Relevant bibliographies by topics / Appropriate technology Developing countries

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Appropriate technology Developing countries'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Appropriate technology Developing countries"

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Desai, Raj. "Appropriate Technology for Developing Countries." International Journal of Technology, Knowledge, and Society 2, no. 1 (2006): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/1832-3669/cgp/v02i01/55522.

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Young, Donald S. "Appropriate technology for developing countries." Clinical Chemistry 37, no. 4 (April 1, 1991): 488–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/37.4.488.

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Toro-Hernández, María Luisa, Padmaja Kankipati, Mary Goldberg, Silvana Contepomi, Denise Rodrigues Tsukimoto, and Nathan Bray. "Appropriate Assistive Technology for Developing Countries." Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America 30, no. 4 (November 2019): 847–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmr.2019.07.008.

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USHIYAMA, Izumi, and Yasuyuki NEMOTO. "Technology Transfer for Developing Countries through Appropriate Technology." International Conference on Business & Technology Transfer 2002.1 (2002): 213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeicbtt.2002.1.0_213.

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Holland, Ray. "Appropriate technology: rural electrification in developing countries." IEE Review 35, no. 7 (1989): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ir:19890112.

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Chateh, Peter Nkangafack. "Appropriate technology for libraries in developing countries." Information Technology for Development 4, no. 1 (March 1989): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02681102.1989.9627140.

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Wicklein, Robert C. "Designing for appropriate technology in developing countries." Technology in Society 20, no. 3 (August 1998): 371–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0160-791x(98)00022-0.

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Paramita, Nadia, and Raldi Hendrotoro Seputro Koestoer. "Fecal Sludge Management in Developing Countries: Developing Countries Comparison." Jurnal Presipitasi : Media Komunikasi dan Pengembangan Teknik Lingkungan 18, no. 3 (September 29, 2021): 504–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/presipitasi.v18i3.504-510.

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Several factors that influence the achievement of the sustainability of an MSS management system are identified. This study aims to determine what aspects of sustainability affect a system's municipal wastewater sludge management to run appropriately using conventional technology. The method used in this research is a comparative approach. The study compares urban domestic wastewater focusing on fecal sludge management (FSM) in Egypt and Indonesia. It is known that the sustainability factor of wastewater management systems includes economic, social, environmental, and technological factors. In Indonesia, institutional, which is also included in the social aspect, becomes the most significant limitation to implement the appropriate FSM. The best technology chosen for Egypt is anaerobic digestion, while in Indonesia, the right technology chosen is sludge drying bed (SDB) and also the combination of solid separation chamber (SSC) with draining area (DA). From an economic point of view, the 2 sub-factors that influence the sustainability system are investment cost and operation and maintenance cost. Regarding socio-culture, the awareness and participation of the community and the private sector needs to be increased to achieve the sustainability of sludge management services in both countries
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Paramita, Nadia, and Raldi Hendrotoro Seputro Koestoer. "Fecal Sludge Management in Developing Countries: Developing Countries Comparison." Jurnal Presipitasi : Media Komunikasi dan Pengembangan Teknik Lingkungan 18, no. 3 (September 29, 2021): 564–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/presipitasi.v18i3.564-570.

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Several factors that influence the achievement of the sustainability of an MSS management system are identified. This study aims to determine what aspects of sustainability affect a system's municipal wastewater sludge management to run appropriately using conventional technology. The method used in this research is a comparative approach. The study compares urban domestic wastewater focusing on fecal sludge management (FSM) in Egypt and Indonesia. It is known that the sustainability factor of wastewater management systems includes economic, social, environmental, and technological factors. In Indonesia, institutional, which is also included in the social aspect, becomes the most significant limitation to implement the appropriate FSM. The best technology chosen for Egypt is anaerobic digestion, while in Indonesia, the right technology chosen is sludge drying bed (SDB) and also the combination of solid separation chamber (SSC) with draining area (DA). From an economic point of view, the 2 sub-factors that influence the sustainability system are investment cost and operation and maintenance cost. Regarding socio-culture, the awareness and participation of the community and the private sector needs to be increased to achieve the sustainability of sludge management services in both countries
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King, Kathleen, and Howard Beck. "Medical AI systems as appropriate technology for developing countries." Knowledge Engineering Review 5, no. 4 (December 1990): 251–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269888900005488.

