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Khurshid, Anwar, Abdul Karim Khan, and Sara Alvi. "Performance Appraisal Challenge at Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority (CAA)." Asian Journal of Management Cases 14, no. 2 (September 2017): 198–225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972820117712304.
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The case discusses the multitude of challenges that CAA faces with respect to its performance appraisal system. Sumair Saeed, Chief Human Resource CAA, feels that problems lie in the implementation of the current appraisal system. Firstly, the system of targets and objectives between and the appraiser and the appraisee at the start of the year is not being followed. This leads employees to feel unfairly treated because no criteria for performance appraisal for their evaluation have been agreed upon. Secondly, Sumair feels there is no buy-in for the performance appraisal system since supervisors regard appraisal as extra workload and an uneasy time of the year. Supervisors consider it to be a confrontational rather than developmental/feedback exercise with the subordinate. Moreover, supervisors lack training in providing feedback on appraisals. It is felt that the culture of the organisation develops hostility and distrust when the appraisals are being conducted. The appraisal system doesn’t differentiate between performers or non-performers; thus decisions on promotions or career progressions can’t be based on appraisals. The problem of demotivation among employees is also a result of an ineffective performance appraisal system, as no differentiation exists between star performers and non-performers. Sumair is now contemplating the changes in the design or the implementation of the performance appraisal system which are required to rectify the process of performance appraisal at CAA.
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Obisi, Chris. "EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL AND ITS IMPLICATION FOR INDIVIDUAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL GROWTH." Australian Journal of Business and Management Research 01, no. 09 (April 5, 2012): 92–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.52283/nswrca.ajbmr.20110109a10.
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Organizational performance and its resultant efficiency and effectiveness can only be achieved when individuals are continuously appraised and evaluated. The inability of organization to install an effective performance appraisal strategy has hindered them from achieving competitive advantage which they require more now than ever before. Appraisal processes are not systematic and regular and often characterized by personal influences occasioned by organizations preoccupation to use confidential appraisal system which hinders objectivity and fairness. Often organizations ignore management by objectives, critical incidents to personal prejudices. This is retrogressive as it affects the overall performance of the individual. 360 degrees appraisal method whereby superiors and the appraise their subordinates, subordinates appraise their superior and the appraisee appraise himself or herself and the average of all the appraisal taken to arrive at the final appraisal outcome should be now be considered by organizations. Also post appraisal counseling whereby the appraisal outcomes are analyzed to explain strengths and weaknesses and set agenda for better future performance. Organizations should stop giving less attention to the evaluation of their employees and recognize that organizational training needs can only be identified from performance appraisal outcomes. It is an invaluable tool but in the hands of human resource management officers to continuously evaluates and audits the performance of its employees in other to help organizations win competitive advantage.
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Galeone, Carlotta, Paolo Bruzzi, and Claudio Jommi. "Key drivers of innovativeness appraisal for medicines: the Italian experience after the adoption of the new ranking system." BMJ Open 11, no. 1 (January 2021): e041259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-041259.
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ObjectiveIn 2017, the Italian Medicines Agency (Agenzia Italiana del Farmaco, AIFA) introduced a standardised process to appraise innovativeness of medicines. Innovative medicines are provided speeder market access and dedicated funds. Innovativeness criteria are: unmet therapeutic need, added therapeutic value and quality of the evidence (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation method). We investigated the role played by these three criteria on the final decision aimed to understand how the new Italian innovativeness appraisal framework was implemented.DesignA desk research gathered AIFA’s appraisal reports on innovativeness and data analyses were conducted. No patients were directly involved in this study.Setting and participantsWe scrutinised all 77 appraisal reports available on AIFA’s website (2017–2020).Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe impact of the three domains on final decision was investigated through a series of univariate analyses.ResultsAmong 77 appraisal reports on innovativeness available, 49 (64%) and 28 (36%) were for oncology and non-oncology medicines, respectively. The appraisals were equally distributed among ‘fully innovative’ (36%), ‘conditionally innovative’ (30%) and ‘not innovative’ (34%). Added therapeutic value was the most important driver on innovativeness decision, followed by quality of the evidence. Drugs for rare diseases and with paediatric/mixed indications were appraised ‘innovative’ by a larger proportion, but no statistical significance was found.ConclusionsDespite some limitations, including the moderate number of appraisals, this paper provides an insight into the determinants of innovativeness appraisals for medicines in Italy and the accuracy of the appraisal process. This has important implications in terms of transparency and accountability in the prioritisation process applied to innovative medicines.
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Morady Moghaddam, Mostafa. "Appraising and reappraising of compliments and the provision of responses." Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) 29, no. 3 (June 18, 2019): 410–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/prag.18016.mor.
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Abstract The role of cognitive processes in compliment-response (CR) exchanges is an underdeveloped area of investigation. This article aims to probe whether Persian speakers’ responses to compliments change in line with their appraisals of the situation. To achieve this aim, Persian speakers’ responses to compliments are analysed based on their first and second appraisals of the event. In this study, with a focus on the CR exchanges, Persian speakers (N = 160) were observed and audio-recorded during everyday conversation. The results of this study manifest that Persian speakers have distinct (and even opposite) reactions based on their first and second appraisal of compliments. This suggests, therefore, that Appraisal 1 and Appraisal 2 undergo different sociocognitive processes that reflect automatic and non-automatic responses to compliments. It is concluded that the relation between Appraisal 1 and Appraisal 2 is mostly contradictory rather than confirmatory, in that the first compliment is mostly appraised as a politeness strategy (a social lubricant), whereas the second compliment is frequently appraised as purposeful or strategic praise. In addition, the first compliment is responded to automatically, whereas the second compliment is approached non-automatically.
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Gerich, Joachim, and Christoph Weber. "The Ambivalent Appraisal of Job Demands and the Moderating Role of Job Control and Social Support for Burnout and Job Satisfaction." Social Indicators Research 148, no. 1 (October 11, 2019): 251–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11205-019-02195-9.
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Abstract Within an extended challenge–hindrance framework, it is assumed that job demands are subjectively appraised both as challenges (that is, as working conditions that are associated with potential personal gains) and hindrances (as working conditions associated with constrains) at the same time. In accordance with transactional stress theory, the association between demand intensity and work-related attitudes (work satisfaction) and psychological strain (burnout) is expected to be mediated by individual appraisal. Moreover, because curvilinear relationships between demand and challenge and hindrance appraisals are assumed, and appraisal is expected to be moderated by job control and social support, we tested complex nonlinear moderated mediation models for four types of job demands (task difficulty, time pressure, interruptions, and responsibility). Based on cross-sectional data of a heterogeneous sample of employees, we confirmed simultaneous challenge and hindrance appraisals. Challenge components are positively associated and hindrance components are negatively associated with favorable outcomes (higher work satisfaction and lower burnout). Challenge appraisals are found to be more relevant for work satisfaction, while hindrance appraisals are more relevant for burnout. The relationship between demand intensity and challenge appraisal is confirmed as curvilinear, whereas hindrance appraisals are approximately linearly related to demand intensity. The relationship between demand intensity and outcome variables is partly mediated by challenge and hindrance appraisal, and significant interaction effects suggest that the appraisal process is moderated by job control and social support.
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Berjot, S., C. Roland-Levy, and N. Girault-Lidvan. "Cognitive Appraisals of Stereotype Threat." Psychological Reports 108, no. 2 (April 2011): 585–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/04.07.21.pr0.108.2.585-598.
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Using the cognitive appraisal conceptualisation of the transactional model of stress, the goal was to assess how victims of stereotype threat respond to this situation in terms of primary appraisals (threat/challenge) and to investigate whether those appraisals may mediate the relation between stereotype threat and performance. Results show that, while participants from North Africa living in France did appraise the situation more as a threat and less as a challenge, only challenge appraisal mediated between stereotype threat and performance.
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Solem, Stian, Kristen Hagen, Bjarne Hansen, Åshild T. Håland, Gunvor Launes, Adam B. Lewin, Eric A. Storch, and Patrick A. Vogel. "Thought Content and Appraisals in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder." Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 29, no. 2 (2015): 106–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.29.2.106.
