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Hee, Sonke. "Computational Bayesian techniques applied to cosmology." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/273346.
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This thesis presents work around 3 themes: dark energy, gravitational waves and Bayesian inference. Both dark energy and gravitational wave physics are not yet well constrained. They present interesting challenges for Bayesian inference, which attempts to quantify our knowledge of the universe given our astrophysical data. A dark energy equation of state reconstruction analysis finds that the data favours the vacuum dark energy equation of state $w {=} -1$ model. Deviations from vacuum dark energy are shown to favour the super-negative ‘phantom’ dark energy regime of $w {< } -1$, but at low statistical significance. The constraining power of various datasets is quantified, finding that data constraints peak around redshift $z = 0.2$ due to baryonic acoustic oscillation and supernovae data constraints, whilst cosmic microwave background radiation and Lyman-$\alpha$ forest constraints are less significant. Specific models with a conformal time symmetry in the Friedmann equation and with an additional dark energy component are tested and shown to be competitive to the vacuum dark energy model by Bayesian model selection analysis: that they are not ruled out is believed to be largely due to poor data quality for deciding between existing models. Recent detections of gravitational waves by the LIGO collaboration enable the first gravitational wave tests of general relativity. An existing test in the literature is used and sped up significantly by a novel method developed in this thesis. The test computes posterior odds ratios, and the new method is shown to compute these accurately and efficiently. Compared to computing evidences, the method presented provides an approximate 100 times reduction in the number of likelihood calculations required to compute evidences at a given accuracy. Further testing may identify a significant advance in Bayesian model selection using nested sampling, as the method is completely general and straightforward to implement. We note that efficiency gains are not guaranteed and may be problem specific: further research is needed.
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Balmforth, N. J. "The theory of stellar oscillations." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.358576.
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Костенко, Юрий Викторович. "Анализ параметров динамических процессов в виброударных машинах с изменяющимися массово-жесткостными характеристиками." Thesis, НТУ "ХПИ", 2015. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/19912.
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Диссертация на соискание научной степени кандидата технических наук по специальности 05.02.09 – динамика и прочность машин. – Национальный технический университет "Харьковский политехнический институт", Харьков, 2016.
Диссертация посвящена разработке подходов, методов и моделей для исследования динамических процессов в виброударных системах с учетом изменяемой во времени массы технологического груза и нелинейной жесткости упругих опор. В данной работе изложен новый подход к учету влияния переменной массы технологического груза на характер динамических процессов в виброударной системе. Разработаны и предложены зависимости, математические модели, которые описывают характер изменения массы технологического груза во времени, как на основе экспериментальных исследований (эмпирический закон), так и в зависимости от количества диссипированной энергии. Установлено, что вследствии нелинейности жесткости упругих опор и в зависимости от их конструктивного исполнения, становится возможной реализация субгармонических режимов, что приводит к росту силы ударного взаимодействия. Для оценки влияния параметров упругих опор (варианты конструктивного исполнения, жесткость пружин) проведены многовариантные исследования, по результатам которых выделены характерные субгармонические режимы и их характеристики (фазовые портреты, временные распределения). Установлена степень влияния изменения различных параметров упругих опор на характер колебательного процесса в ходе их многовариантного варьирования. На базе корпуса усовершенствованной вибромашины, функционирующей в составе автоматизированной линии для выбивки крупного вагонного литья, проведен натурный эксперимент с целью подтверждения точности и адекватности полученных ранее результатов численных исследований.The thesis on competition of a scientific degree of Candidate of technical Science on a specialty 05.02.09 – dynamic and strength of machines. – National Technical University "Kharkiv polytechnical institute", Kharkiv, 2016. This thesis is devoted to the development of approaches, methods and models for investigation of dynamic processes in vibroimpact systems with variable mass of the weight and nonlinear rigidness of elastic supports. In this paper new approach to the accounting of the variable mass influence on the character of dynamical processes in vibroimpact systems was presented. The dependences, that describes the mass change character, based on experimental researches and dependence from dissipated energy were proposed. It was found that the realization of sybharmonical modes became possible because of elastic supports nonlinearity and design features. The realization of subharmonical modes lead to growth of impact interaction force. The approach, based on corresponding values for phase variables at the beginning and the end of period was proposed to periodic solutions search. The criteria for tuning from resonance frequencies that can appear on perturbing force with multiple (partite) frequency were formulated. The machine body designed with taking to the account previously formulated recommen-dations was created. The investigation of stress-strain status was performed and found that improved machine body satisfies strength requirements. The comparison of numerical and experimental data was done. The accuracy and authenticity of numerical investigations was confirmed.
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Костенко, Юрій Вікторович. "Аналіз параметрів динамічних процесів у віброударних машинах зі змінними масово-жорсткісними характеристиками." Thesis, ФО-П Дуюнова Т. В, 2016. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/19909.
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Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.02.09 – динаміка та міцність машин. – Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут", Харків, 2016.
Дисертація присвячена розробці підходів, методів і моделей для дослідження динамічних процесів у віброударних системах з урахуванням змінної у часі маси технологічного вантажу та нелінійної жорсткості пружних опор. У роботі викладений новий підхід до урахування впливу змінної маси технологічного вантажу на характер динамічних процесів у віброударній системі. Запропоновані залежності, що описують характер зміни маси як на основі експериментальних досліджень, так і залежно від дисипації енергії при ударі. Встановлено, що внаслідок нелінійної жорсткості пружних опор та залежно від їх конструктивного виконання, можливою є реалізація субгармонійних режимів, що призводить до зростання сили ударної взаємодії. Для пошуку періодичних розв'язків був запропонований новий підхід, що базується на відповідності фазових змінних на початку та в кінці періоду процесу. На основі результатів досліджень сформульовані критерії для відлаштування від резонансу, що може виникнути на кратних (дольних) частотах збудження. З урахування рекомендацій створена удосконалена конструкція корпусу віброударної машини. Проведені дослідження напружено-деформованого стану удосконаленого корпусу вібромашини та встановлено, що він відповідає вимогам міцності. Проведене порівняння отриманих числових результатів досліджень з експериментальними даними. Підтверджена точність і достовірність проведених числових досліджень.The thesis on competition of a scientific degree of Candidate of technical Science on a specialty 05.02.09 – dynamic and strength of machines. – National Technical University "Kharkiv polytechnical institute", Kharkiv, 2016. This thesis is devoted to the development of approaches, methods and models for investigation of dynamic processes in vibroimpact systems with variable mass of the weight and nonlinear rigidness of elastic supports. In this paper new approach to the accounting of the variable mass influence on the character of dynamical processes in vibroimpact systems was presented. The dependences, that describes the mass change character, based on experimental researches and dependence from dissipated energy were proposed. It was found that the realization of sybharmonical modes became possible because of elastic supports nonlinearity and design features. The realization of subharmonical modes lead to growth of impact interaction force. The approach, based on corresponding values for phase variables at the beginning and the end of period was proposed to periodic solutions search. The criteria for tuning from resonance frequencies that can appear on perturbing force with multiple (partite) frequency were formulated. The machine body designed with taking to the account previously formulated recommen-dations was created. The investigation of stress-strain status was performed and found that improved machine body satisfies strength requirements. The comparison of numerical and experimental data was done. The accuracy and authenticity of numerical investigations was confirmed.
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Hayward, Scott Kelly. "Three neutrino oscillations applied to solar and long baseline experiments." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0031/NQ27158.pdf.
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Chen, Viola. "Essays in applied theory." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1666128091&sid=36&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Chen, Lizi Ph D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Essays in applied theory." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/122443.