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AbstractExpert systems technology has been around for a long time, becoming increasingly easy to use, inexpensive and reliable in recent years. It would seem to provide an ideal vehicle for the dissemination of expertise in developing countries, particularly in the field of medicine, which was the focus of much early work in diagnostic systems. Despite the apparent match of a real problem and a credible solution, however, remarkably few AI systems for medicine in developing countries have been researched, designed and implemented. This paper addresses why this might be the case, reviews some of the extant systems and explores some of the design issues. Particular emphasis is placed on the question of “Appropriate Technology”. Various criteria for Appropriate Technology are explored, and an optimal set used to guide principles of design. It is argued that medical AI systems can satisfy these criteria, provided that sufficient care is taken in their design for the country of application.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Appropriate technology Developing countries"

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Beitelmal, Jamal A. "Development of appropriate technology road condition monitoring system." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/533.

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This dissertation is concerned with the principles of pavement management systems and their applications in western and developing countries. The first part of the dissertation deals with the principles of pavement engineering and the role of the different layers in order to gain the required knowledge in highway pavement components, which will allow a cost-effective repair related to each specific defect. The second part deals with the existing systems for monitoring pavement condition and evaluatest heir benefit in assessingh ighway condition. The study shows the main problems usually militate against using the sophisticated technology in monitoring highway condition and implementing maintenance management systems in some cities in developing countries. In addition to the problems inherent in cities in developing countries, the city of Benghazi in Libya has special factors which have developed as a result of UN sanctions which were imposed in 1992. Therefore, the city of Benghazi has been selected as a case study for this particular research since it is a typical example of most cities in developing countries in terms of size, population and in ten-ns of lack of maintenance resources and skilled labour (Benghazi might have been so well resourcedth at it would no longer fall into the categoryo f developingc ity but for the sanction). The objectives of the study are attained through conclusions which indicate that establishing a pavement maintenance strategy in the city of Benghazi based on any or some of the sophisticated technology in road condition monitoring is not appropriate. This conclusion is tested by manufacturing a unique prototype measuring machine and using it in pilot monitoring exercises in the cities of Newcastle and Sunderland. The results of these pilot exercises are analysed to evaluate the benefit which such appropriate technology equipment can bring to the issue of monitoring of pavement condition in cities in developing countries having problems similar to those that prevail in Benghazi. The prototype equipment developed in this study is unique in that it is purely mechanical and uses no electronics in monitoring road condition. Moreover, all parts of the machine are fabricated from materials available in most cities in developing countries and therefore such machines could be easily maintained locally. The prototype described in this study is not only relevant to road monitoring but points the way towards the development of similar equipment in many engineering situations in developing countries. This research study points engineers in similar conditions in the direction that the Author thinks they should follow in applying their engineering abilities in developing countries.
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Radford, Todd C. (Todd Craig) 1977. "The Town lattice truss : an appropriate bridge technology for developing countries." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/57549.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, February 2010.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
The Town lattice truss is proposed as an appropriate technology for the Tshumbe Diocese of the Democratic Republic of Congo. This proposal is made based on an understanding of rural transport and appropriate technology and an in-depth analysis of the details of the Town lattice truss. The nature and importance of rural transport and accessibility are presented, and bridges are identified as a key component in rural transport development. The concept of appropriate technology is presented along with a framework consisting of required and desired characteristics of any appropriate technology, including bridges. Structural materials are compared for use in bridges in rural areas of developing countries and timber is selected as the appropriate choice for the Tshumbe Diocese. Three existing timber bridges systems for developing countries are analyzed and compared, and the Town lattice truss is proposed as an alternative to all three. The Town lattice truss is presented and described in detail with reference to a study of forty existing bridges in the northeastern United States that was conducted as a part of this work. Appropriate characteristics of the truss are identified and used to compare the truss with other timber bridge systems. The wooden pegged connections and chord structure are identified as unique components of the Town lattice truss and are the subjects of further analysis. Equations are developed for strength prediction and stiffness estimation for the wooden pegged connections.
(cont.) The chord structure is analyzed for strength and stiffness, which are determined to be combinations of underlying component properties based on the chord termination pattern that is used. A comprehensive set of possible chord termination patterns is developed and the best patterns are proposed for use in design. Finally, truss moment capacity is determined as a function of chord strength and stiffness properties and a simple methodology is proposed for the design of new Town lattice truss bridges.
by Todd Craig Radford.
Ph.D.
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Johnson, Danielle. "Selecting Appropriate Product Concepts for Manufacture in Developing Countries." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2003. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/116.

