Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Applied general Equilibrium'
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Iregui, Ana María. "Three essays on multiregional applied general equilibrium modelling." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1999. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/110878/.
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In this thesis three policy issues that are of particular relevance in the economic debate are analysed using multiregional CGE models. The first of these issues is related to the welfare effects of the decentralised provision of quasi-private goods by the government. The second issue refers to the exportation of domestic taxes from developed to developing countries. And, the third issue is related to the efficiency gains from the elimination of global restrictions on international labour mobility. Two types of multiregional CGE models can be distinguished. The first type of models disaggregates the national economy into regions, whereas in the second type, regions consist of countries or groups of countries. In this thesis both types of models are used. Chapter 2 quantifies the welfare effects of decentralisation in Colombia, using a multiregional CGE model. The purpose of this chapter is to investigate to what extent will the Colombian population be better off when goods such as health and education, are delivered locally as against centrally. A provision scheme based on the median voter is considered. Neither multiregional CGE models nor schemes for public provision of quasi-private goods have been previously applied when assessing the effects of decentralisation. According to the results, the provision of health and education by regional governments improves the welfare of the Colombian population as a whole, since regional governments provide goods and services in a way that better caters to local preferences. More importantly, these welfare gains vary from 1.3% to 2.3% of GDP, a substantial magnitude especially when compared with the efficiency gains associated to the tax reforms of the early nineties. Chapter 3 investigates whether developed countries export taxes to developing countries, contributing to the deterioration of their terms of trade and welfare; that is to what extent the distribution of gains from trade is being affected not by existing tariffs in developed countries, which are already at low levels, but by their domestic taxation. An eight-region CGE model for the world economy is used. The results indicate that when factors of production are internationally immobile, developed regions do not export domestic taxes to developing regions. On the contrary, when capital is assumed to be internationally mobile developed region export capital taxes to developing regions. Regardless of the assumptions on international capital mobility, the effects of import tariffs on welfare and terms of trade are larger than those of domestic taxes. Chapter 4 computes the world-wide efficiency gains from the elimination of global restrictions on labour mobility using an eight-region CGE model. A distinctive feature of the analysis is the introduction of a segmented labour market, as two types of labour are considered: skilled and unskilled. According to the results, when labour is a homogeneous factor, the elimination of global restrictions on labour mobility generates world-wide efficiency gains that could be of considerable magnitude. When the labour market is segmented and both skilled and unskilled labour migrate, welfare gains reduce since the benefits and losses of migration are not evenly distributed within each region. When only skilled labour migrates, the world-wide efficiency gains are smaller, since this type of labour represents a small fraction of the labour force in developing regions.
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Dawkins, Christina. "New directions in applied general equilibrium model calibration." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1999. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/110874/.
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This thesis develops extensions to current techniques in applied general equilibrium (AGE) model calibration that improve existing practice and expand the use of AGE modelling to economic history applications. Chapter I introduces the thesis. Chapter 2 summarizes the origin and practice of calibration in economics, focussing on its role in AGE modelling. Chapter 3 proposes two related sensitivity analysis procedures for AGE models: calibrated parameter sensitivity analysis (CPSA) and extended sensitivity analysis. Existing sensitivity techniques are incomplete because they only capture the robustness of the model's results to uncertainty in a subset of the parameters, the elasticities. The remaining parameters determine the model's static structure, but are ignored in the sensitivity literature. CPSA fills this gap. When combined with an existing elasticity sensitivity technique in 'extended sensitivity analysis,' CPSA permits sensitivity analysis with respect to uncertainty in the values of all of a model's parameters. Chapter 4 examines the significance of the data adjustments required for calibration. It proposes that the measure of this importance should be the effect of the adjustment algorithm on the statistical properties of the model results. Simulations show that the performance of various algorithms differs significantly under such criteria, and illustrate fora specific policy experiment the link between algorithm performance and the relative magnitudes of the data. The experiments imply that the choice of data adjustment procedure is an important, if neglected, component of calibration. Chapter 5 shows how AGE techniques can be adapted to explore decompositional issues in economic history. By incorporating information about the combined effect of several shocks to an economy in calibration, AGE models can quantify the relative contributions to change of each shock. Furthermore, the effects ol shocks are non-additive, so that the marginal contribution of a shock is conditional on the presence or absence of other shocks. Chapter 6 concludes.
