Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Apprentissage géométrique'
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Tachoua, Njoud. "Interactions enseignant-élèves et situations d'enseignement-apprentissage en optique géométrique." Lyon 2, 2005. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2005/tachoua_n.
Full textThe studied domain of Physics is geometrical Optics. The teaching sequence takes place at grade 11 (scientific route) of upper secondary school. Our objective is to analyse the nature of the links between teacher-students and student-student interactions and the evolution of students' understanding of Physics concepts. For us an essential aspect of the Physics concepts is their capability to ensure modelling processes and to articulate a representation in various semiotic registers. We chose a case study methodology in a normal class, grounded upon the complete recording of the verbal and gesture activity of the teacher and of two students. Our main result is that students have acquired a modelling language and that they successfully used a given semiotic register (the schematic register) by collaborating each other and with teacher. Their verbalisation shows that they have constructed a conceptual comprehension of the decomposition in elementary points of an object and of image formation through converging lens and mirror
Glachet, Roland. "Modélisation géométrique par apprentissage de cylindres droits généralisés homogènes en vision monoculaire." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992CLF21414.
Full textButy, Christian. "Etude d'un apprentissage dans une séquence d'enseignement en optique géométrique à l'aide d'une modélisation informatique." Lyon 2, 2000. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2000/buty_c.
Full textThe studied domain of Physics is geometrical optics. The teaching sequence takes place in the last class of upper secondary school, in a normal class, during a eight-weeks-long lecture. The students use a computer-based representation of classical experiments. .
Boubakeur-Amghar, Samia. "Approche géométrique de l'apprentissage numérique supervisé : une formalisation prétopologique." Lyon 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995LYO10262.
Full textMiteran, Johel. "Performances et intégration d'un algorithme de classification géométrique par apprentissage. Applications en traitement d'images." Dijon, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994DIJOS016.
Full textEnnafii, Oussama. "Qualification géométrique de modèles 3D de bâtiments." Thesis, Paris Est, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PESC2001.
Full textThe automatic generation of 3D building models from geospatial data is now a standard procedure. An abundant literature covers the last two decades and several softwares are now available. However, urban areas are very complex environments. Inevitably, practitioners still have to visually assess, at city-scale, the correctness of these models and detect frequent reconstruction errors. Such a process relies on experts, and is highly time-consuming with approximately two hours/km² per expert. This work proposes an approach for automatically evaluating the quality of 3D building models. Potential errors are compiled in a novel hierarchical and modular taxonomy. This allows, for the first time, to disentangle fidelity and modeling errors, whatever the level of details of the modeled buildings. The quality of models is predicted using the geometric properties of buildings and, when available, Very High Resolution images and Digital Surface Models. A baseline of handcrafted, yet generic, features is fed into a Random Forest or Support Vector Machine classifiers. Richer features, relying on graph kernels as well as Scattering Networks, were proposed to better take into consideration structure. Both multi-class and multi-label cases are studied: due to the interdependence between classes of errors, it is possible to retrieve all errors at the same time while simply predicting correct and erroneous buildings. The proposed framework was tested on three distinct urban areas in France with more than 3,000 buildings. 80%-99% F-score values are attained for the most frequent errors. For scalability purposes, the impact of the urban area composition on the error prediction was also studied, in terms of transferability, generalization, and representativeness of the classifiers. It shows the necessity of multi-modal remote sensing data and mixing training samples from various cities to ensure a stability of the detection ratios, even with very limited training set sizes
Maignant, Elodie. "Plongements barycentriques pour l'apprentissage géométrique de variétés : application aux formes et graphes." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023COAZ4096.
Full textAn MRI image has over 60,000 pixels. The largest known human protein consists of around 30,000 amino acids. We call such data high-dimensional. In practice, most high-dimensional data is high-dimensional only artificially. For example, of all the images that could be randomly generated by coloring 256 x 256 pixels, only a very small subset would resemble an MRI image of a human brain. This is known as the intrinsic dimension of such data. Therefore, learning high-dimensional data is often synonymous with dimensionality reduction. There are numerous methods for reducing the dimension of a dataset, the most recent of which can be classified according to two approaches.A first approach known as manifold learning or non-linear dimensionality reduction is based on the observation that some of the physical laws behind the data we observe are non-linear. In this case, trying to explain the intrinsic dimension of a dataset with a linear model is sometimes unrealistic. Instead, manifold learning methods assume a locally linear model.Moreover, with the emergence of statistical shape analysis, there has been a growing awareness that many types of data are naturally invariant to certain symmetries (rotations, reparametrizations, permutations...). Such properties are directly mirrored in the intrinsic dimension of such data. These invariances cannot be faithfully transcribed by Euclidean geometry. There is therefore a growing interest in modeling such data using finer structures such as Riemannian manifolds. A second recent approach to dimension reduction consists then in generalizing existing methods to non-Euclidean data. This is known as geometric learning.In order to combine both geometric learning and manifold learning, we investigated the method called locally linear embedding, which has the specificity of being based on the notion of barycenter, a notion a priori defined in Euclidean spaces but which generalizes to Riemannian manifolds. In fact, the method called barycentric subspace analysis, which is one of those generalizing principal component analysis to Riemannian manifolds, is based on this notion as well. Here we rephrase both methods under the new notion of barycentric embeddings. Essentially, barycentric embeddings inherit the structure of most linear and non-linear dimension reduction methods, but rely on a (locally) barycentric -- affine -- model rather than a linear one.The core of our work lies in the analysis of these methods, both on a theoretical and practical level. In particular, we address the application of barycentric embeddings to two important examples in geometric learning: shapes and graphs. In addition to practical implementation issues, each of these examples raises its own theoretical questions, mostly related to the geometry of quotient spaces. In particular, we highlight that compared to standard dimension reduction methods in graph analysis, barycentric embeddings stand out for their better interpretability. In parallel with these examples, we characterize the geometry of locally barycentric embeddings, which generalize the projection computed by locally linear embedding. Finally, algorithms for geometric manifold learning, novel in their approach, complete this work
Fang, Hao. "Modélisation géométrique à différent niveau de détails d'objets fabriqués par l'homme." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AZUR4002/document.
