Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Apprentices'

The Apprentices' Tower of Hanoi is introduced in this thesis. Several bounds are found in regards to optimal algorithms which solve the puzzle. Graph theoretic properties of the associated state graphs are explored. A brief summary of other Tower of Hanoi variants is also presented.

This thesis conceptually, theoretically and empirically examines the needs of industry through a study of the recruitment of engineering apprentices in 107 firms. In recruitment employers are forced to consider what they look for in applicants - to concretely define their needs. The conceptual argument is that the needs that the concept 'needs of industry' refers to are labour power needs, but that the notion of needs in relation to labour power is incoherent. First, these needs cannot be specified in relation to the quality of labour power attributes to be socially produced or assessed in recruitment. Secondly, employers' statements of their needs are predicated on contradictions between aspects of labour power. For employers' needs to be met these contradictions require resolution, but there can be no ideal workers whose labour power is free of inherent contradictions. The theoretical argument starts from the question of why researchers and commentators have stressed that employers' statements of their needs are confused or contradictory. It is argued that contradictions in these statements reflect contradictions within labour power. The empirical argument starts from showing that engineering employers are not confused or contradictory in relation to the attributes sought in apprenticeship applicants. Furthermore, the relation between attributes sought in applicants and recruitment methods is generally consistent. Yet when attributes sought, other recruitment criteria (especially sex and race) and recruitment methods are scrutinised through the lens of recruitment channels - then the recruitment process becomes anarchic, as employers favour some applicants (sons of employees, owners and managers and clients/customers) and discriminate against others (especially female applicants) in relative disregard of the priorities established in their statements of attributes sought in applicants. The anarchy of the recruitment process rests on employers' social power, their power to discriminate, differentiate and give favour to applicants.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Illinois State University, 1999.
Title from title page screen, viewed July 28, 2006. Dissertation Committee: Douglas Hesse (chair), Janice Neuleib, Kenneth Lindblom. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 237-245) and abstract. Also available in print.

The thesis challenges popular generalisations about the trades, occupations and locations to which pauper apprentices were consigned, shining the spotlight away from the familiar narrative of factory children, onto the fate of their destitute peers in port towns. A comparative investigation of Liverpool, Bristol and Southampton, it adopts a deliberately broad definition of the term pauper apprenticeship in its multi-sourced approach, using 1710 Poor Law and charity apprenticeship records and previously unexamined New Poor Law and charity correspondence to provide new insight into the chronology, mechanisms and experience of pauper apprenticeship. Not all port children were shipped out. Significantly more children than has hitherto been acknowledged were placed in traditional occupations, the dominant form of apprenticeship for port children. The survival and entrenchment of this type of work is striking, as are the locations in which children were placed; nearly half of those bound to traditional trades remained within the vicinity of the port. The thesis also sheds new light on a largely overlooked aspect of pauper apprenticeship, the binding of boys into the Merchant service. Furthermore, the availability of sea apprenticeships as well as traditional placements caused some children to be shipped in to the ports for apprenticeships. Of those who were still shipped out to the factories, the evidence shows that far from dying out, as previously thought, the practice of batch apprenticeship persisted under the New Poor Law. The most significant finding of the thesis is the survival and endurance of pauper apprenticeship as an institution involving both Poor Law and charity children. Poor children were still being apprenticed late into the third quarter of the nineteenth century. Pauper apprenticeship is shown to have been a robust, resilient and resurgent institution. The evidence from port towns offers significant revision to the existing historiography of pauper apprenticeship.

This thesis examines the significance, influence and limitations of the apprenticeship and technical education system which was developed between the 1900s and 1950s by the Metropolitan-Vickers Electrical Engineering Company under its Director of Research and Education, Sir Arthur P M Fleming. Metropolitan-Vickers was well known in the industry for its highly developed technical skills, industrial research facility and the quality of its technical and vocational education. This thesis argues that this reputation made a significant contribution to the corporate culture which Metropolitan-Vickers fostered within the company and the wider community as an organisation at the forefront of modern engineering training and practices. It assesses the significance of Fleming, the architect of its innovative apprentice training system, which replaced ‘premium’ apprenticeships with a tiered system of trade, college and schools apprentices who were intended to become skilled ‘craftsmen’ and professional engineers. This system continued after Fleming’s retirement in the mid-1950s and the thesis debates its continuing limitations for females operating in a male-dominated engineering industry in which women’s skills and competencies were questioned. Women who trained to become professional engineers faced many difficulties from the First World War until the 1960s and the thesis examines the extent to which a combination of societal pressures, cultural expectations and class issues limited the ambitions of girls who entered grammar schools in the postwar period. It focuses on the implications for the ‘exceptional’ young girls who did gain entry to the level of technical education in which Metropolitan-Vickers took such pride. These experiences are set within the context of the work undertaken by Isabel Hardwich, a physicist, largely neglected in the history of technical education, who was responsible for ‘technical women’ in the company’s research department. Hardwich played a prominent part in the Women’s Engineering Society which developed initiatives to encourage more girls into engineering and the thesis questions the extent to which these measures were, or could be, successful in a period when women’s skills were so strongly defined by broader social and cultural pressures. In so doing the thesis highlights the pressures placed on the small number of women who did develop careers in engineering, even within a company like Metropolitan-Vickers that was so intimately associated with innovative training both within the industry and beyond.

The study examined the effects of a study skills training intervention course on U.S. Air Force Aeromedical Apprentices with five main purposes. The first was to examine the relationship between study skills training and the number of times students required academic interventions outside of normal class time. The second purpose was to examine the relationship between study skills training and end of course averages. The third was to determine the relationship between study skills training and the amount of additional instruction, measured in time, students required. The fourth purpose examined the relationship between study skills training and graduation rates. The final purpose was to recommend areas for further research.

À l'époque élisabéthaine, l'apprentissage marquait le début d'un long parcours professionnel. Après avoir terminé sa formation, un jeune artisan obtenait sa liberté et devenait membre à part entière de la corporation qui l'avait engagé. Ce statut de freeman lui conférait de fait la citoyenneté londonienne et l'obligeait à exercer ses droits et ses devoirs civiques. Tout apprenti pouvait donc ambitionner de devenir à son tour maître et propriétaire d'un atelier. Sa progression sociale dépendait de sa capacité à se plier au jugement de son maître et à patienter jusqu'à l'obtention de sa salutaire liberté. De nombreux dramaturges élisabéthains ont transposé l'apprentissage sur scène et ont fait de l'apprenti un personnage de répertoire tour à tour veule et héroïque, fustigeant ses excès ou encensant ses exploits. Dans la représentation qu'elles donnent de l'apprentissage, les comédies citadines ont fidèlement décrit la vie de la Cité et de ses corporations
In Elizabethan times, apprenticeship marked the beginning of a long professional journey. After completing his training, the young craftsman was granted his freedom and became a full member of the livery company that had hired him. This status of freeman gave him London's citizenship and compelled him to exert his civic rights and duties. Every apprenticeřs ambition was to become in his turn a master and a householder. His upward mobility depended on his ability to comply with his master's judgment until he obtained his freedom. Many Elizabethan playwrights staged the training of apprentices, thus making the apprentice a stock character, criticising his excesses and praising his high deeds. Through the representation of apprenticeship, city comedies have faithfully described the life of the City and that of its livery companies

