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Journal articles on the topic 'Applied biological science'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 11 February 2022

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1

Wiechert, Bernd Udo. "Applied Biomechanics: Prosthetic and Orthopaedics." Proceeding International Conference on Science and Engineering 1 (October 31, 2017): xiii. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/icse.v1.315.

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Biomechanics is closely related to engineering, because it often uses traditional engineering sciences to analyze biological systems. Some simple applications of Newtonian mechanics and/or materials sciences can supply correct approximations to the mechanics of many biological systems. Applied mechanics, most notably mechanical engineering disciplines such as continuum mechanics, mechanism analysis, structural analysis, kinematics and dynamics play prominent roles in the study of biomechanics. Usually biological systems are much more complex than man-built systems. Numerical methods are hence applied in almost every biomechanical study. Research is done in an iterative process of hypothesis and verification, including several steps of modeling, computer simulation and experimental measurements. Prosthetics and orthotics are clinical disciplines that deal with artificial limbs (prostheses) for people with amputations and supportive devices (orthoses) for people with musculoskeletal weakness or neurological disorders and some disability person. The development of prosthetics and orthotics disciplines is depend on development of science and engineering. The understanding of this multidiscipline field is important the advancement in this field. In this session i will overview the current development in prosthetics and orthotics field, expl ain a brief survey on its method, and discuss perspective for future trend and development.

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2

Baker, William P., and Kathryn J. Leyva. "Virus Hunters: The Science of Applied Research." American Biology Teacher 68, no. 6 (August 2006): 354–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1662/0002-7685(2006)68[354:vhtsoa]2.0.co;2.

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Baker, William P., and Kathryn J. Leyva. "Virus Hunters: The Science of Applied Research." American Biology Teacher 68, no. 6 (August 1, 2006): 354–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4452011.

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4

Stanley, Melissa. "Clinical Laboratory Science: Applied Biology with Great Potential." American Biology Teacher 52, no. 5 (May 1, 1990): 269–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4449107.

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5

Cramer, Richard D. "Template CoMFA Applied to 116 Biological Targets." Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling 54, no. 7 (June 16, 2014): 2147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ci500230a.

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6

Charlton, J. "Biological nutrient removal applied to weak sewage." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 12 (December 1, 1994): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0578.

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The Melby Wastewater Treatment Plant is located in the municipality of Frederiksværk on the island of Sealand, Denmark. This may be the first full-scale plant in Europe purpose built for biological nutrient removal from diluted wastewater, i.e. weak domestic wastewater mixed with infiltration waters. The relatively strict effluent standards have required the existing treatment plant to be upgraded in capacity, including the design for biological Nitrogen and Phosphorus removal. Due to the weak nature of the influent wastewater, the treatment process that has been adopted includes the application of a primary sludge fermenter to alter the influent characteristics suitable for biological nutrient removal. The treatment process used is the Modified University of Cape Town process utilising a primary sludge fermenter developed at the University of British Columbia in Canada. The combination of these two processes has been successfully applied to meet the strict discharge licence requirements, without the addition of chemicals, despite the unsuitable characteristics of the influent wastewater for biological nutrient removal. The paper describes the operational results for the treatment plant.

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Holden, A. V. "Nonlinear Science — The Impact of Biology." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 07, no. 09 (September 1997): 2075–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127497001552.

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Nonlinear science has primarily developed from applications of mathematics to physics. The biological sciences are emerging as the dominant growth points of science and technology, and biological systems are characterized by being information dense, spatially extended, organized in interacting hierarchies, and rich in diversity. These characteristics, linked with an increase in available computing power and accessible memory, may lead to a nonlinear science of complicated interacting systems that will link different types of mathematical objects within a framework of algebraic models of computing systems. Examples, drawn from current work on intracellular, cellular, tissue, organ, and integrative physiology of an individual, are outlined within the theory of synchronous concurrent algorithms. Possible directions in population dynamics and applications to ecosystem management are outlined.