Full textGeometric modeling of man-made objects from 3D data is one of the biggest challenges in Computer Vision and Computer Graphics. The long term goal is to generate a CAD-style model in an as-automatic-as-possible way. To achieve this goal, difficult issues have to be addressed including (i) the scalability of the modeling process with respect to massive input data, (ii) the robustness of the methodology to various defect-laden input measurements, and (iii) the geometric quality of output models. Existing methods work well to recover the surface of free-form objects. However, in case of manmade objects, it is difficult to produce results that approach the quality of high-structured representations as CAD models.In this thesis, we present a series of contributions to the field. First, we propose a classification method based on deep learning to distinguish objects from raw 3D point cloud. Second, we propose an algorithm to detect planar primitives in 3D data at different level of abstraction. Finally, we propose a mechanism to assemble planar primitives into compact polygonal meshes. These contributions are complementary and can be used sequentially to reconstruct city models at various level-of-details from airborne 3D data. We illustrate the robustness, scalability and efficiency of our methods on both laser and multi-view stereo data composed of man-made objects
Girard, Nicolas. "Approches d'apprentissage et géométrique pour l'extraction automatique d'objets à partir d'images de télédétection." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur, 2020. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03177997.
Full textCreating a digital double of the Earth in the form of maps has many applications in e.g. autonomous driving, automated drone delivery, urban planning, telecommunications, and disaster management. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are the frameworks used to integrate geolocalized data and represent maps. They represent shapes of objects in a vector representation so that it is as sparse as possible while representing shapes accurately, as well as making it easier to edit than raster data. With the increasing amount of satellite and aerial images being captured every day, automatic methods are being developed to transfer the information found in those remote sensing images into Geographic Information Systems. Deep learning methods for image segmentation are able to delineate the shapes of objects found in images however they do so with a raster representation, in the form of a mask. Post-processing vectorization methods then convert that raster representation into a vector representation compatible with GIS. Another challenge in remote sensing is to deal with a certain type of noise in the data, which is the misalignment between different layers of geolocalized information (e.g. between images and building cadaster data). This type of noise is frequent due to various errors introduced during the processing of remote sensing data. This thesis develops combined learning and geometric approaches with the purpose to improve automatic GIS mapping from remote sensing images.We first propose a method for correcting misaligned maps over images, with the first motivation for them to match, but also with the motivation to create remote sensing datasets for image segmentation with alignment-corrected ground truth. Indeed training a model on misaligned ground truth would not lead to great performance, whereas aligned ground truth annotations will result in better models. During this work we also observed a denoising effect of our alignment model and use it to denoise a misaligned dataset in a self-supervised manner, meaning only the misaligned dataset was used for training.We then propose a simple approach to use a neural network to directly output shape information in the vector representation, in order to by-pass the post-processing vectorization step. Experimental results on a dataset of solar panels show that the proposed network succeeds in learning to regress polygon coordinates, yielding directly vectorial map outputs. Our simple method is limited to predicting polygons with a fixed number of vertices though.While more recent methods for learning directly in the vector representation do not have this limitation, they still have other limitations in terms of the type of object shapes they can predict. More complex topological cases such as objects with holes or buildings touching each other (with a common wall which is very typical of European city centers) are not handled by these fully deep learning methods. We thus propose a hybrid approach alleviating those limitations by training a neural network to output a segmentation probability map as usual and also to output a frame field aligned with the contours of detected objects (buildings in our case). That frame field constitutes additional shape information learned by the network. We then propose our highly parallelizable polygonization method for leveraging that frame field information to vectorize the segmentation probability map efficiently. Because our polygonization method has access to additional information in the form of a frame field, it can be less complex than other advanced vectorization methods and is thus faster. Lastly, requiring an image segmentation network to also output a frame field only adds two convolutional layers and virtually does not increase inference time, making the use of a frame field only beneficial
Charon, Nicolas. "Analysis of geometric and functional shapes with extensions of currents : applications to registration and atlas estimation." Phd thesis, École normale supérieure de Cachan - ENS Cachan, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00942078.
Full textTran, Kiem Minh. "Apprentissage des fonctions au lycée avec un environnement logiciel : situations d'apprentissage et genèse instrumentale des élèves." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00658680.
Full textDelfour, Serge. "Étude du répertoire des procédures de copie d'un dessin géométrique : approche développementale." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON30071/document.
Full textPiaget, Inhelder and Szeminska (1948) analysed the age evolution of a geometric drawing two-lines composed and forming an angle. The results obtained are interpreted in the stadist piagetian model. In accordance with the strategy choice model (Siegler, 1996; 2007) and with the intra-individual variability importance (Lautrey, 2003), our thesis takes up this analysis with hypothesis that each participant have at his disposal several procedures. We explore the 6 to 12 aged children and adult procedural repertory by suggesting the copy in different experimental conditions: spontaneous copy, several copies in proceeding (in other way), copy with specific instrument use,. We also attempt to complete this repertory by showing the participant a procedure he could not have produced by himself. The obtained results are suitable with plural models of development: from the age of ten, the children have several strategies for copying the drawing. However, the intra-individual variability observed in this task is forced by experimental conditions and instrumental and conceptual knowledge of the participant, in particular the acquisition of angle concept
Le, Barz Cédric. "Navigation visuelle pour les missions autonomes des petits drones." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066424/document.
Full textIn this last decade, technology evolution has enabled the development of small and light UAV able to evolve in indoor and urban environments. In order to execute missions assigned to them, UAV must have a robust navigation system, including a precise egolocalization functionality within an absolute reference. We propose to solve this problem by mapping the latest images acquired with geo-referenced images, i.e. Google Streetview images.In a first step, assuming that it is possible for a given query image to retrieve the geo-referenced image depicting the same scene, we study a solution, based on relative pose estimation between images, to refine the location. Then, to retrieve geo-referenced images corresponding to acquired images, we studied and proposed an hybrid method exploiting both visual and odometric information by defining an appropriate Hidden Markov Model (HMM), where states are geographical locations. The quality of achieved performances depending of visual similarities, we finally proposed an original solution based on a supervised metric learning solution. The solution measures similarities between the query images and geo-referenced images close to the putative position, thanks to distances learnt during a preliminary step
Ribeiro, Póla Marie-Claire. "GDVisu@l, une approche interactive pour un meilleur apprentissage de la géométrie descriptive." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape3/PQDD_0015/NQ56844.pdf.