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Abrego, Lisandro. "Applied general equilibrium analysis of trade and environmental issues." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2000. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/36373/.
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This thesis uses general-equilibrium numerical-simulation techniques to analyse trade and environmental issues. It tries to take applied general equilibrium modelling in these areas beyond their traditional confines in a number of ways. These include endogenous incorporation of international capital flows into trade models, decomposition of observed economic outcomes, and computation of bargaining solutions and non-cooperative equilibria. Chapter 1 analyses the welfare, income distribution and macroeconomic implications of trade liberalisation and increased indirect taxation in El Salvador. It is found that these policies have little effect on welfare and income distribution, but a significant impact on macroeconomic aggregates. Chapter 2 examines trade liberalisation when foreign direct investment (FDI) flows and international capital income taxation are present, using data for Costa Rica. The main finding is that, once FDI flows and its taxation are taken into consideration, trade liberalisation can hurt a small open economy, whose optimal policy is no longer free trade but a combination of taxes and subsidies on imports. Chapter 3 deals with the decomposition into trade and technology constituents parts of recent increased wage inequality in the UK. It analyses how decomposition is affected by the way in which labour markets are modelled. It is found that when labour markets are perfectly competitive, the main force behind increased wage inequality is technological change, with trade playing only a small role; but when labour market inflexibilities are taken into account, any of the two factors considered can become dominant, depending on the parameter specification used in the model. Chapter 4 examines the incentives for developing-country participation in possible future negotiation on trade and the environment, assumed to break down on North-South lines. It finds that developing countries will do better if they negotiate jointly on trade and environmental policies than if they negotiate over trade policy only. However, negotiations accompanied with side payments of cash will be even better for them. Finally, Chapter 5 analyses the role of adaptation responses to damage from externalities. Using a hierarchy of models calibrated to UK data, we compare internalisation effects in the presence of these responses with a case where they are absent. We find that taking account of adaptation responses significantly reduces the level of full-internalisation taxes and the associated welfare gains from externality correction.
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Scharmer, Felicitas. "The Validity Issue in Applied General Equilibrium Tax Models." Inst. für Volkswirtschaftstheorie und -politik, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 1993. http://epub.wu.ac.at/6294/1/WP_19.pdf.
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Yerushalmi, Erez. "Essays in applied public economics using computable general equilibrium models." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2012. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/57035/.
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This thesis analyses two issues in public economics: (1) water allocation in Israel; and (2) malaria prevention in Ghana. In both cases a computable general equilibrium modelling approach has been applied for policy analysis. Part I: In Israel, parliamentary investigative committees and water researchers have concluded that for decades, the administrative water allocation mechanism has mismanaged water allocation. Over subsidising of the agricultural sector, and underfunding of desalination plants, had led to a severe hydrological deficit. Critics argue that a water market allocation could solve these issues. However, the administrative allocation is crucial because it protects social value, which is not represented in a market mechanism. Part I of the thesis compares these two alternative allocation mechanisms using a general equilibrium model, for the case of Israel. The model concludes that from 1995 to 2006, the upper-bound water misallocation in Israel was relatively small, on the average of 5.5% of the potable water supply. The lower-bound value of agricultural amenities is imputed at approximately 2.3 times agricultural economic output. At the margin, introducing a water market in Israel is not recommended, i.e., net-social welfare would fall. Part II: Research that links between malaria and economic growth have, so far, used econometric approaches. These provide results that are too broad, and not particularly useful for policy analysis. We, therefore, develop a multi-region multihousehold dynamic computable general equilibrium (DCGE) model, which is calibrated to Ghana as a case study. Households are disaggregated by five epidemiological malaria regions, urban-rural divide, and income level quintiles. The model links with malaria through regional demographic effects, and labour effectiveness indices. Hypothetical interventions simulate reducing malaria prevalence by 50%, for children under-five years with varying degrees of coverage. We find that even under this limited intervention, malaria prevention clearly adds to economic growth and reduces income inequality. Our approach is particularly useful for policy makers to compare alternative intervention strategies using cost-benefit methods, which are not commonly used in health policy.