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8

Roscoe, Neil. "Does Applied Science GCSE really cut the mustard?" Journal of Biological Education 41, no. 1 (December 2006): 44–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00219266.2006.9656057.

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Kostić, Daniel, Claus C. Hilgetag, and Marc Tittgemeyer. "Unifying the essential concepts of biological networks: biological insights and philosophical foundations." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 375, no. 1796 (February 24, 2020): 20190314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0314.

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Over the last decades, network-based approaches have become highly popular in diverse fields of biology, including neuroscience, ecology, molecular biology and genetics. While these approaches continue to grow very rapidly, some of their conceptual and methodological aspects still require a programmatic foundation. This challenge particularly concerns the question of whether a generalized account of explanatory, organizational and descriptive levels of networks can be applied universally across biological sciences. To this end, this highly interdisciplinary theme issue focuses on the definition, motivation and application of key concepts in biological network science, such as explanatory power of distinctively network explanations, network levels and network hierarchies. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Unifying the essential concepts of biological networks: biological insights and philosophical foundations’.

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10

Hansen, Charles M. "Polymer science applied to biological problems: Prediction of cytotoxic drug interactions with DNA." European Polymer Journal 44, no. 9 (September 2008): 2741–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2008.07.005.

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11

Galpin, Vashti, Jane Hillston, and Luca Bortolussi. "HYPE Applied to the Modelling of Hybrid Biological Systems." Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science 218 (October 2008): 33–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.entcs.2008.10.004.

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12

Fox, Glenn, Robert E. Evenson, and Vernon W. Ruttan. "Balancing basic and applied science: the case of agricultural research." BioScience 37, no. 7 (July 1987): 507–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1310423.

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13

Souza, Brígida, and Rosangela Cristina Marucci. "Biological control in ornamental plants: from basic to applied knowledge." Ornamental Horticulture 27, no. 2 (June 2021): 255–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2447-536x.v27i2.2365.

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Abstract Biological control is a worldwide trend and has been prominent as an effective and compatible strategy for use in Integrated Pest Management programs. In Brazil, the control of these organisms using biological agents has been used in several agricultural systems, including floriculture. This paper approaches biological control from the perspective of the interaction between organisms in nature, applied as a pest management strategy. Knowledge about the dependence and reciprocity among populations in a natural environment is fundamental to understanding that this control method is nothing more than an exploiting of a natural ecological service. Considering that, for the biological control of a pest we must increase the population density of natural enemies, we report on the two main ways to achieve this increase: conservative biological control and augmentative biological control. The first is done by modifying the environment’s vegetation structure to favor natural enemies’ maintenance or their attraction to the crops. The second is done by mass rearing entomophagous and entomopathogen species with attributes that can ensure their function as control agents when released in crops. Among such agents, we emphasize those produced and marketed in Brazil for application in ornamental plants. Finally, we report on the technologies most recently employed to increase the appropriate use and the efficiency of these biological control agents.

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14

Polley, Mitchell J., Frank R. Burden, and David A. Winkler. "Simulation and Modelling of Chemical and Biological Complex Systems." Australian Journal of Chemistry 59, no. 12 (2006): 859. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch06375.

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Most sciences, and notably chemistry and biology, are becoming more interdisciplinary with overlaps between disciplines providing fertile new fields of research. As scientists attempt to model more complicated matter such as protein complexes, regulatory networks, cells, smart materials, biomaterials, and the like, it is clear that the complexity of these systems is difficult to describe using traditional reductionist tools. We describe how the tools and concepts of complex systems science may be applied to the simulation and modelling of complex chemical and biological systems.

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15

Liu, Chao, and Jiashu Sun. "AI in Measurement Science." Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry 14, no. 1 (June 5, 2021): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anchem-091520-091450.