Full textRibeiro, Pöla Marie-Claire. "GDVisu@l : une approche interactive pour un meilleur apprentissage de la géométrie descriptive." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/33567.
Full textQuébec Université Laval, Bibliothèque 2019
Kalunga, Emmanuel. "Vers des interfaces cérébrales adaptées aux utilisateurs : interaction robuste et apprentissage statistique basé sur la géométrie riemannienne." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLV041/document.
Full textIn the last two decades, interest in Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCI) has tremendously grown, with a number of research laboratories working on the topic. Since the Brain-Computer Interface Project of Vidal in 1973, where BCI was introduced for rehabilitative and assistive purposes, the use of BCI has been extended to more applications such as neurofeedback and entertainment. The credit of this progress should be granted to an improved understanding of electroencephalography (EEG), an improvement in its measurement techniques, and increased computational power.Despite the opportunities and potential of Brain-Computer Interface, the technology has yet to reach maturity and be used out of laboratories. There are several challenges that need to be addresses before BCI systems can be used to their full potential. This work examines in depth some of these challenges, namely the specificity of BCI systems to users physical abilities, the robustness of EEG representation and machine learning, and the adequacy of training data. The aim is to provide a BCI system that can adapt to individual users in terms of their physical abilities/disabilities, and variability in recorded brain signals.To this end, two main avenues are explored: the first, which can be regarded as a high-level adjustment, is a change in BCI paradigms. It is about creating new paradigms that increase their performance, ease the discomfort of using BCI systems, and adapt to the user’s needs. The second avenue, regarded as a low-level solution, is the refinement of signal processing and machine learning techniques to enhance the EEG signal quality, pattern recognition and classification.On the one hand, a new methodology in the context of assistive robotics is defined: it is a hybrid approach where a physical interface is complemented by a Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) for human machine interaction. This hybrid system makes use of users residual motor abilities and offers BCI as an optional choice: the user can choose when to rely on BCI and could alternate between the muscular- and brain-mediated interface at the appropriate time.On the other hand, for the refinement of signal processing and machine learning techniques, this work uses a Riemannian framework. A major limitation in this filed is the EEG poor spatial resolution. This limitation is due to the volume conductance effect, as the skull bones act as a non-linear low pass filter, mixing the brain source signals and thus reducing the signal-to-noise ratio. Consequently, spatial filtering methods have been developed or adapted. Most of them (i.e. Common Spatial Pattern, xDAWN, and Canonical Correlation Analysis) are based on covariance matrix estimations. The covariance matrices are key in the representation of information contained in the EEG signal and constitute an important feature in their classification. In most of the existing machine learning algorithms, covariance matrices are treated as elements of the Euclidean space. However, being Symmetric and Positive-Definite (SPD), covariance matrices lie on a curved space that is identified as a Riemannian manifold. Using covariance matrices as features for classification of EEG signals and handling them with the tools provided by Riemannian geometry provide a robust framework for EEG representation and learning
Ballihi, Lahoucine. "Biométrie faciale 3D par apprentissage des caractéristiques géométriques : Application à la reconnaissance des visages et à la classification du genre." Phd thesis, Université des Sciences et Technologie de Lille - Lille I, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00726299.
Full textFerneda, Edilson. "Conception d'un agent rationnel et examen de son raisonnement en géométrie." Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20300.
Full textFlandin, Guillaume. "Utilisation d'informations géométriques pour l'analyse statistique des données d'IRM fonctionnelle." Phd thesis, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00633520.
Full textDa, Silva Sébastien. "Fouille de données spatiales et modélisation de linéaires de paysages agricoles." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0156/document.
Full textThis thesis is part of a partnership between INRA and INRIA in the field of knowledge extraction from spatial databases. The study focuses on the characterization and simulation of agricultural landscapes. More specifically, we focus on linears that structure the agricultural landscape, such as roads, irrigation ditches and hedgerows. Our goal is to model the spatial distribution of hedgerows because of their role in many ecological and environmental processes. We more specifically study how to characterize the spatial structure of hedgerows in two contrasting agricultural landscapes, one located in south-Eastern France (mainly composed of orchards) and the second in Brittany (western France, \emph{bocage}-Type). We determine if the spatial distribution of hedgerows is structured by the position of the more perennial linear landscape features, such as roads and ditches, or not. In such a case, we also detect the circumstances under which this spatial distribution is structured and the scale of these structures. The implementation of the process of Knowledge Discovery in Databases (KDD) is comprised of different preprocessing steps and data mining algorithms which combine mathematical and computational methods. The first part of the thesis focuses on the creation of a statistical spatial index, based on a geometric neighborhood concept and allowing the characterization of structures of hedgerows. Spatial index allows to describe the structures of hedgerows in the landscape. The results show that hedgerows depend on more permanent linear elements at short distances, and that their neighborhood is uniform beyond 150 meters. In addition different neighborhood structures have been identified depending on the orientation of hedgerows in the South-East of France but not in Brittany. The second part of the thesis explores the potential of coupling linearization methods with Markov methods. The linearization methods are based on the use of alternative Hilbert curves: Hilbert adaptive paths. The linearized spatial data thus constructed were then treated with Markov methods. These methods have the advantage of being able to serve both for the machine learning and for the generation of new data, for example in the context of the simulation of a landscape. The results show that the combination of these methods for learning and automatic generation of hedgerows captures some characteristics of the different study landscapes. The first simulations are encouraging despite the need for post-Processing. Finally, this work has enabled the creation of a spatial data mining method based on different tools that support all stages of a classic KDD, from the selection of data to the visualization of results. Furthermore, this method was constructed in such a way that it can also be used for data generation, a component necessary for the simulation of landscapes
Louis, Maxime. "Méthodes numériques et statistiques pour l'analyse de trajectoire dans un cadre de géométrie Riemannienne." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS570.
Full textThis PhD proposes new Riemannian geometry tools for the analysis of longitudinal observations of neuro-degenerative subjects. First, we propose a numerical scheme to compute the parallel transport along geodesics. This scheme is efficient as long as the co-metric can be computed efficiently. Then, we tackle the issue of Riemannian manifold learning. We provide some minimal theoretical sanity checks to illustrate that the procedure of Riemannian metric estimation can be relevant. Then, we propose to learn a Riemannian manifold so as to model subject's progressions as geodesics on this manifold. This allows fast inference, extrapolation and classification of the subjects
Thorstensen, Nicolas. "Apprentissage de variétés et applications au traitement de formes et d'images." Phd thesis, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, 2009. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00005860.
