Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Apprentissage participatif'
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Lefort, Tanguy. "Label ambiguity in crowdsourcing for classification and expert feedback." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Montpellier (2022-....), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UMONS020.
Full textWhile classification datasets are composed of more and more data, the need for human expertise to label them is still present. Crowdsourcing platforms are a way to gather expert feedback at a low cost. However, the quality of these labels is not always guaranteed. In this thesis, we focus on the problem of label ambiguity in crowdsourcing. Label ambiguity has mostly two sources: the worker's ability and the task's difficulty. We first present a new indicator, the mathrm{WAUM} (Weighted Area Under the Magin), to detect ambiguous tasks given to workers. Based on the existing mathrm{AUM} in the classical supervised setting, this lets us explore large datasets while focusing on tasks that might require more relevant expertise or should be discarded from the actual dataset. We then present a new open-source texttt{python} library, PeerAnnot, that we developed to handle crowdsourced datasets in image classification. We created a benchmark in the Benchopt library to evaluate our label aggregation strategies for more reproducible results. Finally, we present a case study on the Pl@ntNet dataset, where we evaluate the current state of the platform's label aggregation strategy and propose ways to improve it. This setting with a large number of tasks, experts and classes is highly challenging for current crowdsourcing aggregation strategies. We report consistently better performance against competitors and propose a new aggregation strategy that could be used in the future to improve the quality of the Pl@ntNet dataset. We also release this large dataset of expert feedback that could be used to improve the quality of the current aggregation methods and provide a new benchmark
Rupin, Pablo. "Participation et apprentissages d’adultes en milieu préscolaire communautaire : L’exemple du Chili." Thesis, Paris 13, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA131044/document.
Full textCette thèse aborde la question de la participation parentale en milieu préscolaire, dans la cadre de modalités d’accueil dites non formelles ou non conventionnelles au Chili. Il s’agit d’abord de s’interroger sur la pertinence de la notion de participation dans le champ éducatif. Des considérations sociopolitiques sur le sujet sont mises en question au profit de perspectives associées au courant de l’apprentissage situé, qui considèrent la participation à des groupes comme une expérience sociale incontournable permettant l’apprentissage des individus selon des modalités diverses. Une revue de littérature aborde ensuite la question des modalités d’accueil à caractère non formel ou non conventionnel en Amérique Latine. La situation du préscolaire chilien dans son ensemble est également prise en compte, afin de mieux comprendre la place de ces modalités d’accueil et les choix de terrains effectués. Ces choix sont précisés et justifiés en cohérence avec l’approche qualitative, marquée par l’importance accordée à l’entretien compréhensif collectif en tant que principal dispositif d’enquête. La situation de six structures chiliennes est ensuite présentée à l’aide d’une monographie consacrée à chacune. Cette approche par cas vise l’identification des logiques et des modalités participatives développées ainsi que des orientations discursives sous-jacentes. Une analyse transversale des structures est ensuite présentée, avec une attention particulière portée aux possibilités offertes par les modalités de participation développées et à leur négociation. L’analyse inclut une reconsidération critique de certaines questions théoriques, notamment la possibilité de concevoir les structures d’accueil selon le modèle des communautés de pratique. L’on s’intéresse finalement aux processus d’apprentissage informel pouvant être associés aux modalités de participation parentale et plus largement communautaire développées dans ces structures
Baron, Gaëlle. "Évaluation, participation, apprentissage dans l'action publique : étude de l'évaluation d'un programme européen /." Paris ; Montréal (Québec) ; Budapest [etc.] : l'Harmattan, 2001. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376439263.
Full textSeguin, Laura. "Les apprentissages de la participation. Regards croisés sur un dispositif institué et une mobilisation contestataire." Thesis, Tours, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOUR1804/document.
Full textCitizenship has been making a strong resurgence in the environmental field, visible both in institutionalised procedures intended to include all citizens in decision-making, and in protest movements or resistance to some planning projects or land uses. For those who take part - citizens, members of associations, policy makers and public policy professionals -, these two kinds of participatory experiences represent significant spaces for political learning. Through the exploration of an institutionalised procedure for public participation (a citizens’ conference on water management) and a protest movement (against shale gas), this work identifies what actors learn on the one hand, and the learning methods on the other. The ethnographic survey and the use of educational sciences constitute the originality of this research which describes and analyses experiments in political learning, education to conflict as well as participation
Gendreau, Linda. "La participation active des élèves de première secondaire au coeur de leur apprentissage en éducation à la santé." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2006. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/759.
