Journal articles on the topic 'Appraisals'
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1
Hergovich, Andreas, Ulrike Sirsch, and Martin Felinger. "SELF-APPRAISALS, ACTUAL APPRAISALS AND REFLECTED APPRAISALS OF PREADOLESCENT CHILDREN." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 30, no. 6 (January 1, 2002): 603–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2002.30.6.603.
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The relationship between children's self-perceptions, children's perceptions of others' appraisal (i.e., reflected appraisals) and others' actual appraisals reported by mothers, fathers and teachers were examined. The Self-Description Questionnaire 1 (Marsh, 1988) was presented to 428 children. Parents and teachers were given an adapted form. Additionally, children were asked for reflected appraisals of their mothers, fathers and teachers according to the scales of the SDQ1. Results suggest that the reflected appraisal process is in fact more complicated than originally assumed by the theorist of symbolic interactionism. Thus, besides direct effects from actual appraisal on reflected appraisal and reflected appraisal on selfappraisal, there are also indications of an effect by actual appraisals on self- and reflected appraisals, especially for academic self-concept. Furthermore, results indicate that different significant others have a different impact on the self-perceptions of preadolescent children.
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Dhiman, Amit, and Manjari Singh. "Appraisal Politics: Revisiting from Assessors' Perspective." Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers 32, no. 1 (January 2007): 75–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090920070106.
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Politics is a bane of administrative systems such as performance appraisals. It not only debilitates the system's credibility in the eyes of various stakeholders, but also adversely affects the employees' morale and the organizational effectiveness. While admitting that rooting it out completely is impossible, it is in the organizational interest that it is mitigated to a large extent. In case of performance appraisals, assessees and assessors, both try to influence the assessees� performance rating to advance self-interests. The former typically aims at higher ratings/rewards, and uses informal influence means such as upward connections, ingratiation, etc., to achieve it. The latter may use appraisals to fulfil their vested interests like building in�groups by rewarding certain favoured assessees, and projecting good departmental performance, by manipulating assessees� ratings (inflation or deflation). Some managers consider these actions legitimate because it helps them manage effectively. While these manipulations may fulfil the assessors' short-term goals, it hurts the organization in the long run by compromising performance culture, demoralizing genuine performers, discrediting pay for performance policies, etc. This paper focuses on the assessors' perspective and conceptualizes their perceptions of politics in appraisals (PAPS). We argue that PAPS constitutes the assessors' perception about political behaviours of other stakeholders�reviewers, assessees, and fellow appraisers�and shapes their own perceptions. These perceptions will be influenced by certain contextual factors in which appraisals are conducted. We have focused on four such factors: ambiguity about policies, procedures, performance standards, criteria, etc. assessors' accountability with respect to appraisals assessors' and assessees' instrumentality linked to appraisal organizational support in terms of assessors� training to conduct better appraisals. We argue that these are key variables closely related to many job and organizational characteristics, and thus are fair representation of the appraisal context. In relation to these antecedents, we propose that these reduce assessors� PAPS when: Appraisal process and system ambiguity is low. The assessors are accountable to a neutral authority for following appraisal procedures which enhance rating accuracy; on the other hand, assessors' outcome accountability accentuates politicking. Some of the procedures which enhance accuracy are frequent feedback, 360-degree feedback, assessees' involvement in the process, etc. The assessors are trained to conduct fair appraisals. The assessors' and the assessees' appraisal instrumentality directly affects PAPS as well as moderates the above relations. It is further proposed that PAPS predict the assessors' intentions to pursue certain appraisal goals. It can be rating accuracy if political perceptions are low; and, it can be other political goals, if these perceptions are high. These intentions predict actual assessor actions. This paper contributes to appraisal literature and informs managers about mitigating appraisal politics.
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Liao, Hsueh-Fei, Nan-Yu Chu:, and Chien-Wen Peng. "International Real Estate Review." International Real Estate Review 21, no. 3 (September 30, 2018): 295–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.53383/100263.
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Previous studies on the impact of clients on real estate appraisals have been limited in terms of their research method and selection of variables. They have been unable to effectively measure the impact of clients on the behavior of appraisers, and also neglected the influence of appraisers on their own behavior. The objective of this study is to therefore focus on real estate appraisers in Taiwan by investigating their awareness of appraiser independence and the factors that influence such independence through a questionnaire survey. The results show that appraisers generally agree that they are highly independent of the decision regarding the final appraisal, but the actual appraisal may be affected by the behavior of the client. The most critical factors that affect the awareness of appraiser independence of appraisers are the size of the appraising company, impact of the behavior of other appraisers, and extent to which appraisers are affected by industry regulations. Accordingly, we recommend building an external environment to make independent appraisals and a third party who plays an intermediary role during the process of appointment to reduce the pressure by clients on appraisers.
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Sillars, Angela A., and Elizabeth L. Davis. "Children’s challenge and threat appraisals vary by discrete emotion, age, and gender." International Journal of Behavioral Development 42, no. 5 (November 7, 2017): 506–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025417739178.
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Three decades of research have examined children’s challenge and threat appraisals, yet unresolved issues remain. This study provides new insight about three central, open questions in this field: How do challenge and threat appraisals relate to events eliciting discrete negative emotions? How do challenge appraisals develop across childhood, and are there gender differences across development? In this cross-sectional study, 172 children (three age groups: 3–5 years, 6–8 years, and 9–11 years) and 89 young adults (ages 17–26) described sad, scary, and anger-provoking autobiographical experiences and were asked whether the event was something they could handle (a challenge appraisal) or whether it was just too much (a threat appraisal). Challenge appraisals were associated with anger-eliciting events more often than with sad or scary events. In line with predictions, challenge appraisals steadily increased across age groups. In early childhood, girls made more challenge appraisals than boys, but young adult men made more challenge appraisals than young adult women. Findings highlight the importance of understanding the developmental progression of appraising difficult events and experiences as a challenge rather than a threat, and provide new information about the etiology of adaptive appraisal processes in early life.
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Watson, Gary. "A Study of CTLA Formula Values." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 27, no. 6 (November 1, 2001): 289–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2001.032.
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Appraisal records dating from 1980 to 1995 were acquired from 51 casualty loss appraisers (usually for privately owned trees) and 24 municipal inventories (primarily for street trees). The final database consisted of 3,966 casualty loss appraisals and 129,880 inventory appraisals. The data from this study were used to develop a reference table of tree appraisal values grouped by size and species classes. The table does not eliminate the need to use the formula, but it does provide an individual an opportunity to compare his or her appraised values to values of similar trees. Appraised values of inventory trees were significantly higher (P < 0.001) than values of casualty loss trees. The difference is partially explained by larger size and higher location rating of inventory trees. The average condition of all the trees appraised was rated as fair.
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Cumming, Samuel J. D., Martin J. Turner, and Marc Jones. "Longitudinal Changes in Elite Rowers’ Challenge and Threat Appraisals of Pressure Situations: A Season-Long Observational Study." Sport Psychologist 31, no. 3 (September 2017): 217–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2016-0087.