Full textSchwander, Olivier. "Méthodes de géométrie de l'information pour les modèles de mélange." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00931722.
Full textPfaff, Nathalie. "Processus de conceptualisation autour du théorème de Thalès." Paris 5, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA05H033.
Full textThe geometry taught in secondary schools is often linked to the study of geometrical figures. To solve a problem, we must necessarily take a step from the concept of a drawing as an illustration, to that giving it the status of a geometrical figure, taking into account the mathematical relationships. To analyse this, we have chosen to study Thales' theorem. Our objective is to understand the process of conceptualization which occurs during the passage from drawing to geometrical figure. We hope to demonstrate that only by studying both from the point of view of the signified and the signifier, can we understand this process. Historical analysis shows that there have been many and varied presentations of this theorem. It may be associated with several different types of geometrical figures, as well as different types of calculations. We need to take this into account in order to understand the different processes of conceptualization. This inventory of problems cannot be limited to a mathematical viewpoint, but must be complemented by an analysis of the cognitive tasks involved. Starting from this constructionof the conceptual field, we then hope to analyse current teaching practices regarding this theorem. These often turn out to be limited to the repetition of a "formula", a sort of recipe, which do not take into account the different situations encountered. These differences can only be distinguisted by a study aimed at the conceptual field. An in-depth analysis will allow us to identify certain conceptual links and breaks inherent in the learning process, which the student must conceptualize during the course of the development of his her cognitive faculties
Bertolo, David. "Apports et évaluations des interactions sur tablettes numériques dans le cadre de l'apprentissage de la géométrie dans l'espace." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0360/document.
Full textSince a few years multi-touch mobile devices are becoming increasingly common. More and more schools are testing them with their pupils in the hope of bringing pedagogic benefits. However, very few applications in the context of 3D geometry learning can be found on the different stores. Manipulating a 3D scene with a 2D device is the main difficulty of such applications. Young students, learning structuration of space, are unable to do that with classical software used on desktop computer. Through this thesis, we focus on allowing students aged 9 to 15 to manipulate, observe and modify 3D scenes by using new technologies brought by the digital tablets. By using a user-centred approach, we have proposed a grammar of interactions adapted to young learners. Then, we have evaluated acceptability, ease to use and ease to learn of our interactions. Finally, we have studied in situ the pedagogic benefits brought by the use of tablets with an app based on our grammar. Our results shows that students are able to manipulate, observe and modify 3D scenes when they use an adapted set of interactions. Moreover, in the context of 3D geometry learning a significant contribution had been observed in two classes when students used such an application
Bastug, Ejder. "Les méthodes de caching distribué dans les réseaux small cells." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLC017/document.
Full textThis thesis explores one of the key enablers of 5G wireless networks leveraging small cell network deployments, namely proactive caching. Endowed with predictive capabilities and harnessing recent developments in storage, context-awareness and social networks, peak traffic demands can be substantially reduced by proactively serving predictable user demands, via caching at base stations and users' devices. In order to show the effectiveness of proactive caching techniques, we tackle the problem from two different perspectives, namely theoretical and practical ones.In the first part of this thesis, we use tools from stochastic geometry to model and analyse the theoretical gains of caching at base stations. In particular, we focus on 1) single-tier networks where small base stations with limited storage are deployed, 2) multi-tier networks with limited backhaul, and) multi-tier clustered networks with two different topologies, namely coverage-aided and capacity-aided deployments. Therein, we characterize the gains of caching in terms of average delivery rate and mean delay, and show several trade-offs as a function of the number of base stations, storage size, content popularity behaviour and target content bitrate. In the second part of the thesis, we take a more practical approach of proactive caching and focus on content popularity estimation and algorithmic aspects. In particular: 1) We first investigate the gains of proactive caching both at base stations and user terminals, by exploiting recent tools from machine learning and enabling social-network aware device-to-device (D2D) communications; 2) we propose a transfer learning approach by exploiting the rich contextual information extracted from D2D interactions (referred to as source domain) in order to better estimate the content popularity and cache strategic contents at the base stations (referred to as target domain); 3) finally, to estimate the content popularity in practice, we collect users' real mobile traffic data from a telecom operator from several base stations in hours of time interval. This amount of large data falls into the framework of big data and requires novel machine learning mechanisms to handle. Therein, we propose a parallelized architecture in which content popularity estimation from this data and caching at the base stations are done simultaneously.Our results and analysis provide key insights into the deployment of cache-enabled small base stations, which are seen as a promising solution for 5G heterogeneous cellular networks
Murena, Pierre-Alexandre. "Minimum complexity principle for knowledge transfer in artificial learning." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLT019/document.
Full textClassical learning methods are often based on a simple but restrictive assumption: The present and future data are generated according to the same distributions. This hypothesis is particularly convenient when it comes to developing theoretical guarantees that the learning is accurate. However, it is not realistic from the point of view of applicative domains that have emerged in the last years.In this thesis, we focus on four distinct problems in artificial intelligence, that have mainly one common point: All of them imply knowledge transfer from one domain to the other. The first problem is analogical reasoning and concerns statements of the form "A is to B as C is to D". The second one is transfer learning and involves classification problem in situations where the training data and test data do not have the same distribution (nor even belong to the same space). The third one is data stream mining, ie. managing data that arrive one by one in a continuous and high-frequency stream with changes in the distributions. The last one is collaborative clustering and focuses on exchange of information between clustering algorithms to improve the quality of their predictions.The main contribution of this thesis is to present a general framework to deal with these transfer problems. This framework is based on the notion of Kolmogorov complexity, which measures the inner information of an object. This tool is particularly adapted to the problem of transfer, since it does not rely on probability distributions while being able to model the changes in the distributions.Apart from this modeling effort, we propose, in this thesis, various discussions on aspects and applications of the different problems of interest. These discussions all concern the possibility of transfer in multiple domains and are not based on complexity only
Gomes, Alex Sandro. "Développement conceptuel consécutif à l'activité instrumentée : l'utilisation d'un système informatique de géométrie dynamique au collège." Paris 5, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA05H058.