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There is a noticeable lack of production of indigenously engineered and manufactured products in Less Developed Countries (LDC's). Few products developed in these LDC's could be viable in competitive markets or even sold as components and supplies to other manufacturers of competitive goods. Assumintg that these less developed countries do not innovate and manufacture because they cannot, the next logical question to ask is why can they not? This thesis looks at the problems of manufacture and design in LDC's from the standpoint of Product Development. It begins by looking at development theories, namely top down and bottom up and assessing the difficulties encountered with either approach. It then looks at literature on product development, covering four areas: appropriate technolotgy, Product Development Cycle, QFD, and finally Design for X. These areas are analyzed for their usefulness in solving the development problem. The environment is considered and a linkage is developed between the Product Development Cycle and the environment. This is found to happen by way of Enterprise Needs which are needs that a product must fulfill to make it a viable option for manufacture. Finally, a process is outlined and demonstrated to form Enterprise Needs and take them into account within a traditional concept selection process. Environment was found to play a part in the Product Development Cycle. By clarifying Enterprise Needs as well as Customer Needs or Functional Needs, a more balanced approach can be taken to the concept selection process choosing the best concept, not only for the customer, but for the company as well.
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Subbakrishna, Nagendra. "Appropriate technology and the rural energy sector in South East Asian developing countries." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28348.

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Given increasing problems in the availability, affordability and deliverability of commercial primary and secondary energy resources, coupled with growing macroeconomic uncertainties, the use of renewable, non-commercial energy resources has been actively promoted in rural areas of developing countries. This, in addition to the fact that conventional, 'state-of-the-art' energy facilities present technical problems, are inequitable and pose potential environmental hazards, has led to proposals for instituting alternative, intermediate or 'appropriate' technologies in rural settlements. This thesis identifies technical, economic, social, cultural and institutional barriers to the introduction of intermediate or 'appropriate' technologies in rural areas. The cases of solar and biogas technologies in Korea, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea the Philippines and Thailand are considered. Policy and planning process recommendations are made on the roles of government, voluntary aid-agencies and the rural user, to overcome the obstacles to implementing these technologies. These recommendations cover the micro (village) and macro (regional and national) levels over two time horizons, and stress the need for a comprehensive approach to discerning rural needs, followed by integrated technology diffusion through effective program and project implementation. In addition, this thesis identifies the need for a continuous collection of information on rural socio-economic conditions and potential for rural interfuel substitution and finally, recommends research into improving technical efficiencies of alternative energy technologies such as solar and biogas. Alternative or intermediate energy technologies such as solar and biogas can play an important role in augmenting rural energy supply. Unless steps are taken to remove the identified barriers to implementation in future technology diffusion efforts, this potential will not be realized. Policy and planning process recommendations made in this thesis present means through which these barriers could be removed.
Applied Science, Faculty of
Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of
Graduate
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Grobbelaar, Frederik Russouw. "A methodology to aid in appropriate forest technology decision-making for developing countries." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/51577.