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Appiah, Alex Jameson. "Applied general equilibrium model of North American integration with rules of origin." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape7/PQDD_0014/NQ52704.pdf.
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Hill, Martin. "Essays on environmental policy analysis : computable general equilibrium approaches applied to Sweden." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Economic Research Institute, Stockholm School of Economics (Ekonomiska forskningsinstitutet vid Handelshögsk.) (EFI), 2001. http://www.hhs.se/efi/summary/551.htm.
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Brixen, Peter. "The financial sector in applied general equilibrium models : the case of Ecuador." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.389710.
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Cameron, Marthinus Johannes. "Policy analysis in South Africa with regional applied general equilibrium models / M.J. Cameron." Thesis, North-West University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/2024.
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Cao, Jing. "Essays on environmental tax policy analysis dynamic computable general equilibrium approaches applied to China /." online access from Digital Dissertation Consortium, 2007. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/er/db/ddcdiss.pl?3264920.
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Rossouw, Riaan. "Regional applied general equilibrium modelling : the case of South Africa's North West Province / Riaan Rossouw." Thesis, North-West University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/1889.
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Lundgren, Stefan. "Model integration and the economics of nuclear power : [a study in applied general equilibrium analysis]." Doctoral thesis, Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, Samhällsekonomi (S), 1985. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hhs:diva-780.
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At the Stockholm School of Economics a research programme devoted to the economics of energy and natural resources has been pursued since 1973. The main emphasis has been on the construction and application of quantitative models for studies of energy policy and energy markets. In the programme, models of both energy producing sectors and energy using sectors, as well as applied general equilibrium models of the whole economy, have been constructed. This dissertation is a product of this research programme. The author proposes and applies a specific approach to model integration, i.e. the merger of two or several independently developed models. The approach is intended for integrations of activity analysis sector models and applied general equilibrium models. Model integration makes it possible to extend the range of applicability of applied general equilibrium models by exploiting the information contained in sector models. It also makes it possible to evaluate the validity of the partial equilibrium analyses in which sector models often are employed. The proposed approach is used to integrate a sector model of electricity and heat production with a general equilibrium model of the Swedish economy. Both models have been constructed within the research programme. The author uses the integrated model to look at two issues concerning the role of nuclear power on the Swedish electricity market: What are the likely consequences of a nuclear power discontinuation and how does the nuclear power investment programme of the 1970s and the early 1980s compare with a socially efficient one?Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögsk.
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Armah, Mark Kojo. "Exchange rate, trade and poverty : applied general equilibrium and econometric analyses of the Ghanaian economy." Thesis, University of Hull, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.445280.
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Campos, Filho Leonardo. "Brazilian trade policy in the 1980's and 1990's : an applied general equilibrium analysis." Thesis, University of London, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.300292.
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Enzinger, Sharn Emma 1973. "The economic impact of greenhouse policy upon the Australian electricity industry : an applied general equilibrium analysis." Monash University, Centre of Policy Studies, 2001. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/8383.
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Vocke, Ralph. "An applied general equilibrium analysis of trade liberalisation and European market integration : the case of Finland." Thesis, University of York, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.416230.
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Plumb, Michael. "Emprical Tax Modelling : An Applied General Equilibrium Model for the UK Incorporating Micro-unit Household Data and Imperfect Competition." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.517324.