Full textPompidor, Pierre. "Apprentissage symbolique par exemples et contre-exemples géométrisables en prise de décisions : le système FONGUS : application au jeu de Go." Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20165.
Full textCoelho, Rodrigues Pedro Luiz. "Exploration des invariances de séries temporelles multivariées via la géométrie Riemannienne : validation sur des données EEG." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAT095.
Full textMultivariate time series are the standard tool for describing and analysing measurements from multiple sensors during an experiment. In this work, we discuss different aspects of such representations that are invariant to transformations occurring in practical situations. The main source of inspiration for our investigations are experiments with neural signals from electroencephalography (EEG), but the ideas that we present are amenable to other kinds of time series.The first invariance that we consider concerns the dimensionality of the multivariate time series. Very often, signals recorded from neighbouring sensors present strong statistical dependency between them. We present techniques for disposing of the redundancy of these correlated signals and obtaining new multivariate time series that represent the same phenomenon but in a smaller dimension.The second invariance that we treat is related to time series describing the same phenomena but recorded under different experimental conditions. For instance, signals recorded with the same experimental apparatus but on different days of the week, different test subjects, etc. In such cases, despite an underlying variability, the multivariate time series share certain commonalities that can be exploited for joint analysis. Moreover, reusing information already available from other datasets is a very appealing idea and allows for “data-efficient” machine learning methods. We present an original transfer learning procedure that transforms these time series so that their statistical distributions become aligned and can be pooled together for further statistical analysis.Finally, we extend the previous case to when the time series are obtained from different experimental conditions and also different experimental setups. A practical example is having EEG recordings from subjects executing the same cognitive task but with the electrodes positioned differently. We present an original method that transforms these multivariate time series so that they become compatible in terms of dimensionality and also in terms of statistical distributions.We illustrate the techniques described above on EEG epochs recorded during brain-computer interface (BCI) experiments. We show examples where the reduction of the multivariate time series does not affect the performance of statistical classifiers used to distinguish their classes, as well as instances where our transfer learning and dimension-matching proposals provide remarkable results on classification in cross-session and cross-subject settings.For exploring the invariances presented above, we rely on a framework that parametrizes the statistics of the multivariate time series via Hermitian positive definite (HPD) matrices. We manipulate these matrices by considering them in a Riemannian manifold in which an adequate metric is chosen. We use concepts from Riemannian geometry to define notions such as geodesic distance, center of mass, and statistical classifiers for time series. This approach is rooted on fundamental results of differential geometry for Hermitian positive definite matrices and has links with other well established areas in applied mathematics, such as information geometry and signal processing
Khalife, Sammy. "Graphes, géométrie et représentations pour le langage et les réseaux d'entités." Thesis, Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020IPPAX055.
Full textThe automated treatment of familiar objects, either natural or artifacts, always relies on a translation into entities manageable by computer programs. The choice of these abstract representations is always crucial for the efficiency of the treatments and receives the utmost attention from computer scientists and developers. However, another problem rises: the correspondence between the object to be treated and "its" representation is not necessarily one-to-one! Therefore, the ambiguous nature of certain discrete structures is problematic for their modeling as well as their processing and analysis with a program. Natural language, and in particular its textual representation, is an example. The subject of this thesis is to explore this question, which we approach using combinatorial and geometric methods. These methods allow us to address the problem of extracting information from large networks of entities and to construct representations useful for natural language processing.Firstly, we start by showing combinatorial properties of a family of graphs implicitly involved in sequential models. These properties essentially concern the inverse problem of finding a sequence representing a given graph. The resulting algorithms allow us to carry out an experimental comparison of different sequential models used in language modeling.Secondly, we consider an application for the problem of identifying named entities. Following a review of recent solutions, we propose a competitive method based on the comparison of knowledge graph structures which is less costly in annotating examples dedicated to the problem. We also establish an experimental analysis of the influence of entities from capital relations. This analysis suggests to broaden the framework for applying the identification of entities to knowledge bases of different natures. These solutions are used today in a software library in the banking sector.Then, we perform a geometric study of recently proposed representations of words, during which we discuss a geometric conjecture theoretically and experimentally. This study suggests that language analogies are difficult to transpose into geometric properties, and leads us to consider the paradigm of distance geometry in order to construct new representations.Finally, we propose a methodology based on the paradigm of distance geometry in order to build new representations of words or entities. We propose algorithms for solving this problem on some large scale instances, which allow us to build interpretable and competitive representations in performance for extrinsic tasks. More generally, we propose through this paradigm a new framework and research leadsfor the construction of representations in machine learning
Argaud, Henri-Claude. "Problèmes et milieux a-didactiques, pour un processus d'apprentissage en géométrie plane à l'école élémentaire, dans les environnements papier-crayon et Cabri-géomètre." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998GRE10129.
Full textFavrat, Jean-François. "Une expérience sur l'enseignement des surfaces a l'école élémentaire." Paris 7, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA077072.
Full textMehr, Éloi. "Unsupervised Learning of 3D Shape Spaces for 3D Modeling." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS566.
Full textEven though 3D data is becoming increasingly more popular, especially with the democratization of virtual and augmented experiences, it remains very difficult to manipulate a 3D shape, even for designers or experts. Given a database containing 3D instances of one or several categories of objects, we want to learn the manifold of plausible shapes in order to develop new intelligent 3D modeling and editing tools. However, this manifold is often much more complex compared to the 2D domain. Indeed, 3D surfaces can be represented using various embeddings, and may also exhibit different alignments and topologies. In this thesis we study the manifold of plausible shapes in the light of the aforementioned challenges, by deepening three different points of view. First of all, we consider the manifold as a quotient space, in order to learn the shapes’ intrinsic geometry from a dataset where the 3D models are not co-aligned. Then, we assume that the manifold is disconnected, which leads to a new deep learning model that is able to automatically cluster and learn the shapes according to their typology. Finally, we study the conversion of an unstructured 3D input to an exact geometry, represented as a structured tree of continuous solid primitives
Le, Van Luong. "Identification de systèmes dynamiques hybrides : géométrie, parcimonie et non-linéarités." Phd thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00874283.
Full textMadra, Anna. "Analyse et visualisation de la géométrie des matériaux composites à partir de données d’imagerie 3D." Thesis, Compiègne, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017COMP2387/document.