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Measurement of biological systems containing biomolecules and bioparticles is a key task in the fields of analytical chemistry, biology, and medicine. Driven by the complex nature of biological systems and unprecedented amounts of measurement data, artificial intelligence (AI) in measurement science has rapidly advanced from the use of silicon-based machine learning (ML) for data mining to the development of molecular computing with improved sensitivity and accuracy. This review presents an overview of fundamental ML methodologies and discusses their applications in disease diagnostics, biomarker discovery, and imaging analysis. We next provide the working principles of molecular computing using logic gates and arithmetical devices, which can be employed for in situ detection, computation, and signal transduction for biological systems. This review concludes by summarizing the strengths and limitations of AI-involved biological measurement in fundamental and applied research.

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16

Grenier, S. "Applied biological control with Tachinid flies (Diptera, Tachinidae): A review." Anzeiger für Schädlingskunde Pflanzenschutz Umweltschutz 61, no. 3 (April 1988): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01906254.

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Levin, Nadine, and Sabina Leonelli. "How Does One “Open” Science? Questions of Value in Biological Research." Science, Technology, & Human Values 42, no. 2 (October 4, 2016): 280–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0162243916672071.

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Open Science policies encourage researchers to disclose a wide range of outputs from their work, thus codifying openness as a specific set of research practices and guidelines that can be interpreted and applied consistently across disciplines and geographical settings. In this paper, we argue that this “one-size-fits-all” view of openness sidesteps key questions about the forms, implications, and goals of openness for research practice. We propose instead to interpret openness as a dynamic and highly situated mode of valuing the research process and its outputs, which encompasses economic as well as scientific, cultural, political, ethical, and social considerations. This interpretation creates a critical space for moving beyond the economic definitions of value embedded in the contemporary biosciences landscape and Open Science policies, and examining the diversity of interests and commitments that affect research practices in the life sciences. To illustrate these claims, we use three case studies that highlight the challenges surrounding decisions about how––and how best––to make things open. These cases, drawn from ethnographic engagement with Open Science debates and semistructured interviews carried out with UK-based biologists and bioinformaticians between 2013 and 2014, show how the enactment of openness reveals judgments about what constitutes a legitimate intellectual contribution, for whom, and with what implications.

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18

WEINER, J. "Ecology – the science of agriculture in the 21st century." Journal of Agricultural Science 141, no. 3-4 (November 2003): 371–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859603003605.

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Most current biological problems in agriculture occur at the higher levels of organization: populations, communities and ecosystems. These are the levels addressed by the science of ecology rather than other biological sciences. Therefore ecology will by necessity become the central science of agriculture. Agricultural production will be seen as a form of applied ecology or ecological engineering. This change in perspective has major implications for agricultural research. It brings the discussion of the assumptions of a research programme into the open and forces researchers to prioritize among potentially conflicting objectives. It sees agricultural strategies in terms of trade-offs, rather than improvements, and it suggests that agricultural research needs to be more bold and ambitious if it is to solve the most important problems facing us in the new century.

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19

Blackburn, Gwylim S., Pierre Bilodeau, Tracey Cooke, Mingming Cui, Michel Cusson, Richard C. Hamelin, Melody A. Keena, et al. "An Applied Empirical Framework for Invasion Science: Confronting Biological Invasion Through Collaborative Research Aimed at Tool Production." Annals of the Entomological Society of America 113, no. 4 (March 2, 2020): 230–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aesa/saz072.

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Abstract Global ecosystem functions, services, and commodities are increasingly threatened by biological invasions. As a result, there is an urgent need to manage invasive species through global collaborative research. We propose an ‘applied empirical framework’ (AEF) to aggressively confront the current global biological invasion crisis. The AEF builds on existing models for invasion science that advocate 1) standardized research designs to reveal key aspects of biological invasion, and 2) collaborative research to facilitate the sharing of resources and information. The AEF further emphasizes the need for 3) the production of research ‘tools’ (e.g., data, methodologies, technical instruments) designed for direct uptake by agencies that manage biological invasion, and 4) a taxonomically targeted approach in which task forces conduct rapid, in-depth research on top-priority invasive species across their entire geographic range. We review collaborative science and the distinctive roles played by different collaborator types. We then provide an example of the AEF in action through the BioSAFE initiative (Biosurveillance of Alien Forest Enemies), a highly collaborative project aimed at developing genomic research tools to facilitate biosurveillance and intervention for forest invasive species. We illustrate the BioSAFE approach through our research on two polyphagous insect species: the wood-borer Anoplophora glabripennis, Motschusky (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae; Asian longhorned beetle) and the defoliator Lymantria dispar, Linnaeus spp. (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae; gypsy moth). These examples illustrate how the AEF can focus and accelerate our response to the global biological invasion crisis by applying the resource capabilities of collaborative research groups to generate management tools for top-priority invasive species.