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Challenge cognitive appraisals are associated with superior performance compared with threat (Jones, Meijen, McCarthy, & Sheffield, 2009). However, research has not examined longitudinal temporal patterns of challenge and threat appraisals. In this study, 14 (five female) elite rowers (Mage = 25.79 years, SD = 2.67) provided self-reported appraisals data at four time points (baseline; before national trials; before the second world rowing cup regatta; and before the world rowing championships). The rowers’ predisposed appraisal style predicted subsequent appraisals. Challenge and self-efficacy increased while loss and avoidance appraisals decreased over time. The rowers were highly predisposed to challenge, becoming more challenged through events of increasing magnitude. This suggests that athletes’ predisposed appraisal style can predict their approach to competition. Future studies could identify protocols for encouraging challenge states in athletes, observe the physiological indicators of challenge and threat longitudinally, and consider the interaction between challenge and threat appraisals.
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Ramsay, Ian, and Mihika Upadhyaya. "An Analysis of Board of Director Appraisal Disclosures in Australia and the United States." Business Law Review 41, Issue 5 (October 1, 2020): 160–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/bula2020114.
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Appraisals of boards of directors are now well established and viewed as important contributors to the effectiveness of boards. Because board appraisal practices vary between companies and the benefits of an appraisal will only be obtained where an appropriate practice is followed, there is significant interest in the board appraisal practices adopted by companies. The authors first outline the benefits and challenges of board appraisals and identify the key features of an effective board appraisal. They then present the results of their study of how board appraisals are conducted in Australia in relation to large and small listed companies and compare the findings with the board appraisal practices of US Fortune 100 companies.
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Szymona-Pałkowska, Katarzyna, Konrad Janowski, Agnieszka Pedrycz, Dariusz Mucha, Tadeusz Ambroży, Piotr Siermontowski, Jolanta Adamczuk, Marta Sapalska, Dawid Mucha, and Janusz Kraczkowski. "Knowledge of the Disease, Perceived Social Support, and Cognitive Appraisals in Women with Urinary Incontinence." BioMed Research International 2016 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3694792.
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Social support and knowledge of the disease have been shown to facilitate adaptation to a chronic disease. However, the adaptation process is not fully understood. We hypothesized that these factors can contribute to better adaptation to the disease through their impact on disease-related cognitive appraisal. To analyze the links between social support and the knowledge of the disease, on one hand, and disease-related appraisals, on the other hand, one hundred fifty-eight women with stress UI, aged 32 to 79, took part in the study. Questionnaire measures of knowledge of UI, social support, and disease-related appraisals were used in the study. The level of knowledge correlated significantly negatively with the appraisal of the disease as Harm. The global level of social support correlated significantly positively with three disease-related appraisals: Profit, Challenge, and Value. Four subgroups of patients with different constellations of social support and knowledge of the disease were identified in cluster analysis and were demonstrated to differ significantly on four disease-related appraisals: Profit, Challenge, Harm, and Value. Different cognitive appraisals of UI may be specifically related to social support and knowledge of the disease, with social support affective positive disease-related appraisals, and the knowledge affecting the appraisal of Harm.
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Gerich, Joachim, and Christoph Weber. "The Ambivalent Appraisal of Job Demands and the Moderating Role of Job Control and Social Support for Burnout and Job Satisfaction." Social Indicators Research 148, no. 1 (October 11, 2019): 251–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11205-019-02195-9.
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Abstract Within an extended challenge–hindrance framework, it is assumed that job demands are subjectively appraised both as challenges (that is, as working conditions that are associated with potential personal gains) and hindrances (as working conditions associated with constrains) at the same time. In accordance with transactional stress theory, the association between demand intensity and work-related attitudes (work satisfaction) and psychological strain (burnout) is expected to be mediated by individual appraisal. Moreover, because curvilinear relationships between demand and challenge and hindrance appraisals are assumed, and appraisal is expected to be moderated by job control and social support, we tested complex nonlinear moderated mediation models for four types of job demands (task difficulty, time pressure, interruptions, and responsibility). Based on cross-sectional data of a heterogeneous sample of employees, we confirmed simultaneous challenge and hindrance appraisals. Challenge components are positively associated and hindrance components are negatively associated with favorable outcomes (higher work satisfaction and lower burnout). Challenge appraisals are found to be more relevant for work satisfaction, while hindrance appraisals are more relevant for burnout. The relationship between demand intensity and challenge appraisal is confirmed as curvilinear, whereas hindrance appraisals are approximately linearly related to demand intensity. The relationship between demand intensity and outcome variables is partly mediated by challenge and hindrance appraisal, and significant interaction effects suggest that the appraisal process is moderated by job control and social support.
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Pineda, David. "Emotions, Appraisals, and Embodied Appraisals." Crítica (México D. F. En línea) 47, no. 140 (December 6, 2015): 3–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/iifs.18704905e.2015.494.
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Jesse Prinz’s recent perceptual theory of emotion honors the central Jamesian claim that the emotion follows, and is actually caused by, the syndrome of bodily changes which are typical of emotional reactions. Prinz also thinks that emotions essentially involve appraisals of the object of emotion but, in the light of certain arguments supporting the central Jamesian claim, he concludes that these appraisals must be in any case embodied. In this paper, I will first raise three concerns with Prinz’s view and, second, I will present an alternative, the multidimensional appraisal theory of emotion, and argue that this alternative can accommodate successfully the Jamesian arguments without any need to honor the central Jamesian claim.
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Shargel, Daniel. "Appraisals, Emotions, and Inherited Intentional Objects." Emotion Review 9, no. 1 (November 11, 2016): 46–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1754073916658249.
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Modern appraisal theories inherited a problem from the Schachter theory: are emotions directed at intentional objects, and if so, why? On both theories the emotion is initiated by some sort of cognitive state, which according to Schachter produces a state of arousal, and according to appraisal theorists a cluster of emotion-specific states. If cognitions are components of the emotional state it may seem like we can explain why emotions inherit objects from those cognitions. In this article I focus on appraisal theories, and argue that appraisals are emotional components because they are synchronized with other emotion subsystems. However, emotions do not inherit their intentional objects from appraisals, because the appraisals that are emotional components are generic, rather than object-directed.
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Woud, Marcella L., Simon E. Blackwell, Susann Steudte-Schmiedgen, Michael Browning, Emily A. Holmes, Catherine J. Harmer, Jürgen Margraf, and Andrea Reinecke. "Investigating d-cycloserine as a potential pharmacological enhancer of an emotional bias learning procedure." Journal of Psychopharmacology 32, no. 5 (February 15, 2018): 569–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881118754679.