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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Economics, 2019Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
In "Incomplete Contracting with Endogenous Competition," I consider a variant of the incomplete contracting with renegotiation model introduced by Hart and Moore (1988). I study a trading relation between a buyer and seller, where some ex-ante relationship specific investment on the part of the seller is needed to generate value for the buyer. Uncertainty is revealed ex post, in that prior to the investment stage, the buyer does not know which type of service she may need, and it is impossible to describe under what precise circumstances she needs a particular service. The contract can take only two broad forms: (1) a specification of the nature of a service to be provided under all circumstances, or (2) a general option contract, namely, a menu of services that the seller agrees to provide at predetermined terms.
In addition to uncertainty regarding state realizations which was the focus of the literature thus far, I consider a different source of contracting friction, namely, uncertainty about downstream profitability. I show that depending on the specific assumptions, the competitor may invest in, produce and sell an imperfect substitute or free-ride on the incumbent supplier's investment and replicate a perfect substitute with positive probability. However, in a subgame-perfect equilibrium, the incumbent supplier will correctly anticipate potential entrants and change its ex-ante investment to account for downstream competition. It may also distort the level of its ex-ante investment to deter future entry. In this paper, information affects the outcome of economic transactions, but the presence and absence of information is exogenously given by assumptions about the form of competitions.
In my paper "Selling Information: Multidimensional Oligopolistic Competition," I model the information structure as a variable endogenously chosen to optimally manage competition. Specifically, I consider a model of an economic transaction between an upstream monopolist and several downstream oligopolists. The downstream parties may be E-commerce retailers who compete over a heterogeneous customer base. Each party may have some prior assessment over the distribution of customer types, but would benefit from incremental knowledge on customer information. The upstream party, in this scenario, is an information vendor, who has access to technology required to develop a targeting device. Since information is valuable, to extract surplus the upstream party would like to improve the quality of information. Such motive is counterbalanced by the incentive to manage competition.
The upstream monopolist supplies a menu of multi-dimensional intermediate goods from which the downstream oligopolists select. The oligopolists then use the previously purchased intermediate goods to produce the final products and compete with each other. The model enriches Bonatti (2015)'s multi-dimensional information product model by considering what the information product is used for (competing for heterogeneous customers by per information product. The key feature of the model is that the information good is intermediate, whose value is affected by the extent of ex post competition among the The model captures the indirect externalities conferred in the market for information. Specifically, the value of customer information to a given firm is no longer determined solely by the characteristics of that firm and the those customers. Instead, the value now also depends on the market competition structure among all downstream firms.
For example, a model of competition of customer information has features similar to an arms race: having better information over the opponent allows one to better engage in better price discrimination, but it also increases the value of information to the opponent and induces more aggressive demand for information on the part of the opponents. In addition to economic transactions, in my third paper I study the role of information in managing and orienting actions beyond the market. In "Information Theory Foundation of Propaganda," I develop a model of strategic information signaling with an informed sender and a continuum of imperfectly informed receivers. The sender sends a costly signal to disrupt receivers' coordination action and to bias their aggregate action away from the true state towards the sender's desired state. The receivers want to match their actions to the true state and also seek to coordinate with each other.
The leading application of the model is an authoritarian regime sending propaganda to its citizens to prevent them from learning the true strength of the regime and taking collective actions. In equilibrium the sender's manipulation does not succeed in changing the mean of the receivers' beliefs, but manipulation makes their interpretation of the signal noisier. This model helps resolve an empirical puzzle: since we observe propaganda, regimes apparently think it works, in some way, but can propaganda work, even if the citizens who see it know it is biased information? In the model, propaganda works not through changing beliefs per se, but through adding noise and confusion into the communication structure, so that citizens, who value coordination, are more likely to redirect their attention across various sources of information.
by Lizi Chen.
Chapter 1: Incomplete Contracting with Endogenous Competition -- Chapter 2: Selling Information: Multidimensional Oligopolistic Competition -- Chapter 3: Information Theory Foundation of Propaganda.
Ph. D.
Ph.D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Economics
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Clarke, Alan. "A study of distances and the Baryon Acoustic Oscillations in curved spacetimes." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/10211.
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Includes bibliographical references.The Baryon Acoustic Oscillations offer a powerful method of measuring cosmological distances and the expansion history of the Universe. Understanding of the BAO comes from linear physics and allows for accurate predictions of the BAO scale. This will result in accurate measurements of the parameters of the Universe. Currently, most BAO measurements assume a flat cosmology; this work seeks to investigate if the assumption of flatness provides inaccuracies in the measurement process.
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Pagnozzi, Marco. "Essays in applied auction theory." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.400757.
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Flores, Sandoval Miguel Angel. "Essays on applied microeconomic theory." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/27681.
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This thesis collects three essays in applied microeconomic theory. Chapter 1 studies entry in a market where firms compete in shopping hours and prices. I explore the effect of shopping hours deregulation on social welfare. I show that an incumbent firm can strategically choose its opening hours to deter entry of a new firm, and that shopping hours deregulation can be harmful to consumers and social welfare. Chapter 2 examines the implications of prominence when firms' R&D investment is endogenous and consumers search sequentially. In the benchmark case consumers visit a firm randomly while in the prominence case all consumers visit the prominent firm first. I find that the prominent firm is the most efficient firm. The non-prominent firm is the least efficient firm if R&D cost is high but invests more in R&D than with random search if R&D cost is low. Second, if the efficiency asymmetry is sufficiently low prices with prominence are lower than prices with random search. If the efficiency asymmetry is high prices with prominence are higher than prices with random search. If the efficiency asymmetry is not too low the prominent firm charges a lower price than the non-prominent firm, and the price with random search lies between those prices. Third, when a firm is prominent both consumer surplus and social welfare are higher than with random search. Chapter 3 discusses whether taxes, subsidies and cash incentives are effective in reducing unhealthy food consumption, and which one is the most appropriate policy to tackle the obesity problem in the US and the UK. Cash incentives may be the most effective policy in reducing unhealthy food consumption, yet it can be the most costly one. Taxes are ineffective in reducing unhealthy food consumption. Subsidies have the best balance between effectiveness and monetary benefits to society.
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Moreno, de Barreda Ines. "Essays in applied economic theory." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2011. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/158/.
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This thesis consists of three essays, all of which use the tools of economic theory to analyze specific situations in which multiple strategic agents interact with each other. The first chapter studies the strategic transmission of information between an informed expert and a decision maker when the latter has access to imperfect private information relevant to the decision. The main insight of the paper is that the access to private information of the decision maker hampers the incentives of the expert to communicate. Surprisingly, in a wide range of environments, the decision maker's information cannot make up for the loss of communication and the welfare of both agents diminishes. The second chapter presents a model of electoral competition between an in- cumbent and a challenger in which the voters receive more information about the quality of the incumbent. If the incumbent can manipulate the information received by the voters through costly effort, the model predicts an incumbency advantage, even though the two candidates are drawn from identical symmetric distributions, and the voters have rational expectations. It is also shown that a supermajority re-election rule improves welfare, mainly through discouraging low-quality politicians from manipulating the information. Finally the third chapter uses a mechanism design approach to characterize the class of social choice functions which cannot be profitably manipulated, when the individuals have symmetric single-peaked preferences. Our result allows for the design of social choice functions to deal with feasibility constraints.
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Peacey, Michael William. "Essays in applied microeconomic theory." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.658843.
