Journal articles on the topic 'Applied environmental history'
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Levterova, Boryana. "APPLIED EPIDEMIOLOGY - HISTORY AND FUTURE." Knowledge International Journal 28, no. 4 (December 10, 2018): 1179–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij28041179b.
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Epidemiology is both a science and a fundamental method of public health. This is the science that seeks to link health or disease to various factors affecting the health of human populations. Although epidemiology as a discipline develops after World War II, epidemiological thinking can be traced by Hippocrates through John Graunt, William Farr, John Snow to the present day. Epidemiology's roots are nearly 2500 years old. Hippocrates attempted to explain disease occurrence from a rational rather than a supernatural viewpoint. In his essay entitled “On Airs, Waters, and Places,” Hippocrates suggested that environmental and host factors such as behaviours might influence the development of disease.Another early contributor to epidemiology was John Graunt, a London haberdasher and councilman who published a landmark analysis of mortality data in 1662. This publication was the first to quantify patterns of birth, death, and disease occurrence, noting disparities between males and females, high infant mortality, urban/rural differences, and seasonal variations. In the mid-1800s, an anaesthesiologist John Snow was conducting a series of investigations in London that warrant his being considered the “father of field epidemiology.” Twenty years before the development of the microscope, Snow conducted studies of cholera outbreaks both to discover the cause of disease and to prevent its recurrence.Epidemiology is a philosophy and methodology that can be applied to study and solve a very wide range of health problems. The Art of Epidemiology consists of not only to use different study designs and statistical methods, but when and how to apply the various epidemiological strategies most effectively to respond to specific health issues axes and get the information we need. It is a key element in the formulation of effective public health initiatives to prevent disease and promote community health. Epidemiology studies the factors affecting health and disease of the population and thus serves as a basis for a logical approach to protecting and strengthening public health. The scope of epidemiology has been steadily expanding over recent decades as epidemiologists demonstrate new applications and variations traditional design and training methods. We can expect that the scope of epidemiology will be further expanded in the future as more and more epidemiologists develop innovative strategies and techniques.
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Pinakhina, Daria V., and Elena M. Chekunova. "Environmental DNA: history of studies, current and perspective applications in fundamental and applied research." Ecological genetics 18, no. 4 (December 12, 2020): 493–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ecogen25900.
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This review article is dedicated to a relatively young, actively developing approach to biodiversity assessment analysis of environmental DNA (or eDNA). Current views on the nature of eDNA, a brief overview of the history of this approach and methods of eDNA analysis are presented. Major research directions, utilizing eDNA techniques, and perspectives of their application to the study of biodiversity are described. Key issues in development of eDNA approach, its advantages and drawbacks are outlined.
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Nestler, John M., Robert T. Milhous, Thomas R. Payne, and David L. Smith. "History and review of the habitat suitability criteria curve in applied aquatic ecology." River Research and Applications 35, no. 8 (August 28, 2019): 1155–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rra.3509.
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Niu, Dongxiao, Ling Ji, Qingguo Ma, and Wei Li. "Knowledge Mining Based on Environmental Simulation Applied to Wind Farm Power Forecasting." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/597562.
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Considering the inherent variability and uncertainty of wind power generation, in this study, a self-organizing map (SOM) combined with rough set theory clustering technique (RST) is proposed to extract the relative knowledge and to choose the most similar history situation and efficient data for wind power forecasting with numerical weather prediction (NWP). Through integrating the SOM and RST methods to cluster the historical data into several classes, the approach could find the similar days and excavate the hidden rules. According to the data reprocessing, the selected samples will improve the forecast accuracy echo state network (ESN) trained by the class of the forecasting day that is adopted to forecast the wind power output accordingly. The developed methods are applied to a case of power forecasting in a wind farm located in northwest of China with wind power data from April 1, 2008, to May 6, 2009. In order to verify its effectiveness, the performance of the proposed method is compared with the traditional backpropagation neural network (BP). The results demonstrated that knowledge mining led to a promising improvement in the performance for wind farm power forecasting.
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Meggs, William J. "History of the Rise and Fall of Environmental Medicine in the United States." Ecopsychology 9, no. 2 (June 2017): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/eco.2016.0044.
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Liu, Lin, and Pin Lv. "The Environmental Protection Consciousness and Countermeasures." Advanced Materials Research 962-965 (June 2014): 1509–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.962-965.1509.
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There are various signs indicating that the Earth's natural environment is changing toward unfavorable direction for species, which is highly suspected to be connected with human activities. In the last century, people all over the world have realized the severity of environmental issues. In the long history, Chinese ancient had already development good rules and methods to reach balance between economic development and environment sustainability. This paper will discuss how environmental concepts forms and which methods could be applied in the future.
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Sanborn, Robert H. "The Regulatory History Of Business Combinations." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 3, no. 2 (October 31, 2011): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v3i2.6538.
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This paper examines the legal and accounting history of business combinations. The economic development of guidelines governing current combinations is traced through legislation, court precedents, political events, recording methods, and accounting pronouncements. This examination indicates that the consistently applied accounting principles have been the only unchanged environmental factor during the current round of business combinations. Although the accuracy of the accounting principles in describing economic events cannot be claimed as a harbinger of merger activity, the consistency of those rules would seem, at least, to be a stimulant to merger activity.
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Sorokin, A. V. "Can political economy be non-Marxist? Relevance of applied political economy." Moscow University Economics Bulletin, no. 2 (March 5, 2022): 3–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.38050/01300105202221.
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Initially political economy was non-Marxist but under the influence of ideology it has become Marxist; with rejection of official ideology of Marxism, it can and should again become non-Marxist. Marxism is an ideology/ policy that proclaims the inevitable death of capitalism and its replacement with socialism. Ideology forced political economy to abandon the subject —«the wealth of nations» (Smith) which was transformed into «social relations developing in the process of production, distribution, exchange and consumption of material goods, and economic laws governing their development in socio-economic formations historically replacing each other». Marxian economics was identified with the ideology of Marxism. The three constituent parts of Marxism have lost their relevance. The materialistic foundation of Marxism rested on three discoveries (the cell, energy conservation, and Darwinism). A new social organism was believed to have been born from a cell that existed in an old organism; the birth of a new one means the death of the old one. The history of all societies was represented by the history of the struggle between the exploiting and exploited classes, the result of which was a progressive change of formations. The discoveries of the XIX century were either refuted by modern natural science (cell theory), or significantly modernized (synthetic theory of evolution). The theory of class exploitation as a deduction from the product of labor was refuted by Marx. Rejection of Marxism does not mean rejection of the materialist understanding of history, but an understanding based on modern materialism. The subject of political economy in broad sense is various modes of life reproduction (analogue of a species) and their modification (population). The history of all previous societies was the history of struggle, not classes, but of modes of production of life. The subject of the non-Marxist political economy of capitalism is the relationship of the reproduction of the life of three large classes (capitalists, hired workers, landowners). The method is an analogue of the method for constructing genomes of biological species. Non-Marxist political economy and economics have a common subject and form two components of a new academic discipline «applied political economy», in which the descriptive method of economics is complemented by an explicative one.