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A premise for cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is that appraisal of obsessions maintains OCD symptoms whereas obsessive content is less important. The main aim of this study was therefore to explore this notion using the autogenous and reactive classification of obsessive content and by assessing changes in appraisals and symptoms following CBT for OCD. More specifically, the study investigates whether recovery from OCD is associated with changes in appraisal and explores how thought content relates to appraisal and symptoms both before and CBT. Data from 156 adults with OCD completing CBT for OCD were analyzed. Changes in appraisals were related to improvement in OCD symptoms. Slightly more participants reported reactive intrusions (47%) than autogenous (29%), but combinations of the two were common (24%). These classifications of thought content were not related to levels of appraisal or change in symptoms, with the exception of patients with autogenous thoughts who appraised their intrusions as more important than others. OCD is heterogeneous regarding thought content and strength of appraisals but can be quite homogeneous in terms of CBT treatment response. Also, and in line with cognitive theory, recovery from OCD is associated with changes in appraisals.
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Javad, Shahina, and Sumod S.D. "It’s time to bring performance appraisal into the twenty-first century." Human Resource Management International Digest 23, no. 7 (October 12, 2015): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/hrmid-07-2015-0127.
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Purpose – Examines the weaknesses of many current performance appraisals and shows how to improve them. Design/methodology/approach – Draws on examples from companies such as Cisco, Google and Infosys. Findings – Shows that there are two main sets of reasons for the failure of performance management – system related and people related. System-related problems crop up while defining the performance goals or designing the appraisal system. People-related problems usually arise while discussing the results of appraisals. Practical implications – Investigates the importance of the three key elements of performance appraisal – the appraiser, the appraisal period and the rating method. Social implications – Shows how important performance appraisal can be in the modern business world where skilled and talented workers are at a premium. Originality/value – Argues that present-day organizations need to develop an ongoing process to manage employee performance, make sure the right things are being measured, and that the feedback is carried out as constructively as possible.
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Watson, Gary. "A Study of CTLA Formula Values." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 27, no. 6 (November 1, 2001): 289–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2001.032.
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Appraisal records dating from 1980 to 1995 were acquired from 51 casualty loss appraisers (usually for privately owned trees) and 24 municipal inventories (primarily for street trees). The final database consisted of 3,966 casualty loss appraisals and 129,880 inventory appraisals. The data from this study were used to develop a reference table of tree appraisal values grouped by size and species classes. The table does not eliminate the need to use the formula, but it does provide an individual an opportunity to compare his or her appraised values to values of similar trees. Appraised values of inventory trees were significantly higher (P < 0.001) than values of casualty loss trees. The difference is partially explained by larger size and higher location rating of inventory trees. The average condition of all the trees appraised was rated as fair.
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Makanju, Damilola, Andrew G. Livingstone, and Joseph Sweetman. "How group members appraise collective history: Appraisal dimensions of collective history and their role in in-group engagement." Journal of Social and Political Psychology 11, no. 1 (June 6, 2023): 229–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/jspp.6355.
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Group members’ appraisals of their in-group’s collective history have been found to shape their engagement with the in-group and its collective goals. We add to this research by examining the complexity and dimensionality of how group members appraise collective history, and how different forms of appraisals relate to different forms of in-group engagement. We do so by (1) outlining four key dimensions – richness, clarity, valence and subjective importance – of how an in-group’s collective history can be appraised, and (2) examining how these appraisal dimensions relate to group members’ engagement with the in-group. Focussing on the African in-group category, we tested these ideas using a qualitative, essay writing approach. Analysis of responses (N = 33) indicated varied use of each of these dimensions of collective history appraisal, and that they relate to in-group engagement in differing ways. Two specific rhetorical strategies were identified: deploying the in-group’s history as a contrast; and deploying the in-group’s history as an inspiration. When collective history was appraised as rich, complex, negatively-valenced and unimportant, it was characterised as something from which the in-group should break away (history-as-contrast). Conversely, when collective history was appraised as rich, complex, positively-valenced and important, history was characterised as something to be used as a resource for the in-group (history-as-inspiration). Our findings build a fuller and more nuanced picture of how collective history shapes in-group engagement in a non-western setting.
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Mockałło, Zofia, and Maria Widerszal-Bazyl. "Role of job and personal resources in the appraisal of job demands as challenges and hindrances." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 29, 2021): e0248148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248148.
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Previous research has shown that challenge and hindrance job demands show different effects on employees’ wellbeing and performance. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that employees’ subjective appraisal of job demands as challenges and hindrances may vary: they can be appraised as challenges or hindrances or both. Subjective appraisal of job demands was found to be also related to employees’ wellbeing and productivity. However, little is known about predictors of the appraisals of job demands made by employees. The aim of the study was to identify predictors of such appraisals among job and individual resources. Cross-sectional research was carried out among 426 IT, healthcare and public transport employees. COPSOQ II scales were used to measure job demands (emotional, quantitative, cognitive demands, work pace and role conflicts) and job resources (influence at work, possibilities for development, vertical and horizontal trust), single questions were used to measure employees’ subjective appraisals of job demands as hindrances and challenges, and PCQ was used to measure psychological capital. Multiple hierarchical regression analyses showed that only horizontal trust predicted the appraisal of job demands as challenges, and vertical trust predicted the appraisal of job demands as hindrances among four analysed job resources. Individual resource–psychological capital–predicted only the appraisal of job demands as challenges. Control variables–occupation, age and job demands also played a significant role in predicting the appraisal of job demands. Implications and future directions are discussed.
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Larsson, Gerry, Christina Kempe, and Bengt Starrin. "Appraisal and coping processes in acute time‐limited stressful situations: A study of police officers." European Journal of Personality 2, no. 4 (December 1988): 259–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.2410020404.
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This study focuses on the appraisal and coping process in acute, time‐limited stressful situations in a stress experienced group: 54 Swedish police officers. Each police officer retrospectively reported their thoughts, emotions, and actions during five recent stressful job events. The relations among appraisals of threat and of coping options, seven forms of problem‐ and emotion‐focused coping strategies, and selfrated performance were examined. Compared with previous studies of ordinary people in stressful situations, the police officers felt less threatened, appraised the situations as more solvable, and used considerably more problem‐focused forms of coping. Age had a significant effect on appraisal, while organizational position had a significant effect on coping. Using latent profile analysis, four appraisal styles were obtained. Consistency of cross‐situational appraisal style amongst individuals was high. The functional relationships among variables, i.e. appraisal, coping, and performance, are discussed.
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Berger, Charles R., Yerheen Ha, and Meng Chen. "Story Appraisal Theory: From Story Kernel Appraisals to Implications and Impact." Communication Research 46, no. 3 (April 4, 2016): 303–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093650216641186.
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Story Appraisal Theory posits that reduced memory representations of stories, or story kernels, are appraised in a three-dimensional story appraisal space. Stories deemed to have a point (pointedness), to be plausible (plausibility), and to be generalizable to society (probative value) are more likely to provoke implications than stories found wanting on one or more of these appraisal parameters. Story kernel–prompted implications, in turn, produce attitudinal and behavioral effects. Stories may have implications for the self, others (family and friends), and society. Four experiments found general support for the proposition that favorable appraisals promote implication generation. Experiments 2 to 4 revealed that implications partially mediate between the story appraisal dimensions and estimates of behavior change in response to the stories.
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Van Wyk, Bronwin P., Francis Hasford, Nozipho E. Nyakale, M. Mboyo-Di-Tamba Vangu, Bertus Oelofse, and Hector M. Leboea. "Critical Appraisal of Radionuclide Calibrators and Gamma Cameras Prior to Lutetium-177 Internal Dosimetry at Two South African Hospitals." World Journal of Nuclear Medicine 21, no. 01 (March 2022): 044–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1746173.