Full textTeglborg, Ann-Charlotte. "Les dispositifs d'innovation participative vers une reconception réflexive à l'usage." Paris 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA010085.
Full textBaron, Gaëlle. "Évaluation, participation, apprentissage : une conception de l'action publique avec rationalité limitée : analyse et etude de cas d'une evaluation d'un programme europeen." Rennes 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999REN1G008.
Full textDamala, Areti. "Etude d'Interaction et Evaluation de Guides Portables Multimédia pour la visite culturelle: Des Multimédia à la Réalité Augmentée Mobile." Phd thesis, Conservatoire national des arts et metiers - CNAM, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00526141.
Full textMovahedian-Attar, Fatemeh. "ISEACAP : une méthode participative gamifiée pour mieux comprendre les routines organisationnelles liées à la capacité d’absorption." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAG003.
Full textSMEs (Small and Medium sized Enterprises) confront resource scarcity during innovative projects. Thereby they are increasingly taking part in collaborative networks to access the required complementary knowledge for conducting their projects. To achieve this, SMEs deploy their absorptive capacity (ACAP) which means their ability to acquire, assimilate, transform and apply external knowledge. ACAP can be integrated via diverse practices called routines when they are repeated and accepted collectively. However, organisation’s actors often perform these routines unconsciously. Thus, enhancing knowledge absorption requires highlighting applied routines to acquire, assimilate, transform and exploit external knowledge.This interdisciplinary thesis aims at: (i) Proposing a new participative method called ISEACAP (Identification, Simulation, Evaluation and Amelioration of Absorptive Capacity) based on gamification techniques. (ii) Providing a refine level of applied knowledge and ACAP’s routines during innovative project by detailing related practices to each dimension of ACAP (acquisition, assimilation, transformation and application). (iii) Highlighting roles of ISEACAP’s facilitators during experimental sessions to raise reflexivity among participants (organisations’ actors). (iv) Describing role of ISEACAP’s phases to facilitate learning on ACAP’s routines for actors.Applied methodology during this thesis relies on qualitative analysis of collected data through semi-structured interviews and experimental sessions via ISEACAP. Based on the conducted interviews and experimental sessions in France and UK with practitioners, in different activity sectors, two case studies had been developed in textile and food sectors. Collected data from these two cases were coded and analysed thematically. Considering the results, this thesis contributes in engineering science by proposing and formalising a new gamified participative method (ISEACAP), and in management science, the contribution relies on providing a better understanding of ACAP’s routines
Gérard, Frédérique. "Évaluation des dispositifs d’apprentissage en situation de travail dans les entreprises." Thesis, Paris 10, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA100039/document.
Full textCurrently, in organisations, much attention is given to workplace learning and more specifically, intentional, structured and organised learning on the job. Indeed, this kind of training seems to be more efficient and less expensive than off-the-job training.In our research, we study a specific workplace curriculum which has been developed by Entreprise & Personnel association. The aim of our research is to examine the efficacy of this curriculum.Our theoretical framework draws together the work of Billett (1995, 1996, 2001, 2006) one of leader scholars of the field of Workplace Learning and Pastré (1999, 2005, 2011), one of the key researchers of the francophone field vocational didactic. It allows us to formulate 2 hypothesis:- the curriculum facilitates learnings and in particular scheme transformation process;- this curriculum facilitates learning because it affords opportunities that engage the learner.The data gathering procedures was conducted in the French power distribution company ERDF. They include interviews and observations of 21 technicians. Our findings show that hypothesis n°1 is confirmed for all the participants, and hypothesis n°2 for most of them.Our research invites researchers to examine the efficacy of curriculum in terms of scheme transformation process, workplace opportunities and individual engagement. Our findings confirm the interest of workplace curriculum. At the same time, it invites professionals to think critically of reflexivity and learning transfer questions.Our research was conducted under a partnership between Paris Ouest University and ERDF. It was in part funded by the French national research agency
Croset, Grégoire. "La dynamique de groupe dans l’enseignement du français langue étrangère (FLE) au lycée en Suède : Problématique de la participation orale au sein des groupes informels et restreints." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för utbildningsvetenskap (UV), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-61953.
