen-deposition electric fields onto the pistill tip by 3-fold as compared to that onto underlying flower structures; and d) pollen viability is adequately maintained following exposure to particulate charging/management fields exceeding 2 MV/m. Laboratory- and field-scale processes/prototype machines for electrostatic application of pollen were successfully developed to dispense pollen in both a dry-powder phase and in a liquid-carried phase utilizing corona, triboelectric, and induction particulate-charging methods; pollen-charge levels attained (~ 1-10 mC/kg) provide pollen-deposition forces 10-, 77-, and 100-fold greater than gravity, respectively, for such charged pollen grains subjected to a 1 kV/cm electric field. Lab and field evaluations have documented charged vs. ukncharged pollen deposition to be significantly (a = 0.01-0.05) increased by 3.9-5.6 times. Orchard trials showed initial fruit set on branches individually treated with electrostatically applied pollen to typically increase up to ~ 2-fold vs. uncharged pollen applications; however, whole-tree applications have not significantly shown similar levels of benefit and corrective measures continue. Project results thus contribute important basic knowledge and applied electrostatics technology which will provide agriculture with alternative/supplemental mechanized pollination systems as tranditional pollen-transfer vectors are further endangered by natural and man-fade factors.