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The partial N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor agonist d-cycloserine may enhance psychological therapies. However, its exact mechanism of action is still being investigated. Cognitive bias modification techniques allow isolation of cognitive processes and thus investigation of how they may be affected by d-cycloserine. We used a cognitive bias modification paradigm targeting appraisals of a stressful event, Cognitive Bias Modification-Appraisal, to investigate whether d-cycloserine enhanced the modification of appraisal, and whether it caused greater reduction in indices of psychopathology. Participants received either 250 mg of d-cycloserine ( n=19) or placebo ( n=19). As a stressor task, participants recalled a negative life event, followed by positive Cognitive Bias Modification-Appraisal training. Before and after Cognitive Bias Modification-Appraisal, appraisals and indices of psychopathology related to the stressor were assessed. Cognitive Bias Modification-Appraisal successfully modified appraisals, but d-cycloserine did not affect appraisals post-training. There were no post-training group differences in frequency of intrusions. Interestingly, d-cycloserine led to a greater reduction in distress and impact on state mood from recalling the event, and lower distress post-training was associated with fewer intrusions. Therefore, d-cycloserine may affect emotional reactivity to recalling a negative event when combined with induction of a positive appraisal style, but via a mechanism other than enhanced learning of the appraisal style.
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Berjot, S., C. Roland-Levy, and N. Girault-Lidvan. "Cognitive Appraisals of Stereotype Threat." Psychological Reports 108, no. 2 (April 2011): 585–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/04.07.21.pr0.108.2.585-598.
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Using the cognitive appraisal conceptualisation of the transactional model of stress, the goal was to assess how victims of stereotype threat respond to this situation in terms of primary appraisals (threat/challenge) and to investigate whether those appraisals may mediate the relation between stereotype threat and performance. Results show that, while participants from North Africa living in France did appraise the situation more as a threat and less as a challenge, only challenge appraisal mediated between stereotype threat and performance.
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Solem, Stian, Kristen Hagen, Bjarne Hansen, Åshild T. Håland, Gunvor Launes, Adam B. Lewin, Eric A. Storch, and Patrick A. Vogel. "Thought Content and Appraisals in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder." Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 29, no. 2 (2015): 106–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.29.2.106.
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A premise for cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is that appraisal of obsessions maintains OCD symptoms whereas obsessive content is less important. The main aim of this study was therefore to explore this notion using the autogenous and reactive classification of obsessive content and by assessing changes in appraisals and symptoms following CBT for OCD. More specifically, the study investigates whether recovery from OCD is associated with changes in appraisal and explores how thought content relates to appraisal and symptoms both before and CBT. Data from 156 adults with OCD completing CBT for OCD were analyzed. Changes in appraisals were related to improvement in OCD symptoms. Slightly more participants reported reactive intrusions (47%) than autogenous (29%), but combinations of the two were common (24%). These classifications of thought content were not related to levels of appraisal or change in symptoms, with the exception of patients with autogenous thoughts who appraised their intrusions as more important than others. OCD is heterogeneous regarding thought content and strength of appraisals but can be quite homogeneous in terms of CBT treatment response. Also, and in line with cognitive theory, recovery from OCD is associated with changes in appraisals.
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Lyons, Thomas F., and Thomas J. Callahan. "A Third Role in Performance Appraisal: A Suggestion from the Medical Care Quality Appraisal Systems." Public Personnel Management 25, no. 2 (June 1996): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009102609602500201.
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Practitioners and theorists alike increasingly have become dissatisfied with formal performance appraisals. A focus on the structural aspects of appraisals, as developed in the health care industry, is offered as a meaningful addition to traditional performance appraisal methods.
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Meredith, Pamela J., Jenny Strong, and Judith A. Feeney. "Evidence of a Relationship between Adult Attachment Variables and Appraisals of Chronic Pain." Pain Research and Management 10, no. 4 (2005): 191–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2005/745650.
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OBJECTIVE: Although threat and challenge appraisals of pain have been linked to both the acute and laboratory-induced pain experience, these appraisals have not yet been explored in relation to chronic pain. In addition, although attachment theory has been separately linked to the chronic pain experience and to responses to perceived threat, it has not been explored in the context of threat and challenge appraisals of chronic pain. The present paper addresses these two main goals.METHODS: A sample of 141 participants reporting noncancer pain longer than two months in duration completed a battery of assessments before commencing treatment in one of two multidisciplinary rehabilitation programs.RESULTS: Analysis of the pain appraisal inventory produced two factors (threat and challenge), replicating earlier findings. Reliability coefficients for the two extracted scales were 0.87 and 0.86, respectively. Links between the two pain appraisal scales and adult attachment variables proved to be significant. In particular, comfort with closeness was strongly related to challenge appraisal, while anxiety over relationships was strongly associated with threat appraisal. As expected, both appraisals and attachment variables were also related to catastrophizing and emotional distress.CONCLUSIONS: Results support use of the pain appraisal inventory as an evaluation tool for those with chronic pain. Findings further suggest a substantial association between adult attachment and pain appraisal, supporting the need for more in-depth analysis and consideration of implications for treatment.
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Fürst, Henrik. "Aspiring writers and appraisal devices under market uncertainty." Acta Sociologica 61, no. 4 (January 9, 2018): 389–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0001699317749285.
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Aspiring artists are uncertain about how their work’s quality will be evaluated by gatekeepers on artistic markets. Learning to evaluate the quality of one’s work and its prospects on the artistic market is central to artistic careers, yet often overlooked in research. An analysis of 47 interviews with aspiring writers in Sweden shows that they use what in this article is coined appraisal devices to deal with this market uncertainty. Appraisal devices offer trusted and knowledgeable appraisals of their work’s chances of success and failure on the artistic market. Appraisals from assessors become appraisal devices when assessors are trusted and seen as knowledgeable about how works are evaluated on the artistic market and are able to produce such evaluations. Appraisals from competitions become appraisal devices when the writer sees the evaluation as reflecting how the writer’s work will be evaluated on the artistic market. In contrast to judgment devices, which take the perspective of cultural consumption, appraisal devices take the perspective of cultural production. Aspiring artists use appraisal devices to deal with the uncertainty of their chances of success on the artistic market.
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Walsh, Kate, and Dalmar Fisher. "Action inquiry and performance appraisals." Learning Organization 12, no. 1 (February 1, 2005): 26–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09696470510574241.
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PurposeIntroduces the primary concepts behind the practice of action inquiry. Then, examines what current literature suggests about components of the performance appraisal process and identifies areas where applying action inquiry concepts can add a new dimension to our current understanding.Design/methodology/approachApplies action inquiry, a concept from the organizational learning and change literatures, to suggest ways to infuse meaning and mutuality into appraisal discussions to help organizational leaders and members learn and develop. Ways to do so are demonstrated through a review and discussion of seven principal research streams in the current appraisal literature.FindingsAn action inquiry approach can address many of the limitations inherent in the appraisal process and refocus appraisals as developmental tools. Potentially, appraisals can act as forums to open dialogue, invite participation and build relationships around re‐visioning one's work and career. The process can become instrumental to continual quality improvement and organizational growth suggests that a rich opportunity exists to make the performance appraisal process developmentally meaningful for individuals and potentially transformative for organizations.Originality/valueDiscusses seven themes addressed in performance appraisal research and poses new possibilities that emerge when these themes are examined through an action inquiry lens.