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Anderson, Glenn Michael Economics Australian School of Business UNSW. "Topics in human capital and taxation: effective tax rates on education, the heterogeneous human capital model and the impact of nominal rigidities in the tax system." Publisher:University of New South Wales. Economics, 2007. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/41837.
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In this thesis I address several neglected issues relating to the theoretical and applied analysis of human capital and the impact of taxation. I begin with the problem of measuring the effective tax rate on human capital accumulation. I develop a forward-looking measure of the effective tax rate that is grounded in human capital theory, allowing for features that differentiate human capital formation from physical capital formation. These features include concavity of the earnings-investment frontier and adjustments in capital utilization through leisure. I argue that the few attempts that have been made to measure the effective tax rate on skill formation are either limited by the fact that they inherit assumptions applicable to the theory of the firm or have dubious theoretical foundations (Chapter Two). The new measure is used to derive the effective tax rate on human capital in 25 OECD countries, including Australia (Chapter Three). While there are numerous general equilibrium models which integrate nominal rigidities of one form or another, little attention has been devoted to nominal rigidities arising from partial indexation of income tax thresholds. No doubt one of the reasons for this gap in the literature is the difficulty associated with introducing a fully specified progressive tax regime into an applied general equilibrium model. I show that this hurdle can be overcome through a zero-profit condition for general equilibrium on the labour market. The condition is integrated into an aggregative model of the economy consisting of two sectors (consumption and education) and two factors of production (skilled and unskilled labour). Since skill formation is endogenous, the model allows us to reopen research into the optimal level of skill formation and the role of government (Chapter Four). An applied general equilibrium version of the model is used to evaluate the impact of recent tax reform proposals on skill formation (Chapter Five). A concluding chapter draws together these lines of enquiry with suggestions for future research (Chapter Six).
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Lotze, Hermann. "Integration and transition on European agricultural and food markets policy reform, European Union enlargement, and foreign direct investment ; four essays in applied partial and general equilibrium modeling /." [S.l. : s.n.], 1998. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=956225276.
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Koronczi, Karol, and Mitsuo Ezaki. "A World Link CGE Model Applied to the Economic Reform in the Slovak Republic and EU Enlargement." Graduate School of International Development, Nagoya University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/7496.
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Pié, Dols Laia. "Multisectorial models applied to the environment: an analysis for catalonia." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/8449.
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The objective of this doctoral thesis is to apply different multisectorial models available to analyse the impact that would had on the Catalan economy as a result of the introduction of policies designed to reduce emissions of greenhouse effect gases and save energy, and also at the same time to improve the environmental competitiveness of both individual companies and the economy as a whole. For the purposes of this thesis I have analysed the six greenhouse gases that are regulated by the Kyoto Protocol: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), sulphur hexafluoride (SF6), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and perfluorocarbons (PFCs). The range of exercises that I put into practice in this thesis enables us to examine the usefulness of the models applied, and allow to analyse questions that are of great importance for the future environmental and economic conditions of Catalan society.The chapter one contains a brief introduction to computable general equilibrium models, describing the different phases that make up the construction of any applied general equilibrium model, and the advantages and limitations of this type of models. I also give an introduction to the subject of computable general equilibrium models applied to the environment. In the chapter two I construct a social and environmental accounting matrix for Catalonia in the year 2001 (referred to below as NAMEACAT01), which will be used as the numerical basis for all subsequent analyses. A NAMEA (National Accounting Matrix using Environmental Accounts) is simply a double-entry table in which the rows contain the origins of the economic resources and the columns show the uses that economic agents give to the resources concerned.
In the next chapter, I define a linear model of emission multipliers using the NAMEA for the Catalan economy. Like income multipliers, emission multipliers can be divided into own effects, open effects and circular effects. This decomposition shows the various channels of income generation and how they affect regional greenhouse pollution.