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Abstract Introduction The functionality of radionuclide dose calibrator and nuclear medicine imaging systems hasa direct effect on the accuracy and preciseness of internal dosimetry evaluations. Our study, therefore, aimed to critically appraise the radionuclide calibrators and gamma cameras prior to Lutetium-177 (177Lu) internal dosimetry in a developing country. Materials and Methods Two radionuclide calibrators' and three gamma cameras at two South African hospitals were critically appraised in preparation for internal dosimetry of 177Lu. The radionuclide calibrators' accuracy, linearity, and sample volume abilities were appraised. For the three gamma cameras, the uniformity, energy resolution, center of rotation, and collimator sensitivity were appraised. These appraisals were performed between the years 2014 and 2019. Results The radionuclide calibrators' constancy, accuracy, linearity, and sample volume were within ± 5%. We also integrated a 177Lu calibration factor into one radionuclide calibrator's library. The three gamma cameras' uniformity was within 2 to 5%, energy resolution within 11%, center of rotation within 2 mm, and the sensitivity recorded for all low energy high resolution collimator. Conclusion Our radionuclide calibrators passed the critical appraisal and may be confidently used for assaying 177Lu. All three cameras also passed critical appraisal and may be used to assess organ absorbed dose.
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Ferreira, Nuno, Samuel Mascarenhas, Ana Paiva, Gennaro Di Tosto, Frank Dignum, John Mc Breen, Nick Degens, Gert Hofstede, Giulia Andrighetto, and Rosaria Conte. "An Agent Model for the Appraisal of Normative Events Based in In-Group and Out-Group Relations." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 27, no. 1 (June 29, 2013): 1220–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v27i1.8474.
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Emotional synthetic characters are able to evaluate (appraise) events as positive or negative with their emotional states being triggered by several factors. Currently, the vast majority of models for appraisal in synthetic characters consider factors related to the goals and preferences of the characters. We argue that appraisals that only take into consideration these "personal" factors are incomplete as other more social factors, such as the normative and the social context, including in-group and out-group relations, should be considered as well. Without them, moral emotions such as shame cannot be appraised, limiting the believability of the characters in certain situations. We present a model for the appraisal of characters' actions that evaluates whether actions by in-group and out-group members which conform, or not, to social norms generate different emotions depending on the social relations between the characters. The model was then implemented in an architecture for virtual agents and evaluated with humans. Results suggest that the emotions generated by our model are perceived by the participants, taking into account the social context and that participants experienced very similar emotions, both in type and intensity, to the emotions appraised and generated by the characters.
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Hicks, C., and V. LeBlanc. "P069: Hardened tendencies: persistence of initial appraisals following simulation-based stress training." CJEM 20, S1 (May 2018): S81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cem.2018.267.
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Introduction: Stress has been shown to impair performance during acute events. The goal of this pilot study was to investigate the effects of two simulation-based training interventions and baseline demographics (gender, age) on stress responses to simulated trauma scenarios. Methods: Sixteen (16) Emergency Medicine and Surgery residents were randomly assigned to one of two groups: Stress Inoculation Training (SIT) or Crisis Resource Management (CRM). Residents served as trauma team leaders in simulated trauma scenarios pre and post intervention. CRM training focused on non-technical skills required for effective teamwork. The SIT group focused on cognitive reappraisal, breathing and mental rehearsal. Training lasted 3 hours, involving brief didactic sessions and practice scenarios with debriefing focused on either CRM or SIT. Stress responses were measured with the State Trait Anxiety Inventory (anxiety), cognitive appraisal (degree to which a person interprets a situation as a threat or challenge) and salivary cortisol levels. Results: Because the pre-intervention stress responses were different between the two groups, the results were analyzed with stepwise regression analyses. The only significant predictor of anxiety and cortisol responses were the residents appraisal responses to that scenario, explaining 31% of the variance in anxiety and cortisol. Appraisals of the post-intervention scenarios were predicted by their appraisals of the pre-intervention scenario and gender, explaining 73% of the variance. Men were more likely than women to appraise the scenarios as threatening. There were no differences in subjective anxiety, cognitive appraisal or salivary cortisol responses as a result of either intervention. Conclusion: Male residents, as well as those who appraised an initial simulated trauma scenario as threatening, were more likely to interpret a subsequent scenario as threatening, and were more likely to have larger subjective (anxiety) and physiological (cortisol) responses a subsequent scenario. Both CRM and SIT training were not effective in overcoming initial appraisals of potentially stressful events.
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Castaner, Marta, Hristo Novatchkov, Ruben Orejon, and Desiree Vilas. "Do trainers pay enough attention to posture adjustment when athletes perform strength exercises in a leg press machine?" New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Humanities and Social Sciences 3, no. 7 (July 23, 2017): 109–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/prosoc.v3i7.1994.
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The aim of this study was to analyse trainers’ appraisal of body posture adjustment -specifically joint alignment and flexion/extension of the legs- in athletes performing a leg press exercise. Ten strength trainers observed 15 video records of 15 athletes with no musculoskeletal problems. Kinematic analysis was based on motion capture data from athletes, combined with data from the semantic differential that trainers used to appraise joint alignment and flexion/extension. Multiple analysis of the two kinds of data showed that trainers’ appraisals did not always coincide with what the kinematic parameters indicated regarding the athletes’ posture adjustment while performing the leg press exercise. Keywords: Leg press; posture adjustment appraisal; flexion parameters; flexion adjustment appraisal.
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Broomhead, Sean C., Maurice Mars, Richard E. Scott, and Tom Jones. "EHealth Investment Appraisal in Africa: A Scoping Review." INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing 58 (January 2021): 004695802110599. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00469580211059999.
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eHealth is an opportunity cost, competing for limited available funds with other health priorities such as clinics, vaccinations, medicines and even salaries. As such, it should be appraised for probable impact prior to allocation of funds. This is especially pertinent as recognition grows for the role of eHealth in attaining Universal Health Coverage. Despite optimism about eHealth’s potential role, in Africa there remain insufficient data and skills for adequate economic appraisals to select optimal investments from numerous competing initiatives. The aim of this review is to identify eHealth investment appraisal approaches and tools that have been used in African countries, describe their characteristics and make recommendations regarding African eHealth investment appraisal in the face of limited data and expertise. Methods: Literature on eHealth investment appraisals conducted in African countries and published between January 1, 2010 and June 30, 2020 was reviewed. Selected papers’ investment appraisal characteristics were assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute checklist for economic evaluations and a newly developed Five-Case Model for Digital Health (FCM-DH) checklist for investment appraisal. 5 papers met inclusion criteria. Their assessments revealed important appraisal gaps. In particular, none of the papers addressed risk exposure, affordability, adjustment for optimism bias, clear delivery milestones, practical plans for implementation, change management or procurement, and only 1 paper described plans for building partnerships. Discussion: Using this insight, an extended 5-Case Model is proposed as the foundation of an African eHealth investment appraisal framework. This, combined with building local eHealth appraisal capabilities, may promote optimal eHealth investment decisions, strengthen implementations and improve the number and quality of related publications.
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Fernandez de Henestrosa, Martha, Philipp E. Sischka, and Georges Steffgen. "Predicting Challenge and Threat Appraisal of Job Demands among Nurses: The Role of Matching Job Resources." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 2 (January 11, 2023): 1288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021288.
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(1) Background: Empirical studies have started to examine employees’ subjective appraisals of job demands and their relations to employees’ health. However, knowledge of working conditions, which might contribute to how employees appraise specific job demands, is scarce. The present study aimed to examine predictors of nurses’ appraisals of job demands (i.e., time pressure, emotional demands, physical demands, and role ambiguity) as challenges and/or threats among corresponding job resources (i.e., autonomy, social support, physical resources, participation in decision-making). It also examined moderating effects of these predictors. (2) Methods: Cross-sectional data were collected via an online survey in a sample of 425 nurses working in Luxembourg. (3) Results: Multiple regression analyses indicated that matching job resources predicted nurses’ appraisal of job demands as challenging. Threat appraisal was predicted by three out of four kinds of job resources (i.e., autonomy, physical resources, participation in decision-making). However, the current study did not find any moderating effects between job demands and job resources on challenge/threat appraisals. (4) Conclusions: The present study identified domain-specific job resources that contribute to how employees perceive selected job demands. Accordingly, we encourage scholars and practitioners to align job demands with matching job resources to prevent nurses’ threat appraisal of job demands, and to promote their challenge appraisals.
