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Academic literature on the topic 'Apprentissage statistique profond'
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Apprentissage statistique profond"
Sors, Arnaud. "Apprentissage profond pour l'analyse de l'EEG continu." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAS006/document.
Full textThe objective of this research is to explore and develop machine learning methods for the analysis of continuous electroencephalogram (EEG). Continuous EEG is an interesting modality for functional evaluation of cerebral state in the intensive care unit and beyond. Today its clinical use remains more limited that it could be because interpretation is still mostly performed visually by trained experts. In this work we develop automated analysis tools based on deep neural models.The subparts of this work hinge around post-anoxic coma prognostication, chosen as pilot application. A small number of long-duration records were performed and available existing data was gathered from CHU Grenoble. Different components of a semi-supervised architecture that addresses the application are imagined, developed, and validated on surrogate tasks.First, we validate the effectiveness of deep neural networks for EEG analysis from raw samples. For this we choose the supervised task of sleep stage classification from single-channel EEG. We use a convolutional neural network adapted for EEG and we train and evaluate the system on the SHHS (Sleep Heart Health Study) dataset. This constitutes the first neural sleep scoring system at this scale (5000 patients). Classification performance reaches or surpasses the state of the art.In real use for most clinical applications, the main challenge is the lack of (and difficulty of establishing) suitable annotations on patterns or short EEG segments. Available annotations are high-level (for example, clinical outcome) and therefore they are few. We search how to learn compact EEG representations in an unsupervised/semi-supervised manner. The field of unsupervised learning using deep neural networks is still young. To compare to existing work we start with image data and investigate the use of generative adversarial networks (GANs) for unsupervised adversarial representation learning. The quality and stability of different variants are evaluated. We then apply Gradient-penalized Wasserstein GANs on EEG sequences generation. The system is trained on single channel sequences from post-anoxic coma patients and is able to generate realistic synthetic sequences. We also explore and discuss original ideas for learning representations through matching distributions in the output space of representative networks.Finally, multichannel EEG signals have specificities that should be accounted for in characterization architectures. Each EEG sample is an instantaneous mixture of the activities of a number of sources. Based on this statement we propose an analysis system made of a spatial analysis subsystem followed by a temporal analysis subsystem. The spatial analysis subsystem is an extension of source separation methods built with a neural architecture with adaptive recombination weights, i.e. weights that are not learned but depend on features of the input. We show that this architecture learns to perform Independent Component Analysis if it is trained on a measure of non-gaussianity. For temporal analysis, standard (shared) convolutional neural networks applied on separate recomposed channels can be used
Moukari, Michel. "Estimation de profondeur à partir d'images monoculaires par apprentissage profond." Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMC211/document.
Full textComputer vision is a branch of artificial intelligence whose purpose is to enable a machine to analyze, process and understand the content of digital images. Scene understanding in particular is a major issue in computer vision. It goes through a semantic and structural characterization of the image, on one hand to describe its content and, on the other hand, to understand its geometry. However, while the real space is three-dimensional, the image representing it is two-dimensional. Part of the 3D information is thus lost during the process of image formation and it is therefore non trivial to describe the geometry of a scene from 2D images of it.There are several ways to retrieve the depth information lost in the image. In this thesis we are interested in estimating a depth map given a single image of the scene. In this case, the depth information corresponds, for each pixel, to the distance between the camera and the object represented in this pixel. The automatic estimation of a distance map of the scene from an image is indeed a critical algorithmic brick in a very large number of domains, in particular that of autonomous vehicles (obstacle detection, navigation aids).Although the problem of estimating depth from a single image is a difficult and inherently ill-posed problem, we know that humans can appreciate distances with one eye. This capacity is not innate but acquired and made possible mostly thanks to the identification of indices reflecting the prior knowledge of the surrounding objects. Moreover, we know that learning algorithms can extract these clues directly from images. We are particularly interested in statistical learning methods based on deep neural networks that have recently led to major breakthroughs in many fields and we are studying the case of the monocular depth estimation
Belilovsky, Eugene. "Apprentissage de graphes structuré et parcimonieux dans des données de haute dimension avec applications à l’imagerie cérébrale." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLC027.