The chapter four I analyses the economic impact of alternative policies implemented on the energy activities of the Catalan production system. Specifically, I analyse the effects of a tax on intermediate energy uses, a reduction in intermediate energy demand, and a tax on intermediate uses combined with a reduction in intermediate energy demand. The methodology involves two versions of the input-output price model: a competitive price formulation and a mark-up price formulation.
In chapter five, I use the model proposed by Roland-Holst and Sancho (1995) to assess the economic and social impact of the implementation of different policies to reduce CO2 emissions and improve, at the same time, the environmental competitiveness of enterprises and the private real income in Catalonia. Alternativelly, I also apply a second model, which is an extension of the exogenous determination of production in the input-output quantity model (Miller and Blair, 1985) to a SAM database. Finally, chapter six summarises the conclusions and future research of this study.
La presente tesis doctoral tiene como objetivo efectuar una aplicación de los diferentes modelos multisectoriales, para analizar el impacto que tendría en la economía y la sociedad catalana la implementación de diferentes políticas que nos permitiesen disminuir las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero y obtener ahorros de energía y al mismo tiempo mejorar la competitividad de nuestras empresas y de nuestra economía. Concretamente para la realización de la presente tesis, hemos utilizamos los seis gases de efecto invernadero regulados por el protocolo de Kyoto: dióxido de carbono (CO2), metano (CH4), oxido nitroso (N2O), hexafluoruro de azufre (SF6), hirofluricarbonos (HFCs) y perflurocarbonos (PFCs). El conjunto de ejercicios que llevamos a cabo en esta tesis permite observar la utilidad de estas aplicaciones, abordando cuestiones de un importante interés para la realidad medioambiental y económica de la sociedad catalana.
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Agbahey, Johanes Uriel Ibidjola. "Barriers to trade and labour mobility in conflict-affected regions: an economy-wide analysis with applications to the Palestinian economy." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/19601.
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Der Austausch von Waren, Dienstleistungen und Arbeitskräften wird im Falle von politischen Konflikten gestört. Im Palästinensisch-Israelischen Konflikt macht die Machtasymmetrie die palästinensische Wirtschaft abhängig von Israels Politik.
Obwohl dieser Konflikt wegen seiner Gewalt und seinen politischen Entwicklungen in den Medien viel beachtet wird, wurden politische Optionen in den Bereichen Handel und Arbeitsmärkte und deren Auswirkungen auf die palästinensische Ökonomie bislang wenig untersucht und bewertet. Dies ist das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit, die sich auf die Ökonomie des Westjordanlands konzentriert.
Diese Arbeit macht vier Beiträge zur Wissenschaft:
Der erste ist die Entwicklung der ersten Sozialrechnungsmatrix für das Westjordanland.
Der zweite ist die empirische Analyse von Auswirkungen unterschiedlicher Arbeitsmarktbedingungen in Gleichgewichtsmodellen.
Der dritte ist die Anwendung einer verschachtelten Nutzen-Funktion, die die Vorteile von linearen Ausgabesystemen und konstanter Elastizität von Substitutionsfunktionen kombiniert.