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Thesis (MScFor)--Stellenbosch University, 2000.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Grobbelaar, F.R. 2000. A methodology to aid in appropriate technology decision-making for developing countries. M.Sc thesis. University of Stellenbosch. In the process of selecting what we believe to be suitable technology for timber harvesting and transport, economics are usually the determining factor, whether in the form of capital investment or personnel cost. Internationally we see a move towards mechanisation in forestry for various reasons: e.g., high wages, labour shortage, and occupational safety. The realities of South Africa highlights other issues requiring attention: e.g., high unemployment, skills' shortage, global competition, rampant AIDS pandemic, and a poor safety and security record. This should focus our attention on finding local solutions to the problem of finding suitable or appropriate technology to support South Africa's quest for sustainable development. This thesis attempts to establish a methodology for the objective evaluation of alternative technologies for a specific timber harvesting situation, considering the economic, social and environmental implications.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Grobbelaar, F.R. 2000. A methodology to aid in appropriate technology decisionmaking for developing countries. M.Sc tesis. Universiteit van Stellenbosch. Tydens die keuse van sogenaamde toepaslike tegnologie vir houtinoesting en -vervoer is ekonomie meestal die deurslaggewende faktor, hetsy verteenwoordig deur kapitaal belegging of personeelkoste. Internasionaal is daar tans In neiging na meganisasie in bosbou vir In verskeidenheid redes: bv., hoë arbeidskoste, arbeidtekort, en beroepsveiligheid. Die werklikhede van Suid-Afrika beklemtoon egter ander sake wat daadwerklike optrede vereis: nl., hoë werkloosheid, gebrek aan vaardighede, internasionale mededinging, ernstige VIGS pandemie, en In swak veiligheid-en sekuriteit rekord. Dit behoort ons aandag te fokus op die vind van plaaslike oplossings tot die probleem met die keuse van geskikte of toepaslike tegnologie ter bevordering van Suid Afrika se strewe na volhoubare ontwikkeling. Hierdie tesis poog om In metodiek te ontwikkel vir die objektiewe beoordeling van alternatiewe tegnologieë vir houtinoesting binne bepaalde omstandighede, met inagneming van ekonomiese, sosiale en omgewings implikasies.
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Cyders, Timothy J. "Design of a Human-Powered Utility Vehicle for Developing Communities." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1227199047.

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Adolfsson, Niklas. "Appropriate technologies in Sub-Saharan Africa : the transition of cultivation techniques /." Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2000. http://www.bt.slu.se/lt_old/Meddelande/Me2000-02/Meddel.pdf.

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Khan, Anushe Aliya. "Democracy is it appropriate for post colonial developing countries? /." Connect to Electronic Thesis (CONTENTdm), 2009. http://worldcat.org/oclc/489039841/viewonline.

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Johnson, Danielle. "Selecting appropriate design concepts for manufacture in developing countries /." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2003. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd325.pdf.

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Lang, Trudie Anne. "Developing treatments for malaria appropriate for public health use in endemic countries." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.407787.

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Books on the topic "Appropriate technology Developing countries"

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Paterson, Alastair C. Appropriate technology and developing countries. London: Royal Academy of Engineering, 1992.

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England) Seminar on Appropriate Medical Technology for Developing Countries (2nd 2002 London. Seminar on Appropriate Medical Technology for Developing Countries. London: Institution of Electrical Engineers, 2002.

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1940-, Stewart Frances, ed. Macro-policies for appropriate technology in developing countries. Boulder: Westview Press, 1987.

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Woodfine, A. C. Geographical information systems as appropriate technology in developing countries. (Chatham Maritime): Natural Resources Institute, 1995.

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Kantola, Mikko. Handbook on appropriate technology for forestry operations in developing countries. Helsinki: FINNIDA, 1986.

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United States. Agency for International Development, ed. Technical information appropriate for developing countries: Selected abstracts from the NTIS database : 1982-1984 supplement. Springfield, VA: The Service, 1986.

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International Labour Organisation. Advisory Committee on Technology. Technologies which are appropriate for meeting social objectives of developing countries. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Organisation, 1985.

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S, Bhalla A., and James Dilmus D, eds. New technologies and development: Experiences in "technology blending". Boulder: L. Rienner, 1988.

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Forsyth, David J. C. Appropriate national technology policies: A manual for their assessment. Geneva: International Labour Office, 1989.

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Mohamed, Eltigani Seisi. Appropriate technology for sugar manufacturing in the developing countries: A further evidence from Sudan. [Khartoum?]: Development Studies and Research Centre, Faculty of Economic & Social Studies, University of Khartoum, 1986.

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Book chapters on the topic "Appropriate technology Developing countries"

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Bifani, Pablo. "Environmental Technology for Developing Countries." In Appropriate Waste Management for Developing Countries, 1–30. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2457-7_1.