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Osborne, Margaret S., and Gary E. McPherson. "Precompetitive appraisal, performance anxiety and confidence in conservatorium musicians: A case for coping." Psychology of Music 47, no. 3 (February 28, 2018): 451–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0305735618755000.
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The way musicians appraise their abilities to succeed in a forthcoming evaluative performance impacts on the range of emotions they will experience. According to Lazarus’ cognitive-motivational-relational theory, emotions may wield powerful consequences depending on whether the performance is interpreted as a threat (high importance/primary appraisal; low coping prospects/secondary appraisal), or challenge (high importance; high coping prospects). Thirty-six Bachelor of Music students at a large University music school completed an adaptation of the Precompetitive Appraisal Measure (PAM) and Competitive State Anxiety Inventory–2R-D twice in relation to their end-of-semester recital: at the start of semester, and within an hour before their recital. Primary and secondary appraisals formed theoretically consistent and reliable evaluations of threat and challenge. Secondary appraisals were significantly lower for students who viewed the performance as a threat. Students who viewed the performance as a challenge reported significantly less cognitive anxiety and higher self-confidence. Findings indicate that the PAM is a brief and reliable measure of cognitive appraisals that trigger precompetitive emotions of anxiety and confidence which can be used to identify those performers who could benefit from pre-performance intervention strategies to manage performance stress.
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Hergovich, Andreas, Ulrike Sirsch, and Martin Felinger. "SELF-APPRAISALS, ACTUAL APPRAISALS AND REFLECTED APPRAISALS OF PREADOLESCENT CHILDREN." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 30, no. 6 (January 1, 2002): 603–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2002.30.6.603.
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The relationship between children's self-perceptions, children's perceptions of others' appraisal (i.e., reflected appraisals) and others' actual appraisals reported by mothers, fathers and teachers were examined. The Self-Description Questionnaire 1 (Marsh, 1988) was presented to 428 children. Parents and teachers were given an adapted form. Additionally, children were asked for reflected appraisals of their mothers, fathers and teachers according to the scales of the SDQ1. Results suggest that the reflected appraisal process is in fact more complicated than originally assumed by the theorist of symbolic interactionism. Thus, besides direct effects from actual appraisal on reflected appraisal and reflected appraisal on selfappraisal, there are also indications of an effect by actual appraisals on self- and reflected appraisals, especially for academic self-concept. Furthermore, results indicate that different significant others have a different impact on the self-perceptions of preadolescent children.
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Davis, Marian Stephanie, and Matilda Arko Mensah. "Performance Appraisal of Employees in Tertiary Institutions: A Case Study of University of Education, Winneba (Winneba Campus)." International Journal of Human Resource Studies 10, no. 2 (May 12, 2020): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijhrs.v10i2.16409.
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The study sought to examine the performance appraisal of employees in tertiary institutions: a case of University of Education, Winneba (Winneba Campus). The descriptive survey design with quantitative approach was applied. Stratified and proportionate sampling were used to select respondents which included junior, senior staff and senior members of the university. Questionnaires were used to collect data for the study and the responses were analysed by frequency and percentages, line graphs, pie charts, means and standard deviations. The study revealed challenges such as fairness of evaluation decisions and lack of knowledge and skills of appraisers affect the conduct of performance appraisal. Also, employees‟ performance and developmental needs contribute to making performance appraisal effective. Evaluating employees‟ performance is ranked higher in performance appraisal. Again it was revealed that motivation affects performance appraisal and that the UEW appraises its staff annually. HODs are the highest appraiser category in the UEW. Lastly, the findings showed that performance appraisal in the University has succeeded in identifying staff performance needs as very moderate. Recommendations were made based on the prompt implementation of effective staff performance appraisal systems and the need to improve on the mechanism to address and meet the performance needs of employees.
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Ramsay, Ian, and Mihika Upadhyaya. "An Analysis of Board of Director Appraisal Disclosures in Australia and the United States." Business Law Review 41, Issue 5 (October 1, 2020): 160–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/bula2020114.
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Appraisals of boards of directors are now well established and viewed as important contributors to the effectiveness of boards. Because board appraisal practices vary between companies and the benefits of an appraisal will only be obtained where an appropriate practice is followed, there is significant interest in the board appraisal practices adopted by companies. The authors first outline the benefits and challenges of board appraisals and identify the key features of an effective board appraisal. They then present the results of their study of how board appraisals are conducted in Australia in relation to large and small listed companies and compare the findings with the board appraisal practices of US Fortune 100 companies.
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Wallerstein, Immanuel. "Robinson’s critical appraisal appraised." International Sociology 27, no. 4 (June 28, 2012): 524–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0268580912445532.
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Adamuscin, Andrej, Sławomir Palicki, and Izabela Rącka. "Real Estate Appraisal in Central-Eastern Europe: Comparative Analysis of Poland and Slovakia." Real Estate Management and Valuation 25, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 50–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/remav-2017-0029.
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Abstract The countries in Central-Eastern Europe have been subjected to dynamic economic changes. Researchers from Poland and Slovakia study the history of the creation of and rules by which the real estate appraiser’s profession functions. They also present the methodological basics for property appraisals. The original value of this article is a comparative analysis depicting the similarities and differences occurring in the research area, in two countries from the same region of Europe. The analysis may also influence the methodological discussions of specialists concerning the correctness and purpose of certain approaches, methods or techniques of property appraisal. The main goal of this article is conducting research on the operational rules of the real estate appraiser profession and property appraisal methods. The detailed objectives include: a critical comparative analysis of the solutions used in the above-mentioned countries, searching for interesting, unusual methodological propositions, and presenting a current assessment of the applied property appraisal methodology. The foremost methods used in this article are: the analysis of legislative instruments, the analysis of literature concerning property appraisal methodology in Poland and Slovakia, and a questionnaire (CAWI and PAPI technique). Complementary knowledge was derived from official government internet portals and trade associations dealing with property appraisals. A comparative analysis was the basis for conducting research on the similarities and differences in the studied countries.
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Litwic-Kaminska, Kamila. "Types of Cognitive Appraisal and Undertaken Coping Strategies during Sport Competitions." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 18 (September 8, 2020): 6522. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186522.
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The main aim of the research was to distinguish different types of sport competition appraisals and verify if athletes’ interpretation of a stressful situation changed their choice of coping methods. Athletes change their perception during competitions; thus, we assumed that configuration of different ways of interpreting stressful events is more important for coping than one particular appraisal. In total, 193 athletes filled out The Stress Appraisal Questionnaire and The Sport Stress-Coping Strategies Questionnaire to describe their stress appraisals and undertaken coping strategies during a remembered competition that took place within a month before the study. The athletes most often appraised stressful competitions as a challenge. They preferred the coping strategy of being determined to accomplish the established goal. The athletes hardly applied techniques that constituted the basis of mental training. The cluster analysis of the competitors determined three types of sport competition appraisals: positive, negative, and active. An ANOVA with post hoc comparisons showed that participants who revealed positive appraisals undertook the highest number of actions aimed at reaching goals and least frequently sought support. Athletes should be taught not only specific strategies for coping with stress, but also more frequent use of positive judgments of sports competitions.
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Daly, Joanne M., Britton W. Brewer, Judy L. Van Raalte, Albert J. Petitpas, and Joseph H. Sklar. "Cognitive Appraisal, Emotional Adjustment, and Adherence to Rehabilitation Following Knee Surgery." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 4, no. 1 (February 1995): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.4.1.23.