Full textThis dissertation presents novel structured sparse learning methods on graphs that address commonly found problems in the analysis of neuroimaging data as well as other high dimensional data with few samples. The first part of the thesis proposes convex relaxations of discrete and combinatorial penalties involving sparsity and bounded total variation on a graph as well as bounded `2 norm. These are developed with the aim of learning an interpretable predictive linear model and we demonstrate their effectiveness on neuroimaging data as well as a sparse image recovery problem.The subsequent parts of the thesis considers structure discovery of undirected graphical models from few observational data. In particular we focus on invoking sparsity and other structured assumptions in Gaussian Graphical Models (GGMs). To this end we make two contributions. We show an approach to identify differences in Gaussian Graphical Models (GGMs) known to have similar structure. We derive the distribution of parameter differences under a joint penalty when parameters are known to be sparse in the difference. We then show how this approach can be used to obtain confidence intervals on edge differences in GGMs. We then introduce a novel learning based approach to the problem structure discovery of undirected graphical models from observational data. We demonstrate how neural networks can be used to learn effective estimators for this problem. This is empirically shown to be flexible and efficient alternatives to existing techniques
Delasalles, Edouard. "Inferring and Predicting Dynamic Representations for Structured Temporal Data." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUS296.
Full textTemporal data constitute a large part of data collected digitally. Predicting their next values is an important and challenging task in domains such as climatology, optimal control, or natural language processing. Standard statistical methods are based on linear models and are often limited to low dimensional data. We instead use deep learning methods capable of handling high dimensional structured data and leverage large quantities of examples. In this thesis, we are interested in latent variable models. Contrary to autoregressive models that directly use past data to perform prediction, latent models infer low dimensional vectorial representations of data on which prediction is performed. Latent vectorial spaces allow us to learn dynamic models that are able to generate high-dimensional and structured data. First, we propose a structured latent model for spatio-temporal data forecasting. Given a set of spatial locations where data such as weather or traffic are collected, we infer latent variables for each location and use spatial structure in the dynamic function. The model is also able to discover correlations between series without prior spatial information. Next, we focus on predicting data distributions, rather than point estimates. We propose a model that generates latent variables used to condition a generative model. Text data are used to evaluate the model on diachronic language modeling. Finally, we propose a stochastic prediction model. It uses the first values of sequences to generate several possible futures. Here, the generative model is not conditioned to an absolute epoch, but to a sequence. The model is applied to stochastic video prediction
Wolinski, Pierre. "Structural Learning of Neural Networks." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASS026.
Full textThe structure of a neural network determines to a large extent its cost of training and use, as well as its ability to learn. These two aspects are usually in competition: the larger a neural network is, the better it will perform the task assigned to it, but the more it will require memory and computing time resources for training. Automating the search of efficient network structures -of reasonable size and performing well- is then a very studied question in this area. Within this context, neural networks with various structures are trained, which requires a new set of training hyperparameters for each new structure tested. The aim of the thesis is to address different aspects of this problem. The first contribution is a training method that operates within a large perimeter of network structures and tasks, without needing to adjust the learning rate. The second contribution is a network training and pruning technique, designed to be insensitive to the initial width of the network. The last contribution is mainly a theorem that makes possible to translate an empirical training penalty into a Bayesian prior, theoretically well founded. This work results from a search for properties that theoretically must be verified by training and pruning algorithms to be valid over a wide range of neural networks and objectives
Malfante, Marielle. "Automatic classification of natural signals for environmental monitoring." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAU025/document.