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Vetlesen, Vesla, and George McRobie. "1. Opening address; Technologies for developing countries: what is appropriate?" In Mobilizing Appropriate Technology, 1–12. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780442853.001.

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Benthouex, Paul M., and David K. Stevens. "Reliability Engineering for Appropriate Environmental Technology." In Appropriate Waste Management for Developing Countries, 65–80. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2457-7_5.

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Edil, Tuncer B. "Appropriate Waste Containment Technology for Developing Countries." In Appropriate Waste Management for Developing Countries, 619–32. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2457-7_44.

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Mohammed Shahalam, Abul Basher. "An Optimal Approach for the Selection of Appropriate Sanitation Technology for Developing Countries." In Appropriate Waste Management for Developing Countries, 39–51. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2457-7_3.

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Ichimura, Sinichi. "Institutional Factors and Government Policies for Appropriate Technologies in South-east Asia." In Technology Transfer in the Developing Countries, 307–19. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-20558-5_24.

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Hou, Ranjie. "Development of Appropriate Technology and Way Out for Environmentral Protection of China—A Way for the Developing Countries Like China." In Environmental Technology, 698–706. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3663-8_90.

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Murty, A., and M. Hodge. "3. Management of appropriate road technology in India; Equipment selection for rural road maintenance in developing countries." In Labour-based Road Construction, 30–42. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780445267.003.

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Black, R., and J. Elphinstone. "Developing Appropriate Detection Methods for Developing Countries." In Bacterial Wilt Disease, 123–27. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03592-4_17.

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Haggblade, Steve, Carl Liedholm, and Donald C. Mead. "3. The effect of policy and policy reforms on non-agricultural enterprises and employment in developing countries: A review of past experiences; Discussion: Macro-policies for Appropriate Technology." In The Other Policy, 58–106. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780442952.003.

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Conference papers on the topic "Appropriate technology Developing countries"

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Refaee, M. "Health care technology for developing countries." In IEE Seminar on Appropriate Medical Technology for Developing Countries. IEE, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic:20000069.

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Médard, E. N. "Appropriate medical laboratory technology for developing countries." In 3rd IEE Seminar on Appropriate Medical Technology for Developing Countries. IET, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic.2004.0698.

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Nkuma-Udah, K. I. "Appropriate medical technology transfer for developing countries." In 3rd IEE Seminar on Appropriate Medical Technology for Developing Countries. IET, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic.2004.0681.

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Ring, B. "Healthcare infrastructure for developing countries." In IEE Seminar on Appropriate Medical Technology for Developing Countries. IEE, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic:20000076.

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Quinn, C. "Managing medical technology." In IEE Seminar on Appropriate Medical Technology for Developing Countries. IEE, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic:20000077.

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Roberts, J. "Supporting medical technology in developing countries - what is appropriate?" In IEE Seminar on Appropriate Medical Technology for Developing Countries. IEE, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic:20000060.

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Longombe, A. O. "Appropriate medical technology for developing countries: experience from CME Nyankunde." In IEE Seminar on Appropriate Medical Technology for Developing Countries. IEE, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic:20000078.

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Lee, P. "Developing a practising balance medical equipment procurement for developing countries." In IEE Seminar on Appropriate Medical Technology for Developing Countries. IEE, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic:20000070.

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Mridha. "The Developing Countries' Need For Appropriate Medical Technology." In Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iembs.1992.594776.

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Mridha, Mannan. "The developing countries' need for appropriate medical technology." In 1992 14th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iembs.1992.5761443.

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Reports on the topic "Appropriate technology Developing countries"

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Cannady, Cynthia. Access to Climate Change Technology by Developing Countries. Geneva, Switzerland: International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.7215/ip_ip_20100125.

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Spielman, David J., Els Lecoutere, Simrin Makhija, and Bjorn Van Campenhout, eds. Information and Communications Technology (ICT) and agricultural extension in developing countries. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.134865.

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Hicks, Jacqueline. Export of Digital Surveillance Technologies From China to Developing Countries. Institute of Development Studies, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.123.