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Cognitive appraisal models of adjustment to sport injury hold that cognitive appraisals of the injury determine emotional responses to the injury, which in turn influence behavioral responses (e.g., adherence to rehabilitation). To test this model, recreational and competitive athletes undergoing rehabilitation following knee surgery (N = 31) appraised their ability to cope with their injury and completed a measure of mood disturbance. Adherence to rehabilitation was measured in terms of attendance at rehabilitation sessions and physical therapist/athletic trainer ratings of patient behavior during rehabilitation sessions. As predicted, cognitive appraisal was associated with emotional disturbance. Emotional disturbance was inversely related to one measure of adherence (attendance) but was unrelated to the other measure of adherence (physical therapist/athletic trainer ratings). The results of this study provide support for cognitive appraisal models and suggest that emotional disturbance may be a marker for poor adherence to sport injury rehabilitation regimens.
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McGuffey, C. Shawn. "Rape Appraisals: Class Mobility, Social Geography, and Sexual Morality Tales in Ghana, South Africa, and Rwanda." Journal of Black Psychology 47, no. 6 (April 22, 2021): 401–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00957984211008057.
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Interdisciplinary scholarship in violence and trauma studies suggest that a person’s interpretation of stressful events contours how the person will respond. It is through the two-part appraisal process that survivors determine how they will cope. This project utilizes an identity-based approach to demonstrate that survivors use group-based ideologies such as social class, geography, gender, sexuality, and, for some, race to appraise their accounts of violence, assess their coping strategies, and manage traumatic events. Using the cross-cultural accounts of 146 Black Ghanaian, South African, and Rwandan women rape survivors, the findings extend the appraisal approach by highlighting how survivors in this study utilized sexual morality tales to construct a variety of appraisal accounts to interpret their assaults and to justify their coping strategies. I call these appraisals opportunities, possibilities, limitations, and solidarities. These differing appraisals demonstrated that social milieu contours the psychological experience of violence and can engender both parallel and divergent interpretations across social class and cultural contexts. Last, the implications of these findings for comparative sexual assault studies, theories of traumatic coping, gender and development, and intersectionality are discussed.
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Woud, Marcella L., Simon E. Blackwell, Susann Steudte-Schmiedgen, Michael Browning, Emily A. Holmes, Catherine J. Harmer, Jürgen Margraf, and Andrea Reinecke. "Investigating d-cycloserine as a potential pharmacological enhancer of an emotional bias learning procedure." Journal of Psychopharmacology 32, no. 5 (February 15, 2018): 569–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881118754679.
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The partial N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor agonist d-cycloserine may enhance psychological therapies. However, its exact mechanism of action is still being investigated. Cognitive bias modification techniques allow isolation of cognitive processes and thus investigation of how they may be affected by d-cycloserine. We used a cognitive bias modification paradigm targeting appraisals of a stressful event, Cognitive Bias Modification-Appraisal, to investigate whether d-cycloserine enhanced the modification of appraisal, and whether it caused greater reduction in indices of psychopathology. Participants received either 250 mg of d-cycloserine ( n=19) or placebo ( n=19). As a stressor task, participants recalled a negative life event, followed by positive Cognitive Bias Modification-Appraisal training. Before and after Cognitive Bias Modification-Appraisal, appraisals and indices of psychopathology related to the stressor were assessed. Cognitive Bias Modification-Appraisal successfully modified appraisals, but d-cycloserine did not affect appraisals post-training. There were no post-training group differences in frequency of intrusions. Interestingly, d-cycloserine led to a greater reduction in distress and impact on state mood from recalling the event, and lower distress post-training was associated with fewer intrusions. Therefore, d-cycloserine may affect emotional reactivity to recalling a negative event when combined with induction of a positive appraisal style, but via a mechanism other than enhanced learning of the appraisal style.
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Torcivia, Peter, Ifeoma Nkemakolam, and M. Danet Lapiz-Bluhm. "Critical Appraisal of Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPG) Training for Graduate Student Nurses: Exemplar of a CPG for the Management of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)." Journal of the American Nurses Association - New York 2, no. 2 (August 23, 2022): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.47988/janany.33648481.2.2.
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Background: Clinical practice guidelines serve as a framework for clinical decisions supporting best practices to optimize patient care. Critical appraisal of a clinical practice guideline is an important clinical skill for advanced practice nurses and other advanced healthcare professionals. Hence, advanced practice nursing students should receive appraisal training of clinical practice guidelines to develop their critical skills in determining their quality and potential incorporation into evidence-based clinical practice. Objective: This paper describes the incorporation of a critical appraisal of a clinical practice guideline in a graduate nursing program for advanced nursing practice. As an exemplar of the appraisal process, the clinical practice guideline from the United States (US) Department of Veterans Affairs and the Department of Defense (VA/DoD) on the management of post-traumatic stress disorder and acute stress disorder was critically appraised. Methodology: Students enrolled in a graduate nursing course were formed into groups of 3-4, and selected a clinical practice guideline according to their specialty. A group of four students enrolled in the Psychiatric and Mental Health Nurse Practitioner program critically appraised the VA/DoD clinical practice related to the management of posttraumatic stress disorder and acute stress disorder using the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE) II Instrument. Students’ performance and feedback were evaluated. Results: The students viewed the course activity positively and appreciated learning the CPG appraisal process and its use in practice. The VA/DoD clinical practice guideline was deemed of high quality and user-friendly for practitioners’ use in clinical decision-making despite minor limitations. Conclusion and recommendations: Incorporation of clinical practice guideline assessment using the AGREE II Instrument in the advanced practice nursing curriculum should be considered. Participating graduate students considered the skill needed for their future advanced practice. Regular updates of clinical practice guidelines and their appraisals are also recommended.
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Fürst, Henrik. "Aspiring writers and appraisal devices under market uncertainty." Acta Sociologica 61, no. 4 (January 9, 2018): 389–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0001699317749285.
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Aspiring artists are uncertain about how their work’s quality will be evaluated by gatekeepers on artistic markets. Learning to evaluate the quality of one’s work and its prospects on the artistic market is central to artistic careers, yet often overlooked in research. An analysis of 47 interviews with aspiring writers in Sweden shows that they use what in this article is coined appraisal devices to deal with this market uncertainty. Appraisal devices offer trusted and knowledgeable appraisals of their work’s chances of success and failure on the artistic market. Appraisals from assessors become appraisal devices when assessors are trusted and seen as knowledgeable about how works are evaluated on the artistic market and are able to produce such evaluations. Appraisals from competitions become appraisal devices when the writer sees the evaluation as reflecting how the writer’s work will be evaluated on the artistic market. In contrast to judgment devices, which take the perspective of cultural consumption, appraisal devices take the perspective of cultural production. Aspiring artists use appraisal devices to deal with the uncertainty of their chances of success on the artistic market.
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Rani, Nazatul Shima Abdul, K. Sarojani Krishnan, and Bright Collins Okezie. "The Roles of Appraiser and Performance Appraisal Systems on Employee Job Satisfaction." Asia Proceedings of Social Sciences 8, no. 1 (May 30, 2021): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31580/apss.v8i1.1923.
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This study aims to examine two types of performance appraisal systems used to assess food operators to maintain high employee job satisfaction. About 250 questionnaires were distributed around Kampung Bharu area in Kuala Lumpur. The number of questionnaires returned were 210 but only 205 questionnaires were usable for the present study. SPSS was used to analyse the data to test the hypotheses. There were four variables researched in this study, namely Behaviour-Based Performance Appraisal System, Competency-Based Performance Appraisal System, appraiser, and job satisfaction. There was a direct and significant relationship between both appraisal systems with the appraiser (H1 and H2) and employee job satisfaction (H4 and H5) respectively. There was also a direct and significant relationship between the appraiser and restaurant employees’ job satisfaction (H3). The role ofthe appraiser was identified as a mediator in the relationship between Competency-Based Performance Appraisal System and employee job satisfaction (H7). However, the role of the appraiser partially mediated the relationship between Behaviour-Based Performance Appraisal System and employee job satisfaction (H6). The appraiser was regarded as critical in ensuring that the appraisal system adopted be carried out fairly, professionally, and rationally with adequate knowledge to boost job satisfaction among food operator employees in Kuala Lumpur.