Schließlich hat diese Arbeit wichtige politische Implikationen für die Palästinensischen Autonomiebehörde (PA). In Bezug auf die Arbeitsmärkte wird gezeigt, dass es für die PA sinnvoll ist eine verstärkte palästinensische Beschäftigung in Israel anzustreben. Dabei sollten die negative Auswirkungen von aus Israel zufließendem Arbeitseinkommen („Holländische Krankheit“) gelindert werden. Dies könnte die PA durch Besteuerung von palästinensischer Beschäftigung in Israel und Schaffung von Anreizen zur Erhöhung der internationalen Wettbewerbsfähigkeit erreichen. In Bezug auf den Handel zeigt diese Arbeit, dass das die PA eine liberale, nicht diskriminierende Handelspolitik verfolgen sollte. Da Israel auch in Zukunft wohl der dominierende Handelspartner für das Westjordanland bleiben wird, sollte die PA die freiest mögliche Mobilität von Gütern und Dienstleistung zwischen dem Westjordanland und Israel anstreben.The movement of goods, services and labour is disrupted when conflicts arise. In the case of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict, the asymmetry of power between the two parties leaves the Palestinian economy vulnerable to policies implemented by Israel. While this conflict attracts considerable media attention for its violence and political developments, the assessment of the economy-wide implications of trade and labour market policy options on the Palestinian economy is understudied. Exploring these implications is the objective of this thesis, focusing on the West Bank economy. This thesis makes four contributions to science. The first original contribution is the development of the first social accounting matrix for the West Bank. Second, this thesis contributes to the current state of knowledge by assessing empirically the implications of different labour market conditions in general equilibrium models. Third, this thesis contributes to model development by adopting a nested utility function combining the benefits of linear expenditure systems and constant elasticity of substitution functions to depict household preferences. Finally, this thesis has important policy implications for the Palestinian National Authority (PNA). Seen the limited development options in the West Bank, it is interesting for the PNA to seek an increased Palestinian employment in Israel in order to improve the welfare of Palestinian households. Meanwhile, the “Dutch disease” effects of labour income inflow from Israel can be mitigated by collecting a tax on Palestinians employed in Israel and incentivising the private sector to invest and create employment opportunities in the domestic market. With respect to trade, this thesis finds that the West Bank would be better off with a liberal and non-discriminatory trade policy. As Israel will remain the main trade partner for the West Bank, the PNA should seek the freest possible movement of goods and services between the West Bank and Israel.
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McDonald, Bradley J. "An applied general equilibrium model of world agricultural policy liberalization." 1989. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/22335264.html.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1989.Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 146-151).
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Itakura, Ken. "Applied general equilibrium analysis of the Japan ASEAN Free Trade Agreement by Ken Itakura." 2004. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/64576283.html.
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"Applied general equilibrium model with emphasis on trade sector: A fiscal policy study in Taiwan." Tulane University, 1988.
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A general equilibrium model is established to evaluate fiscal policy in Taiwan, particularly the replacement of the sales tax by a value-added tax. To begin, the major taxes levied in Taiwan are identified and briefly described. Based on this descriptive analysis, we can make assumptions concerning tax incidence for Taiwan's major taxes within a general equilibrium framework; and the effective tax rates, by type of tax, by family income class, are calculated. Then, a general equilibrium computation algorithm is applied to convert an abstract representation of an economy into an operational model The results are obtained by comparing the solutions between before- and after-tax equilibrium in nonlinear equations system. The main conclusions show that (1) the relative prices of goods, in general, only have a small change; and (2) the efficiency gain in production and total welfare gain are both small as wellacase@tulane.edu
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"An applied general equilibrium assessment of the free trade agreement between South Africa and the European Union." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/7727.
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M.Comm.This study will quantify the economic impact of the FTA negotiated between SA and the EU. Two simulations are undertaken. The first simulation focus on the bi-lateral elimination of import tariffs between SA and the EU on non-agricultural products (industrial products). The second simulation considers the bi-lateral elimination of import tariffs on non-agricultural and agricultural products between SA and the EU. The quantitative analysis can only handle a limited number of arguments of the FTA. Notably, financial assistance, development, and social and cultural co-operation are examples of issues that will not be dealt with in a quantitative manner in this study. The goal of this study is to undertake an empirical analysis of the free trade agreement (FTA) between South Africa (SA) and the European Union (EU) using an applied equilibrium model.
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McKitrick, Ross Ronald. "The econometric critique of applied General Equilibrium modeling: a comparative assessment with application to carbon taxes in Canada." Thesis, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/6113.
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Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) models are among the most influential tools in
applied economics. In the past few years, however, some serious questions have been raised
about the validity of these models. The core of the critique is that the parameter selection criteria
and the functional forms used are at odds with contemporary standards of practice in econometrics.