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20

Latash, Mark L. "Motor Control: Creating a Natural Science of Biological Movement." Kinesiology Review 10, no. 3 (August 1, 2021): 257–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/kr.2021-0011.

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Motor control is a young and aspiring field of natural science. Over the past 40 years, it has become an established field of study with several important theoretical developments, including the equilibrium-point hypothesis and its more recent version known as the control with referent spatial coordinates, the principle of abundance, the uncontrolled manifold hypothesis, and the concept of dynamic neural field as the means of task formulation. Important experimental advances have included the exploration of the notion of synergies, the links between descending signals from the brain and referent coordinates of the effectors, and applications of motor control principles to analysis of disordered movements. Further maturation of motor control requires focusing on theory-driven studies. It promises fruitful applications to applied fields such as movement disorders and rehabilitation.

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21

Chao, W. L. "Colonization of the Rhizosphere by Biological Control Agents Applied to Seeds." Phytopathology 76, no. 1 (1986): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-76-60.

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22

Sauthier, N., A. Grasmick, and J. P. Blancheton. "Biological denitrification applied to a marine closed aquaculture system." Water Research 32, no. 6 (June 1998): 1932–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0043-1354(97)00406-5.

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23

Chekhun, V. F. "ONCOLOGY IN THE MAINSTREAM OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF UKRAINE: TO THE 100TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE ACADEMY." Experimental Oncology 40, no. 4 (December 22, 2018): 258–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.31768/2312-8852.2018.40(4):258-260.

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Oncology is one of the most important, most complex, multivector and socially important direction of modern medical and biological science. The successful development of fundamental and applied knowledge may be achieved only due to the concentration of efforts and the fruitful consolidation of many scholars from various fields of science within the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.

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24

Roitberg, Bernard D. "From parasitoid behavior to biological control: applied behavioral ecology." Canadian Entomologist 136, no. 2 (April 2004): 289–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/n03-072.

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AbstractA hypothetical parasitoid mass rearing facility is used to unite principles from behavioral ecology and biological control. The key to the problem is variation in the tendency of solitary parasitoids to superparasitize. Superparasitism affects individual and population parasitoid productivity, though not necessarily to the same degree. Herein, the interest is in determining conditions that will maximize parasitoid population productivity when superparasitism varies. To accomplish this, a combination of graphical marginal analysis (to provide an economic context), dynamic optimization models (to determine individual parasitoid superparasitism tendency), and functional response models (to determine parasitoid population productivity) has been used. Marginal analysis shows that marginal returns decrease with an increase in the number of parasitoids released but that the slope of the marginal returns curve depends upon the sensitivity of superparasitism to environmental conditions. In addition, results show that parasitoid responses can be highly nonlinear and, as such, can greatly affect optimal numbers of parasitoids released in a nonintuitive manner. This behavioral ecology approach greatly increases efficiency and predictability of parasitoid production.

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25

Gao, Wei, Abdul Qudair Baig, Haidar Ali, Wasim Sajjad, and Mohammad Reza Farahani. "Margin based ontology sparse vector learning algorithm and applied in biology science." Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 24, no. 1 (January 2017): 132–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2016.09.001.

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26

Paton, G. I., K. Killham, H. J. Weitz, and K. T. Semple. "Biological tools for the assessment of contaminated land: applied soil ecotoxicology." Soil Use and Management 21, no. 1 (December 1, 2005): 487–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/sum2005350.