Full textThe subject of the thesis project between Laboratoire Roberval at Université de Technologie Compiègne and Center for High-Performance Composites at Ecole Polytechnique de Montréal considered the design of a deep learning architecture with semantics for automatic generation of models of composite materials microstructure based on X-ray microtomographic imagery. The thesis consists of three major parts. Firstly, the methods of microtomographic image processing are presented, with an emphasis on phase segmentation. Then, the geometric features of phase elements are extracted and used to classify and identify new morphologies. The method is presented for composites filled with short natural fibers. The classification approach is also demonstrated for the study of defects in composites, but with spatial features added to the process. A high-level descriptor "defect genome" is proposed, that permits comparison of the state o defects between specimens. The second part of the thesis introduces structural segmentation on the example of woven reinforcement in a composite. The method relies on dual kriging, calibrated by the segmentation error from learning algorithms. In the final part, a stochastic formulation of the kriging model is presented based on Gaussian Processes, and distribution of physical properties of a composite microstructure is retrieved, ready for numerical simulation of the manufacturing process or of mechanical behavior
Poulenard, Adrien. "Structures for deep learning and topology optimization of functions on 3D shapes." Thesis, Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020IPPAX007.
Full textThe field of geometry processing is following a similar path as image analysis with the explosion of publications dedicated to deep learning in recent years. An important research effort is being made to reproduce the successes of deep learning 2D computer vision in the context of 3D shape analysis. Unlike images shapes comes in various representations like meshes or point clouds which often lack canonical structure. This makes traditional deep learning algorithms like Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) non straightforward to apply to 3D data. In this thesis we propose three main contributions:First, we introduce a method to compare functions on different domains without correspondences and to deform them to make the topology of their set of levels more alike. We apply our method to the classical problem of shape matching in the context of functional maps to produce smoother and more accurate correspondences. Furthermore, our method is based on the continuous optimization of a differentiable energy with respect to the compared functions and is applicable to deep learning. We make two direct contributions to deep learning on 3D data. We introduce a new convolution operator over triangles meshes based on local polar coordinates and apply it to deep learning on meshes. Unlike previous works our operator takes all choices of polar coordinates into account without loss of directional information. Lastly we introduce a new rotation invariant convolution layer over point clouds and show that CNNs based on this layer can outperform state of the art methods in standard tasks on un-alligned datasets even with data augmentation
Bako, Maria. "Utilisation de l'ordinateur pour le développemnt de la vision spatiale." Toulouse 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU30041.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is to decide that the computer programs can help in improvement of spatial intelligence. At first we examined that the computer programs could replace the models in the education, or not. The aim of the first experiment was to compare the result of tests based on programs and models about plane sections. The result indicates that it is not enough to rattle off the solutions, but students need to work up the computer-generated answers to burn into their mind. To improve the student's spatial abilities we prepared several programs to generate different kinds of spatial problems, and correct their answers. The programs generating the tests were written in Javascript and were embedded in the source of the HTML pages, as well the routines of checking. Our experiments show by using these programs the students' results are getting better and better, so we can improve their spatial intelligence, moreover the students like to use computer programs to study spatial geometry
Boubehziz, Toufik. "Simulation en quasi temps réel d’une capsule sous écoulement grâce à des Modèles d’Ordre Réduit." Thesis, Compiègne, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022COMP2678.
Full textThe motion of a liquid-filled microcapsule flowing in a microchannel is a complex problem tosimulate. Two innovative reduced-order data-driven models are proposed to replace the Fluid Structure Interaction (FSI) model using a collected database from high-fidelity simulations. The objective is to replace the existing Full Order Model (FOM) with a fast-simulation model that can simulate the capsule deformation in flow at a low cost in terms of time and calculation. The first model consists in building from a space-time-parameter datacube a reduced model to simulate the deformation of the microcapsule for any admissible configuration of parameters. Time evolution of the capsule deformation is treated by identifying the nonlinear low-order manifold of the reduced variables. Then, manifold learning is applied using the Diffuse Approximation (DA) method to predict capsule deformation for a query configuration of parameters and a chosen time discretization. The second model is based on rewriting the FSI model under the form of a reduced-order dynamic system. In this latter, the spectral displacement and velocity coefficients are related through a dynamic operator to be identified. To determine this operator, we suggest the use of a dynamic mode decomposition approach. Numerical validations prove the reliability and stability of the two new models compared to the high order model. A software application has been developed to explore the capsule deformation evolution for any couple of admissible parameters
Krichen, Omar. "Conception d'un système tutoriel intelligent orienté stylet pour l'apprentissage de la géométrie basé sur une interprétation à la volée de la production manuscrite de figures." Thesis, Rennes, INSA, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020ISAR0006.
Full textThis PhD is in the context of the « e-Fran » national project called ACTIF and deals with the design of the pen-based intelligent tutoring system IntuiGeo, for geometry learning in middle school. The contribution of this work are grouped into two axes.The first axis focused on the design of a recognition engine capable of on the fly interpretation of Han-drawn geometrical figures. It is based on a generic grammatical formalism, CD-CMG (Context Driven Constraints Multiset Grammar). The challenge being to manage the complexity of the real-time analysis process, the first contribution of this work consisted in extending the formalism, without losing its generic aspect. The second axis of this work addresses the tutorial aspect of our system.We define au author mode where the tutor is able to generate construction exercises from a solution example drawn by the teacher.The problem specific knowledge is represented by a knowledge graph. This representation enables the tutor to consider all possible resolution strategies, and to evaluate the pupil’s production in real-time. Furthermore, we define an expert module, based on a dynamic planning environment, capable of synthesizing resolution strategies. The tutoring system is able to generate guidance and corrective feedbacks that are adapted to the pupil’s resolution state. The results of our experiment conducted in class demonstrate the positive pedagogical impact of the system on the pupils performance, especially in terms of learning transferability between the digital and traditional support
Carriere, Mathieu. "On Metric and Statistical Properties of Topological Descriptors for geometric Data." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS433/document.