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Goddard, Joe. "Mickey’s Trailer and Environmental Thought: Disney Cartoons and Countryside." American Studies in Scandinavia 48, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 43–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.22439/asca.v48i1.5360.
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The influence of popular cartoons on environmental cognition is explored in this essay through readings of Mickey’s Trailer, a 1938 cartoon directed by Ben Sharpsteen for Walt Disney. Other materials considered include Ford Motor Company’s 1937-38 film coproduced by Wilder Pictures, Glacier International Park, which promotes motor-tourism and automobile ownership, and Ben Sharpsteen’s other work for Walt Disney. The article also examines the ideas of physical and “illusional” zoning in the city, especially the way that they were applied in the mid-twentieth century. Physical zoning involved separating incompatible land uses, whereas illusional zoning entailed seeing what you wanted to see. What does Mickey’s Trailer say about how people can live, and can it inform where people choose to live? The essay muses that appreciations of nature and the environment are influenced by popular culture.
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Buckley, Daniel H., Varisa Huangyutitham, Tyrrell A. Nelson, Angelika Rumberger, and Janice E. Thies. "Diversity of Planctomycetes in Soil in Relation to Soil History and Environmental Heterogeneity." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72, no. 7 (July 2006): 4522–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00149-06.
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ABSTRACT Members of the Planctomycetes, which were once thought to occur primarily in aquatic environments, have been discovered in soils on five continents, revealing that these Bacteria are a widespread and numerically abundant component of microbial communities in soil. We examined the diversity of Planctomycetes in soil samples obtained from experimental plots at an agricultural site in order to assess the extent of Planctomycetes diversity in soil, to determine whether management effects such as past land cover and compost addition affected the composition of the Planctomycetes community, and to determine whether the observations made could provide insight into the ecological distribution of these organisms. Analysis of Planctomycetes 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed a total of 312 ± 35 unique phylotypes in the soil at the site examined. The majority of these Planctomycetes sequences were unique, and the sequences had phylogenetic affiliations that included all major lineages in the Planctomycetaceae, as well as several novel groups of deeply divergent Planctomycetes. Both soil management history and compost amendment had significant effects on the Planctomycetes diversity, and variations in soil organic matter, Ca2+ content, and pH were associated with variations in the Planctomycetes community composition. In addition, Planctomycetes richness increased in proportion to the area sampled and was correlated with the spatial heterogeneity of nitrate, which was associated with the soil management history at the orchard site examined. This report provides the first systematic assessment of the diversity of Planctomycetes in soil and also provides evidence that the diversity of this group increases with area as defined by the general power law description of the taxon-area relationship.
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Buckley, Daniel H., Varisa Huangyutitham, Tyrrell A. Nelson, Angelika Rumberger, and Janice E. Thies. "Diversity of Planctomycetes in Soil in Relation to Soil History and Environmental Heterogeneity." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72, no. 9 (September 2006): 6429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01601-06.
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Morais, José. "Applied Psycholinguistics: A Science at the crossroads of cognition and language." Signo 47, no. 88 (January 3, 2022): 96–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.17058/signo.v47i88.17387.
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Abstract: Applied Psycholinguistics is a science that engages many others: experimental psychology, cognitive and neurocognitive sciences, linguistics, psychology of language and literacy, and educational and remediation sciences. The present paper’s objective is to show Science is itself a changing combination of ever-changing sciences without close boundaries, which implies the necessity of crossing domains in both research and learning. After a reminder of several topics of relevance to applied psycholinguistics, which concern mental processing, how cognition relates to the brain and to language, and how cognition and language engendered literacy, I argue that research in the corresponding sciences needs to be opened to other dimensions, such as society, culture, and politics. Finally, I evoke the history of the ideas regarding the isolationism of individualized sciences vs. their unification, taking, as examples of the latter, the early Marxism, and the International Movement for the Unity of Science from the fourth decade of the 20th century. Keywords: Applied Psycholinguistics; literacy as product of cognition and language; concept of Science; history of scientific ideas; permeability of science to culture and politics.
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Cherubini, Paolo, Holger Gärtner, Jan Esper, Michèle Kaennel Dobbertin, Klaus Felix Kaiser, Andreas Rigling, Kerstin Treydte, Niklaus E. Zimmermann, and Otto Ulrich Bräker. "Jahrringe als Archive für interdisziplinäre Umweltforschung | Annual rings as an archive for interdisciplinary environmental research." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 155, no. 6 (June 1, 2004): 162–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2004.0162.
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The paper describes research in dendrochronological fields that was carried out at the Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL (Birmensdorf, Switzerland). After a short history of dendrochronology,we describe the applied materials and methods used, namely ring-width and wood density measurements,crossdating, stable isotopes measurement and wood anatomy.
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Lazzari, J., H. J. Yoon, D. A. Keith, and D. A. Driscoll. "Local environmental covariates are important for predicting fire history from tree stem diameters." International Journal of Wildland Fire 24, no. 6 (2015): 871. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf15069.
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In fire-prone landscapes, knowing when vegetation was last burnt is important for understanding how species respond to fire and to develop effective fire management strategies. However, fire history is often incomplete or non-existent. We developed a fire-age prediction model for two mallee woodland tree species in southern Australia. The models were based on stem diameters from ~1172 individuals surveyed along 87 transects. Time since fire accounted for the greatest proportion of the explained variation in stem diameter for our two mallee tree species but variation in mean stem diameters was also influenced by local environmental factors. We illustrate a simple tool that enables time since fire to be predicted based on stem diameter and local covariates. We tested our model against new data but it performed poorly with respect to the mapped fire history. A combination of different covariate effects, variation in among-tree competition, including above- and below-ground competition, and unreliable fire history may have contributed to poor model performance. Understanding how the influence of covariates on stem diameter growth varies spatially is critical for determining the generality of models that predict time since fire. Models that were developed in one region may need to be independently verified before they can be reliably applied in new regions.
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Barbaro, Nicole, and Todd K. Shackelford. "Environmental Unpredictability in Childhood Is Associated With Anxious Romantic Attachment and Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 34, no. 2 (March 27, 2016): 240–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260516640548.
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Human life history theory describes how resources are allocated among conflicting life tasks, including trade-offs concerning reproduction. The current research investigates the unique importance of environmental unpredictability in childhood in association with romantic attachment, and explores whether objective or subjective measures of environmental risk are more informative for testing life history hypotheses. We hypothesize that (1) unpredictability in childhood will be associated with greater anxious attachment, (2) anxious attachment will be associated with intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration, and (3) anxious attachment will mediate the relationship between unpredictability in childhood and IPV perpetration. In two studies (total n = 391), participants in a heterosexual, romantic relationship completed self-report measures of childhood experiences, romantic attachment, and IPV perpetration. Study 1 provides support for Hypothesis 1. Hypothesis 1 is replicated only for men, but not women, in Study 2. Results of Study 2 provide support for Hypothesis 2 for men and women, and Hypothesis 3 was supported for men but not women. The findings contribute to the literature addressing the association of environmental risk in childhood on adult romantic relationship outcomes.