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Kaczmarek, Łukasz. "Resiliency, stress appraisal, positive affect and cardiovascular activity." Polish Psychological Bulletin 40, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s10059-009-0007-1.
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Resiliency, stress appraisal, positive affect and cardiovascular activity In accordance with the undoing hypothesis (Fredrickson, Levenson, 1998), evoked positive affect speeds up the cardiovascular system recovery in a stressful situation. An attempt was made to replicate this finding in an experimental study. Individuals characterized by high resiliency levels are capable of more efficient utilization of positive emotions in a stressful situation. Since in earlier research no relationship had been found between resiliency and a tendency to appraise stress as a challenge, this study investigated a possible mediating function of a more specific dimension of cognitive appraisal, i.e. that in terms of activity-oriented challenge appraisal (Włodarczyk, Wrześniewski, 2005). The study shows that evoked positive affect does not lead to a faster recovery. However, highly resilient individuals turned out to achieve higher levels of positive affect in a stressful situation; this effect was mediated by challenge-activity appraisals.
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Koech, Beatrice Chepkemoi, Ruth Jepkemboi Choge, and Alexander Ronoh. "The Effect of Frequency of Teacher Performance Appraisal Activities on Teacher Progression in Bomet County, Kenya." East African Journal of Education Studies 6, no. 3 (November 16, 2023): 304–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/eajes.6.3.1577.
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Performance appraisal is critical for evaluating teachers' job performance and providing feedback. This study explores the frequency and effectiveness of teacher performance appraisals in relation to teacher progression in secondary schools in Bomet County, Kenya. The research involved 423 participants, including teachers, principals, and education authorities. Random sampling was employed to select teachers in the different sub-county. School principals, TSC County, and Sub-County directors were proposed, selected, and interviewed during the study. Questionnaires were used to collect data from teachers. The study revealed that regular performance appraisals allow teachers to enhance their teaching skills and monitor their progress. Most respondents (67.54%) reported being appraised more than three times, emphasizing the importance of frequent assessments for professional development. Teachers informed in advance of their appraisals (88.39%) reported better preparation, leading to improved student outcomes. Performance appraisals were seen as a means to enhance professional progress, with 84.31% of teachers reporting an improvement in their career development. Most teachers (67.83%) also received feedback after appraisals, contributing to their professional growth. The study highlights the significance of regular, well-informed, and feedback-rich performance appraisals in improving teacher progression. It underscores the need for educators and education authorities to maintain a structured appraisal process to support teachers in their professional development and enhance student achievement
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Liao, Hsueh-Fei, Nan-Yu Chu:, and Chien-Wen Peng. "International Real Estate Review." International Real Estate Review 21, no. 3 (September 30, 2018): 295–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.53383/100263.
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Previous studies on the impact of clients on real estate appraisals have been limited in terms of their research method and selection of variables. They have been unable to effectively measure the impact of clients on the behavior of appraisers, and also neglected the influence of appraisers on their own behavior. The objective of this study is to therefore focus on real estate appraisers in Taiwan by investigating their awareness of appraiser independence and the factors that influence such independence through a questionnaire survey. The results show that appraisers generally agree that they are highly independent of the decision regarding the final appraisal, but the actual appraisal may be affected by the behavior of the client. The most critical factors that affect the awareness of appraiser independence of appraisers are the size of the appraising company, impact of the behavior of other appraisers, and extent to which appraisers are affected by industry regulations. Accordingly, we recommend building an external environment to make independent appraisals and a third party who plays an intermediary role during the process of appointment to reduce the pressure by clients on appraisers.
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Vincent-Onabajo, Grace, Pwadi Gayus, Mamman Ali Masta, Muhammad Usman Ali, Fatima Kachalla Gujba, Ali Modu, and Saleh Usman Hassan. "Caregiving Appraisal by Family Caregivers of Stroke Survivors in Nigeria." Journal of Caring Sciences 7, no. 4 (October 22, 2018): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/jcs.2018.028.
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Introduction: Attending to caregiving experiences of family caregivers of stroke survivors is important in person-centered stroke rehabilitation. This study explored caregiving appraisals by family caregivers of stroke survivors in Nigeria. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of family caregivers’ negative and positive appraisals of caregiving was conducted using the 24-item 4-domain revised Caregiving Appraisal Scale (rCAS). Mann Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to identify differences in caregiving appraisals based on specific caregiver and stroke survivor variables. Results: Seventy-three caregiver and care recipient dyads participated in the study. Mean age of the caregivers was 31.51 (9.82) years. From a score of 5, and higher scores depicting higher appraisal, mean (SD) score for caregiving satisfaction and caregiving mastery (positive appraisal domains) was 4.23 (0.97) and 4.04 (0.92) respectively while 2.29 (0.98) and 2.11 (0.93) were respectively recorded for caregiving burden and environmental impact (negative appraisal). Caregivers’ gender, age, and employment status resulted in significantly different appraisals with female caregivers having higher caregiving mastery (U = 446, P<0.05), caregiving satisfaction (U = 384.5, P<0.01), and also caregiving burden (U = 382.5, P<0.01) compared to their male counterparts; while older (U = 330; P<0.05) and employed (U = 437.5, P<0.05) family caregivers reported higher caregiving satisfaction and burden respectively than younger and unemployed family caregivers. Conclusion: Given the comparatively higher positive caregiving appraisal, and the documented benefits of positive caregiving appraisal, efforts should be geared towards identifying effective means of reinforcing positive appraisal, and reducing negative stroke caregiving appraisal, especially for female, older and employed family caregivers.
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Meredith, Pamela J., Jenny Strong, and Judith A. Feeney. "Evidence of a Relationship between Adult Attachment Variables and Appraisals of Chronic Pain." Pain Research and Management 10, no. 4 (2005): 191–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2005/745650.
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OBJECTIVE: Although threat and challenge appraisals of pain have been linked to both the acute and laboratory-induced pain experience, these appraisals have not yet been explored in relation to chronic pain. In addition, although attachment theory has been separately linked to the chronic pain experience and to responses to perceived threat, it has not been explored in the context of threat and challenge appraisals of chronic pain. The present paper addresses these two main goals.METHODS: A sample of 141 participants reporting noncancer pain longer than two months in duration completed a battery of assessments before commencing treatment in one of two multidisciplinary rehabilitation programs.RESULTS: Analysis of the pain appraisal inventory produced two factors (threat and challenge), replicating earlier findings. Reliability coefficients for the two extracted scales were 0.87 and 0.86, respectively. Links between the two pain appraisal scales and adult attachment variables proved to be significant. In particular, comfort with closeness was strongly related to challenge appraisal, while anxiety over relationships was strongly associated with threat appraisal. As expected, both appraisals and attachment variables were also related to catastrophizing and emotional distress.CONCLUSIONS: Results support use of the pain appraisal inventory as an evaluation tool for those with chronic pain. Findings further suggest a substantial association between adult attachment and pain appraisal, supporting the need for more in-depth analysis and consideration of implications for treatment.
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Cocciolo, Anthony. "Email as cultural heritage resource: appraisal solutions from an art museum context." Records Management Journal 26, no. 1 (March 21, 2016): 68–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rmj-04-2015-0014.
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Purpose – The purpose of this study is to evaluate strategies to appraise email correspondence to select significant email for permanent preservation without capturing trivial or personal emails. The strategies were tested on the actual email accounts of selected individuals occupying important roles within an important cultural institution in the Northeastern USA. Design/methodology/approach – Treating this art museum as a case study site, email messages are manually appraised for retention using a rubric. Following the appraisal, strategies for expediting this appraisal process, using what is learned from the manual appraisal process, are explored. Findings – A major finding of this study is that sent mail is almost always significant, although preserving only sent mail, or preserving sent mail in combination with inbox items that have been acted upon (replied to or forwarded), are not sufficient to capture significant correspondence. Rather, a social network approach holds the most promise to accelerate the process of email appraisal. Originality/value – This study provides empirically grounded strategies for appraising email for permanent retention.