90% des apprentis footballeurs formés dans des Centres de Formation professionnels, ne deviennent pas joueurs d'élite. Une fois évincés de ces institutions de formation, nombreux sont-ils à poursuivre leur carrière dans les périphéries – du National 3 (5e division) au National 1 (3e division) – de l'excellence.Cette thèse s'est donc évertuée à caractériser les causes et analyser les conditions sociales du (ré)engagement de ces joueurs, dans les périphéries de ce marché du travail sportif. A partir d'entretiens biographiques menés auprès d'ex-apprentis footballeurs (21), de données empiriques portant sur le devenir de 152 anciens apprentis mais également, d'une ethnographie au sein d'un Centre de Formation professionnel, l'investigation met en avant le caractère déterminant d'une socialisation dans l'excellence, dans la poursuite d'une carrière dans les périphéries.En analysant la socialisation professionnelle –que nous nommons objectivation vocationnelle – de ces sportifs, en termes de temporalités vécues, nous montrons que ces temporalités constituent les déterminants sociaux du phénomène de recomposition de l'engagement des ex-apprentis footballeurs, dans les périphéries de l'excellence.Dans une Partie I), nous appréhendons l'institutionnalisation (vécu en Centre de Formation) comme le déterminant biographique du phénomène en question. Le fait de devenir joueur institué marque le parcours de ces sportifs, en objectivant leur vocation pour le métier de footballeur. Dans une Partie II), nous montrons que l'intériorisation de l'ethos du footballeur institué, constitue le déterminant symbolique du phénomène de recomposition de l'engagement des ex-apprentis. Forgé sur la persévérance vocationnelle, cet ethos proscrit tout abandon du destin sportif, dans l'univers des possibles des joueurs institués. Ainsi, dans une Partie III), l'enquête démontre que l'intégration des périphéries de l'excellence - entre National 3 (5e division) au National 1 (3e division) – par les ex-apprentis, constitue en soi le déterminant professionnel de leur recomposition vocationnelle. En concevant ces périphéries comme du footballariat – un espace professionnel objectif et subjectif –, nous comprenons comment cette temporalité offre en pratique aux ex-apprentis, la possibilité de recomposer leur vocation à distance de l'élite mais dans des conditions sociales très hétérogènes
Each season, there are more than 2000 apprentices in French football academies but less than 10% of them get a professional contract in the Elite French football market (Ligue 1 and Ligue 2). Contrary to popular belief, for the majority of apprentices (90 %) this is not the end of their career or ambitions. French sociologists like Frederic Rasera (2010; 2014), showed that a lot of ex-apprentices, rejected from academies, integrate Amateur French football market (third, fourth and fifth division) because of their high skill level. Consequently, if sometimes they surrender the ambition to become professional footballer in the Elite, the Amateur French football market, that we called Footballariat, gives them the opportunity to live through football without “professional” status. Indeed, most of football's ex-apprentices secure work in amateur teams. This means that they make money in order to train and develop for advanced football competition. This paper discusses the sociological definition of a French professional player. Using both a qualitative approach (21 semi-structured interviews with amateur players) and a quantitative approach (longitudinal study of ex-apprentices born between 1987 and 1997), we show that the boundaries between amateur and professional status are very slender. Actually, we will develop two main arguments. First of all, we will demonstrate that the difference between amateur and professional status is sometimes just a legal difference. Then, we illustrate that there are several different professional football markets in France

Introduction: The main risk factors for the development of respiratory disease have been largely established, however we still cannot predict which individuals will develop respiratory morbidity later in life. This study had two main goals: 1) to examine early working-life changes in respiratory health as risk factors for the development of asthma and bronchitis, and 2) to assess the utility of healthcare utilization data for longitudinal studies in respiratory epidemiology. Methods: A cohort of young apprentices at entry to their trade (machining, construction painting, insulating, and electrician) was enumerated in 1988 to study prospectively the natural history of respiratory morbidity. This group (n=356) was followed-up again two years later. Subjects were linked to a provincial database of all healthcare encounters from 1991 to 2004 (linkage rate 98%). Two health outcomes were studied using physician diagnosis codes: asthma and "bronchitis". Demographics, smoking, spirometric variables, and respiratory symptoms were assessed as predictors of both becoming a respiratory case (logistic regression), and of physician visit rate (negative binomial regression) during the administrative follow-up. Results: There were 281 subjects available for analysis (complete data from baseline, first follow-up, administrative data). Sixteen met the case definition for asthma (2 physician visits in 1 year), and 20 met the case definition for "bronchitis" (3 visits in 1 year). Baseline bronchial responsiveness (BR), and especially a rapid increase in BR over the first 2 years was a strong risk factor for both asthma and "bronchitis". Baseline symptoms of chronic cough or phlegm were predictive of subsequent "bronchitis" visits, and incident asthma-like symptoms were strongly related to subsequent asthma visits. Lung function variables were not important in any models. Relationships were also detected between type of physician, age, sex, job title, size of town, smoking status and the type of respiratory diagnostic code assigned at each physician visit. Conclusions: Early changes in respiratory health may be useful markers in a surveillance program of workers who are susceptible to subsequent obstructive lung disease. Health care utilization data is a unique and promising tool in respiratory epidemiology.
Medicine, Faculty of
Population and Public Health (SPPH), School of
Graduate

La thèse porte sur les modalités de développement des compétences professionnelles de jeunes apprentis non ou peu scolarisés en situation d’apprentissage traditionnel au sein d’Unités de Production Informelle au Sénégal : ateliers de Mécanique automobile, de Menuiserie Métallique et de Froid dans trois villes. La recherche est basée sur des temps d’observation in situ de ce milieu d’apprentissage par le travail, sur des entretiens avec les « patrons » maîtres d’apprentissage et avec les apprentis. La thèse décrit le contexte de ces situations de formation très différentes de celles du lycée professionnel et donne à voir le quotidien de ces ateliers en tant que lieux de transmission de compétences professionnelles. Elle analyse les modes d’intervention des maîtres d’apprentissage, leurs conceptions de l’apprentissage et le sens attribué à leurs actions. Elle interroge aussi l’impact de ces situations de formation sur les apprentis
The current study focuses on ways of developing the vocational skills of young apprentices who have little or no formal education in a traditional apprenticeship situation in informal Production units in Senegal (workshops in automobile mechanics, metal carpentry and refrigeration in three cities). The research is based on in situ observation times of this learning environment through work, on interviews with the "Masters" Masters of apprenticeship and with apprentices. The thesis describes the context of these training situations very different from those of the vocational lycée and gives an insight into the daily life of these workshops as places for the transmission of vocational skills. It analyses the modes of intervention of the teachers, their conceptions of learning and the meaning attributed to their actions. It also asks what impact these training situations have on apprentices

Occupational ill-health statistics have consistently placed construction as a high risk industry. Younger workers (aged 15-24) constituting 24% of the UK construction workforce are a high risk group for occupational illnesses from more exposure to physical work factors including noise, vibrations and the handling of dangerous substances. The provision of effective training to young people entering the workforce is crucial in preventing occupational illnesses and improving the industry s occupational health (OH) performance. However, whilst the delivery of training in industries such as healthcare and aviation has rapidly been shifting from pedagogical/instructional theoretical frameworks towards more learner-focused andragogical approaches rich in hands-on/experiential learning, training in the construction industry has not taken full advantage of new training approaches. This thesis aims to examine OH training methods for UK construction apprentices and evaluate the role and effectiveness of a simulation-based training strategy, in order to enhance the OH training for construction apprentices. It presents and adopts innovative wearable, hands on simulations that were designed and developed at Loughborough University, called LUSKInS (Loughborough University Sensory and Kinaesthetic Interactive Simulations), to assess their value and utility in the training of construction apprentices. In order to address the research aim and provide comprehensive answers to the research questions, the research adopted an inductive, multimethods approach, in which the collection and analysis of data combined quantitative and qualitative research methods. First, reviews of theories of learning and existing research utilising simulation learning tools in various educational settings were carried out, to gather insights into how people learn, the theoretical underpinning to the use of simulations as well as the efficacy of simulation-based training. This analysis indicated that use of simulations that is based on the review and application of relevant learning theories has significant potential in enhancing the learning of construction apprentices. Furthermore, the analysis identified a need to move from traditional direct instructional training methods towards more experiential and learner-centred methods in construction education and training. Accordingly, the subsequent use of wearable simulations in the study was guided by experiential and constructivist learning principles, meaning that the research participants were provided with interactive and engaging contextual experiences, which allowed them to actively construct their own understanding, as opposed to them passively acquiring OH information from external sources. Second, fieldwork data was gathered through survey questionnaires, participant observations, semi-structured interviews and photo-elicitation. This involved construction apprentices and instructors from three colleges located in London, Midlands and Norfolk. Together, the quantitative and qualitative data confirmed that a traditional instructor-centred approach, which places emphasis on the passive transmission of information and the use of standardised presentations, texts and workbooks dominates the delivery of OH training for construction apprentices, despite many of the trainees in the study expressing a preference for highly engaging, active or hands-on methods of learning to passive, information-based approaches. It was clear from the findings that by failing to take into consideration the diversity in learning preferences among the trainees and the crucial role of interaction and learner participation in the learning process, the existing instructional strategies do not effectively support the learning of construction apprentices. Notably, the findings revealed that the prevailing views of training amongst instructors and their leaders, which endorse direct instructional strategies and uniformity, create barriers for opportunities to create and utilise more progressive learner-centred training strategies for construction apprentices. The findings related to the impact of the wearable simulations indicated that the use of hands-on simulations can be beneficial to the learning of construction apprentices. The simulations were found to be effective in developing the apprentices understanding of OH illnesses, as well as in changing some of their attitudes, particularly towards prioritising their health at work and adopting correct work practices, for example, wearing appropriate protective clothing when carrying out their work. In addition, the findings also showed that the simulations were largely perceived to be enjoyable, engaging and easier to understand compared to traditional training methods. However, challenges associated with the use of simulations were also identified, including the relatively high costs in terms of both time and money required in their development and implementation as well as challenges associated with trainer competence and adapting curricula to the newer training approach. Based on the empirical evidence and the related theoretical explanations, the study develops a set of propositions which not only challenge the current training paradigm, but more importantly identify the factors that can optimise the OH training of construction apprentices and overcome some of the barriers that were identified. In addition, a conceptual framework and typology of trainees learning styles are developed, in order to provide some practical guidance on how appropriate training strategies can be selected, as well as assist the wider application and integration of simulation learning tools.