Full textMbambe, Bebey Danielle. "Design d'expériences transmédia pour l'engagement en formation (DEEXTEF)." Thesis, Paris, CNAM, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CNAM1215/document.
Full textWe describe the phenomenon of engagement through co-constructed transmedia experiences with the beneficiaries in the context of adult education. We approach this ground on the assumption that a transmedia with experiential value makes it possible to increase the participation of subjects to consolidate the commitment in training. This hypothesis opens up the prospect of a transmedia type of mediation capable of integrating the objectives of scientific exploitation for the commitment and enhancement of participation and the attention that could be interesting for other corpuses. Based on an analysis framework focused on the beneficiaries of transactions, our survey highlighted different forms of hybrid transmedia engagement with specific characteristics. The complementarity of these transmedia has favoured various commitment regimes observed on an ad hoc basis for a long-term commitment
Person, Joël. "Conception participative de Learning Analytics croisant études d’usages et analyse de l’activité : le cas d’un projet réunissant enseignants de lycée et chercheurs." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Nantes Université, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024NANU2003.
Full textThis dissertation is part of the LEAP Num' research project being carried out in a secondary school that has been awarded the 'Digital Incubator' label. It documents the participatory design process and its ups and downs, and examines the conditions for the emergence of a techno-pedagogical innovation : Learning Analytics. The methodology employed is based on an ethnographic approach using interviews and observations (in some cases with video recordings, which support self-confrontation interviews). The theoretical framework used combines contributions from ergonomics on design processes (Darses and Falzon, 1996; Béguin, 2007) and usage studies (Jauréguiberry and Proulx, 2011). At the end of an initial design phase, we highlighted the gaps between two worlds (Béguin, 2007), that of IT researchers and that of teachers, as well as a weak version of participation in design. We proposed a re-engineering approach to volunteer teachers, based on the real activity of the players involved. This participative work leads to the implementation of a situation allowing the collection of computer data from pupils under ecological conditions. We are thus contributing to the design of a Learning Analytics Dashboard prototype. An aloud exploration of this artefact is filmed and analysed. We show the limits of an approach to student activity using the tool designed
Odoardi, Gianluca. "The relationship of perceived human resources management practices and innovative work behavior." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0040/document.
Full textIn the globalized economies the innovation is widely recognized as one of the key processes that can allow the development of organizations. This thesis focuses the attention on the Innovative Work Behavior (IWB) and its links with the perception of Human Resources Management (HRM). More specifically, the research models explore two HRM practices corresponding to individual and team learning and the participation to decision-making (PDM). The choice to emphasize only two practices is in line with scholars’ efforts dedicated to contingent perspective. Therefore, the experimentation of multiple mediating variables has allowed the better understanding of the relationship among the examined processes. This thesis is also oriented to understand the mentioned psychosocial factors in a quite unexplored organizational contexts corresponding to the small and medium enterprises. The first research explores the relationship among the perception of individual and team learning HRM practices, IWB and the mediating role of norms and supportive climate for innovation. The second study assumes that the perception of decision-making practice, conjointly with participative leadership, is related to IWB; moreover also the indirect relationship is tested through the mediating role of psychological climate for innovation and co-workers’ support. These findings help scholars to direct new endeavors in HRM research. Moreover they support managers to optimize resources invested in innovation through the promotion of learning and PDM
Montes, Lihn Jaime Andres. "Apprentissage inter-organisationnel au sein des réseaux interindividuels : le cas de la conversion de viticulteurs à l'agriculture biologique." Thesis, Paris 9, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA090052.