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Rini, Yul Windiya, Dwi Arini Mandasari, and Iriani Ismail. "Goal-Setting Appraisal and Employee Motivation of Education in Public sector Organization: A Literature Studies." Edumaspul: Jurnal Pendidikan 7, no. 1 (March 1, 2023): 918–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.33487/edumaspul.v7i1.5677.
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Employee performance appraisal is an important process in organizational performance management, including in the public sector. Goal-setting appraisal is an increasingly popular performance appraisal method in the public sector. The purpose of this research is to describe the goal-setting appraisal strategy in increasing employee motivation in public sector organizations. This research was conducted through a literature study that collected and analyzed the results of previous research on the impact of goal-setting appraisal on employee motivation, the factors that influence it, along with strategies for determining goal-setting appraisal. The results of this study indicate that goal-setting appraisal has a positive and negative impact on employee motivation. Factors that influence goal-setting appraisals on work motivation include goal certainty, organizational commitment, social support, self-efficacy, and job satisfaction. In addition, there are several strategies that can be implemented by organizations in determining effective goal-setting appraisals. increasing employee motivation and organizational performance. This research can provide recommendations for practitioners and managers in the public sector to develop more effective performance management policies and practices.
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Dhiman, Amit, and Manjari Singh. "Appraisal Politics: Revisiting from Assessors' Perspective." Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers 32, no. 1 (January 2007): 75–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090920070106.
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Politics is a bane of administrative systems such as performance appraisals. It not only debilitates the system's credibility in the eyes of various stakeholders, but also adversely affects the employees' morale and the organizational effectiveness. While admitting that rooting it out completely is impossible, it is in the organizational interest that it is mitigated to a large extent. In case of performance appraisals, assessees and assessors, both try to influence the assessees� performance rating to advance self-interests. The former typically aims at higher ratings/rewards, and uses informal influence means such as upward connections, ingratiation, etc., to achieve it. The latter may use appraisals to fulfil their vested interests like building in�groups by rewarding certain favoured assessees, and projecting good departmental performance, by manipulating assessees� ratings (inflation or deflation). Some managers consider these actions legitimate because it helps them manage effectively. While these manipulations may fulfil the assessors' short-term goals, it hurts the organization in the long run by compromising performance culture, demoralizing genuine performers, discrediting pay for performance policies, etc. This paper focuses on the assessors' perspective and conceptualizes their perceptions of politics in appraisals (PAPS). We argue that PAPS constitutes the assessors' perception about political behaviours of other stakeholders�reviewers, assessees, and fellow appraisers�and shapes their own perceptions. These perceptions will be influenced by certain contextual factors in which appraisals are conducted. We have focused on four such factors: ambiguity about policies, procedures, performance standards, criteria, etc. assessors' accountability with respect to appraisals assessors' and assessees' instrumentality linked to appraisal organizational support in terms of assessors� training to conduct better appraisals. We argue that these are key variables closely related to many job and organizational characteristics, and thus are fair representation of the appraisal context. In relation to these antecedents, we propose that these reduce assessors� PAPS when: Appraisal process and system ambiguity is low. The assessors are accountable to a neutral authority for following appraisal procedures which enhance rating accuracy; on the other hand, assessors' outcome accountability accentuates politicking. Some of the procedures which enhance accuracy are frequent feedback, 360-degree feedback, assessees' involvement in the process, etc. The assessors are trained to conduct fair appraisals. The assessors' and the assessees' appraisal instrumentality directly affects PAPS as well as moderates the above relations. It is further proposed that PAPS predict the assessors' intentions to pursue certain appraisal goals. It can be rating accuracy if political perceptions are low; and, it can be other political goals, if these perceptions are high. These intentions predict actual assessor actions. This paper contributes to appraisal literature and informs managers about mitigating appraisal politics.
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Underwood, R., V. Kumari, and E. Peters. "Appraisals of psychotic experiences: an experimental investigation of symptomatic, remitted and non-need-for-care individuals." Psychological Medicine 46, no. 6 (January 25, 2016): 1249–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291715002780.
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BackgroundAppraisals are suggested to play a determining role in the clinical outcome of psychotic experiences (PEs). We used experimental tasks that mimic PEs to investigate appraisals in individuals with PEs with and without a ‘need-for-clinical-care’, and psychosis patients whose symptoms have remitted. We predicted that patients would appraise the tasks as threatening regardless of current symptom level, while non-clinical and control groups would appraise them as non-threatening.MethodAppraisals following three anomalous experiences-inducing tasks [Telepath, Cards task, Virtual acoustic space paradigm (VASP)] were examined in 71 individuals: symptomatic (n= 18) and remitted (n= 16) psychosis patients; non-clinical group with PEs (n= 16); controls without PEs (n= 21).ResultsAs predicted, symptomatic patients endorsed more threatening appraisals for all tasks than non-clinical and control groups, who did not differ from each other. However, remitted patients were less likely to endorse threatening appraisals of the Cards and Telepath than their symptomatic counterparts, although they did not differ in global ratings of how striking, threatening and distressing they found the tasks. Moreover, remitted participants endorsed more threatening appraisals of the Telepath and VASP than non-clinical participants, and of the VASP than controls. Remitted participants also rated all three tasks as globally more threatening than the non-clinical group and controls.ConclusionsClinical outcome may not necessarily be driven by the presence of symptoms, with threatening appraisals of PEs representing a key factor. The remitted group's intermediate appraisal scores imply that the relationship between appraisal and clinical outcome is not straightforward, and potential mediating factors need to be determined.
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Ng, S. Thomas, and Martin Skitmore. "DEVELOPING A FRAMEWORK FOR SUBCONTRACTOR APPRAISAL USING A BALANCED SCORECARD." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 20, no. 2 (March 10, 2014): 149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2013.802705.
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Subcontractors contribute significantly to construction projects and their performance can seriously affect over-all project success. It is crucial, therefore, to appraise the performance of subcontractors to ensure they satisfy the client's expectations and project requirements. To increase the transparency and accuracy of subcontractor appraisal, the baseline and target performance levels should be set at the outset so that the appraisers and those being appraised realize exactly what standards are to be achieved. The balanced scorecard, being a powerful tool for performance appraisal, offers a potentially good approach for modeling the subcontractor appraisal process. In this paper, an approach to developing a balanced scorecard subcontractor appraisal model is proposed and demonstrated through a questionnaire survey administered in Hong Kong and from which the baseline and target performance levels for large-scale skilled subcontractors are identified. A case example is used to illustrate the operation of the model. Finally, a means by which the model may be validated is demonstrated through the use of field experts. The results demonstrate the feasibility of developing a balanced scorecard model that can help improve the transparency of subcontractor appraisal despite the baseline and target performance levels changing according to the project characteristics, subcontractor categories and size.
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Phillips, Joanne, Jodie Lodge, and Erica Frydenberg. "The Effect of Type of School Bullying on Threat Appraisal and Coping Style of Adolescent Victims." Australian Educational and Developmental Psychologist 23, no. 1 (2006): 27–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0816512200028856.
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AbstractThe type of peer victimisation experienced is likely to influence the ways in which young people appraise and cope with school bullying. To examine this possibility, 269 adolescents (137 male, 132 female) aged between 12 and 17 years, completed a victimisation questionnaire, an adapted version of the Threat Appraisal Scale (TAS; Sandler, 1999) and the short-form of the Adolescent Coping Scale (Frydenberg & Lewis, 1996). Results indicated that there is an association between styles of coping and victimisation experiences, with physical and social bullying playing a part in the use of a Non-productive style of coping. Furthermore, the results indicated that there is also an association between threat appraisal and victimisation. Specifically, adolescents who reported greater threat appraisals reported more physical and social bullying.