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27

Lesjean, Boris, Sandra Rosenberger, Jean-Christophe Schrotter, and Anjou Recherche. "Membrane-aided biological wastewater treatment — an overview of applied systems." Membrane Technology 2004, no. 8 (August 2004): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0958-2118(04)00200-9.

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28

Pitman, Nigel C. A., Corine F. Vriesendorp, Diana Alvira Reyes, Debra K. Moskovits, Nicholas Kotlinski, Richard C. Smith, Michelle E. Thompson, et al. "Applied science facilitates the large-scale expansion of protected areas in an Amazonian hot spot." Science Advances 7, no. 31 (July 2021): eabe2998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abe2998.

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Meeting international commitments to protect 17% of terrestrial ecosystems worldwide will require >3 million square kilometers of new protected areas and strategies to create those areas in a way that respects local communities and land use. In 2000–2016, biological and social scientists worked to increase the protected proportion of Peru’s largest department via 14 interdisciplinary inventories covering >9 million hectares of this megadiverse corner of the Amazon basin. In each landscape, the strategy was the same: convene diverse partners, identify biological and sociocultural assets, document residents’ use of natural resources, and tailor the findings to the needs of decision-makers. Nine of the 14 landscapes have since been protected (5.7 million hectares of new protected areas), contributing to a quadrupling of conservation coverage in Loreto (from 6 to 23%). We outline the methods and enabling conditions most crucial for successfully applying similar campaigns elsewhere on Earth.

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29

Sperling, L. H. "Biological and synthetic polymer networks, O. Kramer, Ed., Elsevier Applied Science, Barking, Essex, England, 1988, pp." Journal of Polymer Science Part C: Polymer Letters 27, no. 4 (March 1989): 145–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1989.140270411.

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30

Wang, Charles C. N., and Jeffrey J. P. Tsai. "Use of semantics in bio-informatics." Encyclopedia with Semantic Computing and Robotic Intelligence 01, no. 01 (March 2017): 1630017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2425038416300172.

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Bioinformatics conceptualizes biological processes in terms of genomics and applies computer science (derived from disciplines such as applied modeling, data mining, machine learning and statistics) to extract knowledge from biological data. This paper introduces the working definitions of bioinformatics and its applications and challenges. We also identify the bioinformatics resources that are popular among bioinformatics analysis, review some primary methods used to analyze bioinformatics problems, and review the data mining, semantic computing and deep learning technologies that may be applied in bioinformatics analysis.

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31

Urban, J. Kristen. "Competitive exclusion: A biological model applied to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict." Politics and the Life Sciences 28, no. 2 (September 2009): 69–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2990/28_2_69.

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The Principle of Competitive Exclusion, first articulated by Gause in 1934, states that two species or populations cannot inhabit the same niche: one will consistently out-compete the other. Of four possible outcomes, the logistic equations that describe such interaction present only one possibility for coexistence, that being when the density-dependent mechanisms of one population become activated before intergroup competition eliminates the other. In applying Gause's Principle as an explanatory model to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, this research explores the present bantustanization of the West Bank as a logical outcome of interspecific competition, but sees the competition coefficients of the equations as the key factors in promoting a stable equilibrium.

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Hague, Nigel. "Perspectives in Applied Nematology." Nematology 11, no. 1 (2009): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854108x398354.

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AbstractThis article reflects the author's experience of research and changes in priorities over the last 50 years in four main areas: i) fumigants as nematicides; ii) non-volatile nematicides; iii) biological control of insects; and iv) training in nematology. The developments in each of these topics are discussed from a personal perspective and speculation is made on the future direction of these areas of applied research.

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33

Kosiewicz, Jerzy. "Social and Biological Context of Physical Culture and Sport." Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research 50, no. 1 (December 1, 2010): 5–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10141-010-0021-1.