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ASHENMILLER, JOSHUA. "The Alaska Pipeline as an Internal Improvement, 1969-1973." Pacific Historical Review 75, no. 3 (August 1, 2006): 461–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2006.75.3.461.
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Over four years after oil companies first applied for a permit, Congress authorized the Alaska Oil Pipeline in November 1973. Running from the Arctic Ocean to the Pacific,the pipeline crossed 600 miles of federal land, which made it a "major action significantly affecting the environment," thus triggering an environmental impact statement under the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA). Standard accounts tell of revolutionary environmental laws running into the economic reality of the 1970s. What has been lost in the telling is that the pipeline approval offered Congress an opportunity to investigate the wisdom of a proposed internal improvement. The pipeline controversy was not just the first battle of the environmental decade. It also continued nearly two centuries of debate over internal improvements, public financing of private investments, federal incorporation, monopoly charters, and national security. The pipeline approval was as much a decision about political economy as it was an environmental policy decision.
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GONZALES, PHILLIP, and ANN MASSMANN. "Loyalty Questioned: Nuevomexicanos in the Great War." Pacific Historical Review 75, no. 4 (November 1, 2006): 629–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2006.75.4.629.
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Over four years after oil companies first applied for a permit, Congress authorized the Alaska Oil Pipeline in November 1973. Running from the Arctic Ocean to the Pacific,the pipeline crossed 600 miles of federal land, which made it a "major action significantly affecting the environment," thus triggering an environmental impact statement under the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA). Standard accounts tell of revolutionary environmental laws running into the economic reality of the 1970s. What has been lost in the telling is that the pipeline approval offered Congress an opportunity to investigate the wisdom of a proposed internal improvement. The pipeline controversy was not just the first battle of the environmental decade. It also continued nearly two centuries of debate over internal improvements, public financing of private investments, federal incorporation, monopoly charters, and national security. The pipeline approval was as much a decision about political economy as it was an environmental policy decision.
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Steinberg, Barrett, and Marc Ostermeier. "Environmental changes bridge evolutionary valleys." Science Advances 2, no. 1 (January 2016): e1500921. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1500921.
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In the basic fitness landscape metaphor for molecular evolution, evolutionary pathways are presumed to follow uphill steps of increasing fitness. How evolution can cross fitness valleys is an open question. One possibility is that environmental changes alter the fitness landscape such that low-fitness sequences reside on a hill in alternate environments. We experimentally test this hypothesis on the antibiotic resistance gene TEM-15 β-lactamase by comparing four evolutionary strategies shaped by environmental changes. The strategy that included initial steps of selecting for low antibiotic resistance (negative selection) produced superior alleles compared with the other three strategies. We comprehensively examined possible evolutionary pathways leading to one such high-fitness allele and found that an initially deleterious mutation is key to the allele’s evolutionary history. This mutation is an initial gateway to an otherwise relatively inaccessible area of sequence space and participates in higher-order, positive epistasis with a number of neutral to slightly beneficial mutations. The ability of negative selection and environmental changes to provide access to novel fitness peaks has important implications for natural evolutionary mechanisms and applied directed evolution.
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Jacobs, Jerry D., and John C. Wingfield. "Endocrine Control of Life-Cycle Stages: A Constraint on Response to the Environment?" Condor 102, no. 1 (February 1, 2000): 35–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/102.1.35.
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Abstract Most organisms live in seasonal environments that fluctuate on a predictable schedule and sometimes unpredictably. Individuals must, therefore, adjust so as to maximize their survival and reproductive success over a wide range of environmental conditions. In birds, as in other vertebrates, endocrine secretions regulate morphological, physiological, and behavioral changes in anticipation of future events. The individual thus prepares for predictable fluctuations in its environment by changing life-cycle stages. We have applied finite-state machine theory to define and compare different life-history cycles. The ability of birds to respond to predictable and unpredictable regimes of environmental variation may be constrained by the adaptability of their endocrine control systems. We have applied several theoretical approaches to natural history data of birds to compare the complexity of life cycles, the degree of plasticity of timing of stages within the cycle, and to determine whether endocrine control mechanisms influence the way birds respond to their environments. The interactions of environmental cues on the timing of life-history stages are not uniform in all populations. Taking the reproductive life-history stage as an example, arctic birds that have short breeding seasons in severe environments appear to use one reliable environmental cue to time reproduction and they ignore other factors. Birds having longer breeding seasons exhibit greater plasticity of onset and termination and appear to integrate several environmental cues. Theoretical approaches may allow us to predict how individuals respond to their environment at the proximate level and, conversely, predict how constraints imposed by endocrine control systems may limit the complexity of life cycles.
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Wysocki, Jay. "The Environment Has No Standing in Environmental Governance." Organization & Environment 25, no. 1 (February 11, 2012): 25–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1086026611436215.
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For most of human history the natural environment stood separate from man: indifferent and alien, to be overcome, exploited, or managed. This article draws on the legal concept of standing and the nonlegal concept of voice to argue that nature no longer has standing as an “other” within the global environmental governance framework. Reviews of the transition toward “sustainable development” in environmentalism and also the post–Cold War global environmental governance framework are offered to support this point. Freed of the role that nature plays to ground humanity in space, sustainability now frames mankind only in temporal terms that are developmental but, without reference to context, irrational. The implications that nature has no standing are applied as alternative perspective on Blühdorn’s arguments for a “politics of unsustainability.”
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Chuhila, Maxmillian Julius. "African Environmental History: East African Progress, 1970s to the Present." Tanzania Zamani: A Journal of Historical Research and Writing 11, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.56279/tza20211112.
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This paper provides a historiographical review of the development of African environmental history in the past five decades. It reviews major developments in the field by examining the themes covered, the methodology used and how the discipline can be expanded. While it focuses on Tanzania mostly, it starts with a general overview of African and East African experiences before narrowing down to Tanzania. It tries to fit the general developments into the East African context by using Tanzania. It suggests that environmental historians of Africa should consider the study of urban environments that by far have been left to human geographers and anthropologists especially after the debatable ‘end of nature’ movement. The urban environments, infrastructure, rapid demographic change in African unplanned cities and towns for instance, present challenges that are negotiated by urban dwellers and that are central in environmental history. Our focus has always been studying rural communities while ignoring the urban spaces that also have unique challenges and its people have developed strategies to deal with them in the context of changing access to urban opportunities on urban resources.
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Lemeshko, Tatiana V., and Sergey A. Astafurov. "The Art Applied to Business." Observatory of Culture 19, no. 5 (November 14, 2022): 549–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/2072-3156-2022-19-5-549-558.