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Hoekstra, Hans A., and Bert A. M. Stoop. "Feeling rules: Testing a model of appraisal—affect relations." European Journal of Personality 3, no. 4 (December 1989): 229–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.2410030402.
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The aim of this study was to test a model specifying the relations between appraisals and affects. A theory of the appraisal—affect relation is proposed in terms of general feeling rules differentiating between affects. A taxonomy of ten appraisals is presented, each defined by a specific profile of scores on four appraisal variables: desirability, controllability, responsibility, and the kind of value being at stake in an event. The appraisals are related to nine affect dimensions, resulting from earlier taxonomic research on the structure of affect (Hoekstra, 1986). All predictions following from the theory were tested in two independent samples by structural analysis. The model showed a good fit in both data sets.
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Comensoli, Andrew, and Carolyn MacCann. "Emotion Appraisals Predict Neuroticism and Extraversion." Journal of Individual Differences 36, no. 1 (February 1, 2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000149.
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The current study proposes and refines the Appraisals in Personality (AIP) model in a multilevel investigation of whether appraisal dimensions of emotion predict differences in state neuroticism and extraversion. University students (N = 151) completed a five-factor measure of trait personality, and retrospectively reported seven situations from the previous week, giving state personality and appraisal ratings for each situation. Results indicated that: (a) trait neuroticism and extraversion predicted average levels of state neuroticism and extraversion respectively, and (b) five of the examined appraisal dimensions predicted one, or both of the state neuroticism and extraversion personality domains. However, trait personality did not moderate the relationship between appraisals and state personality. It is concluded that appraisal dimensions of emotion may provide a useful taxonomy for quantifying and comparing situations, and predicting state personality.
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Orpen, Christopher. "Correlates of Perceived Confidence in Performance Appraisals." Psychological Reports 68, no. 3_suppl (June 1991): 1336–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1991.68.3c.1336.
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The relationships among a number of appraisal, firm, and personal attributes and general confidence appraisals were examined in a sample of 103 Australian middle-managers. Significant correlations were found between confidence and existence of appraisal schemes and between confidence and frequency of appraisals. The correlations between self-esteem of subjects and confidence and between internal control and confidence were both significant. The correlations with firm size, structure, reward system, and climate were all nonsignificant.
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Bernardi, Jessica, and Laura Jobson. "Investigating the Moderating Role of Culture on the Relationship Between Appraisals and Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder." Clinical Psychological Science 7, no. 5 (April 29, 2019): 1000–1013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167702619841886.
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Appraisals play a central role in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Accumulating cross-cultural psychology research has demonstrated that culture affects the way in which individuals appraise an experience. However, there is little empirical work considering the influence of culture on appraisals in PTSD. In this study, we investigated the influence of culture on trauma-related appraisals and PTSD symptoms, with a particular focus on appraisals related to control. Trauma-related appraisals and PTSD symptoms were assessed in European Australian ( n = 71) and Asian Australian ( n = 73) adult trauma survivors. The group (European Australian vs. Asian Australian) was found to moderate the relationship between control, responsibility, and agency-focused appraisals (mental defeat, mastery, present control, and self-blame) and PTSD symptoms. Findings suggest that the relationship between these appraisal types and PTSD is influenced by the extent to which an individual emphasizes the independent self-construal. The cross-sectional design prevents causal inferences being drawn from the findings. Implications for culturally informed PTSD models and treatments are discussed.
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Silvia, Paul J. "Cognitive Appraisals and Interest in Visual Art: Exploring an Appraisal Theory of Aesthetic Emotions." Empirical Studies of the Arts 23, no. 2 (July 2005): 119–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/12av-ah2p-mceh-289e.
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Since Berlyne's seminal research, the study of experimental aesthetics has examined interest as a response to art. The present research explores the implications of appraisal theories of emotion for the study of interest as an emotion relevant to aesthetics. Participants viewed pictures of modern experimental visual art and rated each picture for interest and for appraisals of complexity and comprehensibility. Multilevel modeling assessed the within-person effects of appraisals on interest. As predicted by appraisal theories, both appraisals significantly and strongly predicted interest at the within-person level. The within-person relationships were not moderated by individual-differences relevant to interest in art (e.g., trait curiosity). Theories of “aesthetic response” should capitalize on modern theories and findings in emotion psychology.
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Vincent-Onabajo, Grace, Pwadi Gayus, Mamman Ali Masta, Muhammad Usman Ali, Fatima Kachalla Gujba, Ali Modu, and Saleh Usman Hassan. "Caregiving Appraisal by Family Caregivers of Stroke Survivors in Nigeria." Journal of Caring Sciences 7, no. 4 (October 22, 2018): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/jcs.2018.028.
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Introduction: Attending to caregiving experiences of family caregivers of stroke survivors is important in person-centered stroke rehabilitation. This study explored caregiving appraisals by family caregivers of stroke survivors in Nigeria. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of family caregivers’ negative and positive appraisals of caregiving was conducted using the 24-item 4-domain revised Caregiving Appraisal Scale (rCAS). Mann Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to identify differences in caregiving appraisals based on specific caregiver and stroke survivor variables. Results: Seventy-three caregiver and care recipient dyads participated in the study. Mean age of the caregivers was 31.51 (9.82) years. From a score of 5, and higher scores depicting higher appraisal, mean (SD) score for caregiving satisfaction and caregiving mastery (positive appraisal domains) was 4.23 (0.97) and 4.04 (0.92) respectively while 2.29 (0.98) and 2.11 (0.93) were respectively recorded for caregiving burden and environmental impact (negative appraisal). Caregivers’ gender, age, and employment status resulted in significantly different appraisals with female caregivers having higher caregiving mastery (U = 446, P<0.05), caregiving satisfaction (U = 384.5, P<0.01), and also caregiving burden (U = 382.5, P<0.01) compared to their male counterparts; while older (U = 330; P<0.05) and employed (U = 437.5, P<0.05) family caregivers reported higher caregiving satisfaction and burden respectively than younger and unemployed family caregivers. Conclusion: Given the comparatively higher positive caregiving appraisal, and the documented benefits of positive caregiving appraisal, efforts should be geared towards identifying effective means of reinforcing positive appraisal, and reducing negative stroke caregiving appraisal, especially for female, older and employed family caregivers.
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Fernandez de Henestrosa, Martha, Philipp E. Sischka, and Georges Steffgen. "Predicting Challenge and Threat Appraisal of Job Demands among Nurses: The Role of Matching Job Resources." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 2 (January 11, 2023): 1288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021288.