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This thesis comprises four essays that apply a range of techniques in microeconomic theory to address an eclectic collection of problems. The first essay explores the peer review process, and asks how the diffusion of information is determined by the procedure followed by reviewers. The second essay models the way in which students learn, and applies the model to reforms in higher education. The third essay examines charitable giving, in particular by finding and explaining the incidence of donations which are large and anonymous. The final essay investigates the effects of the controversial 'Stamp Duty Land Tax' imposed on house . buyers in the UK, and characterizes the winners and losers from the distortion caused by the tax.
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Grubb, Michael David. "Essays on applied microeconomic theory /." May be available electronically:, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/login?COPT=REJTPTU1MTUmSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=12498.
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Raykov, Radoslav S. "Essays in Applied Microeconomic Theory." Thesis, Boston College, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:104087.
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Thesis advisor: Utku UnverThis dissertation consists of three essays in microeconomic theory: two focusing on insurance theory and one on matching theory. The first chapter is concerned with catastrophe insurance. Motivated by the aftermath of hurricane Katrina, it studies a strategic model of catastrophe insurance in which consumers know that they may not get reimbursed if too many other people file claims at the same time. The model predicts that the demand for catastrophe insurance can ``bend backwards'' to zero, resulting in multiple equilibria and especially in market failure, which is always an equilibrium. This shows that a catastrophe market can fail entirely due to demand-driven reasons, a result new to the literature. The model suggests that pricing is key for the credibility of catastrophe insurers: instead of increasing demand, price cuts may backfire and instead cause a ``race to the bottom.'' However, small amounts of extra liquidity can restore the system to stable equilibrium, highlighting the importance of a functioning reinsurance market for large risks. These results remain robust both for expected utility consumer preferences and for expected utility's most popular alternative, rank-dependent expected utility. The second chapter develops a model of quality differentiation in insurance markets, focusing on two of their specific features: the fact that costs are uncertain, and the fact that firms are averse to risk. Cornerstone models of price competition predict that firms specialize in products of different quality (differentiate their products) as a way of softening price competition. However, real-world insurance markets feature very little differentiation. This chapter offers an explanation to this phenomenon by showing that cost uncertainty fundamentally alters the nature of price competition among risk-averse firms by creating a drive against differentiation. This force becomes particularly pronounced when consumers are picky about quality, and is capable of reversing standard results, leading to minimum differentiation instead. The chapter concludes with a study of how the costs of quality affect differentiation by considering two benchmark cases: when quality is costless and when quality costs are convex (quadratic). The third chapter focuses on the theory of two-sided matching. Its main topic are inefficiencies that arise when agent preferences permit indifferences. It is well-known that two-sided matching under weak preferences can result in matchings that are stable, but not Pareto efficient, which creates bad incentives for inefficiently matched agents to stay together. In this chapter I show that in one-to-one matching with weak preferences, the fraction of inefficiently matched agents decreases with market size if agents are sufficiently diverse; in particular, the proportion of agents who can Pareto improve in a randomly chosen stable matching approaches zero when the number of agents goes to infinity. This result shows that the relative degree of the inefficiency vanishes in sufficiently large markets, but this does not provide a "cure-all'' solution in absolute terms, because inefficient individuals remain even when their fraction is vanishing. Agent diversity is represented by the diversity of each person's preferences, which are assumed randomly drawn, i.i.d. from the set of all possible weak preferences. To demonstrate its main result, the chapter relies on the combinatorial properties of random weak preferences
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2012
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Economics
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Cosandier, Charlène Lisa. "Essays in applied microeconomic theory." Diss., University of Iowa, 2018. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/6084.
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This thesis is composed of four independent essays in applied microeconomic theory. The first chapter examines the formation of bidding cartels in second-price sealed- bid almost-common value auctions. Cartel leaders discriminate between advantaged and regular bidders through their schedule of side-payments. If there is only one cartel, the cartel leader can attract regular bidders without side-payments so that he acquires information about the common value at no cost. Advantaged bidders have an incentive to stay out due to their positive probability to win the auction. Nevertheless, we show than any stable cartel must include all regular bidders. In the case of multiple competing cartels, cartel leaders now also compete to attract regular bidders as it allows them to become better informed at a low cost. Finally, we find that a seller prefers a cartel structure with symmetric groups.
The second chapter provides a new approach to the basic issues of existence, uniqueness and comparative statics of Cournot equilibrium by using the properties of a fictitious objective function or an aggregate potential for symmetric Cournot oligopoly. Under this novel perspective, we are able to re-derive a number of existing results, as well as develop some general second-order properties for the equilibrium profit and social welfare functions with respect to the number of firms and the unit cost.
The third chapter investigates the effects of increased transparency on prices in the Bertrand duopoly model. Market transparency is defined as the proportion of consumers that are fully informed about the market and thus not captive to one firm. We consider two main cases of strategic interaction, prices as strategic complements and as strategic substitutes. For the former class of games, conventional wisdom concerning prices is confirmed, in that they decrease with market transparency. Consumer welfare always increases with higher transparency but changes in firms' profits are ambiguous. For the latter class of games, an increase in market transparency may lead to an increase in one of the prices, which implies ambiguous effects on both consumer welfare and firms' profits. An example with linear demand for differentiated products is also investigated. The results of the paper shed light on the mixed evidence concerning the effects of the Internet on retail markets and may illuminate some of the ongoing related public policy debates.
Finally, the fourth chapter examines the standard symmetric two-period R&D model with a deterministic one-way spillover structure: know-how flows only from the high R&D firm to the low R&D firm (but not vice-versa). Though firms are ex-ante identical, one obtains a unique asymmetric equilibrium (pair) in R&D investments, leading to inter-firm heterogeneity in the industry. The main part of the chapter provides a second-best welfare analysis in which we show that the joint lab yields a socially optimal R&D level subject to an equal treatment (of firms) constraint, which also coincides with the non-cooperative solution in the absence of spillovers. We also investigate the welfare costs of this equal treatment constraint and find that they can be quite significant.
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Ghandi, Hojjatallah. "Essays on Applied Microeconomic Theory." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27736.
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The first part of this dissertation investigates the possibility of an output cut by a firm as a result of an increase in demand in industries with constrained capacities. We are specially interested in the crude oil industry, although the paper has implications beyond that market. Two simple closely related models are developed. In both models a firm cuts the output at some point solely because of an increase in demand. We use this fact to explain the sharp decline of the crude oil prices in 1986.
There are price and quantity hysteresis in the second model. The price hysteresis has two implications. First, the price path when the demand increases might be different from the price path when the demand decreases. This in turn implies that a temporary shock in the demand for (or supply of) crude oil can cause permanent changes in the price. We claim that the temporary changes in the supply of crude oil in 1973 resulted in the price hysteresis phenomenon described in the second model in such a way that it kept the prices high even after the return of the producers to the market.
The second part investigates the relationship between the taste for public expenditure and the size and distribution of social groups in a society. Societies with ethnic heterogeneity spend less on redistribution and welfare programs and impose lower tax rates relative to homogeneous societies. We construct a theoretical model to explain these facts.
There are two social groups in the model: a minority group and a majority group. When members of one group feel empathy for each other but not for members of the other group, then taxes, and redistribution depend upon the size and distribution of those groups. At first, the equilibrium tax rate and redistribution decrease as the size of the minority group increases from zero, then eventually, the relationship between them becomes positive.Ph. D.
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Todoeschuck, John 1955. "Non-linear seismic attenuation in the earth as applied to the free oscillations." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=72760.
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Pinheiro, Fernando Jorge Gutiérrez. "Oscillations in roAp and & Scuti Stars : Theory and observations." Dissertação, Universidade do Porto. Reitoria, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/9689.