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The article presents an overview of Russian authors’ publications, mainly from the first issues of the journal “Technical Aesthetics” of the All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Technical Aesthetics (VNIITE). The purpose of this study is to highlight the controversial issues and problems relevant at the initial stages of forming the theory of a new type of artistic and industrial activities: technical aesthetics. The study’s relevance is determined by the fact that in the theory of design, at present, the aspect of the “art — design” linking is considered systemically incomplete. While the stages of the development of Russian design in chronological and biographical perspectives are covered quite fully by K.M. Kantor, N.V. Voronov, Yu.V. Nazarov, G.V. Vershinin and a number of other authors, but the theoretical aspects require further research development.The years of the Institute’s active work (1960s—1980s) are called fruitful in conceptual, scientific and creative terms, it was then that the professional model of the service and interaction between design and the planned economy was finally formed. The article shows that, at that time, intensive discussions of the main problems of artistic design and the provisions of aesthetics were reflected in regular publications of a number of periodicals, especially the journals “Technical Aesthetics” and “Decorative Art of the USSR”; and the difficult question of the criteria for evaluating the aesthetic qualities of industrial products turned out to be paramount. The term “artistic construction” implied the solution of the problem of bringing art and science closer to industry. In this process, in the discourse of the principles of technical and aesthetic creativity, all employees of the Institute — theorists and practitioners who would become outstanding design specialists — took part.The VNIITE’s activities met the demand of the time, the task of national importance — to establish mass production of a decent aesthetic level of industrial products. The period of 1964—1969 is the first stage in the study of the Soviet design formation history and is associated with intensive studying the heritage of the 1920s, introducing new materials into scientific circulation, formulating a number of new problems, and developing criteria for an objective assessment of many phenomena. It was accompanied by a number of difficulties in the relation between the settings of artistic construction and Russian art studies. This article justifies the importance of the work of the pioneers in the field of design in connection with other fields of art, and specifically with architecture and printing.
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Veteto, James R., and Joshua Lockyer. "Applying anthropology to what? Tactical/ethical decisions in an age of global neoliberal imperialism." Journal of Political Ecology 22, no. 1 (December 1, 2015): 357. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v22i1.21113.
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This article introduces the Journal of Political Ecology Special Section on 'towards a political ecology of applied anthropology.' We provide a brief overview and analysis of the history and application of applied and practicing anthropology. Examining moral and ethical issues related to the application of anthropology, we assess current endeavors and make suggestions for future directions from a political ecology perspective. Introducing five articles that exemplify our approach, we identify common themes and particular contexts that both unify and distinguish each of the contributions. Throughout this introduction, we propose a potential guidepost for a political-ecology informed applied anthropology: any applied anthropology that engages, documents, promotes, and supports cultural diversity, social justice and environmental sustainability is just. Conversely, any applied anthropology that threatens cultural diversity and environmental sustainability is unjust.Key words: applied anthropology, imperialism, political ecology, neoliberalism, ethics
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DYBA, Mykhailo, and Iuliia GERNEGO. "ESG principles applied in forming the system of international ratings." Fìnansi Ukraïni 2022, no. 1 (May 9, 2022): 90–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.33763/finukr2022.01.090.
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The relevance of the study of international credit ratings taking into account the ESG principles in the era of increasing epidemiological risks is considered within the current situation in society, namely the significant impact of COVID-19 on all sectors of social and economic development. This shows the urgency of a systematic justification of current trends and peculiarities of international credit ratings, paying attention to the COVID-19 situation and ESG principles widespread. The above-mentioned aspects define the purpose of our study. The theoretical basis of our study was the analysis of the specifics and highlighting the principles of ESG, which take into account environmental, social and managerial factors, their impact on society during the coronavirus crisis. The article examines the history of international credit ratings and the basis for their transformation. In particular, the specifics of international credit ratings of Fitch Ratings, Standard & Poor's, Moody's and the specifics of their development, taking into account the principles of ESG, are considered. Fitch is determined to measure individual financial / debt instruments and the entity's socially responsible activities. Moreover, the assessment is conducted with an emphasis on environmental, social and managerial profiles. The results of a survey of potential beneficiaries of ESG Ratings (Sustainable Fitch) allowed us to assess the importance of social, environmental and managerial profiles. Approaches to the comprehensive integration of ESG principles into Moody’s activities are revealed, which involves the transformation of the established risk assessment system. The analysis of the S&P ESG family of indexes showed the opportunities that S&P offers investors in the context of access to information about companies according to their ESG profile in the context of national and regional indices. The results of the study can be used in the process of further development of the theoretical foundations of social investment, in particular to determine the specifics of the integration of ESG principles in business. The practical value of the study lies in a comprehensive analysis of the potential for integrating ESG principles within international credit ratings. The research may be useful both in the context of developing finance and credit ratings policies and within developing investment strategies at the business level.
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Raby, Megan. "“Slash-and-burn ecology”: Field science as land use." History of Science 57, no. 4 (January 21, 2019): 441–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0073275318819656.
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Historians of science can benefit from thinking more deeply about land. Scholarly emphasis on the geographies of scientific knowledge has become pervasive since the “spatial turn” of the late 1990s. At the same time, the history of science has increasingly intersected with environmental history. Despite these growing connections, historians of science have been slow to embrace a core concern of environmental history: land. While space and place now have a rich literature in the historiography of science, land appears in histories of science in more scattered, incidental ways – largely as a place where science may occur or be applied. More than just a unit of ground, land is analytically connected to a web of questions about labor, property, governance, identity, and environmental change explored by environmental historians, geographers, and political ecologists. This article examines what historians of science – particularly, but not exclusively, historians of the field and environmental sciences – have to gain by taking land more seriously. A reexamination of the Rain Forest Project (1962–1970), a radioecology study initiated by systems ecologist Howard Thomas Odum in what is today El Yunque National Forest, Puerto Rico, serves as a case in point. Viewing this field site as land reframes ecologists’ fieldwork as a form of land use, highlighting its place within regimes of land tenure, its connections with other communities’ uses of the land, and its persistent local legacies.
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PHIRI, P. S. M., and D. M. MOORE. "A history of botanical collections in the Luangwa Valley, Zambia." Archives of Natural History 25, no. 2 (June 1998): 283–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.1998.25.2.283.
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Central Africa remained botanically unknown to the outside world up to the end of the eighteenth century. This paper provides a historical account of plant explorations in the Luangwa Valley. The first plant specimens were collected in 1897 and the last serious botanical explorations were made in 1993. During this period there have been 58 plant collectors in the Luangwa Valley with peak activity recorded in the 1960s. In 1989 1,348 species of vascular plants were described in the Luangwa Valley. More botanical collecting is needed with a view to finding new plant taxa, and also to provide a satisfactory basis for applied disciplines such as ecology, phytogeography, conservation and environmental impact assessment.
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Cascio, Maria Lo, Cinzia Guarnaccia, Maria Rita Infurna, Laura Mancuso, Anna Maria Parroco, and Francesca Giannone. "Environmental Dysfunctions, Childhood Maltreatment and Women’s Intimate Partner Violence Victimization." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 35, no. 19-20 (June 9, 2017): 3806–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260517711176.