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There is evidence to show that Chinese companies, with some state credit backing, are selling digital surveillance technologies to developing countries, which are then sometimes used in authoritarian practices. However, there is little direct evidence to show that surveillance technologies sold by Chinese companies have more authoritarian potential than the technologies sold by non-Chinese companies. Some researchers define “surveillance technologies” as including any form of digital infrastructure. There is data to show that developing country governments are contracting Chinese companies to build digital infrastructures. Other researchers define “surveillance technologies” as smart city projects. It is estimated that in 2019, Chinese smart city technologies have been purchased in over 100 countries worldwide. Other researchers look at more specific elements of smart cities: There are estimates that the “AI surveillance” components of smart cities have been purchased in 47-65 countries worldwide, and the “data integration” security platforms in at least 80 countries. None of these figures imply anything about how these technologies are used. The “dual use” nature of these technologies means that they can have both legitimate civilian and public safety uses as well as authoritarian control uses. There is evidence of some governments in Africa using Chinese surveillance technologies to spy on political opponents and arrest protesters. Some authors say that some Chinese smart city projects are actually not very effective, but still provide governments with a “security aesthetic”. Research also shows that Chinese smart city technologies have been sold mostly to illiberal regimes. However, in the wider context, there is also ample evidence of non-Chinese surveillance technologies contributing to authoritarian control in developing countries. There is also evidence that UK companies sell surveillance technologies to mostly illiberal regimes. Some reports consulted for this rapid review imply that Chinese surveillance technologies are more likely to be used for authoritarian control than those sold by non-Chinese companies. This analysis is largely based on circumstantial rather than direct evidence. They rely on prior judgements, which are themselves subject to ongoing enquiry in the literature: Almost all of the reports consulted for this rapid review say that the most important factor determining whether governments in developing countries will deploy a particular technology for repressive purposes is the quality of governance in the country. No reports were found in the literature reviewed of Chinese state pressure on developing countries to adopt surveillance technologies, and there were some anecdotal reports of officials in developing countries saying they did not come under any pressure to buy from Chinese companies.
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ALTMANN, JURGEN. Cooperative Monitoring Center Occasional Paper/16: The Potential of Technology for the Control of Small Weapons: Applications in Developing Countries. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/771481.

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Corbus, D., M. Martinez, L. Rodriguez, and J. Mark. Renewable energy and its potential for carbon emissions reductions in developing countries: Methodology for technology evaluation. Case study application to Mexico. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10184773.

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Hegazi, Farah, and Katongo Seyuba. The Social Side of Climate Change Adaptation: Reducing Conflict Risk. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/seyz9437.

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In developing countries, the effects of climate change interact with factors such as underdevelopment, high dependence on natural resource-based livelihoods, inequality, weak state institutions and marginalization to increase the risk of insecurity and violent conflict. Along with sustainable development and climate change mitigation, climate change adaptation is another key entry point for addressing climate-related security risks. However, key social factors that could positively influence adaptation outcomes and ultimately mitigate climate-related security risks are often overlooked. This SIPRI Policy Brief offers insights into the importance of social capital for facilitating climate change adaptation and preventing and resolving natural resource-related communal conflict in developing countries. The policy brief recommends: (a) improving trust between communities and governments through collaborative processes for knowledge exchange, setting priorities and determining appropriate climate change adaptation practices; and (b) increasing knowledge of climate change among traditional and local leaders to strengthen local conflict resolution mechanisms.
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Metcalfe, Chris, Lisa Guppy, and Manzoor Qadir. Global Barriers To Improving Water Quality: A Critical Review. United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health, January 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.53328/srlt7852.

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Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6 sets ambitious targets for improving global water quality prior to 2030. However, in low-income countries (LICs) and lower-middle-income countries (LMICs), there are significant barriers to improving water quality. Progress towards achieving the SGD 6 targets is unlikely unless there are programmes put in place to address these barriers. In this critical review, we document past experiences that show that interventions within LICs and LMICs to reduce sources of water pollution from industries, municipal wastewater and agricultural runoff have been largely ineffective. We review evidence that improvements to water quality are likely to lag behind advances in other SGD targets in countries with developing economies. Finally, water quality monitoring programmes in many nations are unlikely to be effective because of inadequate frequency and density of measurements, as well as unreasonable expectations regarding the scope of the monitoring programmes . We present some potential solutions to these problems, including setting realistic objectives for monitoring programmes, developing appropriate, lowcost solutions for pollution abatement and focusing on strengthening institutional and regulatory capacity.
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Scoular, Claire, and Ian Teo. Developing strategic plans for an aligned approach to 21st century skills integration. Australian Council for Educational Research, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37517/978-1-74286-626-0.