This thesis examines the learning preferences and learning strategies of apprentices, and the contexts within which they learn in their workplaces. Since the end of the 1980s Australian vocational education and training (VET) structures and processes have undergone radical change in attempts to develop skills in the workforce that will ensure enterprise, national, and international competitiveness. A major strategy in the national reforms has been the encouragement of flexible delivery as a means through which workplace-based learning can be accessed by a larger number of workers in ways that are cost-efficient, and that reduce the amount of time that workers spend away from their jobs. Although flexible delivery has been championed by governments and industry alike, there has been little attempt to identify the preparedness of either learners or their workplaces for the demands of flexible learning. The thesis examines the economic context for these changes to VET, and also examines the literature available on workplace learning. Additionally, the thesis examines the conceptualisations of flexible delivery that are available in the literature, pointing to the possibility that the wide range of meanings associated with the term ‘flexible delivery’ may result in quite different practices and expectations. The thesis also examines the literature on independent learning and self-directed learning, and explores the concept of ‘client-focused’ flexible delivery. The study of learner preferences uses data collected from apprentices over a period of some years, in the four occupational areas commanding the highest number of apprentices in Australia. These occupational areas are Metals and Machining, Building, Electrical, and Hairdressing. These data on learning preferences are collected using the commercially available Canfield Learning Styles Inventory (CLSI). The data from the sample of 389 apprentices are analysed statistically through analyses of variance, and indicate that variables such as age, gender, and occupational area are related to learning preferences. Apprentices are shown by this analysis to prefer structured programs of instruction that are instructor-led, and to not have a high preference for independent learning or the development of their own learning goals. Additionally, they are shown to have very low preferences for learning through reading, preferring instead to learn through direct hands-on experience. While these characteristics are largely common among the four occupational groups, the Hairdressing apprentices are shown to have a slightly higher preference for independent learning and goal setting. Females are shown to have a higher preference than males for learning qualitative material through reading. Interestingly, the younger apprentices are shown to have a higher preference than the older ones for self-directed learning. Some possibilities for that finding are discussed. The research also shows that the learning preferences displayed by different groups of apprentices in any one program are much the same over time, providing some confidence that data generated from one group of apprentices can be used to make instructional decisions for future groups in the same program. The data are also factor analysed to indicate three major factors underlying apprentice learning preferences. The first factor indicates a Verbal–Non-verbal preference factor, with apprentices clearly preferring to learn through non-verbal means. A second factor is described as Structure–Content, with apprentices showing a preference for learning from structured programs in a structured environment. A third factor, Self-directed–Social preference, indicates apprentices preferring to learn through socially mediated presentations and contexts rather than through more independent forms of learning. Qualitative data are also generated through interviewing eight apprentices, and focusing on the learning strategies they employ while constructing knowledge in the workplace. That component of the research uses a modification of the Marland, Patching and Putt (1992a, 1992b) stimulated recall technique, and a set of learning strategies derived from the work of O’Malley and Chamot (1990) and Billett (1996a). The eight apprentices are drawn from the Metals and Machining, Electrical, and Hairdressing trades. The findings indicate that the learning strategies most often used by apprentices in the workplace are those associated with the construction of knowledge that is structured and provided by the instructor or learning program, and those that include social mediation of learning. Additionally, the strategies associated with demonstration and hands-on practice are most favoured. The qualitative data are confirmatory of the quantitative data. The research also indicates, through the apprentice interviews, that support for apprentice’s learning in their workplace is typically unplanned and haphazard. Their experience was sometimes characterised by a reluctance on the part of the workplace to acknowledge learning needs such as trialling and practice of new knowledge, or pro-actively seeking understanding from other more skilled workers. The learning preferences and learning strategies findings for apprentices, coupled with the findings of typically poor or unplanned support in the workplace, indicate that effective flexible delivery of training to apprentices in the workplace provides a number of challenges. These challenges, it is argued, demand strategies to be developed and implemented to prepare both learners and workplaces for effective engagement with flexible delivery. Using as a theoretical framework Kember’s (1995) two-dimensional model of open learning for adults, the thesis integrates the findings into a proposed two-dimensional model of learner and workplace preparedness for flexible delivery. The model provides for a Learner Development Space, a Workplace Development Space, and a Strategy Space. Within the Learner Development Space, focuses for the development of learner preparedness are identified in terms of self-directed learning, skills developments, and effective participation in a community of practice. Focuses for workplace development identified in the Workplace Development Space are those associated with development of training policies, training structures, and trainer skills and abilities. The Strategy Space then provides detail of seventy-nine specific strategies developed to enhance learner and workplace preparedness within each of the focuses identified.

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This study aimed to investigate whether the largest youth employed under the special condition of apprentice workers have their rights guaranteed by the companies with the ability to reconcile work and school activities. To construct the theoretical framework on the subject was used as the foundation of the research theories of commodification of labor, focusing on Marxist ideas, continuing arguments about the flexibility and precariousness of the workforce by linking these ideas to work performed by adolescent learners in condition. In support of this theory, commodification, promoted a historical review of work done by children and adolescents, presenting factors for their existence and provides data about its current condition. The field research took shape qualitative, and was held at the SENAI-National Service of Industrial Education, along with five teenage apprentices and Coordinator of the SOE-Educational Guidance Service. The process of data analysis was divided into four stages, where initially traced to the socio-economic status of adolescents in student work, their working conditions, especially with regard to the nature of the tasks performed and the journey , about family relationships and social learners, and if teenagers can combine work and study. As a result of the analysis we obtained the removal of continued education of apprentices interviewed, the lack of union protection, the difficulty of training quality to the market, as well as suffering because of occupation of their time at work early age.
Este estudo teve como objetivo maior averiguar se os adolescentes empregados sob a condição especial de trabalhador aprendiz têm seus direitos assegurados pelas empresas com a possibilidade conciliar as atividades laborais e escola. Para a construção do referencial teórico sobre a matéria utilizou-se como embasamento geral da pesquisa as teorias de mercantilização do trabalho, com foco nas idéias marxista, prosseguindo com argumentos sobre a flexibilização e a precarização da força de trabalho, associando estas idéias ao trabalho executado pelos adolescentes na condição aprendizes. Respaldando esta teoria, de mercantilização, promoveu-se um resgate histórico do trabalho realizado por crianças e adolescentes, apresentando fatores determinantes para sua existência e trazendo dados sobre sua condição atual. A pesquisa de campo, tomou contornos qualitativos, e foi realizada no SENAI- Serviço Nacional de Aprendizagem Industrial, junto a 5 adolescentes aprendizes e o Coordenador do SOE- Serviço de Orientação Educacional. O processo de análise dos dados foi dividido em quatro etapas, onde, inicialmente, traçou-se o perfil sócio-econômico dos adolescentes em condição de trabalho aprendiz; suas condições de trabalho, mormente no que se refere à natureza das tarefas realizadas e à jornada; sobre o relacionamento familiar e social dos aprendizes; e, se os adolescentes conseguem conciliar o trabalho com os estudos. Como resultados da analise obteve-se o afastamento da continuação dos estudos por parte dos aprendizes entrevistados; a ausência de proteção sindical; a dificuldade de treinamentos de qualidade para o mercado; bem como, o sofrimento em razão da ocupação de seu tempo pelo trabalho em idade precoce.