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Childhood maltreatment is considered a crucial explanatory variable for intimate partner violence (IPV) in adulthood. However, a developmental multifactorial model for the etiology of IPV is not shared by researchers yet. This study has investigated the role of a wide range of childhood maltreatments and family and social dysfunctions in predicting IPV; furthermore, it tests a model where childhood maltreatment mediates the relationship between environmental dysfunctions and IPV. The sample included 78 women: IPV (38) and non-IPV (40). The Italian version of the Childhood Experience of Care and Abuse (CECA) Interview was used to assess the presence of adverse childhood experiences. The Revised Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS-2) and the IPV History Interview were used to assess IPV in the last year and lifetime, respectively. The results of a multivariate logistic regression model have indicated that only sexual (odds ratio [OR] = 4.24) and psychological (OR = 3.45) abuse significantly predicted IPV; with regard to association between IPV and environmental dysfunctions, only poor social support (OR = 8.91) significantly predicted IPV. The results of a mediation model have shown that childhood psychological and sexual abuse, in association with each other, partially mediate the relationship between poor social support and IPV. The findings from this study pinpoint poor social support as an important predictor of IPV so far neglected in the literature on the developmental antecedents of IPV. They also support the theoretical assumption according to which dysfunctional environmental variables and types of childhood maltreatment interacting with each other may influence development outcomes.
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Melnyk, Anatolyj, Valeryj Petlin, and Semen Kukurudza. "Landscape studies at the Ivan Franko National University of Lviv at the beginning of the 21st century (2004–2014)." Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography, no. 48 (December 23, 2014): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2014.48.1290.
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During the last decade, basic research on landscapes at the Franko University was concentrated on the development history, structure, dynamics, and functioning of natural terrain and aquatic complexes of Western Ukraine. Several scientific trends have developed in applied landscape science – namely, landscape monitoring, environmental landscape science, recreational landscape science, regional landscape science, tourist landscape science, studies on natural resources, geoecology, and geosozology. Key words: landscape, natural terrain complex, landscape diversity, landscape studies, applied landscape science.
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Abbott, David R., Douglas B. Craig, Hannah Zanotto, Veronica Judd, and Brent Kober. "Calculating Hohokam Domestic Architecture Building Costs to Test an Environmental Model of Architectural Changes." American Antiquity 84, no. 2 (April 2019): 317–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aaq.2018.94.
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Studies of domestic architectural variation are rare in archaeological research, possibly because the essential methods remain underdeveloped. To encourage a comparative approach to explaining the construction differences in household dwellings, we designed and utilized objective and easily applied means to calculate labor costs for constructing a variety of domestic architectural styles in Hohokam society. We applied Abrams's (1989, 1994) approach, labelled “architectural energetics,” which converts architecture into its labor equivalents for building structures. By doing so, we derived standard units of measurement that promote comparative analysis. To demonstrate the method's utility, we turned to the pithouses and adobe surface structures at Pueblo Grande. We wanted to test whether the history of construction was driven by environmental degradation, and, in particular, a depletion over time of wood resources for home building (see Loendorf and Lewis 2017). Our analysis indicated that factors in addition to wood depletion likely contributed to the architectural changes at Pueblo Grande and across the Hohokam world.
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Racine, S. E., K. M. Culbert, S. A. Burt, and K. L. Klump. "Advanced paternal age at birth: phenotypic and etiologic associations with eating pathology in offspring." Psychological Medicine 44, no. 5 (June 24, 2013): 1029–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291713001426.
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BackgroundAdvanced paternal age at birth has been linked to several psychiatric disorders in offspring (e.g. schizophrenia) and genetic mechanisms are thought to underlie these associations. This study is the first to investigate whether advanced paternal age at birth is associated with eating disorder risk using a twin study design capable of examining both phenotypic and genetic associations.MethodIn a large, population-based sample of female twins aged 8–17 years in mid-puberty or beyond (n = 1722), we investigated whether advanced paternal age was positively associated with disordered eating symptoms and an eating disorder history [i.e. anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN) or binge eating disorder (BED)] in offspring. Biometric twin models examined whether genetic and/or environmental factors underlie paternal age effects for disordered eating symptoms.ResultsAdvanced paternal age was positively associated with disordered eating symptoms and an eating disorder history, where the highest level of pathology was observed in offspring born to fathers ⩾40 years old. The results were not accounted for by maternal age at birth, body mass index (BMI), socio-economic status (SES), fertility treatment or parental psychiatric history. Twin models indicated decreased genetic, and increased environmental, effects on disordered eating with advanced paternal age.ConclusionsAdvanced paternal age increased risk for the full spectrum of eating pathology, independent of several important covariates. However, contrary to leading hypotheses, environmental rather than genetic factors accounted for paternal age–disordered eating associations. These data highlight the need to explore novel (potentially environmental) mechanisms underlying the effects of advanced paternal age on offspring eating disorder risk.
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CHU, JIANG, LIRONG SUN, FANGLI CHEN, XIANG JI, ZEJUN TIAN, and LAILI WANG. "Assessing the environmental profit and loss of the textile industry: A case study in China." Industria Textila 72, no. 01 (February 28, 2021): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.35530/it.072.01.1787.
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The textile industry contributes a lot to China’s economy in history and present. However, it also causes serious impacts on the environment. Environmental prices methodology was proposed to convert various environmental impacts into corresponding social marginal value and it can be applied for the evaluation of the environmental loads. This study applied environmental prices methodology to calculate the social marginal value of the caused environmental impacts in China’s textile industry during the period from 2001 to 2015. The results showed that the minimum value of caused environmental impacts was €9.556 billion and the maximum value was €16.599 billion. Among the three sub-industries of China’s textile industry, Manufacture of Textile had the highest value, followed by Manufacture of Chemical Fibers, and Manufacture of Textile, Wearing Apparel and Accessories. The value of greenhouse effect caused by CO2 emission was the largest. The value of ammonia nitrogen in wastewater was the largest and followed by the values of COD, As, cyanide, Hg, Pb and Cd. An in-depth analysis of the results indicated that the social marginal value of the textile industry closely related to the scale of the industry, the international market and government policies.
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Thornton, Thomas F., Rajindra K. Puri, Shonil Bhagwat, and Patricia Howard. "Human adaptation to biodiversity change: An adaptation process approach applied to a case study from southern India." Ambio 48, no. 12 (September 13, 2019): 1431–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13280-019-01225-7.
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Abstract Adaptation to environmental change, including biodiversity change, is both a new imperative in the face of global climate change and the oldest problem in human history. Humans have evolved a wide range of adaptation strategies in response to localised environmental changes, which have contributed strongly to both biological and cultural diversity. The evolving set of locally driven, ‘bottom-up’ responses to environmental change is collectively termed ‘autonomous adaptation,’ while its obverse, ‘planned adaptation,’ refers to ‘top-down’ (from without, e.g. State-driven) responses. After reviewing the dominant vulnerability, risk, and pathway approaches to adaptation, this paper applies an alternative framework for understanding human adaptation processes and responding more robustly to future adaptation needs. This adaptation processes-to-pathways framework is then deployed to consider human responses to biodiversity change caused by an aggressive ‘invasive’ plant, Lantana camara L., in several agri-forest communities of southern India. The results show that a variety of adaptation processes are developing to make Lantana less disruptive and more useable—from avoidance through mobility strategies to utilizing the plant for economic diversification. However, there is currently no clear synergy or policy support to connect them to a successful long-term adaptation pathway. These results are evaluated in relation to broader trends in adaptation analysis and governance to suggest ways of improving our understanding and support for human adaptation to biodiversity change at the household, community, and regional livelisystem levels, especially in societies highly dependent on local biodiversity for their livelihoods.