Full textThis PhD dissertation combines the approaches of economic sociology and sociology of knowledge in order to analyze the social mechanisms underlying the conversion into organic farming. Based on an empirical study and analysis of a complete social network describing the interdependencies among over 60 wine producers certified in organic farming or in the process of getting the official certification in French Côte de Beaune, this research analyzes the collective learning process on which this transition relies. The thesis proves the existence of two types of learning process, which are defined by the social borders of reference groups (or social niches); it analyzes the key role of pioneers of the social milieu in both learning processes and studies the regularities structuring social exchanges. These regularities allow us to confirm that wine producers take into account in their reasoning both the identity aspect related to their conversion to organic farming and their economic position, in a trend towards “coopetition”
Bélisle, Annick. "Expérimentation d'une démarche d'apprentissage dans l'action visant l'adoption de comportements à mobiliser lors d'animations de réunions éclair, chez des gestionnaires d'un centre hospitalier." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2011. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/2831.
Full textWalters, Kesi. "La communauté d'apprentissage en réseau en contexte de langue seconde : une recherche-formation." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30092/30092.pdf.
Full textThis research-formation study looks at the way in which the introduction and development of a networked learning community (Laferrière, 2005) in a second language learning context enriches the learning environment and promotes language learning through a variety of ways, among them peer scaffolding (Donato, 1994). In the networked learning community of this study, the learners form a community between two second language classrooms in Quebec. Our results highlight the possibilities for and interest in peer scaffolding in this context and they attest to the production of works of quality by the students. At the end of the research, we propose pedagogical implications for the implementation of a networked learning community in second language contexts as well as paths for developing professional learning communities for the introduction of networked learning communities in second language contexts.
Zombré, Inès. "Savoirs communautaires et expérientiels d'engagements volontaires comme contributions éducatives pour les sciences infirmières : étude de cas d'un organisme communautaire de lutte contre le VIH/sida." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/38553.
Full textWagner, Anne Marguerite. "La participation active d'un enfant avec autisme SDI d'âge préscolaire : du milieu familial aux milieux éducatif et rééducatif." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE2148.
Full textThis research study focuses upon the interactional participation of a child with high functioning autism at an age where he is receiving early intensive behavioural interventions and is integrated into an early childhood environment. The study’s adoptionof an ethnographic-influenced methodology has made it possible to capture the full range of exchanges between the child and key adults. This approach furthermore highlights the child’s participation in a wide variety of exchanges that are regulated by various expectations and conversational conventions. At the same time, the study’s interactionist analysis calls attention to the conversational competencies of the child, as well as the scaffolding efforts of his parents and his therapists to maintain and pursue the exchanges. The analysis makes visible three participatory scenes, open, guided and closed, within which the adults’ scaffolding varies, the competencies of the child vary, and, more broadly, the learning objectives vary. In conclusion, the study discusses the appropriateness of different therapeutic interventions aimed at preparing the observed child with autism for integration into a regular preschool setting
Grassin, Jean-Francois. "Affordances d'un réseau social pour une formation en Français Langue Etrangère : pratiques discursives, modes de participation et présence sociale en ligne." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO20079/document.
Full textThis research aims at studying online interactions in a social network that is specific to teaching and learning French as a Foreign Language (FFL). It questions the way the virtual environment incorporates with the training device so to provide new contexts of interactions and language learning.The data used for this research belong to an academic and language learning context which enabled an ecological analysis of the uses.Furthermore a discourse analysis from various participants was undertaken to highlight their impressions of the device, the noticed affordances and their appropriation with the online environment. This study contributes at elaborating useful tools for the analysis of participation and a better understanding of social interactions in the case of a mediated communication in a pedagogical context.The analyses are based on (1) participative activities, their conversational and enunciative format, (2) the various participation modes and relationnal social commitment that flourishes in a socio-pedagogical network and (3) the spatial and attentionnal features that are specific to a virtual learning environment.The study shows that there are few uses of the socio-pedagogical network, and the various ones that have been noticed did not benefit from the network’s wide access, conversational and social design.As a certain number of affordances have been noted by the participants, few of them were used in the case of our study. Considering those limited uses, the analysis tries to spot the restraints and obstacles to these changing practices by taking into account the participant’s discourse and suggested activities. From this observation, the research suggests didactical guidelines that include this social and relational challenge - and to consider this socio-pedagogical network as an environment which mediates social activities and digital litteracy
Moretti, Laure. "Enseignement des sciences, interdisciplinarité, territoire apprenant : Quelles articulations ? Quelles modalités ? Quels résultats ?" Thesis, Corte, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021CORT0015.