2014 - 2015
Over the last two decades there has been a proliferation of literature on program evaluation. Many researches in economics look at the causal effect of exposure of units to programs on some outcomes through econometric and statistical analysis. The units are typically economic agents such as individuals, households, markets, firms, counties, states or countries. The programs can be job search assistance programs, educational programs, vouchers, laws or regulations, drug therapies, environmental exposure or technology shocks. Rubin potential outcomes framework seems to be the dominant framework in which the aim is to compare the two potential outcomes for the same unit when he or she is exposed and not exposed to the program (or treatment)1. However, each unit can be only exposed to one levels of program: an individual may enrol or not in a training program or he (or she) may be subjected or not to policy. We can refer to this as the fundamental problem of causal inference (Holland, 1986; Imbens andWooldridge, 2008). The impossibility to compare the same individual at different treatment status induces to resolve the issue thinking in term of counterfactual. We need to compare distinct units at different levels of treatment. This means to compare different physical units or the same physical unit observed at different times. But each individual or unit who chooses to enrol in a program is (by definition) different from that who chooses not to enrol. These differences may invalidate causal comparison of outcomes by treatment status. Indeed, the fear in this econometrics literature is traditionally related to endogeneity, or self-selection, issues2. The simplest case for analysis is when assignment to treatment is randomized, and thus independent from the covariates as well as the potential outcomes. It is straightforward to obtain attractive estimators for the average effect of treatment in randomized experiments (e.g. the difference in means by treatment status). Although there have been some example 1Starting from the seventies, Rubin (1974, 1977, 1978) proposed to interpret the causal effect as comparison of so-called potential outcomes, namely pairs of outcomes define for the same unit given different levels of exposure to the treatment. This represent the dominant approach to the analysis of causal relationship in observational studies known with the label of Rubin Causal Model. 2Many of the initial theoretical studies focused on the use of traditional methods for dealing with endogeneity, such as fixed effect methods from panel data analyses and instrumental variables methods. Subsequently, the econometrics literatures has developed new approaches, requiring fewer functional form and homogeneity assumptions (Imbens and Wooldridge, 2008). 3/ 12 of experimental evaluations, they remain relatively rare in economics. More common is the case where economists analyse data from observational studies. Observational data generally create challenges in estimating causal effects referred to unconfoundedness, exogeneity, conditional independence, or selection on observable characteristics3. Estimation and inference of causal effect under unconfoundedness assumption requires that conditional on observed covariates there are no unobserved factors that are associated both with the assignment and with the potential outcomes4. Without unconfoundedness assumption there is no general approach to estimating treatment effects and various methods have been proposed (for a review, see Imbens and Wooldridge 2008). Where additional data are present in the form of samples of treated and control units before and after the treatment comparisons can be made through a difference-in-difference approach. The simplest setting is one where outcomes are observed for units observed in one of two groups (i.e. treated and control) and in one of two time periods (i.e. pre-treatment and post-treatment). Only units in one of the two groups, in the second time period, are exposed to a treatment. There are no units exposed to the treatment in the first period, and units from control group are never observed to be exposed to the treatment. To estimate the causal effect, the average change over time in the outcomes of control group is subtracted from the change over time in the outcomes of treated group. This double differencing removes biases in second period comparisons between the treatment and control group, that could be the result from permanent differences between those groups, as well as biases from comparisons over time in the treatment group, that could be the result of time trends unrelated to the treatment. Where the assignment of treatment is a deterministic function of covariates, comparisons can be made exploring continuity of average outcomes as a function of covariates. This setting, known as the regression discontinuity design, has a long tradition in statistics though only recently it has attracted much attention in the economics literature5. The basic idea is that assignment to the treatment is determined, either completely or partly, by the value of a predictor (i.e. an individual’s observable characteristic) being on either side of a common threshold. This generates a discontinuity in the conditional probability of receiving the treatment as a function of this particular predictor. Any other characteristic, between elected and unelected individual, is assumed to be smooth. As a result, any discontinuity of the conditional distribution of the outcome, as a function of this covariate at the threshold, is interpreted as evidence of a causal effect of the treatment6. 3For a review on this literature, see Imbens and Wooldridge (2008). 4Unconfoundedness implies that we have a sufficiently rich set of predictors for the treatment indicator, such that adjusting for differences in these covariates leads to valid estimates of causal effect. 5For recent review in the economics literature, see Van der Klaauw (2008), Imbens andWooldridge (2008) and Lee and Lemieux (2010). 6It may be useful to distinguish between two general setting, the sharp and the fuzzy regression discontinuity design. In the sharp regression discontinuity design, the assignment to treatment is a deterministic function of one of the observable covariates. In the fuzzy regression discontinuity design the probability of receiving the treatment 4/ 12 This thesis presents three essays of policy evaluation using the above quasi-experimental approaches. The research covers two different type of policies. On the one hand, we assess the effects on crime induced by a marijuana decriminalization policy exploiting the reforms still ongoing in the United States, on the other hand, we evaluate the impacts of the labour market reforms on labour market outcomes by using the recent changes in Italy occurred after the law 92/2012 (the so-called Fornero reform) like identification tool. Depending on the specific subject, the analysis is carried out from a specific empirical point of view. The first essay sheds light on the relationship between Medical Marijuana Laws and crimes in United States using counties level data. The set of judicial rules on the therapeutic consumption, production and distribution of cannabis at State level—started since 1996 in the United States—is known as Medical Marijuana Law (MML). It recognises the medical value of marijuana and provides a legal defence for patients who used and possessed marijuana under recommendation of a physician. The purpose of policy was the pain reduction for which the States allow doctors to prescribe marijuana as a pain killer also for general complaints related to pain, such as migraines, back pain and other pathologies. But, since the list of illness is quite broad, de facto, MML allows wide possibility for recreational use of marijuana masked like therapeutic consumptions (Chu, 2012). Hence, the assessment of policy on crime seems suitable. The research closely examining the importance of policy dimensions and the timing of the core elements of MMLs. In the U.S. States there have been three main actions that have involved the cannabis use for medical purpose: the mere decriminalization of marijuana, the permission of home cultivation for patients and caregivers, the licence for selling marijuana in authorized dispensaries. We interpret dimensions as design choices of policy maker on legal marijuana market by distinguishing between demand side approach, aimed to merely decriminalize cannabis, and supply side approach, directed to provide legal sources of supply for marijuana. This permits to explain the possible transmission channel trough which Medical Marijuana State Laws can affect crime. We test three possible links between drugs liberalization reforms and crime (i.e. pharmacological, economic, and systemic channels) finding evidence for only one of them (i.e. systemic channel). The analysis uses the Uniform Crime Reporting Program Data (UCR, 2013) which reports the number of arrests by type of offence from 1994 to 2014 at the U.S. county level. Since we have data of treated and control counties before and after the implementation of MML, we employ difference-in-difference approach by considering several types of crime such as violent and property crimes, and also felonies for narcotic possession (i.e. cocaine, heroine need not change from zero to one at the threshold. The design only requires a sufficiently large discontinuity in the probability of assignment to the treatment at the threshold. 5/ 12 etc.). We exploit the assessment of Medical Marijuana Law to highlight an important question in program evaluation concerning the heterogeneity of treatment effect. Even if the average treatment effect is zero, it may be important to establish whether a targeted implementation of intervention or different levels of treatment across the population could affect average outcome. We find that a simple dichotomous indicator of Medical Marijuana Law (i.e. the average treatment effect on all the U.S. States that passed the policy) may mask crucial dynamics underlying the relationship between policy and crime. Assuming a homogeneous impact of policy on crime, regardless the action implemented, the dichotomous indicator of MML captures only the net effect of the regulatory tools put in place by the legislator. On the contrary, the policy decomposition in key dimensions allows to discover different results which suggests a heterogeneous effects on crime according to the specific regulatory actions put in place by the legislator. In detail, for burglaries, larcenies, and cocaine drug possession, the mere application of demand side approach increases the crime in counties that passed the policy compared to counties without MML. While, the joint application of demand and supply approach— which establish legal sources for supply marijuana — may be able to realize a crowding-out effect on these offences. The findings support the idea that the licit competition on the marijuana market, triggered by the policy, could push out the illegal trade decreasing the crime. Finally, we find a net reduction in murders and a net increase in synthetic drug possession for the U.S. counties subject to the Medical Marijuana Law relatively to counties never passed the policy. The second and the third essays assess the impact of law 92/2012, implemented in Italy in 2012 (the so-called Fornero reform), on different labour market outcomes. The law 92/2012 introduced numerous changes regarding employment relationships amending past discipline. First. It substantially changed the discipline concerning the dismissals in firms above 15 employees. The reform established that in case of unfair dismissal, the dismissed worker has no longer the right to be reinstated as in the pre-reform period and receives a monetary compensation that ranges between 12 and 24 months pay. Thus the reform significantly reduces the firing cost borne by large firms. Second. Starting from January 2013, the Fornero reform also changed the discipline on apprenticeships concerning to the minimum duration of contract (no less than six months), the maximum number of apprentices that an employer can hire per each skilled worker (passed from 1:1 to 3:2), and the minimum number of apprentices that an employer must stabilize into permanent contracts for hiring a new apprentice (at least the 30% of apprentices hired in the last 12 months). Third. The Fornero reform implemented a new incentive program in favour of employers that recruit (on fixed-term or open-ended contracts) or stabilize into permanent agreements a worker aged 50 or more years. 6/ 12 The second essay (carried out with Giovanni Pica) estimates the effect of employment protection legislation on the flow of monthly hirings on open ended contracts using the aforesaid labour market reform passed in Italy in 2012. Much empirical research has focused on the effects of dismissal costs on labour market outcomes. The evidence suggests that EPL decreases employment inflows and outflows with little effect on employment and unemployment stocks. The reason is that firing costs act, in expected discounted value, as hiring cost reducing the willingness of the firms to both fire and hire workers (Bentolila and Bertola, 1990; Blanchard and Portugal, 2001). The most recent studies identify the causal impact of employment protection on labour market outcome exploiting within-county variation in EPL either across firms (e.g. of different size) or workers (e.g. of different age and/or tenure). The essay presented is in the line with within-county approach which allows to better control for time-varying unobserved characteristics that may affect labour market outcomes (act as confounding factors) compared to cross-country analyses. The presence of both treated and control firms observed before and after the policy — where the assignment of treatment depends in deterministic way from the number of workers employed — allows to implement a difference-in-difference approach jointly to a regression discontinuity design. We thus exploit the differential law change between firms with more and less than 15 workers comparing hirings in firms just above and below the 15 employee threshold before and after the reform (July 2012). The analysis is based on monthly data drawn from Italian Social Security (INPS) record for the period 2012 and 2014. The data provide information on the number of newly hired workers by firms size, province, sector, contract type, age and gender at a monthly frequency. The findings suggest that the reform raises monthly hirings on open-ended contracts by about 5.1 percentage points. The quantification of results reveals that the reduction of dismissal costs after the reform have induced about 4000 hirings per month in firms with more than 15 workers relative to firms with less than 15 workers. The effect of the reduction in EPL is not homogeneous across workers’ types. The increase seems to be more pronounced for full-time, young, and blue-collar workers. Conversely, we find no significant effect on the number of conversions of temporary contracts into permanent ones. The third essay evaluates the impact of labour policies aimed to improve the job possibilities for workers categorized as vulnerable (particularly in labour markets with stringent employment protection)7. Given the increasingly complicated transition from school to works, the youth appear a group more vulnerable compared to the past. Here the apprenticeship contract performs a crucial role by improving the job possibility and the stability of young workers (Berton et al., 2007; Casale et al., 2014). At the same time, the low employment rates for older workers pushed most OECD countries 7Evidences suggest that labour market prospects for youth and other marginal groups seem to worsen as a consequence of stringent EPL (Allard and Lindert, 2007; Bertola et al., 2007; Skedinger, 2010). 7/ 12 to experiment specific employment protections with the purpose to protect them from unemployment or/and to improve their job finding rates (Chéron et al., 2011). The Fornero reform intervenes by changing the discipline of apprenticeship in Italy and implementing a new incentive program for workers aged 50 or more years. The reform asymmetrically acted on the apprenticeships by changing the discipline in firms with more than 10 employees leaving the rules for firms below 10 unchanged. Likewise, the new incentive program for workers aged 50 or more years, passed with the Fornero reform, cut the hiring costs in firms that recruit workers over-50, leaving unaffected the costs for hiring workers under-50. These discontinuities in the regulation as well as the simultaneous presence of treated and control groups observed before and after the policy allow to implement a difference-in-deference method jointly to a regression discontinuity design. This quasi-experimental method permits to evaluate the causal effect of reform on the monthly hirings of apprentices and workers over-50. We thus exploit the differential law change in apprenticeships between firms with more and less than 10 employees, comparing the hirings and the conversions into open-ended contracts of apprentices in firms just below and above the 10 employees threshold before and after the reform (January 2013). Similarly, we compare the recruitments and the conversions into permanent contracts of workers with more and less 50 years before and after the reform. Also this analysis uses monthly data draw from Italian Social Security (INPS) record for the period 2012 and 2014. The findings suggest that the change in apprenticeships increase the stabilization of apprentices into open-ended contracts by about 3.9 percentage points in firms with more than 10 employees relative to firms with less than 10. We also find a positive association between law 92/2012 and the new recruitments of apprentices by about 7.1 percentage points in firms with more than 10 employees relative to firms with less than 10 employees. The employer incentives for hiring and stabilizing the workers aged 50 or more years positively affect the recruitments into open-ended contracts of workers over-50 relative to workers under-50 by about 1.6 percentage point. We also find a positive association between the incentive program and the hirings into fixed-term contracts of workers over-50 relative to workers under-50. Conversely, we don’t find effects for the conversions into open-ended contracts of workers aged 50 or more years. [edited by author]
Proposito della tesi di dottorato, dal titolo “Three Essays on Policy Evaluation”, è quello di sottolineare come l’impatto di una politica (economica e non) possa essere valutato secondo un approccio rigoroso, quasi-sperimentale, quando architettata adeguatamente a tale scopo. A tal proposito, sono mostrati tre esempi di valutazione delle politiche, nel corso dei quali si espongono ed affrontano le principali problematiche legate a questo tipo di esercizio. L'interesse dell'approccio adoperato nella presente tesi è dato dall'ampia utilizzazione del metodo difference-in-difference che consente di stimare, in vari contesti, gli impatti che politiche di differente natura possono avere sulle variabili socio-economiche. Ciascuno degli esercizi di valutazione costituisce un capitolo della tesi. Ogni uno di essi ha comportato una rassegna della letteratura in materia (allo scopo di inquadrare il tema trattato), la ricerca dei dati e l’elaborazione di uno specifico modello econometrico finalizzato all’identificazione del nesso causale. Il primo capitolo valuta l’impatto che le politiche di decriminalizzazione della cannabis per scopi terapeutici (Medical Marijuana Laws), adottate nei singoli Stati degli Stati Uniti, hanno avuto sulla criminalità a livello di contea. L’impatto della riforma è valutato rispetto a differenti tipologie di crimini, tratti dal UCR del FBI, classificabili in reati legati alla persona (i.e. omicidi), alla proprietà (i.e. furti) e all’uso di altre sostanza stupefacenti (i.e. cocaina). Dal lavoro emerge come ciascuno Stato americano si differenzi dagli altri sia per le tempistiche che per le modalità attuative della decriminalizzazione. L’originalità del lavoro sta nello sfruttare questa eterogeneità. Esso, infatti, propone una scomposizione della politica di decriminalizzazione della cannabis in interventi chiave, legati alle specifiche azioni adottate in tema di approvvigionamento e di distribuzione della marijuana. Tale scomposizione permette di identificare come l’impatto sui crimini commessi vari a seconda del timing e delle modalità di approvazione della decriminalizzazione. La scomposizione consente, inoltre, di ipotizzare un possibile canale di trasmissione attraverso il quale la Medical Marijuana Law impatterebbe sui crimini. I risultati empirici suggeriscono che la semplice decriminalizzazione della marijuana avrebbe un impatto positivo sulla criminalità se non accompagnata da (contestuali) interventi finalizzati ad istituire fonti legali di approvvigionamento della sostanza. Il secondo capitolo studia il ruolo che i meccanismi di protezione dell’occupazione (employment protection legislation) esercitano sui flussi in entrata del mercato del lavoro. A tale scopo, il lavoro stima l’impatto sulle assunzioni (e conversioni) in contratti a tempo indeterminato indotto dalla riforma del mercato del lavoro in Italia – legge n. 92 del 2012 (cd. riforma Fornero) – che ha ridotto i costi di licenziamento in carico alle imprese con più di 15 dipendenti, lasciando inalterata la situazione per le imprese con meno di 15 dipendenti. Il lavoro, oltre ad inquadrare la tematica con una rassegna della letteratura, sfrutta l’asimmetrico impatto della riforma (per le imprese appena sopra e appena sotto i 15 dipendenti) per stimare un modello difference-in-difference in un contesto di regression discontinuity design, utilizzando dati mensili INPS. I risultati empirici suggeriscono che la riduzione delle protezioni del lavoro incrementi le assunzioni in contratti a tempo indeterminato. Tale effetto risulta non omogeneo tra i diversi gruppi di lavoratori, mostrandosi più pronunciato per gli assunti full-time, più giovani ed operai. Al contrario, non emerge un chiaro effetto rispetto alle conversioni in contratti a tempo indeterminato. Infine, il terzo capitolo esamina le politiche del lavoro aventi l’obiettivo di aumentare le possibilità occupazionali di categorie ritenute più vulnerabili, quali i giovani lavoratori e gli over-50. A questo scopo, si utilizza la riforma dell’apprendistato e l’introduzione di un nuovo schema di incentivi per i lavoratori over-50, in forza in Italia a partire da gennaio 2013 (legge 92/2012), per stimare l’impatto che tali tipologia di interventi hanno sulle nuove assunzioni (sia a tempo determinato che indeterminato) e sulle conversioni in contratti a tempo indeterminato. Nello specifico, la riforma dell’apprendistato ha introdotto, per le imprese con più di 9 dipendenti, nuovi obblighi di stabilizzazione degli apprendisti assunti ed ha innalzato il rapporto tra gli apprendisti e i lavoratori qualificati presenti in azienda. Al contrario, la riforma lascia inalterata la situazione per le imprese sotto i 10 dipendenti. Lo schema di incentivi per l’assunzione e la stabilizzazione dei lavoratori over-50 consta, invece, in un significativo abbattimento (50 per cento) dei contributi a carico impresa per i lavoratori con più di 50 anni, lasciando inalterata la situazione per i soggetti più giovani. Le suddette circostanze hanno reso possibile l’implementazione di un modello difference-in-difference in un contesto di regression discontinuity design, utilizzando dati mensili INPS. I risultati empirici dimostrano che la riforma dell’apprendistato ha effettivamente favorito la stabilizzazione degli apprendisti in contratti a tempo indeterminato. Lo schema di incentivi per gli over-50 sembrerebbe indurre nuove assunzioni tanto in contratti a tempo indeterminato quanto a tempo determinato. L’effetto sulle conversioni, invece, sembrerebbe trascurabile. [a cura dell'autore]
XIV n.s.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo descrever e analisar relatos de jovens aprendizes e estagiários sobre condições de trabalho, escola e saúde após ingresso no primeiro emprego. Foram utilizados diferentes instrumentos para a coleta de dados. Os dados qualitativos foram obtidos por meio de entrevistas individuais e coletivas com roteiro semi-estruturado. As análises desses dados foram realizadas a partir da metodologia de análise de conteúdo. Foi aplicado um questionário para a obtenção dos dados sócio-demográficos, condições de saúde, sono, hábitos e estilos de vida. Esses dados foram tabulados em planilhas ExcelTM. Participaram deste estudo quarenta jovens, aprendizes e estagiários, entre 14 e 20 anos, que trabalhavam há pelo menos seis meses, em diferentes setores e ramos de empresas, com jornada entre seis e oito horas diárias de trabalho. Todos os participantes estudavam no período noturno, curso técnico, ensino médio, ou faculdade e que, concomitantemente ao estudo e trabalho, frequentavam os programas de aprendizagem e estágio em uma Organização Não Governamental situada na zona Sul de São Paulo, capital. Os resultados desse estudo apontam o ingresso de adolescentes no trabalho cada vez mais cedo em busca de melhores condições financeiras para si e para família. Os jovens relataram passar por muitos desafios para conciliar as atividades pessoais, profissionais e acadêmicas. A extensa jornada diária de trabalho somada ao período de estudo noturno comprometeu, na maioria dos casos, o desempenho acadêmico e a saúde dos participantes. Os principais fatores prejudiciais à saúde relatados pelos jovens foram: falta de tempo para dormir, para se alimentar adequadamente, para praticar atividade física e a redução do tempo de lazer e convívio social com amigos e família. Os aprendizes e estagiários também mencionaram a falta de treinamento e o desconhecimento da legislação pertinente ao seu trabalho como fatores que contribuíram para as dificuldades apresentadas nos relatos sobre a realização de suas atividades laborais, na identificação de acidentes e doenças relacionadas com o trabalho
This study aimed to describe and analyze reports of young apprentices and trainees on employment conditions, health and school after entering the first job. Different instruments were employed for data collection. Qualitative data were collected through individual and collective interviews with a semi-structured interview. The data analyzes were performed using the content analysis methodology. A questionnaire was applied to obtain the socio-demographic data, health status, sleep habits and lifestyles. Data were tabulated in ExcelTM spreadsheets. The study included forty young people, apprentices and trainees, ranging from 14 to 20 years old, who worked for at least six months in different sectors and branches of companies, with journey between six and eight hours of work. All participants studied in the evening, technical course, high school or college and, simultaneously to study and work, attending learning programs and educational work in an NGO located in the south of Sao Paulo, Brazil. The results of this study showed that getting better financial conditions for themselves and their families were the major reasons for start working earlier. One of the major challenges faced by the participants was dealing with work concomitantly to personal and academic activities. Long daily working hours in addition to the period of study undertaken at night had, in most cases, a reflex, upon academic performance and health of the participants. The main factors detrimental to health reported were: lack of time for sleeping, eating properly, for physical activity and for recreation and socializing with friends and family. Apprentices and trainees also have mentioned the lack of training, and/or not knowing the legislation regarding to their work as the main factors related to the difficulties for doing their task properly, identification of illnesses and work-related accidents