Full textThis manuscript summarizes a three years work addressing the use of machine learning for the automatic analysis of natural signals. The main goal of this PhD is to produce efficient and operative frameworks for the analysis of environmental signals, in order to gather knowledge and better understand the considered environment. Particularly, we focus on the automatic tasks of detection and classification of natural events.This thesis proposes two tools based on supervised machine learning (Support Vector Machine, Random Forest) for (i) the automatic classification of events and (ii) the automatic detection and classification of events. The success of the proposed approaches lies in the feature space used to represent the signals. This relies on a detailed description of the raw acquisitions in various domains: temporal, spectral and cepstral. A comparison with features extracted using convolutional neural networks (deep learning) is also made, and favours the physical features to the use of deep learning methods to represent transient signals.The proposed tools are tested and validated on real world acquisitions from different environments: (i) underwater and (ii) volcanic areas. The first application considered in this thesis is devoted to the monitoring of coastal underwater areas using acoustic signals: continuous recordings are analysed to automatically detect and classify fish sounds. A day to day pattern in the fish behaviour is revealed. The second application targets volcanoes monitoring: the proposed system classifies seismic events into categories, which can be associated to different phases of the internal activity of volcanoes. The study is conducted on six years of volcano-seismic data recorded on Ubinas volcano (Peru). In particular, the outcomes of the proposed automatic classification system helped in the discovery of misclassifications in the manual annotation of the recordings. In addition, the proposed automatic classification framework of volcano-seismic signals has been deployed and tested in Indonesia for the monitoring of Mount Merapi. The software implementation of the framework developed in this thesis has been collected in the Automatic Analysis Architecture (AAA) package and is freely available
Baudry, Maximilien. "Quelques problèmes d’apprentissage statistique en présence de données incomplètes." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSE1002.
Full textMost statistical methods are not designed to directly work with incomplete data. The study of data incompleteness is not new and strong methods have been established to handle it prior to a statistical analysis. On the other hand, deep learning literature mainly works with unstructured data such as images, text or raw audio, but very few has been done on tabular data. Hence, modern machine learning literature tackling data incompleteness on tabular data is scarce. This thesis focuses on the use of machine learning models applied to incomplete tabular data, in an insurance context. We propose through our contributions some ways to model complex phenomena in presence of incompleteness schemes, and show that our approaches outperform the state-of-the-art models
Chen, Mickaël. "Learning with weak supervision using deep generative networks." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUS024.
Full textMany successes of deep learning rely on the availability of massive annotated datasets that can be exploited by supervised algorithms. Obtaining those labels at a large scale, however, can be difficult, or even impossible in many situations. Designing methods that are less dependent on annotations is therefore a major research topic, and many semi-supervised and weakly supervised methods have been proposed. Meanwhile, the recent introduction of deep generative networks provided deep learning methods with the ability to manipulate complex distributions, allowing for breakthroughs in tasks such as image edition and domain adaptation. In this thesis, we explore how these new tools can be useful to further alleviate the need for annotations. Firstly, we tackle the task of performing stochastic predictions. It consists in designing systems for structured prediction that take into account the variability in possible outputs. We propose, in this context, two models. The first one performs predictions on multi-view data with missing views, and the second one predicts possible futures of a video sequence. Then, we study adversarial methods to learn a factorized latent space, in a setting with two explanatory factors but only one of them is annotated. We propose models that aim to uncover semantically consistent latent representations for those factors. One model is applied to the conditional generation of motion capture data, and another one to multi-view data. Finally, we focus on the task of image segmentation, which is of crucial importance in computer vision. Building on previously explored ideas, we propose a model for object segmentation that is entirely unsupervised
Novello, Paul. "Combining supervised deep learning and scientific computing : some contributions and application to computational fluid dynamics." Thesis, Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022IPPAX005.