After surveying the relevant literature, which I refer to as the 'econometric critique', a formal
summary of the case against standard CGE modeling is presented, as is an alternative econometric-based
modeling strategy which answers the critique. I then work through a comparative CGE
modeling experiment designed to assess the contrasting methods. It is found that the parameter
selection rule influences model predictions in individual sectors, but industry- and economy-wide
aggregates do not appear to be much affected by reparameterizing a CGE model according to
econometric criteria. By contrast, the choice of functional forms affects not only industry-specific
results, but aggregate results as well, even for small policy shocks. However flexible functional
forms are difficult to implement in CGE models because global monotonicity must be maintained.
In the second and third chapters, I adapt one of the models to analyze the effects of carbon
taxes in Canada. I review an approach called 'double dividend' taxation, in which the revenues
from carbon taxes are used to reduce the rates of other distortionary taxes, so an overall efficiency
gain can potentially be realized whether or not the reduction in pollution improves welfare. This
eliminates the need to measure benefits, and in an international context, would obviate the free-rider
problem. I demonstrate the existence of a double dividend strategy for carbon taxation in
Canada in the short run. In chapter three, however, a long run extension of the model shows that
the double dividend does not persist over time. Nevertheless, choosing an efficient revenue-recycling
option can significantly reduce the implementation cost of the carbon tax.
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Shafiei, Khadem Mohammad. "Simultaneous Move Games in General Game Playing." Master's thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10048/880.
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General Game Playing (GGP) deals with the design of players that are able to play any discrete, deterministic, complete information games. For many games like chess, designers develop a player using a specially designed algorithm and tune all the features of the algorithm to play the game as good as possible. However, a general game player knows nothing about the game that is about to be played. When the game begins, game description is given to the players and they should analyze it and decide on the best way to play the game.
In this thesis, we focus on two-player constant-sum simultaneous move games in GGP and how this class of games can be handled. Rock-paper-scissors can be considered as a typical example of a simultaneous move game. We introduce the CFR algorithm to the GGP community for the first time and show its effectiveness in playing simultaneous move games. This is the first implementation of CFR outside the poker world. We also improve the UCT algorithm, which is the state of the art in GGP, to be more robust in simultaneous move games.
In addition, we analyze how UCT performs in simultaneous move games and argue that it does not converge to a Nash equilibrium. We also compare the usage of UCT and CFR in this class of games. Finally, we discuss about the importance of opponent modeling and how a model of the opponent can be exploited by using CFR.
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Lotze-Campen, Hermann [Verfasser]. "Integration and transition on European agricultural and food markets : policy reform, European Union enlargement, and foreign direct investment ; four essays in applied partial and general equilibrium modeling / von Hermann Lotze." 1998. http://d-nb.info/956225276/34.
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Jardim, José Manuel Norberto. "The underground economy and the fiscal stance." Doctoral thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/13548.
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Doutoramento em EconomiaThe inevitability of taxes and regulations, that cause agents to go underground, forces the authorities to tolerate some underground economic activity and grants the underground economy natural features. The natural level of the underground economy is defined as the level of underground economic activity in the decentralized equilibrium, provided that the actual structural characteristics of the economy and social preferences are accounted for by imbedding them in the Walrasian system of general equilibrium equations. Its existence is proven using two variants of neoclassical general equilibrium models. The underground economy is found to influence the successfulness of fiscal consolidation programmes, depending on the position of the economy relative to critical fiscal thresholds associated with the natural level of the underground economy. Tax increases yield higher tax proceeds up to the threshold, and lower tax proceeds, passed the threshold, due to a stronger expansion of the natural level of the underground economy. Tax proceeds reach their maximum at the threshold. Tax based programmes are found ineffective in high tax developed economies, operating passed the threshold. In contrast, its successfulness in the developing world, where most economies operate below the threshold with low taxes, is not influenced by the underground economy.