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Petri-Romão, Papoula, Haakon Engen, Anna Rupanova, Lara Puhlmann, Matthias Zerban, Rebecca J. Neumann, Aliaksandr Malyshau, et al. "Self-report assessment of Positive Appraisal Style (PAS): Development of a process-focused and a content-focused questionnaire for use in mental health and resilience research." PLOS ONE 19, no. 2 (February 2, 2024): e0295562. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0295562.
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Positive Appraisal Style Theory of Resilience posits that a person’s general style of evaluating stressors plays a central role in mental health and resilience. Specifically, a tendency to appraise stressors positively (positive appraisal style; PAS) is theorized to be protective of mental health and thus a key resilience factor. To this date no measures of PAS exist. Here, we present two scales that measure perceived positive appraisal style, one focusing on cognitive processes that lead to positive appraisals in stressful situations (PASS-process), and the other focusing on the appraisal contents (PASS-content). For PASS-process, the items of the existing questionnaires Brief COPE and CERQ-short were analyzed in exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses (EFA, CFA) in independent samples (N = 1157 and N = 1704). The resulting 10-item questionnaire was internally consistent (α = .78, 95% CI [.86, .87]) and showed good convergent and discriminant validity in comparisons with self-report measures of trait optimism, neuroticism, urgency, and spontaneity. For PASS-content, a newly generated item pool of 29 items across stressor appraisal content dimensions (probability, magnitude, and coping potential) were subjected to EFA and CFA in two independent samples (N = 1174 and N = 1611). The resulting 14-item scale showed good internal consistency (α = .87, 95% CI [.86, .87]), as well as good convergent and discriminant validity within the nomological network. The two scales are a new and reliable way to assess self-perceived positive appraisal style in large-scale studies, which could offer key insights into mechanisms of resilience.
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Kożusznik, Małgorzata W., José M. Peiró, Aida Soriano, and Miriam Navarro Escudero. "“Out of Sight, Out of Mind?”: The Role of Physical Stressors, Cognitive Appraisal, and Positive Emotions in Employees’ Health." Environment and Behavior 50, no. 1 (February 8, 2017): 86–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013916517691323.
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This study analyzes the mediating role of the appraisal of environmental stressors in the relationship between physical characteristics in the offices and health symptoms. It also studies the moderating role of positive emotions in the relationship between physical characteristics and the appraisal of environmental stressors using a diary study on 59 office workers ( n = 432 time points) and sensor data. The results show that the appraisal of environmental stressors mediates the relationship between physical office characteristics and health symptoms, emphasizing the important link of stress appraisal in the stressors–strain relationship. The results also show that positive emotions moderate the relationship between the sound level and the appraisal of noise, supporting the fact that emotions can have an impact on people’s appraisals. The contributions of this study are the objective measurement of physical stressors in offices, along with their appraisals by the office users, using the diary study design.
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Srem-Sai, Medina. "Cognitive Appraisals of Organizational Stressors and Coping Styles of Football Coaches and Players in Ghana." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 11, no. 3 (April 5, 2024): 464–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.113.16632.
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The study assessed how football coaches and players appraised and coped with stressors they experienced or encountered. Specifically, the study assessed the following: (1) stress appraisal mechanisms employed by coaches and players, (2) coping mechanisms adopted by coaches and players, and (3) association between stress appraisals and coping styles among coaches and players in the Ghana national football league. Employing the descriptive survey design, census sampling was used to select 424 footballers and 44 coaches who answered the Stress Appraisal Measure (SAM) and the Modified Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (MCOPE) inventories. Descriptive statistics (means and standard deviation) and multivariate multiple regression were used to analyze the data. The findings showed that football coaches and players reportedly used more controllable-by-self and challenge appraisals and employed more problem-focused coping styles (increasing effort, active coping, and planning) than emotion-focused coping styles (seeking social support for emotional reasons, venting of emotions, and self-blame) during stressful situations. Further, those who used facilitative appraisal mechanisms adopted functional coping mechanisms and vice versa. Sport psychologists are encouraged to organize regular psychological training workshops on a variety of functional coping styles (e.g., cognitive restructuring, planning, increasing effort and active coping) to help football coaches and players deal with the demands associated with competitions to enhance their psychological well-being.
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Sung, Billy, and Jennifer Yih. "The direct and indirect effects of anger and its cognitive appraisals in public relations incidents." Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics 31, no. 5 (November 11, 2019): 1344–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/apjml-08-2018-0292.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the predictive power of anger and its associated appraisal dimensions of consumer responses to two different public relations incidents. Design/methodology/approach A natural quasi-experiment was conducted within a month after the public relations incidents. Participants randomly viewed one of the two videos relating to the incidents. Path analysis was used to examine the direct and indirect effects of anger, acceptability appraisal, motivational incongruence appraisal, relevance appraisal and other accountability appraisal on consumers’ intention to harm the brand and future purchase intention. Findings Appraisals of acceptability, motivational incongruence and relevance, but not other accountability, have both direct and indirect effects on anger and its motivational tendency. Acceptability appraisal directly increases consumers’ intention to harm, whereas relevance appraisal directly increases their intention to harm and reduces future purchase intention. The degree to which these appraisal structure and anger occur account for the level of negative consumer responses toward the two public relations incidents. Practical implications The current findings empirically replicate the diverse consumer responses toward two public relations incidents and use anger and its appraisal structure to account for the negative responses. This provides researchers and practitioners a framework to explain and manage consumers’ reaction toward different public relations incidents. Originality/value The current findings not only support the motivational role of anger and its accompanying appraisals in public relations incidents, but also demonstrate their predictive power in the given contexts.
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Shargel, Daniel. "Appraisals, Emotions, and Inherited Intentional Objects." Emotion Review 9, no. 1 (November 11, 2016): 46–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1754073916658249.
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Modern appraisal theories inherited a problem from the Schachter theory: are emotions directed at intentional objects, and if so, why? On both theories the emotion is initiated by some sort of cognitive state, which according to Schachter produces a state of arousal, and according to appraisal theorists a cluster of emotion-specific states. If cognitions are components of the emotional state it may seem like we can explain why emotions inherit objects from those cognitions. In this article I focus on appraisal theories, and argue that appraisals are emotional components because they are synchronized with other emotion subsystems. However, emotions do not inherit their intentional objects from appraisals, because the appraisals that are emotional components are generic, rather than object-directed.
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Comensoli, Andrew, and Carolyn MacCann. "Emotion Appraisals Predict Neuroticism and Extraversion." Journal of Individual Differences 36, no. 1 (February 1, 2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000149.
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The current study proposes and refines the Appraisals in Personality (AIP) model in a multilevel investigation of whether appraisal dimensions of emotion predict differences in state neuroticism and extraversion. University students (N = 151) completed a five-factor measure of trait personality, and retrospectively reported seven situations from the previous week, giving state personality and appraisal ratings for each situation. Results indicated that: (a) trait neuroticism and extraversion predicted average levels of state neuroticism and extraversion respectively, and (b) five of the examined appraisal dimensions predicted one, or both of the state neuroticism and extraversion personality domains. However, trait personality did not moderate the relationship between appraisals and state personality. It is concluded that appraisal dimensions of emotion may provide a useful taxonomy for quantifying and comparing situations, and predicting state personality.
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Bogin, Alexander N., and Jessica Shui. "Appraisal Accuracy and Automated Valuation Models in Rural Areas." Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics 60, no. 1-2 (August 8, 2019): 40–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11146-019-09712-0.
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Abstract Accurate and unbiased property value estimates are essential to credit risk management. Along with loan amount, they determine a mortgage’s loan-to-value ratio, which captures the degree of homeowner equity and is a key determinant of borrower credit risk. For home purchases, lenders generally require an independent appraisal, which, in addition to a home’s sales price, is used to calculate a value for the underlying collateral. A number of empirical studies have shown that property appraisals tend to be biased upwards, and over 90 percent of the time, either confirm or exceed the associated contract price. Our data suggest that appraisal bias is particularly pervasive in rural areas where over 25 percent of rural properties are appraised at more than five percent above contract price. Given this significant upward bias, we examine a host of alternate valuation techniques to more accurately estimate rural property values.