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Dissertação de Mestrado em Astronomia apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do PortoAs estrelas d Scuti e as estrelas roAp encontram-se na região da Faixa de Instabilidade das Cefeides que é atravessada pela Sequência principal. Cada tipo de estrelas apresenta frequências de oscilação que o outro género de estrelas não apresenta. Estas oscilações dependem da estrutura das estrelas, e podem ser descritas pelos modelos apropriados.De modo inverso, podemos a partir de observações obter as características de uma estrela, usando os modelos adequados.Discutiremos os modos de obter e reduzir observações dessas estrelas, e de analisar os dados obtidos com o objectivo de encontrar essas frequências de oscilação. Em particular tentaremos descobrir quis são as condições necessárias para se obter algumas características das estrelas BN Cnc e BV Cnc do enxame do Presépio (M44) na constelação do Caranguejo.
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Weicker, Lionel. "Slow-fast oscillations of delayed feedback systems: theory and experiment." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209242.
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Dans ce travail, nous étudions deux types de problèmes à retard. Le premier traite des oscillateurs optoélectroniques (OOEs). Un OOE est un système bouclé permettant de délivrer une onde électromagnétique radio-fréquence de grande pureté spectrale et de faible bruit électronique. Le second problème traite du couplage retardé de neurones. Une nouvelle forme de synchronisation est observée où un régime oscillant est une alternative à un état stationnaire stable. Ces deux problèmes présentent des oscillations de type slow-fast. Une grande partie de ma thèse est dévouée à l’analyse de ces régimes. Etant donné qu’il s’agit d’équations nonlinéaires à retard, les techniques asymptotiques classiques ont dû être revues. En plus d’une étude théorique, des expériences ont été effectuées. Le travail sur les OOEs a été rendu possible grâce aux invitations respectives de L. Larger dans son laboratoire à l’Université de Franche-Comté et de D.J. Gauthier à Duke University. Le travail sur le couplage de neurones a bénéficié d’expériences réalisées par L. Keuninckx du groupe « Applied Physics » de la Vrije Universiteit Brussel.Une contribution importante de cette thèse est à la fois l’analyse mathématique mais aussi l’observation expérimentale d’ondes carrées stables asymétriques présentant des longueurs de plateau différentes mais ayant la même période dans un OOE. Une bifurcation de Hopf primaire d’un état stationnaire est le mécanisme menant à ces régimes. Un deuxième phénomène qui a été à la fois observé pour l’OOE et pour les neurones couplés est la coexistence entre plusieurs ondes carrées ayant des périodes différentes. Pour l’OOE, ces oscillations peuvent être reliées à plusieurs bifurcations de Hopf primaires qui sont proches les unes des autres à cause du grand délai. Le mécanisme de stabilité est similaire à celui de "Eckhaus" pour les systèmes spatialement étendus. Pour le couplage de cellules excitables, nous avons étudié des équations couplées de type FitzHugh-Nagumo (FHN) linéaires par morceaux et obtenu des résultats analytiques. Nous montrons que le mécanisme menant à ces régimes périodiques correspond à un point limite d’un cycle-limite. La robustesse de ces régimes par rapport au bruit a ensuite été explorée expérimentalement en utilisant des circuits électroniques couplés et retardés. Ce système peut être modélisé mathématiquement par les mêmes équations de type FHN. Pour terminer, nous montrons que les équations pour l’OOE et le FHN possèdent des propriétés similaires. Ceci nous permet de généraliser nos principaux résultats à une plus grande variété d’équations différentielles à retard.
Doctorat en Sciences
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Pinheiro, Fernando Jorge Gutiérrez. "Oscillations in roAp and & Scuti Stars : Theory and observations." Master's thesis, Universidade do Porto. Reitoria, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/9689.
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Dissertação de Mestrado em Astronomia apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do PortoAs estrelas d Scuti e as estrelas roAp encontram-se na região da Faixa de Instabilidade das Cefeides que é atravessada pela Sequência principal. Cada tipo de estrelas apresenta frequências de oscilação que o outro género de estrelas não apresenta. Estas oscilações dependem da estrutura das estrelas, e podem ser descritas pelos modelos apropriados.De modo inverso, podemos a partir de observações obter as características de uma estrela, usando os modelos adequados.Discutiremos os modos de obter e reduzir observações dessas estrelas, e de analisar os dados obtidos com o objectivo de encontrar essas frequências de oscilação. Em particular tentaremos descobrir quis são as condições necessárias para se obter algumas características das estrelas BN Cnc e BV Cnc do enxame do Presépio (M44) na constelação do Caranguejo.
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Bi̇li̇r, Bülent. "Bifurcation analysis of nonlinear oscillations in power systems /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9999273.
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Roberts, Joanne Kathryn. "Three papers in applied microeconomic theory." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ31951.pdf.
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Lai, Alexandra. "Three essays in applied microeconomic theory." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ59530.pdf.
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Paraskevopoulos, Ioannis. "Econometric models applied to production theory." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.392498.
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Hassell, Sweatman Catherine Zoe Wollaston. "Critical point theory applied to bundles." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/10947.
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This study was motivated by the observation that most smooth bundles do not admit a smooth function that is Morse when restricted to every fibre. The complexity c of a critical point of a smooth map is measured by an appropriate codimension of its germ. The subset of smooth maps from a bundle to a manifold with complexity on fibres not exceeding c is studied. Bounds for c are established such that this subset is open and dense in the set of all smooth maps, where sets of smooth maps are always given the Whitney C∞ topology. The bounds are calculated in terms of the dimensions of the base space, the fibre and the manifold into which the bundle is mapped and are proved using the theory of finite germs and a suitable adaptation of the Thom Transversality Theorem. Recent work of Vasil'ev is used to investigate real-valued functions on compact principal S1-bundles. The existence is established of a function with complexity on fibres no more than roughly half of the minimum value for c for the open and dense subsets mentioned above. For certain bundles with fibre of dimension one, the set of smooth real-valued functions that are Morse when restricted to every fibre is shown to be C0 dense but not, in general, C1 dense. For all n-sphere bundles over the circle the set is shown to be C0 dense. The homotopy type of the space of smooth Morse functions on the circle is derived. Arnold's determination of the fundamental group of the generalised Morse functions on the circle is included.
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Anderson, Jon K. "Genetic algorithms applied to graph theory." Virtual Press, 1999. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1136714.
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This thesis proposes two new variations on the genetic algorithm. The first attempts to improve clustering problems by optimizing the structure of a genetic string dynamically during the run of the algorithm. This is done by using a permutation on the allele which is inherited by the next generation. The second is a multiple pool technique which ensures continuing convergence by maintaining unique lineages and merging pools of similar age. These variations will be tested against two well-known graph theory problems, the Traveling Salesman Problem and the Maximum Clique Problem. The results will be analyzed with respect to string rates, child improvement, pool rating resolution, and average string age.Department of Computer Science
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Georgoutsos, D. "Essays in applied factor demand theory." Thesis, University of Essex, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.235460.
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Yamamoto, Kiyoshi. "Optical theory applied to thin films." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 1994. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1061392348.
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Pina, Otey Sebastian. "Deep Learning and Bayesian Techniques applied to Big Data in Industry and Neutrino Oscillations." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/671967.