Perante a inevitabilidade de impostos e regulamentação, que estão na origem da economia subterranea, as autoridades vêem-se forçadas a tolerar actividades económicas subterraneas. Isto confere urn carácter natural à economia subterrânea. A existência de uma taxa natural de economia subterranea e provado utilizando dois modelos neoclassicos de equilibrio gereal. A taxa natural de economia subterranea define-se como o nivel de actividade económica subterranea no equilibrio descentralizado, dadas as propriedades estruturais da economia e das preferências sociais, que se incluem no sistema Walrasiano de equações de equilibrio geral. Prova-se que a economia subterranea influencia o resultado de programas de consolidação orçamental. Isto depende da localização da economia face a valores fiscais criticos associados a taxa natural de economia subterranea. A seguir a urn aumento de impostos, as receitas começam por crescer, atingindo o máximo no ponto critico, para a segmr GUt, devido a uma expansão da taxa natural de economia subterrânea. Programas assentes no aumento de impostos não são bern sucedidos em paises desenvolvidos com cargas fiscais elevadas, que operam alem do ponto critico. Já os paises em desenvolvimento, cuja maioria opera abaixo do ponto critico com cargas fiscais baixas, a economia subterranea não parece influenciar a eficácia dos programas.
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Bergel, Agnieszka Izabella. "On the sparre - Andersen risk model with different type of interclaim times distributions." Doctoral thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/13446.
Full textAbstract:
Doutoramento em Matemática Aplicada à Economia e GestãoThe inevitability of taxes and regulations, that cause agents to go underground, forces the authorities to tolerate some underground economic activity and grants the underground economy natural features. The natural level of the underground economy is defined as the level of underground economic activity in the decentralized equilibrium, provided that the actual structural characteristics of the economy and social preferences are accounted for by imbedding them in the Walrasian system of general equilibrium equations. Its existence is proven using two variants of neoclassical general equilibrium models. The underground economy is found to influence the successfulness of fiscal consolidation programmes, depending on the position of the economy relative to critical fiscal thresholds associated with the natural level of the underground economy. Tax increases yield higher tax proceeds up to the threshold, and lower tax proceeds, passed the threshold, due to a stronger expansion of the natural level of the underground economy. Tax proceeds reach their maximum at the threshold. Tax based programmes are found ineffective in high tax developed economies, operating passed the threshold. In contrast, its successfulness in the developing world, where most economies operate below the threshold with low taxes, is not influenced by the underground economy.
Perante a inevitabilidade de impostos e regulamentação, que estão na origem da economia subterrânea, as autoridades vêem-se forçadas a tolerar actividades económicas subterrâneas. Isto confere um carácter natural à economia subterrânea. A existência de uma taxa natural de economia subterrânea é provado utilizando dois modelos neoclássicos de equilíbrio gereal. A taxa natural de economia subterrânea define-se como o nível de actividade económica subterrânea no equilíbrio descentralizado, dadas as propriedades estruturais da economia e das preferências sociais, que se incluem no sistema Walrasiano de equações de equilíbrio geral. Prova-se que a economia subterrânea influencia o resultado de programas de consolidação orçamental. Isto depende da localização da economia face a valores fiscais críticos associados à taxa natural de economia subterrânea. A seguir a um aumento de impostos, as receitas começam por crescer, atingindo o máximo no ponto crítico, para a seguir cair, devido a uma expansão da taxa natural de economia subterrânea. Programas assentes no aumento de impostos não são bem sucedidos em países desenvolvidos com cargas fiscais elevadas, que operam além do ponto crítico. Já os países em desenvolvimento, cuja maioria opera abaixo do ponto crítico com cargas fiscais baixas, a economia subterrânea não parece influenciar a eficácia dos programas. Palavras chave: Economia subterrânea, evasão de impostos, politica orçamental, consolidação orçamental, defice, divida, modelos de equilíbrio geral aplicados, modelos de crescimento economico de dois sectores, simulação.
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