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Social and Biological Context of Physical Culture and SportAuthor underlines that biological sciences connected with the human being are traditionally - after MacFadden, among others - counted among physical culture sciences. Because of the bodily foundations of human physical activity, they perform - shortly speaking - a significant cognitive function: they describe natural foundations of particular forms of movement. In spite of the fact that knowledge in that respect is extremely important for multiform human activity in the field of physical culture, it is not knowledge of cultural character. From the formal (that is, institutional) viewpoint it is strictly connected with culture studies, but it has separate methodological and theoretical assumptions. Knowledge of that type is focused on the human organism and not on effects of mental, axiocreative, symbolic activity of the human being entangled in social relations. It includes auxiliary data which support practical - that is, in that case, physical, bodily - activity. Its reception of axiological (ethical and aesthetical), social (philosophical, sociological, pedagogical, historical {universal or strictly defined - referring e.g. to art and literature with the connected theories} or political) character is dealt with by the humanities (in other words: social sciences) constituting an immanent and the fundamental - and hence the most important - part of culture studies. Putting stress on alleged superiority and the dominating role of natural (biological in that case) sciences within physical culture sciences and the connected marginalization of the humanities - which constitute, after all, a necessary and hence an unquestionable foundation for culture studies, their essence and objectivisation - is, euphemistically speaking, a clear shortcoming in the field of science studies.The abovementioned exaltation and aspirations for superiority, as well as deepening and more and more aggressive marginalization of the humanities (understood in that paper as a synonym for social sciences) in the field of physical culture sciences may lead to the separation of biological sciences.

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Bennis, Driss, Fouad Gharib, and Ghita Lebbar. "Persistent Homology applied to location problems." MATEC Web of Conferences 200 (2018): 00003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201820000003.

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Different approaches to solve location problems in transport and logistics have been developed in the literature. This article introduces a new approach using the concept of persistent homology which has been proved to be an efficient method in topological data analysis; and has been served as an alternative new tool in many and various research areas such as image processing, material science and biological systems. Precisely, inspired by the notions of the first homology groups and the persistent homology which mainly describe the behaviour of connectivity relation between elements during a filtration of specific topological spaces; we develop a new method and approach for the treatment of facility location–network design problems.

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Kamino, Kei. "Underwater Adhesive of Marine Organisms as the Vital Link Between Biological Science and Material Science." Marine Biotechnology 10, no. 2 (February 16, 2008): 111–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10126-007-9076-3.

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Cusson, Michel. "The Molecular Biology Toolbox and Its Use in Basic and Applied Insect Science." BioScience 58, no. 8 (September 1, 2008): 691–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1641/b580806.

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Kolonchin, K. V., M. K. Glubokovsky, and A. I. Glubokov. "Fishery and academic science —a new stage of collaboration." Trudy VNIRO 181 (2020): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.36038/2307-3497-2020-181-8-15.

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The history of the Russian fisheries research is briefly reviewed, starting from the moment when the Academy of Sciences was founded by Peter I in Saint Petersburg on January 28, 1724, to the present day. The year of founding of applied fisheries science was named 1881, when the Solovetsky biological station was created. The leading research institute of the industry —VNIRO —was established in 1933 in Moscow. VNIRO join the efforts of all applied institutes of the USSR, which have been created by that time in the main fishery basins. The interaction of fisheries and academic science is traced. The greatest flourishing of cooperation during the Soviet period was in the 1950s —1960s. A new stage of cooperation between scientists began from the moment of signing on September 6, 2018 by the Deputy Minister of Agriculture of the Russian Federation —Head of the Federal Agency for fisheries —I.V. Shestakov and the President of the Russian Academy of Sciences A.M. Sergeev the Agreement on cooperation, allowing to achieve a significant synergistic effect through coordinated annual research program of scientists from fishery research and academic science.

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38

Fish, Jefferson M. "Introduction Social and Biological Trends in Applied and Clinical Psychology." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 602, no. 1 Psychology (September 1990): 169–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1990.tb22737.x.

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39

Jones, P. H., and L. Tasfi. "The effect of applied direct current on biological phosphorus uptake." Water Research 21, no. 6 (June 1987): 723–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(87)90085-6.

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40

Logan, Cheryl A. "Commercial Rodents in America: Standard Animals, Model Animals, and Biological Diversity." Brain, Behavior and Evolution 93, no. 2-3 (2019): 70–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000500073.