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Les oscil·lacions de neutrins són un fenomen complex d’interès teòric i experimental en física fonamental, estudiat a través d’experiments diversos, com la col·laboració T2K situada al Japó. T2K es compon de dues instal·lacions, que produeixen i mesuren les interaccions de neutrins per obtenir una millor comprensió de les seves oscil·lacions mitjançant l’anàlisi de dades en forma d’inferència de paràmetres, simulació de models i resposta del detector. Mitjançant aquest treball, s’aplicaran tècniques modernes de deep learning en forma d’estimadors de densitat neuronals i xarxes neuronals sobre grafs i es verificaran a fons en casos d’ús de T2K, avaluant-ne els beneficis i les mancances en comparació amb els mètodes tradicionals. Addicionalment, es parlarà d’un ús industrial d’aquestes metodologies per a la xarxa elèctrica espanyola.Las oscilaciones de neutrinos son un fenómeno complejo de interés teórico y experimental en la física fundamental, estudiado a través de diversos experimentos, como la Colaboración T2K ubicada en Japón. T2K se compone de dos instalaciones, que producen y miden las interacciones de neutrinos para comprender mejor sus oscilaciones a través del análisis de datos en forma de inferencia de parámetros, simulación de modelos y respuesta del detector. A través de este trabajo, las técnicas modernas de deep learning en forma de estimadores de densidad neuronales y redes neuronales sobre grafos se aplicarán y verificarán a fondo en los casos de uso de T2K, evaluando sus beneficios y deficiencias en comparación con los métodos tradicionales. Adicionalmente se discutirá un uso industrial de estas metodologías para la red eléctrica española.
Neutrino oscillations are a complex phenomenon of theoretical and experimental interest in fundamental physics, studied through diverse experiments, such as the T2K Collaboration situated in Japan. T2K is composed of two facilities, which produce and measure neutrino interactions to get a better understanding of their oscillations through data analysis in the form of parameter inference, model simulation and detector response. Through this work, state-of-the-art deep learning techniques in the form of neural density estimators and graph neural networks will be applied and thoroughly verified in T2K use cases, assessing their benefits and shortcomings compared to traditional methods. Additionally an industrial usage of these methodologies for the Spanish electrical network will be discussed.
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Programa de Doctorat en Física
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Payeur, Alexandre. "Oscillations and Gain Control in Sensory Systems." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/34205.
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Sensory neurons assemble to form networks that process inputs coming from the senses. Through synaptic connections neurons interact and create complex dynamical states in response to these inputs. Networks with different connectivity patterns are thought to display different states and therefore subserve different computational goals.
In this thesis, we mainly study brain rhythms, a dynamical state that occurs in various neural structures. Rhythms are emergent oscillations that typically occur in homogeneous recurrent networks, whose neurons have identical properties and are densely interconnected. Many sensory systems comprise neurons with opposite ON and OFF responses to inputs. We show that homogenous recurrent networks fail to sustain rhythms when ON and OFF neurons are present in equal proportions. This happens even when the network is subjected to spatially correlated inputs, which are known to promote synchronized oscillations. In this context, we adapted the so-called linear response theory to include networks containing ON and OFF neurons with different intrinsic properties. In this asymmetric case, oscillations can be recovered. A simpler approach is to segregate the ON and OFF populations, thus producing two oscillating subnetworks.
The dynamics of purely feedforward networks are studied next. These networks are composed of two or more populations. The populations are connected in a serial fashion, but neurons are unconnected within the populations. This connectivity scheme is drastically different from the fully recurrent network. Yet, this network is shown to display oscillatorylike properties when subjected to spatially correlated stimulation under certain conditions. We also find that this network can implement various types of gain control, depending on the noise in the system and the strength of synaptic interactions. These results establish some unexpected links between feedforward and recurrent networks.
Along the way, we apply our results and conclusions to a well-characterized sensory network, the electrosensory system of weakly electric fish.
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Chen, Guang. "General Variational Principles : theory and applications to the approximate solutions of nonlinear and/or nonconservative oscillations." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/14996.
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Caramellino, Gianpaolo. "Essays in applied microeconomics." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2018. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3786/.
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This thesis consists of three chapters that belong to the realm of Applied Microeconomics. The first two chapters are empirical projects that assess the role of time for human capital development of immigrants in the U.S. The third one is a theory project that studies how managerial career concerns and experimentation influence risk-taking behaviours. Chapter 1 studies how age at arrival in the U.S. affects the skill development of young immigrants in the U.S. Using the within family variation across siblings entered in the U.S. at different ages, I document a cognitive/non-cognitive tradeoff induced by age at arrival. As for cognitive skills, the effect of age at arrival is negative, in particular for the ability to learn English. The effect on cognitive skills is reflected in immigrants’ educational achievements. However, age at arrival plays a positive role for illicit behaviours. Children of immigrants arrived later tend to show less problematic behaviours than their siblings arrived earlier, also controlling for their English ability. Through an indirect accounting exercise, I estimate the negative effect of age at arrival on the labor market performance of immigrant adults. I conclude the paper showing that more educated parents anticipate the arrival of their children in the U.S. Chapter 2, co-authored with Leonardo Felli, Carola Frege and Yona Rubinstein, studies the intergenerational assimilation of immigrants in the U.S. In our study, we observe the outcomes of several immigrant generations. Moreover, we link immigrant mothers and their children, thus observing the outcomes of two immigrant generations belonging to the same cohort. Controlling for the selection into migration and return migration, we document that it takes two immigrant generations to exhaust the full potential of cognitive and educational assimilation, while it might take longer for other social outcomes, such as the attitude towards problematic behaviour and the likelihood of having children. Chapter 3, co-authored with Francesco Sannino, studies the effect of managerial career concerns and experimentation on risk-taking. We model an economy where managers create value through their ability to learn at an intermediate stage about the intrinsic profitability of a risky investment. Managers are heterogeneous in their ability to extract information from experiments, and care about their reputation. Their incentive to take on risk is distorted by career concerns, and can result in under or over risk-taking. When, following the experiment, better managers discard risky projects more often than bad ones we observe over risk-taking. Our result is in contrast with Holmstr ̈om (1999) where managers’ ability affects the project’s success rate, and career concerns can only produce inefficiently low risk-taking. We show that the inefficiency is reduced in one extension of the model, where the market can also observe the outcome of similar projects. The novel implication is that markets more plagued by career concerns distortions are those where managers engage in more idiosyncratic activities.
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Rossi, Federico. "Essays in applied macroeconomics." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2017. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3631/.
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This thesis consists of three chapters, examining the interrelation between human capital and country-level outcomes from different perspectives. Chapter 1, co-authored with Marta De Philippis, studies the contribution of parental influence to cross-country gaps in human capital performance. We compare the school performance of second-generation immigrants from different nationalities but educated in the same school, and find that those whose parents come from high-scoring countries in international standardized tests do better than their peers. The gap is larger when parents have little education and have recently emigrated, suggesting the importance of country-specific cultural traits that parents progressively lose as they integrate in the new host countries. Parental influence accounts for between 14% and 20% of the cross-country variance in test scores. Chapter 2 studies the macroeconomic consequences of the inequality of educational opportunities. I discuss how family income shapes college opportunities for US students, even when its correlation with academic ability is taken into account. I propose a general equilibrium model to estimate the productivity losses deriving from the fact that human capital investment is not always allocated where its marginal product would be highest. Using the equilibrium conditions of the model, I back out the value of barriers to college investment for disadvantaged students from data on family income, ability, schooling and wages. Counterfactual experiments suggest that a more meritocratic access to college education could boost output by approximately 11%, and wages by between 9% and 12%. I conclude that returns from policies aimed to expand college opportunities are potentially very large. Chapter 3 studies how the relative productivity of skilled and unskilled labor varies across countries. I use both micro-data for countries at different stages of development and other sources to document that the skill premium varies little between rich and poor countries, in spite of large differences in the relative skill supply. This pattern is consistent with the view that the relative productivity of skilled workers is higher in rich countries. I propose a methodology based on the comparison of labor market outcomes of immigrants with different levels of educational attainment to discriminate between technology and unobserved human capital as drivers of these patterns. I find that human capital quality plays a minor role in explaining cross-country differences in relative skill efficiency.