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Pesonen, Heikki. "Innovation, adaptation, and maintaining the balance." Approaching Religion 12, no. 3 (November 7, 2022): 16–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.30664/ar.112793.
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The environmental crisis has challenged faith traditions to take a stand and act both globally and locally. Statements and action build on reinterpretations of tradition, which also produce a variety of ritual applications. Environmental rituals, for example, deal with the grief and anxiety caused by environmental crisis or seek to have a concrete impact on local environmental problems. The anthropologist Roy Rappaport (1926–97) examined religious environmental rituals, firstly as a way of regulating ecological balance. Secondly, he saw religiously motivated environmental rituals as a way of changing human thinking and behaviour in an era of environmental crisis. These perspectives can be applied in at least three ways: firstly, by looking at how rituals are used in religious communities that are directly dependent on the natural environment; secondly, by examining how religious communities use rituals in various situations related to environmental issues; and thirdly, by focusing on how Rappaport’s ideas could be used to engage in environmental action. In this article, I focus on religiously motivated environmental rituals and the perspectives that Rappaportian ritual approach provides for examining them. As examples, I use the struggle of the Canadian Mi’kmaq indigenous community over the fate of their sacred mountain and the ordination ritual of Thai monks, who ordain trees under threat of felling in a Buddhist monastic community.
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Dino, Giovanna Antonella, Alessandro Cavallo, Piergiorgio Rossetti, Ernő Garamvölgyi, Renáta Sándor, and Frederic Coulon. "Towards Sustainable Mining: Exploiting Raw Materials from Extractive Waste Facilities." Sustainability 12, no. 6 (March 18, 2020): 2383. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12062383.
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The focus of the present research is on the exploitation of extractive waste to recover raw materials, considering the technological and economic factors, together with the environmental impacts, associated with extractive waste quarrying and dressing activities. The present study, based on a case history from Northern Italy (Montorfano and Baveno granite quarrying area), was intended to validate the presented interdisciplinary approach for evaluating economic and environmental impacts associated with extractive waste facility exploitation (from granite waste to products for the ceramic industry and by-products for the building industry). A shared methodology was applied to determine extractive waste characteristics (geochemistry, petrography, and mineralogy), waste volume (geophysical, topographic, and morphologic 3D characterization) and potential exploitable products and by-products. Meanwhile, a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was applied to determine the environmental impacts associated with the extraction and processing phases.
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MacDonald, Ryan J., Sarah Boon, James M. Byrne, Mike D. Robinson, and Joseph B. Rasmussen. "Potential future climate effects on mountain hydrology, stream temperature, and native salmonid life history." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 71, no. 2 (February 2014): 189–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2013-0221.
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Native salmonids of western North America are subject to many environmental pressures, most notably the effects of introduced species and environmental degradation. To better understand how native salmonids on the eastern slopes of the Canadian Rocky Mountains may respond to future changes in climate, we applied a process-based approach to hydrologic and stream temperature modelling. This study demonstrates that stream thermal regimes in western Alberta, Canada, may only warm during the summer period, while colder thermal regimes during spring, fall, and winter could result from response to earlier onset of spring freshet. Model results of future climate impacts on hydrology and stream temperature are corroborated by an intercatchment comparison of stream temperature, air temperature, and hydrological conditions. Earlier fry emergence as a result of altered hydrological and thermal regimes may favour native westslope cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisii) in isolated headwater streams. Colder winter stream temperatures could result in longer incubation periods for native bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) and limit threatened westslope cutthroat trout habitat.
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Xu, Cheng Gang, and Rong Quan Duan. "Economic Development: Environmental Friendly Materials or High-Carbon Materials Produced by who?" Applied Mechanics and Materials 291-294 (February 2013): 1521–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.291-294.1521.
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The comparative advantage of low-carbon and high-carbon materials is determined by one country’ history and natural conditions, which is also the starting point of studying on policy trends for a country to develop low carbon economy. In this paper the method system of international economics is applied, two dimensional coordinate system is set up with environmental friendly materials and high-carbon materials. In this extreme model with only two countries , only to produce and make use of two materials above; we analyzed the cross-border exchange mechanism determined by the relative price level arising from comparative advantage , and then indicated political factors will be an important influence factor in the division of labor between developed and developing countries about carbon reduction.
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O’Neill, Peter, Ronan Connolly, Michael Connolly, Willie Soon, Barbara Chimani, Marcel Crok, Rob de Vos, et al. "Evaluation of the Homogenization Adjustments Applied to European Temperature Records in the Global Historical Climatology Network Dataset." Atmosphere 13, no. 2 (February 8, 2022): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13020285.
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The widely used Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN) monthly temperature dataset is available in two formats—non-homogenized and homogenized. Since 2011, this homogenized dataset has been updated almost daily by applying the “Pairwise Homogenization Algorithm” (PHA) to the non-homogenized datasets. Previous studies found that the PHA can perform well at correcting synthetic time series when certain artificial biases are introduced. However, its performance with real world data has been less well studied. Therefore, the homogenized GHCN datasets (Version 3 and 4) were downloaded almost daily over a 10-year period (2011–2021) yielding 3689 different updates to the datasets. The different breakpoints identified were analyzed for a set of stations from 24 European countries for which station history metadata were available. A remarkable inconsistency in the identified breakpoints (and hence adjustments applied) was revealed. Of the adjustments applied for GHCN Version 4, 64% (61% for Version 3) were identified on less than 25% of runs, while only 16% of the adjustments (21% for Version 3) were identified consistently for more than 75% of the runs. The consistency of PHA adjustments improved when the breakpoints corresponded to documented station history metadata events. However, only 19% of the breakpoints (18% for Version 3) were associated with a documented event within 1 year, and 67% (69% for Version 3) were not associated with any documented event. Therefore, while the PHA remains a useful tool in the community’s homogenization toolbox, many of the PHA adjustments applied to the homogenized GHCN dataset may have been spurious. Using station metadata to assess the reliability of PHA adjustments might potentially help to identify some of these spurious adjustments.
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Akagi, Tasuku. "Maintenance of Environmental Homeostasis by Biota, Selected Nonlocally by Circulation and Fluctuation Mechanisms." Artificial Life 12, no. 1 (January 2006): 135–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/106454606775186419.
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A simple abstract model is presented to show that a species with a favorable global effect on the whole biota (for example, by generating a moderate temperature range) can be selected through evolution. In the model, fluctuation in the growth rate among species leads to selection. The accompanying fluctuations in the quantity of resources, which return by circulation with a certain time lag, are likely to cause this selection. Different functions and various parameters are applied to the equations to monitor their effects on the whole system. In nature, producers satisfy the theoretical conditions of the model, implying the reality of the selection described by the mechanism presented here, during the history of the biota.
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Mitchell, Cary A. "History of Controlled Environment Horticulture: Indoor Farming and Its Key Technologies." HortScience 57, no. 2 (February 2022): 247–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci16159-21.