This study aimed to explore the effect of an audio-visual-based education programme The Football Association (FA) Drugs and Doping Control Education Programme' (DDCEP) on the knowledge and attitudes of young professional footballers in England and Wales towards doping, as well as alcohol and social drug use. First year Scholars and Apprentices (aged 16-17, mean age = 16.69 years; SO = 0.51) registered with English and Welsh professional football clubs participating in the top four leagues of English football at the start of 2006-2007 season were included in the study (n=500). After obtaining informed parental consent, all players were administered a multi-section questionnaire (Time Point 1) prior to viewing the education programme. This was designed to assess their knowledge of doping and social drugs issues, and to also measure various psychological factors including attitudes towards doping, dispositional goal orientations, social desirability, and sportspersonship orientations. Participants repeated the knowledge and attitude assessments within one month of viewing the programme (Time Point 2) and then again 6 months later (Time Point 3). Results of repeated measures MANOVA (Wilks' Lambda = .82, F(2, 497) = 53.03, P <.001) showed that after viewing the programme, participants demonstrated significantly improved knowledge. Further, and compared to baseline (i.e. Time Point 1), this knowledge had only slightly reduced after six months. A large effect for knowledge was reported (d=- 1.03) between Time Point 1 (TP1) and TP2, and (d=-0.91) between TP1 and TP3. Supplementary regression analysis revealed that ego and sportspersonship scores negatively predicted knowledge at TP2 when controlling for knowledge at TP1. Antisocial sportspersonship was also found to predict pro-doping attitudes at TP2 when controlling for attitudes at TP1 . These findings will be of benefit for education practitioners and sports psychologists across the anti-doping community.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
A presente pesquisa visou conhecer as histórias de vida dos músicos educadores Fernando Barba e Stenio Mendes, suas ideias e contribuições para o cenário artístico e educacional brasileiro relacionadas às Práticas da Música Corporal. A investigação baseou-se na metodologia de História Oral de Vida, por meio de entrevistas com os referidos músicos educadores, cujas análises fundamentaram-se nos conceitos da Construção da Identidade Profissional segundo os pensamentos de Selma Garrido Pimenta e Antônio Nóvoa, com o intuito de compreender os princípios e referências que nortearam a elaboração das práticas educacionais da Música Corporal propostas por Barba e Stenio. O estudo também buscou dados a respeito da compreensão e disseminação dessas práticas dentro do cenário da educação musical brasileira que constantemente sofre transformações por conta das inúmeras mudanças nas políticas educacionais do país e dos desafios apresentados pela sociedade contemporânea. Para tanto, analisou-se os relatos de doze educadores musicais que tiveram contato direto com as práticas mencionadas e que as aplicam em seus ofícios, assim como publicações acadêmicas relacionadas ao tema, para esclarecer o alcance da disseminação dessas práticas no país e a consciência de suas utilizações. A fundamentação teórica do presente estudo, sustentou-se nas propostas de reforma do ensino, pautadas no senso comunitário e humanista, com ideias de superação da fragmentação dos saberes concebidas por Edgar Morin e Paulo Freire, e no conceito de comunidades de aprendizes e de aprendizados expostos por José Pacheco e Murray Schafer.
The present research seeked to know the life stories of the musicians educators Fernando Barba and Stenio Mendes, their ideas and contributions to the Brazilian artistic and educational scenario related to the Practices of Corporal Music. The research was based on the Oral History of Life methodology, through interviews with these educators, whose analyzis were based on the concepts of the Construction of Professional Identity according to the thoughts of Selma Garrido Pimenta and Antônio Nóvoa, with the purpose of figure out the principles and references that oriented the elaboration of the educational practices of Corporal Music proposed by Barba and Stenio. The study also searched data about the understanding and dissemination of these practices within the scenario of Brazilian music education that constantly undergoes transformations due to the several changes in the educational policies of the country and the challenges presented by contemporary society. For this purpose, we analyzed the reports of twelve musical educators who had direct contact with the practices mentioned and applied them in their occupations, as well as academic publications related to the subject, to clarify the scope of the dissemination of these practices in the country and the awareness of their uses. The theoretical foundation of this study was supported on the proposals of the educational reform, guided on the communal and humanist sense, with ideas of overcoming the fragmentation of the knowledge conceived by Edgar Morin and Paulo Freire, and the concept of communities of apprentices and learning exposed by José Pacheco and Murray Schafer.
CAPES:1662933