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Pinder, Jonathan. "Essays in applied macroeconomics." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2017. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3672/.
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I present a thesis in three chapters in the broad field of Applied Macroeconomics. The first chapter is an empirical investigation into the “granular hypothesis” - the hypothesis that shocks to extremely large firms can have aggregate economic consequences. Identifying this channel is nontrivial as it may be the case that large firms respond more to aggregate shocks than most firms. I present a new way to identify true firm-level shocks by looking at stock price movements around the times that firms release financial information. I argue such movements reflect firm-specific, rather than aggregate information. Using a measure of firm shocks recovered using this information suggests that the importance of such shocks for aggregate economic outcomes has been overestimated by previous work in the literature. A good univariate representation of US GDP is a random walk with drift. The second chapter shows that nonetheless US recessions have been associated with predictable short-term recoveries with relatively small changes in long-term GDP forecasts. To detect these predictable changes, it is important to use a multivariate time series model. We discuss reasons why univariate representations can miss key characteristics of the underlying variable such as predictability, especially during recessions. The third chapter develops a general equilibrium model to investigate the macroeconomic consequences of liquidity regulation, a form of regulation which was strengthened substantially after the 2008 financial crisis. The model is used to identify two separate channels through which liquidity regulation can affect the cost of capital: the “crowding out” and “financial repression” channels. In the absence of these, I establish a neutrality result in which liquidity regulation does not affect the wider economy. The principal policy implication of this chapter is that regulators should not count safe assets which they require banks to hold for liquidity purposes against bank capital requirements.
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Chen, Bo [Verfasser]. "Essays in Applied Microeconomic Theory / Bo Chen." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1109879725/34.
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Belcourt, Tracey L. "Three essays in applied micro-economic theory." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq20552.pdf.
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Lewis, Mark E. "Color theory as applied to typographic letterforms /." Online version of thesis, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/11515.
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Kulms, Marius [Verfasser]. "Essays in Applied Microeconomic Theory / Marius Kulms." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1218301562/34.
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Stevenson, Samual Wilfred. "Hartree-Fock peturbation theory applied to lithium." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.235825.
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HARCKBART, GUSTAVO. "REAL OPTIONS THEORY APPLIED TO BUSINESS VALUATION." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2001. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=1960@1.
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COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOREsta pesquisa tem três objetivos. Como primeiro objetivo, pretendemos ilustrar uma aplicação prática de avaliação de uma empresa empregando a teoria de opções reais baseada no tratamento dado por Dixit & Pindyck [1994]. Nossa idéia é empregar a técnica de opções reais para avaliar uma empresa que detenha uma opção de adiar um projeto de investimento na presença de competidores, que entram no mercado aleatoriamente. A incerteza do mercado é modelada através de processo estocástico de Movimento Geométrico Browniano, enquanto que a entrada dos competidores é modelada através de uma componente de Poisson. A Companhia Siderúrgica de Tubarão foi escolhida para ilustrar a aplicação devido ao fato da mesma possuir três grandes projetos em fase de estudo/execução. Como segundo objetivo, pretendemos adaptar uma aplicação da teoria de opções reais para avaliação de empresas de alta tecnologia desenvolvida por Schwartz [2000]. Em seu trabalho, Schwartz faz uma avaliação da Amazon.com levando em consideração o fato de que seus acionistas tem perdas de capital limitadas em caso de falência da empresa. Desta forma, empregando técnicas de simulação, Schwartz propõe um corte na distribuição de probabilidades dos fluxos de caixa da empresa nos casos em que ocorrem falências. Nossa idéia é adaptar o processo para avaliar a Globo Cabo, empresa de TV a Cabo, Internet e Telecomunicações das Organizações Globo. Como nosso terceiro objetivo, pretendemos verificar qualitativamente, dentro de nosso universo de exemplos limitado, o quanto a teoria de opções reais pode agregar ao processo de avaliação de empresas.
This research has three objectives. Our first objective is to apply real options theory, based on Dixit & Pindyck [1994] development to value a listed company. In particular, our intention is to value a company that has investment projects with delay options, in markets subjected to competitors random entry. We adopted the Geometric Brownian Motion to model the market uncertainty. The uncertainty concerning the competitors entry is assumed to be described by a Poisson Process. The company we have chosen is the Companhia Siderúrgica de Tubarão. The main reason behind our choice is the fact that the company has publicly announced that it is studying three big projects for investment.As a second objective, we intend to apply real option theory to value a high technology company using the methodology developed by Schwartz [2000]. In his work, Schwartz valued Amazon.com taking into account of the fact that Amazon`s shareholders have limited liability in case of Amazon`s bankruptcy. Our idea is to adapt Schwartz`s framework to value Globo Cabo, the Organizações Globo subsidiary in the business of cable TV, internet and telecommunications. Our third objective is to study qualitatively how much real options theory can contribute to the business valuation process. Our conclusion will take into account our very limited sample.
Las opciones reales basadas en el tratamiento dado por Dixit&Pindyck [1994]. Nuestra idea es emplear la técnica de opciones reales para evaluar una empresa que considere el atraso de un proyecto de inversión en presencia de competidores, que entran en el mercado aleatoriamente. La incerteza del mercado es modelada a través de proceso estocástico de Movimiento Geométrico Browniano, mientras que la entrada de los competidores se modela a través de una componente de Poison. La Compañía Siderúrgica de Tubarão fue elegida para ilustrar la aplicación ya que posee tres grandes proyectos en fase de estudio/ejecución. Como segundo objetivo, se pretende adaptar una aplicación de la teoría de opciones reales para la evaluación de empresas de alta tecnologia desarrollada por Schwartz [2000]. En su trabajo, Schwartz faz una evaluación de la Amazon.com considerando el hecho de que sus acionistas tienen pérdidas de capital limitadas en caso de quiebra de la empresa. De esta forma, utilizando técnicas de simulación, Schwartz propone un corte en la distribución de probabilidades de los flujos de caja de la empresa en los casos de quiebra. Nuestra idea es adaptar el proceso para evaluar la Globo Cabo, empresa de TV a Cabo, Internet y Telecomunicaciones de las Organizaciones Globo. Nuestro tercer objetivo es verificar cualitativamente, dentro de nuestro universo de ejemplos limitado, cuanto la teoría de opciones reales puede agregar al proceso de evaluación de empresas.
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Zhang, Qi. "Applied game theory and optimal mechanism design." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2014. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/370438/.