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The most recent platform for protected horticultural crop production, with the shortest history to date, is located entirely indoors, lacking even the benefit of free, natural sunlight. Although this may not sound offhand like a good idea for commercial specialty-crop production, the concept of indoor controlled-environment plant growth started originally for the benefit of researchers—to systematically investigate effects of specific environmental factors on plant growth and development in isolation from environmental factors varying in uncontrolled ways that would confound or change experimental findings. In addition to its value for basic and applied research, it soon was discovered that providing nonlimiting plant-growth environments greatly enhanced crop yield and enabled manipulation of plant development in ways that were never previously possible. As supporting technology for indoor crop production has improved in capability and efficiency, energy requirements have declined substantially for growing crops through entire production cycles in completely controlled environments, and this combination has spawned a new sector of the controlled-environment crop-production industry. This article chronicles the evolution of events, enabling technologies, and entrepreneurial efforts that have brought local, year-round indoor crop production to the forefront of public visibility and the threshold of profitability for a growing number of specialty crops in locations with seasonal climates.
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FOLEY, D. L., M. C. NEALE, and K. S. KENDLER. "Genetic and environmental risk factors for depression assessed by subject-rated Symptom Check List versus Structured Clinical Interview." Psychological Medicine 31, no. 8 (November 2001): 1413–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291701004755.
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Background. It is not known if a subject's characteristic level of self-rated depression symptoms index their genetic or environmental liability to major depressive disorder when measurement error and other occasion-specific influences are taken into account.Method. Monozygotic (N = 408) and dizygotic (N = 295) adult female twin pairs from a population-based registry were surveyed twice with an average follow-up interval of 61 months. At each occasion subjects completed a structured clinical interview (SCID) to assess lifetime history of major depression and the subject-rated Symptom Check List (SCL) to assess current level of depressive symptomatology. A bivariate measurement model was used to estimate the genetic and environmental correlations between liability to reliably diagnosed lifetime history of major depression and the characteristic or temporally stable SCL depression score.Results. The genetic and non-familial environmental correlation between liability to reliably diagnosed major depression and the characteristic level of SCL depression symptoms (and the proportion of variance shared between measures) is +0·70 and +0·24 respectively.Conclusions. When allowance is made for diagnostic unreliability and temporal fluctuations in the level of subject-rated symptoms, 70% of the variance in genetic risk factors and 24% of the variance in environmental risk factors is shared by a diagnosis of lifetime major depression and total SCL depression symptom score. SCL depression scores may therefore be a useful screening measure for many of the genetic risk factors which influence liability to major depression.
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Flaithbheartaigh, Séamus Ó. "Environmental health or psychiatric rehabilitation." Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 25, no. 1 (March 2008): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0790966700010843.
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KENDLER, KENNETH S., and CHARLES O. GARDNER. "Monozygotic twins discordant for major depression: a preliminary exploration of the role of environmental experiences in the aetiology and course of illness." Psychological Medicine 31, no. 3 (April 2001): 411–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291701003622.
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Background. Genetic effects upon behaviour are pervasive. To what extent are the many correlates of major depression (MD) due to individual-specific environmental experiences versus genetic factors correlated with risk for MD?Methods. From a population-based twin registry, we identified 72 female monozygotic pairs discordant for a lifetime history of MD and compared the affected and unaffected members on a wide range of putative correlates of MD.Results. The affected twin differed from her unaffected co-twin on many variables, eight of which were maximally discriminating: (i) maternal protectiveness; (ii) conflictual parent–child relationship; (iii) low optimism; (iv) current stressful life events; (v) financial difficulties and a history of (vi) phobia, (vii) nicotine dependence; and (viii) divorce. A cluster analysis suggested three ‘environmental pathways' to MD characterized by: (i) childhood vulnerability and anxiety; (ii) acting-out and demoralization; and (iii) interpersonal difficulties.Conclusion. Important precursors and sequelae of MD originate in environmental experiences unique to the individual and are not mediated through genetic factors or family-of-origin effects. Such environmental factors cause pervasive differences in monozygotic twins discordant for MD, especially in the areas of interpersonal difficulties, psychopathology, social problems and self-concept. These findings should be interpreted in the context of possible retrospective recall bias and the difficulty of distinguishing risk factors from sequelae in co-twin–control studies.
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Silva, Lucas Guimarães da, Celso De Souza Catelani, and Marcelo Dos Santos Targa. "Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) applied to flood susceptibility in São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil." Ambiente e Agua - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Science 15, no. 7 (December 7, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4136/ambi-agua.2574.
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The changes in environmental factors in a hydrographic basin, mainly in the urban environment, enable different scenarios than the change of parameters in climatic, physical, political, and socioeconomic factors. Those changes may have immediate effects on indigenous populations, often making them vulnerable to the risk of flooding. This article evaluates the vulnerability to flooding in the municipality of São José dos Campos, State of São Paulo, Brazil using multicriteria analysis and geoprocessing techniques. Quantum GIS (QGIS) was used in the manipulation and processing of vector and matrix data related to the terrain slope, hydrography, geotechnics, and data history of flooding (2009 - 2018) in São José dos Campos. The hierarchy and criteria weighting processes were carried out, as well as the zoning of areas at risk of flooding. Thus, it was found that 23.81% and 2.17% of the municipal territory has high and very high susceptibility to flooding. It can be concluded that the combined use of multicriteria analysis and geoprocessing is an effective contribution to assist the management of public policies in order to obtain more assertive decisions in the prevention or reduction of flood risks.
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Noh, Byeong Wook, Young Woo Choi, and Sung In Bae. "A Study on Load Analysis and Durability Test Condition of Automobile Brake Pedal." Key Engineering Materials 324-325 (November 2006): 1273–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.324-325.1273.
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Automobile pedal which is loaded by driver’s input is transmitting load to throttle cable, braking device and clutch device and controlling automobile. Measuring working condition and applying equivalent damage are needed for reliability of developing pedal. The measuring working condition is requiring more investigation with various respects because of widely ranged drivers, road condition and environmental condition. Additionally, when equivalent damage is applied, there are not suitable for test condition if equivalent damage is too high level to apply or unused region. In this study, load history is measured with 95percentile customer. Measured load history is converted to stress history about critical area of pedal by FEM. There are drawn up histogram of pedal cycles and load from stress history with rain flow cycle counting method, calculated relative damage of extended stress history with Palmgren-Miner rule. From the results, calculated total relative damage is applied to calculation method of test time and load. Calculation method for test condition is carried out with three methods which are enforcing with total stress by rain flow cycle counting, representative load and blocked load. Accelerated durability test condition of pedal using with relative damage and acceleration factors are proposed.
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Jung, Saebom, Young Gwang Kim, and Sae Yun Kwon. "Applications of Mercury Stable Isotopes in Environmental Forensics." Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers 44, no. 5 (May 31, 2022): 175–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2022.44.5.175.