This thesis explores the biographical journey into and through HE of a small group of former Advanced Apprentices. It explores how early educational experiences relate to pathways into and through the Apprenticeship system and how former Apprentices experiencing HE to develop an understanding of how HE impacts on their lives, experiences, and identities. The changing landscape of both Apprenticeships and higher education means we need to capture these accounts becoming a HE student to understand better the lived, biographical experience of individuals in increasingly credentialised learning and work settings. This study utilises a narrative, longitudinal approach to explore the experiences of Apprentices who have embarked on higher education, drawing upon data from several semi-structured narrative interviews with sixteen former Apprentices as they progress through their higher education programme. The final phase of the study engaged with the broader social network of six participants, illuminating how education and career decision-making and experiences are deeply embedded within family, friendship and peer networks. Analysing learning experiences, educational transitions, and learner identity highlight the process of becoming a higher education student is relational, situational, and part of a web of complex interactions. The study has drawn on communities of practice (Lave and Wenger, 1991; Wenger, 1998) and modes of reflexivity (Archer, 2003, 2007, 2012) as useful frameworks to understand the learning experiences of former Apprentices and how reflexivity guides how people navigate constellations of education and career possibilities. Insights from the social networks suggest that individuals adapt their approach to reflexivity according to the social situation, aspects of and stages in their lives.