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This thesis applies game theory to study optimal toehold bidding strategies during takeover competition, the problem of optimal design of voting rules and the design of package bidding mechanism to implement the core allocations. It documents three different research questions that are all related to auction theory. Chapter 2 develops a two-stage takeover game to explain toehold puzzle in the context of takeover. Potential bidders are allowed to acquire target shares in the open market, subject to some limitations. This pre-bid ownership is known as a toehold. Purchasing a toehold prior to making any takeover offer looks like a profitable strategy given substantial takeover premiums. However actual toehold bidding has decreased since 1980s and now is not common. Its time-series patter is centred on either zero or a large value. Chapter 2 develops a two-stage takeover game. In the first stage of this two-stage game, each bidder simultaneously acquires a toehold. In the second stage, bidders observe acquired toehold sizes, and process this information to update their beliefs about rival's private valuation. Then each bidder competes to win the target under a sealed-bid second-price auction. Different from previous toehold puzzle literature focusing on toehold bidding costs in the form of target managerial entrenchment, this chapter develops a two-stage takeover game and points another possible toehold bidding cost - the opportunity loss of a profitable resale. Chapter 2 finds that, under some conditions, there exists a partial pooling Bayesian equilibrium, in which low-value bidders optimally avoid any toehold, while high-value bidders pool their decisions at one size. The equilibrium toehold acquisition strategies coincide with the bimodal distribution of the actual toehold purchasing behaviour. Chapter 3 studies the problem of optimal design of voting rules when each agent faces binary choice. The designer is allowed to use any type of non-transferable penalty on individuals in order to elicit agents' private valuations. And each agent's private valuation is assumed to be independently distributed. Early work showed that the simple majority rule has good normative properties in the situation of binary choice. However, their results relay on the assumption that agents' preferences have equal intensities. Chapter 3 shows that, under reasonable assumptions, the simple majority is the best voting mechanism in terms of utilitarian efficiency, even if voters' preferences are comparable and may have varying intensities. At equilibrium, the mechanism optimally assigns zero penalty to every voter. In other words, the designer does not extract private information from any agent in the society, because the expected penalty cost of eliciting private information to select the better alternative is too high. Chapter 4 presents a package bidding mechanism whose subgame perfect equilibrium outcomes coincide with the core of an underlying strictly convex transferable utility game. It adopts the concept of core as a competitive standard, which enables the mechanism to avoid the well-known weaknesses of VCG mechanism. In this mechanism, only core allocations generate subgame perfect equilibrium payoffs, because non-core allocations provide arbitrage opportunities for some players. By the strict convexity assumption, the implementation of the core is achieved in terms of expectation.
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Aarons, Jolyon. "Density functional theory applied to metallic nanoparticles." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2018. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/418013/.
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This thesis will focus on DFT for calculations of large metallic nanoparticles. It will show new algorithms that were developed for reduced scaling DFT methods for metals; the testing, verification and design of new descriptors for predicting the catalytic activity of metallic nanoparticles; application of large-scale DFT calculations to model nanoparticle sequences to show size and oxygen adsorption coverage trends, and finally the application of these techniques and knowledge to perform a study of oxygen adsorption on real-world, experimentally determined platinum nanoparticles in collaboration with the Nellist group at Oxford materials. We explore the binding of atomic oxygen to cuboctahedral platinum nanoparticles of up to 1000 atoms using DFT calculations in ONETEP. We demonstrate convergence to the infinite slab limit for single oxygen adsorption in chapter 4 and correlate adsorption strength against popular descriptors for catalytic activity, such as the d-band centre approach. This approach is possible because of work which will be described in chapter 3 to implement angular momentum projected density of states calculations in ONETEP. The effects of oxygen coverage on the Pt55 and Pt147 cuboctahedral nanoparticles will also be analysed, which serves to advance our simulations towards realistic conditions. We show in our investigation into half monolayer, hemispherical oxygen coverage on platinum nanoparticles that oxygen tends to gravitate towards the edges and lower coordinated sites in the nanoparticle and away from the centres of facets. This effect correlates with the site specific, single oxygen adsorption energies on Pt309 and experimental platinum nanoparticles which is presented in chapter 5. We show that when subdividing the binding of monolayers of oxygen into only (111) and (100) facets that these have a lower adsorption strength per oxygen atom than combined (100) and (111) facets as well as lower binding strength than single oxygen adsoprtion. In the next part of the study, which is discussed in chapter 5, we show large scale DFT calculations on real platinum nanoparticles, which were measured by the Nellist group at Oxford materials using advanced electron microscopy techniques. These DFT calculations provide the electronic structure of the experimentally measured nanoparticles, which allowed us to apply electron density based catalytic activity descriptors to the nanoparticles, such as the d-band centre approach, or our own electronic density based descriptor described in chapter 3. We find that surface roughness of the experimental nanoparticles contributes to more potential oxygen binding sites with low electron density, which correlatates with stronger oxygen adsorption strength in our model, when compared with the relative smoothness of cuboctahedral and truncated octahedral facets. In the analysis which is presented in chapter 5, the proportion of sites which lie within 0.2 eV of the oxygen binding strength required for optimum catalytic activity is predicted with high efficiency, based on our catalytic activity descriptor. Finally, in chapter 6 we describe a new method for large scale DFT calculations on metallic systems which we call the AQuA-FOE method. We show how this method can have a computational cost which increases effectively linearly with the number of atoms. The AQuA-FOE method works by implicitly heating and quenching the electrons in the system to find the oneparticle density matrix, while conserving the electron number. We show validation of this method inside the EDFT procedure by comparing numerically with the diagonalisation based EDFT that is already implemented in ONETEP showing agreement in the energies to better than 10⁻⁵ EH per atom. We will also demonstrate the effectively linear-scaling computational cost of our method with calculation times on regular truncated octahedral Palladium nanoparticles ranging from 2,406 to 12,934 atoms.
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Shifler, Ryan M. "Computational Algebraic Geometry Applied to Invariant Theory." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/23154.
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Commutative algebra finds its roots in invariant theory and the connection is drawn from a modern standpoint. The Hilbert Basis Theorem and the Nullstellenstatz were considered lemmas for classical invariant theory. The Groebner basis is a modern tool used and is implemented with the computer algebra system Mathematica. Number 14 of Hilbert\'s 23 problems is discussed along with the notion of invariance under a group action of GLn(C). Computational difficulties are also discussed in reference to Groebner bases and Invariant theory.The straitening law is presented from a Groebner basis point of view and is motivated as being a key piece of machinery in proving First Fundamental Theorem of Invariant Theory.Master of Science
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Blanchenay, Patrick. "Essays in applied microeconomics." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2013. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/816/.
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This thesis addresses three questions using the same tool of microeconomic modelling. In the first chapter (joint with Emily Farchy), I examine the role of individual’s decision to acquire broad versus specialist knowledge. I show that a worker can afford to become more specialized on a narrower set of skills by relying on other workers for missing skills. This yields a new explanation of the urban wage premium, and in particular of why workers tend to be more productive in bigger cities, where the existence of better networks of workers provides more incentives to acquire specialized skills. This conclusion matches well established empirical findings on workers’ productivity in the literature. In the second chapter, I look at the dynamics of human capital acquisition over time and show the possibility of what I term a social poverty trap. Namely, parents who do not instil in their offspring the culture of social cooperation (modeled as a higher discount rate) deny them the possibility of future good outcomes; in turn, this new generation will be unable to invest resources in the socialization of their offspring, and so on. This creates a poverty trap where some dynasties are stuck in a bad equilibrium. In the last chapter, I model political parties campaigning on different issues to voters with limited attention. I assume that the relative salience of the different issues depend on how much time parties devote to each issue. In this setting, I show that campaigning might result in excessive focus on divisive issues (for political differentiation) to the detriment of Pareto-improving ones.
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Maurer, Stephan. "Essays in applied economics." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2017. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3546/.