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This report describes an online course developed to support education systems to build an aligned and sustainable approach to integration of 21st Century Skills (21CS). 21CS are those skills that are considered particularly important to succeed in today’s knowledge-based society in which innovation and technology are predominant. Prominent examples include critical thinking, creative thinking, and collaboration, and such skills need to be better understood in order for them to be integrated. While different countries may have their own frameworks or priorities surrounding 21CS, a consistent approach to integration can still be achieved with a shared understanding from all stakeholders within the system. The course objectives focused on supporting countries to develop a strategic plan for 21CS integration, providing resources to aid that plan, and building capacity to implement the plan. The specific learning objectives were to: Understand components and steps leading to 21CS alignment; Conduct a needs analysis, identifying which steps are currently being met, and which steps need more attention; Develop a strategic plan, identifying which steps are to be prioritized and in which order; Gain insights from other education systems from reflections on successful developments and lessons learned; and Engage in discussion within education systems and with other countries about the emerging area of skills integration, as well as identify future directions. Course participants joined from across 16 Asia Pacific countries and from the Education Quality and Assessment Programme for the Pacific Community (EQAP). The course comprised of eight modules that were spread over three weeks, with content hosted online through the Moodle platform.Each module consisted of pre-recorded video content (30-60 minutes) and team and/or individual activities. The modules were supported by three live sessions that allowed participants to ask questions and share reflections in real time. The course concluded with a webinar that consisted of presentations that were delivered by one member from each Core Strategy Team who shared their team’s strategic plan and reflections from this course.
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Lichand, Guilherme, Carlos Alberto Dória, João Cossi, and Onicio Leal Neto. Open configuration options Reopening schools in the pandemic did not increase COVID-19 cases or deaths in São Paulo State, Brazil. Inter-American Development Bank, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004044.

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Question: Does reopening schools in the pandemic increase COVID-19 incidence and mortality? Findings: On average, there was no systematic association between school reopening and COVID-19 incidence or mortality in So Paulo State, up to 12 weeks after reopening. This was also the case for schools in most vulnerable conditions. Aggregate mobility was already high before the school reopening and did not significantly increase afterwards. Meaning: Results imply that reopening schools under appropriate protocols in developing countries during the pandemic is unlikely to affect the aggregate number of cases or deaths when counterfactual mobility is already high.
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Markova, Oksana M., Serhiy O. Semerikov, Andrii M. Striuk, Hanna M. Shalatska, Pavlo P. Nechypurenko, and Vitaliy V. Tron. Implementation of cloud service models in training of future information technology specialists. [б. в.], September 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/3270.

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Leading research directions are defined on the basis of self-analysis of the study results on the use of cloud technologies in training by employees of joint research laboratory “Сloud technologies in education” of Kryvyi Rih National University and Institute of Information Technology and Learning Aids of the NAES of Ukraine in 2009-2018: cloud learning technologies, cloud technologies of blended learning, cloud-oriented learning environments, cloud-oriented methodological systems of training, the provision of cloud-based educational services. The ways of implementation SaaS, PaaS, IaaS cloud services models which are appropriate to use in the process of studying the academic disciplines of the cycles of mathematical, natural science and professional and practical training of future specialists in information technology are shown, based on the example of software engineering, computer science and computer engineering. The most significant advantages of using cloud technologies in training of future information technology specialists are definite, namely, the possibility of using modern parallel programming tools as the basis of cloud technologies. Conclusions are drawn; the direction of further research is indicated: designing a cloud-oriented learning environment for future specialists in computer engineering, identifying trends in the development of cloud technologies in the professional training and retraining of information technology specialists, developing a methodology for building the research competencies of future software engineering specialists by using cloud technologies.
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