"The Filmmaker's Apprentice and Other Stories" is a novella and six short stories set in a contemporary South Africa more complicated than ever, where people are constantly moving, young people are trying to forge identities and an older generation struggles to adapt to a radically altered reality. Characters struggle to relate meaningfully across socioeconomic, gender, national and racial divisions, bumping up against their own prejudices and perceptions in a way that makes it difficult to really see each other.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2000.
Boschmans Colliery is, as is the case in the rest of the mining industry, heavily reliant on skilled persons in the Engineering discipline to install and maintain the machinery and infrastructure required for the production of a saleable product. Historically, apprentices were recruited from the ranks of school leavers and were given a good, albeit somewhat condensed training to qualify them as artisans. Artisans on their own are however not able to accomplish the tasks at hand and are therefore assisted by artisan assistants. Artisan assistants were historically recruited from the ranks of the unskilled, and in many instances, illiterate masses and were reliant on an unstructured process of on the job training while working under the direct supervision of an artisan. Given the complexities of modern coal mining machinery, the high cost of labour and training, the inherent dangers associated with the mining process and the requirements of the legislative framework, the current approach whereby all the Engineering skills are concentrated in a select few is no longer acceptable. The current system of apprentice training shortcomings are highlighted and a new system of training Engineering employees from the entry level onward is proposed.

This thesis assesses the role of apprenticed labour in the growth and development of the English fishing industry between 1850 and 1914. Although apprenticeship is a well-known facet of the fisheries, writing on the subject has focused largely on the port of Grimsby, and on the abuses of the system that were widely publicised in the 1880s and 1890s. This study provides a national perspective, examining the institution of apprenticeship as a means of labour recruitment, training and control, and comparing apprenticeship in the fishing industry with the merchant shipping industry - where, despite the undoubted importance of apprenticed labour, very little research on the subject exists - and land-based industries, where apprenticeship offered similar advantages of training and control. It applies theories of apprenticeship developed with reference to industry ashore to explain the transformation of a classically paternalistic apprenticeship system into a means of recruiting, controlling and exploiting a large number of cheap labourers. A wide range of primary sources are used, including the Board of Trade archive and registers of apprentices, fishing vessel crew agreements, numerous Parliamentary enquiries and reports on the fishing industry and contemporary writings. Apprenticeship was an established facet of the fishing industry in the ports of Devon, the Thames and Essex. Migrants from these ports established apprenticeship in places such as Hull, Lowestoft and Great Yarmouth between the 1850s and 1870s. However, rapid growth in some of these new ports, especially on the Humber, led to a concentration of cheap labour. The resultant social problems gained the system a bad reputation and resulted in legislation to bring the system under control, which also increased the costs. However, by this time demographic shifts leading to greater availability of casual labour and technological change were beginning to undermine apprenticeship, which had all but died out by 1914.

The thesis entitled Pedagogical Relationships: A master-apprentice model in music teaching is a pedagogical and phenomenological inquiry into the lived experience of the master-apprentice model of piano teaching in a private studio. It surveys the history of the instrument, its literature, its pedagogy and the importance of genealogy in this mentor-protégé relationship. Using narratives, interviews, audio-visual links, illustrations, musical score illustrations and literary references, the thesis illuminates authentic lived experiences of both teacher and student.

This dissertation is a result of an epidemiological prospective cohort study carried out among apprentice welders at four vocational teaching institutions in welding profession in the Montreal region, for the purpose of: (1) assessing the respiratory health of students, before starting welding, such as respiratory symptoms suggestive of asthma, lung function and bronchial responsiveness as well as immunological sensitization to common allergens and to metals; (2) providing a reassessment of the respiratory health of these same students as well as an assessment of the incidence of systemic symptoms suggestive of metal fume fever (MFF) after being exposed to welding fumes; (3) estimating the association between MFF and the incidence of bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) and/or the presence of welding-related respiratory symptoms suggestive of occupational asthma (OA); (4) determining whether atopy, immunological sensitization to metals encountered in the welding environment, smoking and a personal history of asthma, are associated with an increased level of BHR or welding-related respiratory symptoms suggestive of OA; and (5) determining the relationship between exposure to metal oxide fumes and the outcome variables, i.e., MFF, immunological sensitization to metals, welding-related respiratory symptoms suggestive of OA and BHR.
The undertaken study consisted of an initial pre-exposure assessment survey and two follow-up reassessment surveys that took place between September 1998 and June 2001. During these surveys a series of tests were carried out. These included a respiratory symptom questionnaire as well as a systemic symptom questionnaire, skin prick tests, spirometry and methacholine challenge tests. Industrial hygiene sampling for welding fumes in the breathing zone of these students was also performed. The overall results of the epidemiological study are presented in three interrelated manuscripts.
The first manuscript describes in detail the underlying methodology. In addition, it provides incidence figures, which are lacking in the reviewed literature, for the outcomes of interest described afterwards. The second manuscript determined the incidence of bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) and the increase in airway obstruction from baseline values. The third manuscript confirmed our earlier findings (1) of a strong association between welding-related MFF and welding-related respiratory symptoms suggestive of OA. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

This study assessed the dilemmas associated with apprentice assessment systems in the New Apprenticeship Training and Assessment System (NATAS), (State based system), and the Modular system (National system) in Western Australia. Although both were described as competency-based systems these different schemes showed the variations that existed under this general description of training and assessment. The Modular system was a competency-based system which emphasised outcomes rather than the process of training.The emphasis on the process of training was what sustained decades of traditional apprenticeship training. The competency-based approach, discussed in detail later, was a performance-based methodology. Conceptually the apprentice either could perform a given task or task element as set by a specific performance criterion, or s/he could not. The person was judged, based upon the performance outcome to be either competent or incompetent. The basic assumption was that the person could not be partially competent.The competencies approach was a cornerstone of the Australian National training provision. It was administered by the National Training Board through an Australian Standards Framework. The key target group in this assessment of the competency area and the focus of this study was the young apprentice who would become a skilled tradesperson in a relatively short period of four years.Supporting the apprentices in the NATAS system were monitors, lecturers, and employer's members of these groups, who together with apprentices were used to gain insights into the new training initiatives.A previous study Williamson, Lowe and Boyd (1990) had looked at the Western Australian New Apprenticeship and Training System (NATAS). The intention was to develop ideas further and in greater depth using qualitative methodology in the area of effectiveness of the training and assessment system. The research also had critically assessed the Modular system (National) which in most cases progressively replaced NATAS during the period of the research.