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This thesis consists of three papers that belong to the broad realm of Applied Economics. The first chapter studies the causal connection between trade and development, using one of the earliest massive trade expansions in prehistory: the first systematic crossing of open seas in the Mediterranean during the time of the Phoenicians. For each point on the coast, we construct the ease with which other points can be reached by crossing open water. We show that an association between better connected locations and archaeological sites emerges during the Iron Age when sailors routinely crossed open water. We corroborate these findings at the world scale. In the second chapter, we use oil discoveries in the US South between 1900 and 1940 to analyse whether male-biased demand shocks reduce women’s labour force participation. We find that oil wealth has a zero net effect on female labour force participation due to two opposing channels. Oil discoveries raise male wages, which leads to an increased marriage rate of young women and thus could have depressed female labour supply. But oil wealth also increases demand for women in services, which counterbalances the marriage effect. Our findings demonstrate that when the nontradable sector is open to women, male-biased demand shocks in the tradable sector need not reduce female labour force participation. The third chapter analyses whether the German National Socialists used economic policies to reward their voters after coming to power in 1933. Using newly-collected data on public employment from the German censuses in 1925, 1933, and 1939 and addressing the potential endogeneity of the NSDAP vote share in 1933 by way of an instrumental variables strategy based on a similar party in Imperial Germany, I find that cities with higher NSDAP vote shares experienced a relative increase in public employment: for every additional percentage point in the vote share, the number of public employment jobs increased by around 2.5%.
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Lotti, Giulia. "Essays in applied economics." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2015. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/77521/.
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We live in a world where resources are limited and how we invest them has an impact on the citizens’ wellbeing. The goal of this thesis is to provide, through the tools of economic analysis, some insights for the optimal allocation of our resources in three different areas: economics of crime, economics of education and economics of labour. First, societies aim at lowering crime rates and this is why a great amount of resources is spent in punishing offenders. How effective is punishment in lowering crime rates is still unclear: what are the forms of custody that deter lawbreakers from resuming their life of crime? Through a fuzzy regression discontinuity design, we show that keeping young offenders separate from their older peers and far from an overcrowded environment is beneficial only when rehabilitation is offered. Second, empowering women and enhancing children’s early childhood development are two important objectives that are often pursued by independent policy initiatives in developing countries. Understanding the consequences of exploiting potentially beneficial complementarities in pursuing both aims together can be relevant. Through a quasi-natural experiment we evaluate a program implemented in Quito, Ecuador, that targets both. We find that women who are involved in the education of their children are empowered in different dimensions, as reflected in their higher likelihood to find full-time employment in the formalsector and in their greater independence in intra-household decision-making. Children’s dropout rates decrease, while school grades and scores on cognitive tests increase, particularly for girls. Finally, governments can introduce and raise minimum wage levels in order to protect their workers. We want to understand the implications of minimum wages on informal markets in developing countries. By exploiting relative variation in minimum wages across labour market groups within countries we show that a higher minimum wage is associated with a larger selfemployment share.
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Pinna, Fabio. "Essays in applied microeconomics." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2014. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/930/.
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This thesis is composed by three essays and applies econometric methods to analyze different economic research questions using microeconomic data. The first essay (chapter 2) analyzes consumer searching behavior in a grocery context. The second essay (chapter 3) studies the implications of the introduction of a bonus scheme in a principal-agent context using data from furniture sales. The third essay (chapter 4) proposes an empirical strategy to estimate the impact that a worsening in banks’ wholesale funding opportunities (such as the Italian sovereign debt crisis of 2011) has on borrowers’ ability to repay their loans. Chapter 5 concludes the thesis and provides some directions for future work. The first essay (chapter 2), written jointly with Stephan Seiler, estimates the effect of time spent searching in a supermarket on consumers’ expenditure. The analysis is implemented using a unique data-set obtained from radio frequency identification tags which are attached to supermarket shopping carts. This allows us to record consumers’ purchases as well as the time they spent in front of the shelf when contemplating which product to buy, giving us a direct measure of search effort. We estimate the effect of extending search on the price consumers pay within a category while controlling for a host of confounding factors such as category-level price variation over time and measurement error. Our results show that an additional minute spent searching lowers category-level expenditure by $1.40. Extending search-time by one standard deviation allows consumers to appropriate 8 percent of the possible category-level price savings. The second essay (chapter 3) uses data on the staff of a furniture firm to show that, when a fixed bonus scheme conditional on revenues was introduced, it increased the revenues generated by all sales employees, but I find no significant heterogeneous effect of the bonus scheme depending on whether the employee is given control over price or not. The essay also shows that giving the sales staff control over price does not significantly increase revenues. The effect of the bonus scheme and of price delegation on gross profits minus paid bonuses, commissions, and wages were similar. These results are robust to a number of checks, and are consistent with a model of moral hazard and price delegation. The effect of the bonus scheme and of price delegation on gross profits minus paid bonuses, commissions, and wages were similar. These results are robust to a number of checks, and are consistent with a model of moral hazard and price delegation. Chapter 5 concludes and discusses the limitations of the current work and provides some directions for future research.
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Gaby, James Eliot. "Artificial intelligence applied to spectrum estimation." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/15715.
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Chen, Zhihong. "Three essays in applied econometrics." Thesis, Boston College, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/0.
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Thesis advisor: Arthur LewbelThis dissertation consists of three self-contained papers in applied econometrics. The frrst chapter, Testing Multivariate Distributions (joint with Jushan Bai), proposes a new method to test multivariate distributions with a focus on multivariate normality and multivariate t distribution, motivated in part by examination of financial market data. Using Khmaladze's martingale transformation to purge the effect of parameter estimation, our test generates a distribution-free statistic and can be easily applied to cases with complicated parameters. Simulation shows our test has good size and power. Finally, we apply our test procedure to a real multivariate financial time series. The result is consistent with the well-known fat tail property of financial data. The second chapter, Measuring the Poverty Line in China - An Equivalence Scale Method, is motivated by the current urban poverty issue in China. The fundamental question is: given the poverty threshold for an individual, how should that threshold vary across households with different demographic characteristics? This paper uses urban Household survey (uHS) data of China to estimate the equivalence scales for Chinese urban households. The results provide a quantitative reference to calculate the comparable poverty lines for households with different demographic compositions. It also can be used to determine appropriate subsidy levels for demographically different households. A useful byproduct of this exercise is the specification of a demand system for China. The third chapter, Dynamics of City Growth: Random or Deterministic? Evidence From China (joint with Shihe Fu), tests the random growth theory and the endogenous growth theory in urban economics using Chinese city size data from 1984-2002. We implement unit root and cointegration tests on pooled heterogeneous cities in the country. Since China is still in the period of rapid urbanization, we can only tentatively conclude that the overall Chinese city growth does not follow either random growth or parallel growth. However, we find that a small number of cities with certain common characteristics do grow parallel
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2005
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Economics
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Burchardi, Konrad Burchard. "Three essays in applied microeconomics." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2011. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3790/.
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This thesis comprises three independent chapters, spanning the range of my interests. The first chapter provides estimates of the causal effects of social ties on aggregate, firm level and individual level economic outcomes. The second chapter is a first step at understanding the joint determination of language change and economic structural change which seems to have occurred over the past centuries and probably continues today. A joint theme in these papers is the attempt to contribute to our understanding of the extent to which cultural and social factors can impact market outcomes. The second paper is as well interested in a specific channel through which economic outcomes can feed back on a cultural aspect of societies. The third paper seeks to contribute to our understanding of a more traditional economic question, namely individual behaviour in strategic situations. In particular it uses a novel experimental design to investigate individual behaviour in unprecedented strategic situations and estimate the parameters of a structural non-equilibrium model of behaviour. I like to belief that the chapters of this thesis, especially the second and third chapter, tie up closely the theoretical and empirical work and make a humble contribution to our understanding of economic behaviour and market functioning.