Full textThis study is based on an action research aimed at modelling, implementing and evaluating an educational strategy based on the construction of a learning territory, initiated from the school. The socio-historical approach of the Corsican island context highlights a singular islandity, characterised by strong heritage links, correlated with committed eco-citizen behaviour. At the same time, the analysis of the educational system underlines a school form where a school-centred vision of education and a distance to the territory persist. Moreover, as schools do not develop a democratic socialization mode, the researcher considers that they are not very efficient for eco-citizen training. The researcher, who is also a teacher, has put to the test the impact of heritage links on the eco-citizen profile and has put forward the hypothesis that heritage could be the lever of an innovative educational strategy, linked to the school form, aiming at a school integrated in its territory and a conversion towards a democratic mode of socialization. The use of the territorial intelligence approach made it possible to define the modalities of the learning territory, built on three pillars: science teaching, interdisciplinarity and educational territorialisation. A learning organization was gradually co-constructed by local actors: students, education professionals, citizens and institutions outside the school. The latter has spread over the territory, evolving into a learning territory. The impact assessment focuses on students' heritage connections and environmental citizenship profile. The methodology is based on a test-lot/control-lot survey approach and combines various strategies to optimize the internal and external validity of the study. The results show an enhancement of the heritage links and eco-citizenship profiles of some batches of pupils. The educational strategy carried out, built from the perspective of eco-ontogenesis within the framework of education on the nearby environment, engages certain pupils in the process of encapacitation, opening the way to their autonomy or even empowerment, the door to emancipation
Cadieu, Nicole. "Determinisme genetique de la variation interindividuelle des phenotypes comportementaux et de leur participation a la valeur selective des individus : etude chez coturnix coturnix japonica et drosophila melanogaster." Toulouse 3, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987TOU30179.
Full textCarta, Gianna. "Concevoir l'intervention pour l'autopoïèse organisationnelle : l'apprentissage comme condition." Thesis, Paris, CNAM, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CNAM1178/document.
Full textThis thesis presents the design of a model for an ergonomic intervention with developmental and autopoietic aims. It is based on the organizational change of an entity in charge of the signalling devises maintenance for the Parisian subway. Its developmental goal is to empower actors to redesign their work processes in an enabling, autonomous and sustainable way based on the emerging needs of a transversal activity that is to be imagined. The intervention was conceived and equipped as a formative process. The Developmental Laboratory (LD) impels two levels of cross-sectional investigation. The LD1 concerns the production work or even the redesign of maintenance processes (functional dimension). The LD2 deals with the practices underlying the previously organizing process (metaflective dimension). The place ofthe analysis of the activity and the roles of the enabling ergonomist appear as key elements to translate the developmental potential of the actors (ergonomist included) and their practices into actual production
Desravins, Gardiner. "La contribution des parents haïtiens analphabètes dans la réussite scolaire de leurs enfants." Thesis, Paris, CNAM, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019CNAM1270.
Full textThis research explores the knowledge and skills mobilized by illiterate Haitian parents to promote the academic success of their children, in the department of Nord’Est, the city of Fort-Liberté in particular. It gives a special place to children's words. The target population consists of illiterate Haitian parents with school-age children (grade 7 to grade 9), students, teachers, school principals.More precisely, our research looks into the conditions of help and mediation in the interactions between parents and children. To do so, we opted for the construct of professional didactics while crossing the theoretical and conceptual contributions of many authors, such as Line Numa-Bocage for didactic mediation, Bernard Charlot for the relation to knowledge, Pierre Pastré for professional didactics, Lev Vygostki for the socioconstructivist approach. Three types of data were collected via a questionnaire, semi-structured interviews, and video-films. To analyze the data, the content analysis advocated by Laurence Bardin was used. The objective of this research is, on the one hand, to identify the educational strategies parents resort to in the education of their children in order to update the knowledge and skills of these parents considered as illiterate; and on the other hand, to shed new light on the problem of education in Haiti. In fact, we hope to challenge established certainties by providing tools for reflection so as to better understand the issues of academic success
Liu, Xiao. "Apprentissage dans une communauté de pratique : fansubbing et compétence linguistique." Thèse, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/11011.