This study assessed the dilemmas associated with apprentice assessment systems in the New Apprenticeship Training and Assessment System (NATAS), (State based system), and the Modular system (National system) in Western Australia. Although both were described as competency-based systems these different schemes showed the variations that existed under this general description of training and assessment. The Modular system was a competency-based system which emphasised outcomes rather than the process of training.The emphasis on the process of training was what sustained decades of traditional apprenticeship training. The competency-based approach, discussed in detail later, was a performance-based methodology. Conceptually the apprentice either could perform a given task or task element as set by a specific performance criterion, or s/he could not. The person was judged, based upon the performance outcome to be either competent or incompetent. The basic assumption was that the person could not be partially competent.The competencies approach was a cornerstone of the Australian National training provision. It was administered by the National Training Board through an Australian Standards Framework. The key target group in this assessment of the competency area and the focus of this study was the young apprentice who would become a skilled tradesperson in a relatively short period of four years.Supporting the apprentices in the NATAS system were monitors, lecturers, and employer's members of these groups, who together with apprentices were used to gain insights into the new training initiatives.A previous study Williamson, Lowe and Boyd (1990) had looked at the Western Australian New Apprenticeship and Training System (NATAS). The intention was to develop ideas further and in greater depth using qualitative methodology in the area of effectiveness of the training and ++
assessment system. The research also had critically assessed the Modular system (National) which in most cases progressively replaced NATAS during the period of the research.

Thesis (M.F.A.)--University of New Orleans, 2005.
Title from electronic submission form. "A thesis ... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Fine Arts in the Department of Drama and Communications"--Thesis t.p. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

 

English abstract

 

 

The culture of hotel and restaurant work.

Dangerous for apprentices and students?

The study is based on a survey targeting 50 teachers at chef schools with good geographic distribution of 9 schools. Teachers answer questions on bullying and sexual harassment in the hotel and restaurant sector, and students practice shock in the meeting with the industry. Students face a hard and tough environment where it is expected that it will suffer a great deal of harassment and degrading treatment as part of a tradition. There seems to be a general but erroneous belief that the professional climate has improved. The study shows that this is not the case. The respondents replied that bullying is common in the industry, and 92% of vocational teachers indicated that students are affected by a practice shock. The study shows that the industry climate has to be tough, but it is stated at the same time be too tough. Schools management lacks understanding and insight into the unique professional culture that prevails.

Keywords: Culture, hotel and restaurant sector, bullying, harassment, students, apprentices, traineeships shock, outsourced public school

 

 

Sammanfattning

 

Yrkeskulturen  i hotell och restaurangbranschen.

En fara för lärlingar och elever?

 

Studien grundar sig  på en enkätundersökning riktad mot 50 yrkeslärare med god geografisk spridning på 9 skolor. Lärarna svarar på frågor om  mobbning och sexuella trakasserier i hotell och restaurangbranschen samt elevernas praktikchock i mötet med branschen. Eleverna står inför en hård och tuff miljö där det förväntas att man skall utstå mycket mobbning och kränkande behandling som en del av en tradition. Det tycks råda en allmän men felaktig uppfattning om att branschklimatet blivit bättre, studien visar att så inte är fallet. De tillfrågade yrkeslärarna svarade att mobbing är vanligt förekommande i branschen och 92% av yrkeslärarna uppger att elever drabbas av en praktikchock. Studien visar att  branschklimatet måste vara tufft men det uppges samtidigt vara  allt för tufft. Skolornas ledning saknar förståelse och insikt i den särpräglade branschkulturen som råder.

 

Nyckelord: Branschkultur, restaurangbranschen, mobbing, kränkande behandling, elever, lärlingar, praktikchock, skolentreprenad  

This thesis examines indentured and apprenticed labor in Cape Town between the years 1808 and 1840. Through analysis of primary material such as the South African Commercial Advertiser, the Colonist, and the Mediator, as well as contemporary travel accounts, contracts of indenture and apprenticeship, and an examination of the records of the Cape Town Magistrates, this study explores the attitudes and perceptions towards indentured and apprenticed labor by both employers and indentured and apprenticed servants.This study hopes to add to the existing literature pertaining to nineteenth-century Cape Colony labor. This thesis commences with an examination of the different indenture and apprenticeship systems which existed in Cape Town between the years 1808 and 1840. It explores the issue of how employers and the government sought to maintain a constant supply of labor in the city as the prominence of urban slavery declined. It also discusses the important issue of how employers defined the terms apprentice and indenture. Chapter two explores the topic of child apprenticeship in Cape Town between the years 1812 to 1840, and illustrates that the notion of child apprenticeship was understood in different ways between employers and parents of apprenticed children. Chapter three investigates the stereotypes Cape Town's English speaking employers held towards the city's indentured and apprenticed laborers. The final chapter explores the question of status and incorporation into Cape Town society for the city's indentured and apprenticed laborers, and demonstrates that laborers did not enjoy equal status to the city's slaves.

La recherche souligne l’importance patrimonial des Écoles d’Apprentis et d’Artisans (Escolas de Aprendizes e Artífices - EAAs) brésiliennes, en se concentrant sur l’École d’Apprentis et d’Artisans de la Parahyba (EAA-PB). Ces écoles fut crées de l'ancienne République Fédérative du Brésil, dans un contexte de politiques publiques de promotion de projets éducatifs professionnels (Décret-loi nº. 7 566 du 23 septembre 1909). Les objectifs de l'État Fédéral étaient multiples : répondre la fois une demande de main-d'œuvre industrielle qualifiée et à la fois contenir les mouvements des jeunes et émeutes provoqués par le chômage. Ce projet du gouvernement fédéral a permis la création de dix-neuf écoles professionnelles, ceux-là réparties stratégiquement dans tout le pays. Dans ce contexte d’industrialisation et de modernisation des villes brésiliennes, le style néocolonial fut un des langages architecturaux utilisés. Cette recherche s'intéresse la création de ces institutions brésiliennes avec un focus sur l’EAA-PB. L’étude vise : documenter la valeur incontestée de ce patrimoine éducatif et industriel à travers d’un regard social, politique et architectural ; étudier comment les écoles professionnelles étrangères (nord-américaines et français) de la fin du XIXe siècle et début du XXe siècle influencèrent les École d’Apprentis et d’Artisans. Pour cette recherche, nous avons compilée des données historiques, des relevés architecturaux, des registres iconographiques et éducatifs. Le résultat de ce travail a eu pour but fournir un document qui démontrai l'importance de l’EAAs au développement de l’enseignement professionnel à niveaux national et international; ABSTRACT: The research highlights the importance of the cultural heritage of the Brazilian Schools of Apprentices and Artificers (Escolas de Aprendizes e Artífices - EAAs), focusing on the Parahyba School of Apprentices and Artificers (EAA-PB). These schools were created in the former Federal Republic of Brazil, in a context of public policies and promotion of professional educational projects (Decree-Law No. 7,566 of September 23, 1909). The Federal State had two objectives with this program: to respond to a national demand for skilled labor and to contain riots and rebellions of young people caused by poverty and unemployment. This federal government program allowed the creation of nineteen vocational schools, which would be strategically distributed throughout the country. In this context of industrialization and modernization of the Brazilian cities, the neocolonial style was one of the architectural languages used. Thus, this research is interested in the creation of these institutions in Brazil with a focus on EAA-PB. This study aims to document the incontestable value of this educational and industrial heritage through a social, political and architectural view and to study how North American and French vocational schools from the end of the 19th century and beginning of 20th century influenced the Schools of Apprentices and Artifices. For this research we compiled historical data, architectural surveys, iconographic and educational records. The intention of this work is to write a document to clarify the importance of EAAs in the development of vocational education at both national and international levels; RESUMO: A pesquisa destaca a importância patrimonial das Escolas de Aprendizes e Artífices (EAAs) brasileiras, tendo como foco a Escola de Aprendizes e Artífices da Parahyba (EAAPB). Essas escolas foram criadas na antiga República Federativa do Brasil, em um contexto de políticas públicas e promoção de projetos educativos de cunho profissionalizante (DecretoLei nº 7.566, de 23 de setembro de 1909). O Estado Federal possuía objetivos múltiplos com esse programa : responder a uma demande nacional de mão-de-obra qualificada e conter motins e rebeliões de jovens provocados pela probreza e pelo desemprego. Esse programa do governo federal permitiu a criação de dezenove escolas profissionalizantes, que seriam estrategicamente distribuidas em todo o país. Nesse contexto de industrialização e modernização das cidades brasileiras, o estilo neocolonial foi uma das linguagens arquitetônicas utilizadas. Assim, essa pesquisa se interessa pela criação dessas instituições no Brasil com foco na EAA-PB. Ela visa: documentar o valor inconteste desse patrimônio educativo e industrial através de um olhar social, político e arquitetônico; estudar como as escolas profissionalizantes estrangeiras (norte americanas e francesas) do final do século XIX e início so século XX influenciaram as Escolas de Aprendizes e Artífices. Para isso, compilamos dados históricos, levantamentos arquitetônicos, registros iconográficos e educacionais. O resultado desse trabalho teve como finalidade construir um documento que trousesse à luz a importância das EAAs no desenvolvimento do ensino profissionalizante à nível nacional e internacional.