Full textIn the context of supervised Machine Learning, finding alternate representations, or descriptors, for data is of primary interest since it can greatly enhance the performance of algorithms. Among them, topological descriptors focus on and encode the topological information contained in geometric data. One advantage of using these descriptors is that they enjoy many good and desireable properties, due to their topological nature. For instance, they are invariant to continuous deformations of data. However, the main drawback of these descriptors is that they often lack the structure and operations required by most Machine Learning algorithms, such as a means or scalar products. In this thesis, we study the metric and statistical properties of the most common topological descriptors, the persistence diagrams and the Mappers. In particular, we show that the Mapper, which is empirically instable, can be stabilized with an appropriate metric, that we use later on to conpute confidence regions and automatic tuning of its parameters. Concerning persistence diagrams, we show that scalar products can be defined with kernel methods by defining two kernels, or embeddings, into finite and infinite dimensional Hilbert spaces
Hosni, Nadia. "De l’analyse en composantes principales fonctionnelle à l’autoencodeur convolutif profond sur les trajectoires de formes de Kendall pour l’analyse et la reconnaissance de la démarche en 3D." Thesis, Lille 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIL1I066.
Full textIn the field of Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, human behavior understanding has attracted the attention of several research groups and specialized companies. Successful intelligent solutions will be playing an important role in applications which involve humanrobot or human-computer interaction, biometrics recognition (security), and physical performance assessment (healthcare and well-being) since it will help the human beings were their cognitive and limited capabilities cannot perform well. In my thesis project, we investigate the problem of 3D gait recognition and analysis as gait is user-friendly and a well-accepted technology especially with the availability of RGB-D sensors and algorithms for detecting and tracking of human landmarks in video streams. Unlike other biometrics such as fingerprints, face or iris, it can be acquired at a large distance and do not require any collaboration of the end user. This point makes gait recognition suitable in intelligent video surveillance problems used, for example, in the security field as one of the behavioral biometrics or in healthcare as good physical patterns. However, using 3D human body tracked landmarks to provide such motions’ analysis faces many challenges like spatial and temporal variations and high dimension. Hence, in this thesis, we propose novel frameworks to infer 3D skeletal sequences for the purpose of 3D gait analysis and recognition. They are based on viewing the above-cited sequences as time-parameterized trajectories on the Kendall shape space S, results of modding out shape-preserving transformations, i.e., scaling, translation and rotation. Considering the non-linear structure of the manifold on which these shape trajectories are lying, the use of the conventional machine learning tools and the standard computational tools cannot be straightforward. Hence, we make use of geometric steps related to the Riemannian geometry in order to handle the problem of nonlinearity. Our first contribution is a geometric-functional framework for 3D gait analysis with a direct application to behavioral biometric recognition and physical performance assessment. We opt for an extension of the functional Principal Component Analysis to the underlying space. This functional analysis of trajectories, grounding on the geometry of the space of representation, allows to extract compact and efficient biometric signatures. In addition, we also propose a geometric deep convolutional auto-encoder (DCAE) for the purpose of gait recognition from time-varying 3D skeletal data. To accommodate the Neural Network architectures to obtained manifold-valued trajectories on the underlying non-linear space S, these trajectories are mapped to a certain vector space by means of someRiemannien geometry tools, prior to the encoding-decoding scheme. Without applying any prior temporal alignment step (e.g., Dynamic Time Warping) or modeling (e.g., HMM, RNN), they are then fed to a convolutional auto-encoder to build an identity-relevant latent space that showed discriminating capacities for identifying persons when no Temporal Alignment is applied to the time-parametrized gait trajectories: Efficient gait patterns are extracted. Both approaches were tested on several publicly available datasets and shows promising results
Ben, Tanfous Amor. "Représentations parcimonieuses dans les variétés de formes pour la classification et la génération de trajectoires humaines." Thesis, Lille 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL1I111.
Full textDesigning intelligent systems to understand video content has been a hot research topic in the past few decades since it helps compensate the limited human capabilities of analyzing videos in an efficient way. In particular, human behavior understanding in videos is receiving a huge interest due to its many potential applications. At the same time, the detection and tracking of human landmarks in video streams has gained in reliability partly due to the availability of affordable RGB-D sensors. This infer time-varying geometric data which play an important role in the automatic human motion analysis. However, such analysis remains challenging due to enormous view variations, inaccurate detection of landmarks, large intra- and inter- class variations, and insufficiency of annotated data. In this thesis, we propose novel frameworks to classify and generate 2D/3D sequences of human landmarks. We first represent them as trajectories in the shape manifold which allows for a view-invariant analysis. However, this manifold is nonlinear and thereby standard computational tools and machine learning techniques could not be applied in a straightforward manner. As a solution, we exploit notions of Riemannian geometry to encode these trajectories based on sparse coding and dictionary learning. This not only overcomes the problem of nonlinearity of the manifold but also yields sparse representations that lie in vector space, that are more discriminative and less noisy than the original data. We study intrinsic and extrinsic paradigms of sparse coding and dictionary learning in the shape manifold and provide a comprehensive evaluation on their use according to the nature of the data (i.e., face or body in 2D or 3D). Based on these sparse representations, we present two frameworks for 3D human action recognition and 2D micro- and macro- facial expression recognition and show that they achieve competitive performance in comparison to the state-of-the-art. Finally, we design a generative model allowing to synthesize human actions. The main idea is to train a generative adversarial network to generate new sparse representations that are then transformed to pose sequences. This framework is applied to the task of data augmentation allowing to improve the classification performance. In addition, the generated pose sequences are used to guide a second framework to generate human videos by means of pose transfer of each pose to a texture image. We show that the obtained videos are realistic and have better appearance and motion consistency than a recent state-of-the-art baseline
Cont, Arshia. "Modélisation de l'anticipation musicale : du temps de la musique vers la musique du temps." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00417565.
Full textDans le traitement de la première question, nous introduisons un cadre mathématique nommé géométrie d'informations musicales combinant la théorie de l'information, la géométrie différentielle, et l'apprentissage statistique pour représenter les contenus pertinents de l'informations musicales. La deuxième question est abordée comme un problème d'apprentissage automatique des stratégies décisionnelles dans un environnement, en employant les méthodes d'apprentissage interactif. Nous proposons pour la troisième question, une nouvelle conception du problème de synchronisation temps réel entre une partition symbolique et un musicien. Ceci nous ramène à Antescofo, un outils préliminaire d'écriture du temps et de l'interaction dans l'informatique musicale. Malgré la variété des sujets abordés dans cette thèse, la conception anticipative est la facture commune entre toutes les propositions avec les prémices de réduire la complexité structurelle et computationnelle de modélisation, et d'aider à aborder des problèmes complexes dans l'informatique musicale.