Full textRecent innovations in mathematics, computer science, and engineering have enabled more and more sophisticated numerical simulations. However, some simulations remain computationally unaffordable, even for the most powerful supercomputers. Lately, machine learning has proven its ability to improve the state-of-the-art in many fields, notoriously computer vision, language understanding, or robotics. This thesis settles in the high-stakes emerging field of Scientific Machine Learning which studies the application of machine learning to scientific computing. More specifically, we consider the use of deep learning to accelerate numerical simulations.We focus on approximating some components of Partial Differential Equation (PDE) based simulation software by a neural network. This idea boils down to constructing a data set, selecting and training a neural network, and embedding it into the original code, resulting in a hybrid numerical simulation. Although this approach may seem trivial at first glance, the context of numerical simulations comes with several challenges. Since we aim at accelerating codes, the first challenge is to find a trade-off between neural networks’ accuracy and execution time. The second challenge stems from the data-driven process of the training, and more specifically, its lack of mathematical guarantees. Hence, we have to ensure that the hybrid simulation software still yields reliable predictions. To tackle these challenges, we thoroughly study each step of the deep learning methodology while considering the aforementioned constraints. By doing so, we emphasize interplays between numerical simulations and machine learning that can benefit each of these fields.We identify the main steps of the deep learning methodology as the construction of the training data set, the choice of the hyperparameters of the neural network, and its training. For the first step, we leverage the ability to sample training data with the original software to characterize a more efficient training distribution based on the local variation of the function to approximate. We generalize this approach to general machine learning problems by deriving a data weighting methodology called Variance Based Sample Weighting. For the second step, we introduce the use of sensitivity analysis, an approach widely used in scientific computing, to tackle neural network hyperparameter optimization. This approach is based on qualitatively assessing the effect of hyperparameters on the performances of a neural network using Hilbert-Schmidt Independence Criterion. We adapt it to the hyperparameter optimization context and build an interpretable methodology that yields competitive and cost-effective networks. For the third step, we formally define an analogy between the stochastic resolution of PDEs and the optimization process at play when training a neural network. This analogy leads to a PDE-based framework for training neural networks that opens up many possibilities for improving existing optimization algorithms. Finally, we apply these contributions to a computational fluid dynamics simulation coupled with a multi-species chemical equilibrium code. We demonstrate that we can achieve a time factor acceleration of 21 with controlled to no degradation from the initial prediction
Rossi, Simone. "Improving Scalability and Inference in Probabilistic Deep Models." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022SORUS042.
Full textThroughout the last decade, deep learning has reached a sufficient level of maturity to become the preferred choice to solve machine learning-related problems or to aid decision making processes.At the same time, deep learning is generally not equipped with the ability to accurately quantify the uncertainty of its predictions, thus making these models less suitable for risk-critical applications.A possible solution to address this problem is to employ a Bayesian formulation; however, while this offers an elegant treatment, it is analytically intractable and it requires approximations.Despite the huge advancements in the last few years, there is still a long way to make these approaches widely applicable.In this thesis, we address some of the challenges for modern Bayesian deep learning, by proposing and studying solutions to improve scalability and inference of these models.The first part of the thesis is dedicated to deep models where inference is carried out using variational inference (VI).Specifically, we study the role of initialization of the variational parameters and we show how careful initialization strategies can make VI deliver good performance even in large scale models.In this part of the thesis we also study the over-regularization effect of the variational objective on over-parametrized models.To tackle this problem, we propose an novel parameterization based on the Walsh-Hadamard transform; not only this solves the over-regularization effect of VI but it also allows us to model non-factorized posteriors while keeping time and space complexity under control.The second part of the thesis is dedicated to a study on the role of priors.While being an essential building block of Bayes' rule, picking good priors for deep learning models is generally hard.For this reason, we propose two different strategies based (i) on the functional interpretation of neural networks and (ii) on a scalable procedure to perform model selection on the prior hyper-parameters, akin to maximization of the marginal likelihood.To conclude this part, we analyze a different kind of Bayesian model (Gaussian process) and we study the effect of placing a prior on all the hyper-parameters of these models, including the additional variables required by the inducing-point approximations.We also show how it is possible to infer free-form posteriors on these variables, which conventionally would have been otherwise point-estimated
Book chapters on the topic "Apprentissage statistique profond"
COGRANNE, Rémi, Marc CHAUMONT, and Patrick BAS. "Stéganalyse : détection d’information cachée dans des contenus multimédias." In Sécurité multimédia 1, 261–303. ISTE Group, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51926/iste.9026.ch8.
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