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(1) Background: Empirical studies have started to examine employees’ subjective appraisals of job demands and their relations to employees’ health. However, knowledge of working conditions, which might contribute to how employees appraise specific job demands, is scarce. The present study aimed to examine predictors of nurses’ appraisals of job demands (i.e., time pressure, emotional demands, physical demands, and role ambiguity) as challenges and/or threats among corresponding job resources (i.e., autonomy, social support, physical resources, participation in decision-making). It also examined moderating effects of these predictors. (2) Methods: Cross-sectional data were collected via an online survey in a sample of 425 nurses working in Luxembourg. (3) Results: Multiple regression analyses indicated that matching job resources predicted nurses’ appraisal of job demands as challenging. Threat appraisal was predicted by three out of four kinds of job resources (i.e., autonomy, physical resources, participation in decision-making). However, the current study did not find any moderating effects between job demands and job resources on challenge/threat appraisals. (4) Conclusions: The present study identified domain-specific job resources that contribute to how employees perceive selected job demands. Accordingly, we encourage scholars and practitioners to align job demands with matching job resources to prevent nurses’ threat appraisal of job demands, and to promote their challenge appraisals.
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Lee, Ye Hoon. "The Roles of Different Appraisals in Anxiety and Emotional Exhaustion: A Case of NCAA Division I Head Coaches." American Journal of Psychology 134, no. 3 (October 1, 2021): 269–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/amerjpsyc.134.3.0269.
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Abstract The complex and unpredictable nature of sport competitions causes athletic coaches to experience a substantial amount of anxiety, which can be detrimental to their well-being and performance. Therefore, it is important to identify the psychological process of how coaches manage their anxiety. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationships between the four different cognitive appraisals, anxiety, and emotional exhaustion among coaches. To accomplish this objective, 203 head coaches in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I were recruited to complete an online questionnaire. The findings indicate that the goal incongruence appraisal positively predicts reported anxiety, whereas the coping efficacy appraisal negatively predicts it. Furthermore, reported anxiety is positively associated with subjective ratings of emotional exhaustion. The findings of this study contribute to the understanding of the cognitive appraisal process of emotion by demonstrating how different appraisals are associated with anxiety. Additionally, the finding can help coaches use more effective cognitive appraisals to enhance their emotional experience.
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Khurshid, Anwar, Abdul Karim Khan, and Sara Alvi. "Performance Appraisal Challenge at Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority (CAA)." Asian Journal of Management Cases 14, no. 2 (September 2017): 198–225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972820117712304.
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The case discusses the multitude of challenges that CAA faces with respect to its performance appraisal system. Sumair Saeed, Chief Human Resource CAA, feels that problems lie in the implementation of the current appraisal system. Firstly, the system of targets and objectives between and the appraiser and the appraisee at the start of the year is not being followed. This leads employees to feel unfairly treated because no criteria for performance appraisal for their evaluation have been agreed upon. Secondly, Sumair feels there is no buy-in for the performance appraisal system since supervisors regard appraisal as extra workload and an uneasy time of the year. Supervisors consider it to be a confrontational rather than developmental/feedback exercise with the subordinate. Moreover, supervisors lack training in providing feedback on appraisals. It is felt that the culture of the organisation develops hostility and distrust when the appraisals are being conducted. The appraisal system doesn’t differentiate between performers or non-performers; thus decisions on promotions or career progressions can’t be based on appraisals. The problem of demotivation among employees is also a result of an ineffective performance appraisal system, as no differentiation exists between star performers and non-performers. Sumair is now contemplating the changes in the design or the implementation of the performance appraisal system which are required to rectify the process of performance appraisal at CAA.
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Settles, Isis H., Zaje A. T. Harrell, NiCole T. Buchanan, and Stevie C. Y. Yap. "Frightened or Bothered." Social Psychological and Personality Science 2, no. 6 (March 29, 2011): 600–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550611402520.
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The present study distinguishes between bothersome versus frightening sexual harassment appraisals and examines their relative strength as mediators of the relationship of sexual harassment intensity and perpetrator status with psychological distress. Using a sample of 6,304 men and women in the U.S. Armed Forces, the results indicated that sexual harassment intensity and perpetrator status were related to psychological distress. For men, bothersome appraisals mediated this relationship for two of the three sexual harassment subtypes examined and for perpetrator status; for women, bothersome appraisal was not a significant mediator. Frightening appraisals mediated the relationship for all sexual harassment subtypes and perpetrator status for both men and women, and accounted for significantly more of the relationship between sexual harassment intensity and distress than did bothersome appraisals for most analyses. However, mediating relationships were significantly stronger for men than for women. We discuss the utility of a multidimensional conceptualization of sexual harassment appraisals.
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Spinks, Nelda, Barron Wells, and Melanie Meche. "Appraising the appraisals: computerized performance appraisal systems." Career Development International 4, no. 2 (April 1999): 94–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13620439910254713.
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Boswell, Wendy R., and John W. Boudreau. "Employee satisfaction with performance appraisals and appraisers: The role of perceived appraisal use." Human Resource Development Quarterly 11, no. 3 (2000): 283–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1532-1096(200023)11:3<283::aid-hrdq6>3.0.co;2-3.
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Osipenko, Leeza. "Audit of data redaction practices in NICE technology appraisals from 1999 to 2019." BMJ Open 11, no. 10 (October 2021): e051812. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-051812.
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ObjectivesTo assess the extent and type of data redaction in all active technology appraisals (TA) and highly specialised technology (HST) evaluations issued by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) from its conception of the institute to September 2019. To propose policy recommendations for transparency.MethodsStructured audit to establish extent of data redaction—proportion of appraisals and specific data categories and assess redaction by: indication, appraisal process, manufacturer, type of data—price, adverse events (AEs), clinical (excluding AEs), incremental quality-adjusted life-years. Longitudinal analysis over 20 years.ResultsAll TAs with available documentation and active recommendations (n=408) and HSTs (n=10) published from March 2000 to 11 September 2019 have been assessed for data redaction. Overall, 333 TAs (81.6%) have data redaction, 86 (25.8%) of them are heavily redacted. Clinical data (excluding AEs) are redacted in 268 (65.7%) appraisals, AE data in 128 (31.4%), price in 238 (58.3%). In total, 87% of oncology appraisals have redacted data vs 78% of non-oncology appraisals. 91% of single TAs have redacted data vs 59% of multiple TAs. 25% of final guidance documents (e.g. Final Appraisal Determination - FAD) do not report one or more instance of clinical data. Data redaction increased substantially over time, and is currently at its highest level with 100% of TAs having at least some data redaction in 2019/2020, 96% of appraisals in 2018/2019% and 94% of appraisals in 2017/2018. All 10 HST evaluations have redacted data, with 4 of them being heavily redacted.ConclusionsDocuments supporting NICE TA and HST recommendations are significantly redacted, thereby concealing clinical and economic data of importance to patients, clinicians and researchers. Documents remain redacted on the NICE website for years. Policy change is required to ensure transparency of data underpinning NICE’s decisions.
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Cappelli, Peter, and Martin J. Conyon. "What Do Performance Appraisals Do?" ILR Review 71, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 88–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019793917698649.