Full textFansubbing consists of translating and subtitling foreign mass media productions by netizens interested in these films, television programs or cartoons. This phenomenon is growing rapidly in Chinese cyberspace with the proliferation of the Internet and the increasing number of foreign language learners. Fansub groups are organized by passionate amateurs willing to accomplish this work together. Characterized by a virtual workplace, heterogeneity of members, voluntary participation, and the non-commercial nature of their production, fansub groups have attracted the attention of academic researchers. Previous studies have considered the cultural aspects of fansub, problems of legitimacy as well as the question of audiovisual translation quality. However, this study considers fansub groups as communities of practice in which learning occurs. Specifically, we examine how one group’s members acquire new knowledge and improve their language abilities through the practice of subtitling. The study is based on participant observation in a Chinese-French fansub group named Yueyue Fansub. We collected and analyzed information and documents created during the work process. We also conducted interviews with ten fansub group members to deepen our empirical understanding. Our analysis shows that the fansub group has all three of the characteristics deemed essential in a community of practice: joint enterprise, mutual engagement and shared repertoire, and that this combination supports the group as well as members’ learning. In addition, analysis of common mistakes made by fansubbers combined with their self-evaluations indicate that fansub practices help improve language ability. Learning takes place during the subtitling work as well as in and through interactions among group members or with people outside the group.
Bernatchez, Paul-Armand. "Attitude proactive, participation et collaboration à des activités d'encadrement médiatisées par ordinateur." Phd thesis, 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00007492.
Full textSmits, Pernelle. "La propension des gestionnaires envers les évaluations participatives." Thèse, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/5467.
Full textIncreasing importance is being given to the evaluation of international projects implemented in developing countries. Some approaches to evaluation seek to include non-evaluators in some steps of the evaluation process. It is believed to result in decision-making that is better supported by the evidence. One such approach is practical participatory evaluation, or PPE. PPE faces a number of challenges, including negative individual attitudes or resistance to change on the part of non-evaluator participants. This thesis studies the positive individual attitudes or propensity of managers toward PPE. It examines the factors that affect individual propensity toward PPE and individual variation in propensity toward PPE. I first defined propensity toward PPE based on a literature review. In general, propensity toward PPE is a favourable attitude, both affectively and cognitively, toward the practice of PPE at all steps of the evaluation process. More specifically, it comprises four dimensions: learning, working in groups, use of systematic methods and use of judgment. I used these dimensions to analyse data I collected in a multiple case study of managers working at a health institution in Haïti. The data came from semi-structured interviews and documentary sources. I found that learning mainly occurred though doing and observing. Working in groups was entrenched in the daily practice of both administrative and clinical health managers. The use of systematic methods took the form of managers consulting multiple actors who had a stake in the immediate problem being addressed, rather than using methodological tools. The use of systematic methods involved either seeking a broader array of opinions in order to solve a situation or attempting to validate information received. Health managers used judgment in situations where their individual, professional, corporative or organizational image was affected, or when others had constructive suggestions to make. In addition to explaining the contexts in which they have exhibited, or would exhibit, each of the four behaviours of propensity toward PPE, the health managers also ranked themselves vis-à-vis their colleagues in terms of frequency of occurrence and degree of integration into daily practice. Hence, this empirical study of propensity yielded data on two aspects of propensity: “formalization” and “reactivity”. The formalization aspect contextualized the four dimensions, showing the forms that learning, working in groups, using systematic methods and using judgment actually take for these particular managers. The reactivity aspect revealed the degree of energy exhibited for each of the four dimensions, from reactive to more proactive. I also developed a schema for classifying individuals based on their level of propensity toward PPE. I identified the factors that favour versus impede levels of propensity toward PPE. The originality of this thesis lies in the insights it brings to current reflection and debate on individual resistance to change and the evaluation process. And in the approach that I have chosen: adopting a positive stance that focuses on propensity rather than resistance toward PPE, and deriving a theory-based, multi-dimensional definition of PPE and applying it empirically. Individual profiles of propensity toward PPE and knowledge of the factors that favour/impede PPE may be helpful in determining the best type of evaluation to use in a given situation. They could be used to develop quantitative tools, and to fine-tune plans and adjust the implementation of evaluations.