Maalej, Ahmed. "3D Facial Expressions Recognition Using Shape Analysis and Machine Learning." Thesis, Lille 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL10025/document.
Full textFacial expression recognition is a challenging task, which has received growing interest within the research community, impacting important applications in fields related to human machine interaction (HMI). Toward building human-like emotionally intelligent HMI devices, scientists are trying to include the essence of human emotional state in such systems. The recent development of 3D acquisition sensors has made 3D data more available, and this kind of data comes to alleviate the problems inherent in 2D data such as illumination, pose and scale variations as well as low resolution. Several 3D facial databases are publicly available for the researchers in the field of face and facial expression recognition to validate and evaluate their approaches. This thesis deals with facial expression recognition (FER) problem and proposes an approach based on shape analysis to handle both static and dynamic FER tasks. Our approach includes the following steps: first, a curve-based representation of the 3D face model is proposed to describe facial features. Then, once these curves are extracted, their shape information is quantified using a Riemannain framework. We end up with similarity scores between different facial local shapes constituting feature vectors associated with each facial surface. Afterwards, these features are used as entry parameters to some machine learning and classification algorithms to recognize expressions. Exhaustive experiments are derived to validate our approach and results are presented and compared to the related work achievements
Aubert, Florence. "Acquisition du concept d'angle à l'école élémentaire : approche didactico-psychologique." Montpellier 3, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON30071.
Full textPiaget and Inhelder (1947) and Piaget, Inhelder and Szeminska’s work (1948) show that angle concept acquisition is very gradual and Munier, Devichi and Merle (2008) underline major obstacle (the length of the arms is irrelevant). In psychology angle concept is a good example of conflict between logical aspects and representational aspects of the thought. The objective of this work is to bring to light the complementarity of these two aspects within the framework of learnings of the geometrical concepts. We compare two didactical sequences centred on the physical phenomenon of the angle of vision. A sequence takes place in the physical space, the other one in the graphic space of the paper. This progress concern for the both sequences the tasks of explicitation, of drawing and comparison but not in the task of variation. In the last series of experiment and in the lineage of Bovet and Voelin’s work (2003) we propose computer-aided situations of learning which present the angle on a representational hillside. The results show that to emphasize the representational aspects of angle concept allows the children to make a success better in the task of variation. These results suggest in the lineage of Lautrey and Chartier’s work (1987) that the representational aspects of the knowledge must not be neglected but have to come to complete logical aspects of the knowledge. The discussion of these results leads to some educational propositions
Mrabet, Slim. "Le théorème de Thalès dans l'enseignement tunisien." Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA070063.
Full textThe main object of this work is to study how the texts of the knowledge to be taught inside tunisian school institutions are organized concerning the theme we chose, thales theorem, as well as the effective learning of the students they induce. A look at the history of mathematics and of its teaching allowed us to understand better the organization of the mathematical knowledge around thales theorem as well as the coherence of geometry teaching along various periods. Then, we derived models of possible coherences around thales theorem which served as reference to analyze the current tunisian teaching. We were interested in a double transition: the one from the basic school (grade 8-9) to the 1st year of secondary school (grade 9-10) which coïncides with a change of language in mathematics teaching and the second from the 1st year to the 2nd year of secondary teaching which is marked by the turn to vector geometry. The teaching of thales theorem in france is taken as a point of comparison. Historic and analytic studies are completed by tests proposed to tunisian and french students, by interviews with some tunisian and french teachers and by observations of all the lessons about thales theorem in two tunisian classes, showing a rather different teaching. Main results concern the effect of figures' variables for the 9th b class (grade 8-9), the difficultes of demonstration for the 1st s class (grade 9-10) and the difficultes to recognize the pertinence of thales theorem to solve problems enounced with vectors in the 2nd s class (grade 10-11)
Louche, Ugo. "From confusion noise to active learning : playing on label availability in linear classification problems." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4025/document.
Full textThe works presented in this thesis fall within the general framework of linear classification, that is the problem of categorizing data into two or more classes based on on a training set of labelled data. In practice though acquiring labeled examples might prove challenging and/or costly as data are inherently easier to obtain than to label. Dealing with label scarceness have been a motivational goal in the machine learning literature and this work discuss two settings related to this problem: learning in the presence of noise and active learning
Waminya, Richard. "De la conceptualisation implicite du nombre et des figures géométriques dans la culture drehu à leur conceptualisation explicite dans les mathématiques à l'école : étude exploratoire des interactions suscitées par les deux conceptualisations et de leurs effets à partir d'approches pédagogique, didactique et ethnomathématique." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO20097/document.
Full textIn the disciplinary field of mathematics, the student Drehu has difficulty to master the knowledge taught. But in his daily life, he is surrounded by practices and cultural productions that present mathematical concepts that are studied in class. It notes that the low performance in mathematical activities are most often due to difficulties in adapting teaching methods of teachers or the assimilation of mathematical concepts. How, therefore, help these young drehu, from a cultural environment where the concepts are perceived implicitly, to integrate in a school environment where they are referred to? Taking account of the conceptualization of number and geometrical figures into the culture Drehu allows teachers to know how to teach math concepts implicit in the sociocultural environment of the child and especially the teaching methods developed by him. These socio-cultural contributions help the teacher to appropriate teaching strategies that promote better learning of mathematical concepts by students at school Drehu. These cultural knowledge serve as didactic crutch in the learning of school knowledge
Navarro, Douglas. "Sur l'utilisation des outils informatiques dans l'enseignement des mathématiques." Toulouse 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU30096.
Full textIn this thesis we develop a study about the incorporation of informatics tools in a teaching context, when the mathematic content is usually treated by methods based in trials, precisely the teaching of the seeking of sums the power series. We developed a mathematical focus to do automatically (that means using a computer) the seeking of sums some types of power series, as well as the software required for the experimentations. Three possibilities were studied for the incorporation of this tool: the substitution of the usual method by a black box; the teaching of the usual method supported by the black box, as a verification tool, and finally, the teaching of the mathematical focus used by the computer. From the experimentations carried out in this research, we propose un comparative analyse of these methods