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Performance appraisals, the evaluation of an employee’s job performance over the previous period by one’s supervisor, are a standard practice in virtually every organization. They are one of the most important, time-consuming, and unpopular tasks in management. Despite this, remarkably little is known about how performance appraisals operate, especially their consequences. Indeed, much of what is written from a practitioner perspective typically suggests that they do little. By contrast, we document empirical evidence of the importance of performance appraisals using data from a large US corporation. The results in this case show that appraisals are informative and directly influence many dimensions of employee outcomes, including employee bonuses, merit pay, employee promotions, and decisions to exit the firm. The evidence shows that the appraisal process here is consistent with a relational, open-ended view of employment. It is not consistent with the common economic view that performance appraisals simply settle-up contractually based employment relationships.
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Salmela-Aro, Katariina, Sanna Read, Eero Vuoksimaa, Tellervo Korhonen, Danielle M. Dick, Jaakko Kaprio, and Richard J. Rose. "Depressive Symptoms and Career-Related Goal Appraisals: Genetic and Environmental Correlations and Interactions." Twin Research and Human Genetics 17, no. 4 (June 16, 2014): 236–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/thg.2014.33.
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In order to further understand why depressive symptoms are associated with negative goal appraisals, the present study examined the genetic and environmental correlations and interactions between depressive symptoms and career-related goal appraisals. A total of 1,240 Finnish twins aged 21–26 years completed a questionnaire containing items on the appraisal of their career goals along five dimensions: importance, progress, effort, strain, and self-efficacy. In the same questionnaire, the 10-item General Behavior Inventory assessed depressive symptoms. Structural equation modeling was used to evaluate the genetic and environmental correlations and gene–environment interactions between the career-goal appraisals and depressive symptoms. Associations were identified, and were attributed to environmental factors. Of the career-related goal appraisals, the shared environmental component was of a higher magnitude for the dimension of strain among the depressed compared with non-depressed subjects. The results indicate that the interplay between depressive symptoms and negative career-related goal appraisals is significantly affected by environmental factors, and thus possibly susceptible to targeted interventions.
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Smith, William C., and Katarzyna Kubacka. "The emphasis of student test scores in teacher appraisal systems." education policy analysis archives 25 (August 21, 2017): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.14507/epaa.25.2889.
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Over the past 30 years teachers have been held increasingly accountable for the quality of education in their classroom. During this transition, the line between teacher appraisals, traditionally an instrument for continuous formative teacher feedback, and summative teacher evaluations has blurred. Student test scores, as an ‘objective’ measure, are increasingly used in teacher appraisals in response to historic questions that evaluations are based on ‘subjective’ components. Their central position in appraisals is part of a larger Global Testing Culture, where standardized tests are linked with high stakes outcomes. Although most teacher appraisal systems are based on multiple components, the prominence of testing as the taken for granted measure of quality suggests that not all components are given equal weight or seen as equally important. This article further explores the role of testing in high stakes teacher appraisal systems across 33 countries using data from the 2013 TALIS; addressing both the prominence of student test scores and their relative importance in teacher’s perceived feedback utility. Results indicate that, while rarely applied in isolation, student test scores are the most common component used in teacher appraisals. Relative to other components, student achievement is more often emphasized and, when emphasized in feedback, teachers are more likely to feel their appraisal had limited impact on their instruction and was completed solely as an administrative exercise.
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Arsito Ari Kuncoro, Eko Haryono, and Paulus Hartanto. "SISTEM PENILAIAN KINERJA TENAGA PENDIDIK DAN TENAGA KEPENDIDIKAN BERBASIS WEB DI STEKOM SEMARANG." Elkom : Jurnal Elektronika dan Komputer 13, no. 1 (August 27, 2020): 134–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.51903/elkom.v13i1.197.
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STEKOM College which has branch campuses in several places. Employee performance appraisals are carried out by superiors and branch campus coordinators using Ms. Excel. The results of the performance assessment are sent to the staffing department via e-mail. The personnel department will recap the results of the performance appraisal to be conveyed to the leadership. This assessment process takes a long time and tends to be inefficient. In this study, a web-based Employee Performance Appraisal System was developed that can be accessed online by relevant appraisers at the central campus and STEKOM branch campuses. The System Development Method uses a Research and Development (R&D) approach. Assessment elements include 6 (six) aspects, namely: Service Orientation, Integrity, Commitment, Discipline, Cooperation and Leadership. The results of the performance appraisal of educators (lecturers) apart from being used internally as a measurement of lecturers' work behavior, can also be used externally for the assessment of work behavior when the lecturer makes Employee Performance Targets (SKP), as well as being used to assess the performance of education personnel. System modeling uses the Unified Modeling Language (UML). Making the source code program using the Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP) programming language with a web-based MySQL database using Notepad ++ software. The results obtained from the use of the employee performance appraisal system, performance reports can be obtained more quickly, making it easier for the staffing department to obtain data on employee performance appraisals effectively and efficiently.
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Litwic-Kaminska, Kamila. "Types of Cognitive Appraisal and Undertaken Coping Strategies during Sport Competitions." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 18 (September 8, 2020): 6522. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186522.
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The main aim of the research was to distinguish different types of sport competition appraisals and verify if athletes’ interpretation of a stressful situation changed their choice of coping methods. Athletes change their perception during competitions; thus, we assumed that configuration of different ways of interpreting stressful events is more important for coping than one particular appraisal. In total, 193 athletes filled out The Stress Appraisal Questionnaire and The Sport Stress-Coping Strategies Questionnaire to describe their stress appraisals and undertaken coping strategies during a remembered competition that took place within a month before the study. The athletes most often appraised stressful competitions as a challenge. They preferred the coping strategy of being determined to accomplish the established goal. The athletes hardly applied techniques that constituted the basis of mental training. The cluster analysis of the competitors determined three types of sport competition appraisals: positive, negative, and active. An ANOVA with post hoc comparisons showed that participants who revealed positive appraisals undertook the highest number of actions aimed at reaching goals and least frequently sought support. Athletes should be taught not only specific strategies for coping with stress, but also more frequent use of positive judgments of sports competitions.
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Chaabouni, A. "The effect of job stress appraisals on mental health among health professionals: The mediating role of work engagement." European Psychiatry 64, S1 (April 2021): S466. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.1244.
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IntroductionHealth professionals face an increased risk of developing mental health difficulties due to work-related stress. It has been demonstrated that work engagement has a protective role on mental health from work-related stress. The majority of the research on the psychological impact of job stress among health professionals focused on the work-related stressors or the type of stressors as challenges or hindrances. However, the impact might depend on an individual’s appraisal of challenges and hindrances.Objectives- Examine the effects of job appraisals on mental health. - Establish the role of work engagement as a mediator between them.MethodsAn online survey was completed by 196 health professionals and included questionnaires about job appraisals, stressors (variety of tasks, responsibility and cooperation with colleagues), work engagement, anxiety and depression.ResultsAppraising stressors as challenges did not have any direct impact on mental health, whereas hindrance appraisals had a negative influence. Participants who appraised cooperation with colleagues as challenging reported lower levels of depression through higher work engagement (B = − 0.17, 95% CI [− 0.354, − 0.027]). Appraising variety of tasks as a hindrance predicted higher levels of depression through lower work engagement (B = 0.150, 95% CI [0.041, 0.289]). Participants appraising the other two stressors as hindrances were more anxious and depressed through lower work engagement.ConclusionsThe negative psychological impact of hindrance appraisals was persistent, whereas the positive impact of challenge appraisals through work engagement depended on the stressor. Stress interventions may need to consider both the type of appraisal and the type of stressor.