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Mercury is a globally distributed toxic trace metal, which can travel long distances in the atmosphere and bioaccumulate to elevated levels in ecosystem food webs. Since 2013, various parts of the mercury life cycle, including the production, use, emissions, releases, as well as the environmental and ecosystem fate, have been governed via the global treaty on mercury, the Minamata Convention of Mercury. The convention also calls attention to the application of mercury stable isotopes for distinguishing between various mercury sources in environmental media and for identifying sources, which require targeted risk management. Here, we introduce ways in which mercury stable isotopes can be applied in the field of environmental forensics to identify sources responsible for local contamination and global cycling that require international governance. This review is divided into: 1) the general overview on the mercury speciation and cycling, 2) the nomenclature of mercury stable isotope systems, and 3) the introduction of case studies that have successfully utilized mercury isotopes to interpret legacy and recent mercury sources in atmospheric and freshwater environments. We conclude the review by making specific recommendations as to how mercury stable isotopes can be better utilized in the field of local and global environmental forensics. These recommendations include the development of comprehensive anthropogenic mercury source inventories and isotopic-based evidence on the transboundary transport of mercury.
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Kim, Gyuhyun, and Ihnsup Han. "Applications and Prospects of Fourth Industrial Revolution Technology in Environmental Areas - Focusing on Environmental Policy based Public Technology Development Projects -." Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers 44, no. 11 (November 30, 2022): 515–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2022.44.11.515.
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Objectives : Recently, the Fourth Industrial Revolution has been actively discussed in all fields around the world. And the related R&D(Research and Development) has been widely conducted in the environmental field. The core of the Fourth Industrial Revolution is hyperconnectivity, superintelligence, and convergence. Major technologies related with it are AI(Artificial Intelligence), IoT(Internet of Things), 5G(Fifth Generation communication technology), robots, blockchain, drones, 3D(Three Dimension) printers, big data, unmanned transportation, biotechnology, new materials, sharing economy, and VR/AR(Virtual Reality/Augmented Reality), etc. It is intended to seek development plans through the examples of the 4th industrial revolution technology’s environmental application.Methods : In concentration of the public technology development project, based on environmental policy, conducted from 2011 to 2020, some cases of the 4th industrial revolution technology’s environmental application have been analyzed and the future prospects have been derived.Results and Discussion : The 4th Industrial Revolution technology has been applied in various fields such as design, operation, maintenance, investigation, monitoring, and service provision in the environmental field. Therefore, in the future, it is expected that there will be working environment improvement, the progress of service quality and operational efficiency.Conclusion : With the transition to smart environmental technology, it is expected that it will be possible to advance the industry and create high value-added things. To do so, government policy support and technology development should be continuously executed.
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Kutcher, H. R., G. Lafond, A. M. Johnston, P. R. Miller, K. S. Gill, W. E. May, T. Hogg, E. Johnson, V. O. Biederbeck, and B. Nybo. "Rhizobium inoculant and seed-applied fungicide effects on field pea production." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 82, no. 4 (October 1, 2002): 645–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p01-180.
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Field pea has been shown to benefit from the use of rhizobium inoculation and seed-applied fungicides under intensive production. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of seed- or soil-applied rhizobium (Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae) inoculants and seed-applied fungicides on field pea (Pisum sativum “Carneval”) production on fields with no previous history of the crop. The study was conducted at seven locations in Saskatchewan in each of 2 yr. Fungicide treatments were Apron FL (metalaxyl), Apron FL + Thiram 75WP (dithiocarbamate) and an untreated check in 1997 and a fourth treatment, Thiram 75WP, was added in 1998. Rhizobium treatments were seed-applied liquid inoculant, soil-applied granular inoculant and a non-inoculated check. Inoculation with rhizobium increased nodulation (5 of 10 sites), seed yield (6 of 13 sites), and protein content (3 of 8 sites), but occasionally appeared to reduce emergence (3 of 14 sites). Granular inoculant had more beneficial effects than the liquid inoculant. Fungicide treatments had few positive effects on production, and occasionally negative effects such as reduced emergence. Interaction effects were rare between seed-applied fungicide and seed-applied liquid or soil-applied granular rhizobium inoculants, which indicated compatibility of these products. Variability in the effects of inoculant types and fungicides suggests that responses are dependent on local soil and environmental conditions. Key words: Apron (metalaxyl), Thiram (dithiocarbamate), Pisum sativum, zero tillage
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Bieber, Judy. "Uatú Júpú: a history of the indigenous Rio Doce." Brasiliana: Journal for Brazilian Studies 5, no. 2 (October 15, 2017): 128–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.25160/bjbs.v5i2.25118.
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This essay examines the long history of resistance by Jê speaking indigenous peoples who have inhabited the basins of the Doce River and its many tributaries. It provides an overview from the colonial era to the present, examining the disparate perceptions and uses that Portuguese and Jê-speaking indigenous peoples have applied to river systems in Brazil. For native communities, the Doce is a source of both spiritual and material sustenance. Portuguese explorers, settlers, and miners viewed rivers as potential transportation and sources of gold and gems. This mutually conflictive history contributes to our understanding of why and how access to rivers has mattered historically and continues to matter in the wake of the Fundão Dam breach in Mariana, Minas Gerais, in 2015.
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Horwitz, William. "History of the IUPAC/ISO/AOAC Harmonization Program." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 75, no. 2 (March 1, 1992): 368–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/75.2.368.
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Abstract As a result of the preference of the Joint Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization Codex Alimentarius Program to endorse methods of analysis for which interlaboratory performance parameters are available, many international organizations now conduct method-performance (collaborative) studies. International meetings sponsored by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, the International Organization for Standardization, and AOAC International have produced a harmonized protocol for the design, conduct, and interpretation of method-performance studies, and this protocol Is being Implemented by many method standardization organizations. The same group of organizations hopes to provide a harmonized protocol for the quality control and quality assurance of laboratory (analyst) performance.
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Keightley, Peter D., and Thomas M. Bataillon. "Multigeneration Maximum-Likelihood Analysis Applied to Mutation-Accumulation Experiments in Caenorhabditis elegans." Genetics 154, no. 3 (March 1, 2000): 1193–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/154.3.1193.
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AbstractWe develop a maximum-likelihood (ML) approach to estimate genomic mutation rates (U) and average homozygous mutation effects (s) from mutation-accumulation (MA) experiments in which phenotypic assays are carried out in several generations. We use simulations to compare the procedure's performance with the method of moments traditionally used to analyze MA data. Similar precision is obtained if mutation effects are small relative to the environmental standard deviation, but ML can give estimates of mutation parameters that have lower sampling variances than those obtained by the method of moments if mutations with large effects have accumulated. The inclusion of data from intermediate generations may improve the precision. We analyze life-history trait data from two Caenorhabditis elegans MA experiments. Under a model with equal mutation effects, the two experiments provide similar estimates for U of ~0.005 per haploid, averaged over traits. Estimates of s are more divergent and average at −0.51 and −0.13 in the two studies. Detailed analysis shows that changes of mean and variance of genetic values of MA lines in both C. elegans experiments are dominated by mutations with large effects, but the analysis does not rule out the presence of a large class of deleterious mutations with very small effects.