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Didymus, Faye F., and David Fletcher. "Organizational stress in high-level field hockey: Examining transactional pathways between stressors, appraisals, coping and performance satisfaction." International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 12, no. 2 (February 27, 2017): 252–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747954117694737.
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This study investigated transactional pathways between organizational stressors and their underpinning situational properties, appraisals, coping, perceived coping effectiveness and performance satisfaction in athletes. Ten high-level field hockey players were interviewed. Data relating to stressors, situational properties, appraisals and coping were analysed using directed content analysis. Mean perceived coping effectiveness scores were calculated and subjective performance satisfaction data were categorized as satisfied, neutral or dissatisfied. A variety of organizational stressors was reported, which were underpinned by five situational properties. Challenge, threat and harm/loss appraisals were experienced and problem solving was the most commonly reported family of coping. High perceived coping effectiveness was not always associated with performance satisfaction. Performance satisfaction was, however, linked to the appraisal experienced. A battery of stress management techniques and ways of coping is useful for optimizing appraisals and alleviating negative outcomes of stress.
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Nicholls, Adam R., John L. Perry, and Luis Calmeiro. "Precompetitive Achievement Goals, Stress Appraisals, Emotions, and Coping Among Athletes." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 36, no. 5 (October 2014): 433–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2013-0266.
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Grounded in Lazarus’s (1991, 1999, 2000) cognitive-motivational-relational theory of emotions, we tested a model of achievement goals, stress appraisals, emotions, and coping. We predicted that precompetitive achievement goals would be associated with appraisals, appraisals with emotions, and emotions with coping in our model. The mediating effects of emotions among the overall sample of 827 athletes and two stratified random subsamples were also explored. The results of this study support our proposed model in the overall sample and the stratified subsamples. Further, emotion mediated the relationship between appraisal and coping. Mediation analyses revealed that there were indirect effects of pleasant and unpleasant emotions, which indicates the importance of examining multiple emotions to reveal a more accurate representation of the overall stress process. Our findings indicate that both appraisals and emotions are just as important in shaping coping.
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Zhu, Fei, Katrin Burmeister-Lamp, and Dan Kai Hsu. "To leave or not? The impact of family support and cognitive appraisals on venture exit intention." International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 23, no. 3 (May 2, 2017): 566–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijebr-04-2016-0110.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine how family support affects challenge and hindrance appraisals, which in turn, influence entrepreneurs’ venture exit intention drawing on the challenge-hindrance job stressor model, family support, and the venture exit literature. Design/methodology/approach An experimental study (Study 1) was conducted to establish the relationships among family support, challenge and hindrance appraisals, and entrepreneurs’ venture exit intention. Two survey studies (Study 2 and Study 3) were conducted to extend the external validity of findings in Study 1 and to examine whether the theoretical framework holds in both the US and Chinese contexts. Findings All three studies demonstrate that family support decreases entrepreneurs’ venture exit intention by reducing hindrance appraisal. Study 3 also shows the mediating role of challenge appraisal in the family support – venture exit intention relationship. Originality/value This research contributes to the family embeddedness perspective not only by showing its relevance to the venture exit context but also by validating the relationship of family support with cognitive appraisals and venture exit intention in two cultural contexts. It also contributes to venture exit research by highlighting the unique role of cognitive appraisals in the formation of entrepreneurs’ venture exit intention.
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Klich, Jacek. "Physician Appraisals: Key Challenges." Engineering Management in Production and Services 9, no. 2 (June 27, 2017): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/emj-2017-0012.
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AbstractThe main purpose of the article is to identify key criteria being used for physician appraisals and to find how communication skills of physicians are valued in those appraisals. ScienceDirect and EBSCOhost databases were used for this search. The results show that a physician appraisal is underestimated both theoretically and empirically. The particular gap exists with respect to the communication skills of physicians, which are rarely present in medical training syllabi and physician assessments. The article contributes to the theoretical discourse on physician appraisals and points out at the inconsistency between the high status of physicians as a key hospital resource on the one hand and, on the other hand, at inadequate and poorly researched assessment of their performance with a special emphasis on communication skills. The article may inspire health managers to develop and implement up-to-date assessment forms for physicians and good managerial practices in this respect in hospitals and other health care units.
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Osborne, Margaret S., and Gary E. McPherson. "Precompetitive appraisal, performance anxiety and confidence in conservatorium musicians: A case for coping." Psychology of Music 47, no. 3 (February 28, 2018): 451–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0305735618755000.
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The way musicians appraise their abilities to succeed in a forthcoming evaluative performance impacts on the range of emotions they will experience. According to Lazarus’ cognitive-motivational-relational theory, emotions may wield powerful consequences depending on whether the performance is interpreted as a threat (high importance/primary appraisal; low coping prospects/secondary appraisal), or challenge (high importance; high coping prospects). Thirty-six Bachelor of Music students at a large University music school completed an adaptation of the Precompetitive Appraisal Measure (PAM) and Competitive State Anxiety Inventory–2R-D twice in relation to their end-of-semester recital: at the start of semester, and within an hour before their recital. Primary and secondary appraisals formed theoretically consistent and reliable evaluations of threat and challenge. Secondary appraisals were significantly lower for students who viewed the performance as a threat. Students who viewed the performance as a challenge reported significantly less cognitive anxiety and higher self-confidence. Findings indicate that the PAM is a brief and reliable measure of cognitive appraisals that trigger precompetitive emotions of anxiety and confidence which can be used to identify those performers who could benefit from pre-performance intervention strategies to manage performance stress.
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Mockałło, Zofia, and Maria Widerszal-Bazyl. "Role of job and personal resources in the appraisal of job demands as challenges and hindrances." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 29, 2021): e0248148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248148.
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Previous research has shown that challenge and hindrance job demands show different effects on employees’ wellbeing and performance. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that employees’ subjective appraisal of job demands as challenges and hindrances may vary: they can be appraised as challenges or hindrances or both. Subjective appraisal of job demands was found to be also related to employees’ wellbeing and productivity. However, little is known about predictors of the appraisals of job demands made by employees. The aim of the study was to identify predictors of such appraisals among job and individual resources. Cross-sectional research was carried out among 426 IT, healthcare and public transport employees. COPSOQ II scales were used to measure job demands (emotional, quantitative, cognitive demands, work pace and role conflicts) and job resources (influence at work, possibilities for development, vertical and horizontal trust), single questions were used to measure employees’ subjective appraisals of job demands as hindrances and challenges, and PCQ was used to measure psychological capital. Multiple hierarchical regression analyses showed that only horizontal trust predicted the appraisal of job demands as challenges, and vertical trust predicted the appraisal of job demands as hindrances among four analysed job resources. Individual resource–psychological capital–predicted only the appraisal of job demands as challenges. Control variables–occupation, age and job demands also played a significant role in predicting the appraisal of job demands. Implications and future directions are discussed.
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Kim, Seong Jin, Young-Wuk Cho, and Jung Yul Park. "The present and future of the Korean Medical Practice Review Authority." Journal of the Korean Medical Association 64, no. 8 (August 10, 2021): 512–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5124/jkma.2021.64.8.512.
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Background: The Korean Medical Association (KMA) has been working on medical appraisals for the last 30 years. In 2019, the Korean Medical Practice Review Authority (KMPRA) was established to systematically promote medical appraisal. In addition, regulations related to medical appraisals were amended, professional committees of KMPRA established, and medical case management programs developed. This study reviews the history, present challenges, and the future of KMPRA.Current Concepts: The efforts made by KMA for the development of KMPRA have provided evidence of the excellence of medical appraisal system, with a highly professional, fast, and transparent medical practice review system. Nevertheless, KMPRA has not completely resolved the social distrust of fairness and the quickness of medical appraisals. It is necessary to identify the obstacles that exist in the current appraisal system for the continued development of KMPRA. Currently, KMPRA faces several challenges, such as lack of independence, financial constraints, dichotomized process of medical appraisal, and insufficient administrative manpower, in the process of handling thousands of requested cases. To improve the level of expertise of the professional medical appraisal system, independence, fairness, and speed of its process, KMPRA requires more attention and support from KMA and other major professional medical organizations.Discussion and Conclusion: KMPRA is committed to fulfilling the social responsibility of fair medical appraisal, and it will ultimately contribute to resolving social conflicts derived from medical services and further improving trust relationships with the public.
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Kożusznik, Małgorzata W., José M. Peiró, Aida Soriano, and Miriam Navarro Escudero. "“Out of Sight, Out of Mind?”: The Role of Physical Stressors, Cognitive Appraisal, and Positive Emotions in Employees’ Health." Environment and Behavior 50, no. 1 (February 8, 2017): 86–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013916517691323.
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This study analyzes the mediating role of the appraisal of environmental stressors in the relationship between physical characteristics in the offices and health symptoms. It also studies the moderating role of positive emotions in the relationship between physical characteristics and the appraisal of environmental stressors using a diary study on 59 office workers ( n = 432 time points) and sensor data. The results show that the appraisal of environmental stressors mediates the relationship between physical office characteristics and health symptoms, emphasizing the important link of stress appraisal in the stressors–strain relationship. The results also show that positive emotions moderate the relationship between the sound level and the appraisal of noise, supporting the fact that emotions can have an impact on people’s appraisals. The contributions of this study are the objective measurement of physical stressors in offices, along with their appraisals by the office users, using the diary study design.
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Underwood, R., V. Kumari, and E. Peters. "Appraisals of psychotic experiences: an experimental investigation of symptomatic, remitted and non-need-for-care individuals." Psychological Medicine 46, no. 6 (January 25, 2016): 1249–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291715002780.
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BackgroundAppraisals are suggested to play a determining role in the clinical outcome of psychotic experiences (PEs). We used experimental tasks that mimic PEs to investigate appraisals in individuals with PEs with and without a ‘need-for-clinical-care’, and psychosis patients whose symptoms have remitted. We predicted that patients would appraise the tasks as threatening regardless of current symptom level, while non-clinical and control groups would appraise them as non-threatening.MethodAppraisals following three anomalous experiences-inducing tasks [Telepath, Cards task, Virtual acoustic space paradigm (VASP)] were examined in 71 individuals: symptomatic (n= 18) and remitted (n= 16) psychosis patients; non-clinical group with PEs (n= 16); controls without PEs (n= 21).ResultsAs predicted, symptomatic patients endorsed more threatening appraisals for all tasks than non-clinical and control groups, who did not differ from each other. However, remitted patients were less likely to endorse threatening appraisals of the Cards and Telepath than their symptomatic counterparts, although they did not differ in global ratings of how striking, threatening and distressing they found the tasks. Moreover, remitted participants endorsed more threatening appraisals of the Telepath and VASP than non-clinical participants, and of the VASP than controls. Remitted participants also rated all three tasks as globally more threatening than the non-clinical group and controls.ConclusionsClinical outcome may not necessarily be driven by the presence of symptoms, with threatening appraisals of PEs representing a key factor. The remitted group's intermediate appraisal scores imply that the relationship between appraisal and clinical outcome is not straightforward, and potential mediating factors need to be determined.
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Inwood, J. Maxwell. "Appraisals." British Journal of General Practice 58, no. 548 (March 1, 2008): 206.2–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3399/bjgp08x279526.
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Temple, John. "Appraisals." British Journal of General Practice 58, no. 549 (April 1, 2008): 282.2–282. http://dx.doi.org/10.3399/bjgp08x279896.
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Griffiths, Mark. "Appraisals." BMJ 331, no. 7528 (December 3, 2005): s244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.331.7528.s244.
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Charkhabi, Morteza. "Do cognitive appraisals moderate the link between qualitative job insecurity and psychological-behavioral well-being?" International Journal of Workplace Health Management 11, no. 6 (December 3, 2018): 424–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijwhm-01-2018-0008.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to detect the association between qualitative job insecurity and well-being related outcomes and to determine the extent to which cognitive appraisals of job insecurity moderate this association. According to appraisal theory, it is anticipated a hindrance appraisal of job insecurity to amplify and a challenge appraisal of job insecurity to buffer this association. Design/methodology/approach To test the hypotheses, 250 healthcare employees from different departments of an Iranian large public hospital were recruited. Participants responded to scales on qualitative job insecurity, cognitive appraisals, job satisfaction, emotional exhaustion, absenteeism and presenteeism. Findings Results showed that qualitative job insecurity negatively influenced both psychological and behavioral well-being; however, this influence was greater for psychological well-being than for behavioral well-being. Besides, the moderation tests showed that only the hindrance appraisals of job insecurity amplified the link between job insecurity and psychological outcomes. Research limitations/implications This study sampled employees from a public hospital and did not include employees from private hospitals. This may limit the generalizability of the findings. Also, due to using a cross-sectional research design we encourage future studies to replicate the same findings using other different research designs. Practical implications The findings aid occupational health psychologists to design particular interventions for protecting those aspects of employee’s well-being that are more vulnerable when qualitative job insecurity is chronically perceived. Originality/value Together, these findings suggest that the hindrance appraisals of qualitative job insecurity are more likely to moderate the link between job insecurity and well-being outcomes.