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Rodents as standardized test animals were developed for commercial distribution in the USA between 1910 and the 1930s. The selective breeding of rats (Rattus norvegicus) and pure-bred mice (Mus musculus) at the Wistar Institute and the Jackson Memorial Laboratories eventually led to a decline in the diversity of species used in American medical and life sciences. The early driving figures, science administrator Milton Greenman and the scientists Henry Donaldson and Clarence Little, sought to standardize animals to render science and its application to humanity more precise. But their efforts were exaggerated in the USA through an expanding industrial and engineering ideal, culminating in a preference for Big Science. I explore the nineteenth century origins of this ideal in Emil Du Bois-Reymond’s neurophysiology. This foundation later merged with increasing standardization, American commercialism, and the success of Big Science to transform animal laboratory “standards” into “model animals.” Recent accounts of research with commercially bred mice reveal how findings can be co-constructed using human clinical data, as animal research is applied to humans. The neglect of evolutionary perspectives and the dominance of “models” may even have begun with the government’s post-war emphasis on funding greater species access for large-scale biomedical research.

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NISHIUMI, Tadayuki. "Laboratory of Animal Food Science and Technology, Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Niitaga University." Review of High Pressure Science and Technology 23, no. 2 (2013): 174–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4131/jshpreview.23.174.

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Heger, Tina, Jonathan M. Jeschke, and Johannes Kollmann. "Some reflections on current invasion science and perspectives for an exciting future." NeoBiota 68 (September 17, 2021): 79–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.68.68997.

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Species spreading beyond their native ranges are important study objects in ecology and environmental sciences and research on biological invasions is thriving. Along with an increase in the number of publications, the research field is experiencing an increase in the diversity of methods applied and questions asked. This development has facilitated an upsurge in information on invasions, but it also creates conceptual and practical challenges. To provide more transparency on which kind of research is actually done in the field, the distinction between invasion science, encompassing the full spectrum of studies on biological invasions and the sub-field of invasion biology, studying patterns and mechanisms of species invasions with a focus on biological research questions, can be useful. Although covering a smaller range of topics, invasion biology today still is the driving force in invasion science and we discuss challenges stemming from its embeddedness in the social context. Invasion biology consists of the building blocks ‘theory’, ‘case studies’ and ‘application’, where theory takes the form of conceptual frameworks, major hypotheses and statistical generalisations. Referencing recent work in philosophy of science, we argue that invasion biology, like other biological or ecological disciplines, does not rely on the development of an all-encompassing theory in order to be efficient. We suggest, however, that theory development is nonetheless necessary and propose improvements. Recent advances in data visualisation, machine learning and semantic modelling are providing opportunities for enhancing knowledge management and presentation and we suggest that invasion science should use these to transform its ways of publishing, archiving and visualising research. Along with a stronger focus on studies going beyond purely biological questions, this would facilitate the efficient prevention and management of biological invasions.

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Jost, Jürgen. "Biological information." Theory in Biosciences 139, no. 4 (November 19, 2020): 361–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12064-020-00327-1.

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AbstractIn computer science, we can theoretically neatly separate transmission and processing of information, hardware and software, and programs and their inputs. This is much more intricate in biology. Nevertheless, I argue that Shannon’s concept of information is useful in biology, although its application is not as straightforward as many people think. In fact, the recently developed theory of information decomposition can shed much light on the complementarity between coding and regulatory, or internal and environmental information. The key challenge that we formulate in this contribution is to understand how genetic information and external factors combine to create an organism, and conversely how the genome has learned in the course of evolution how to harness the environment, and analogously how coding, regulation and spatial organization interact in cellular processes.

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Abad-Segura, Emilio, Mariana-Daniela González-Zamar, Esteban Vázquez-Cano, and Eloy López-Meneses. "Remote Sensing Applied in Forest Management to Optimize Ecosystem Services: Advances in Research." Forests 11, no. 9 (September 7, 2020): 969. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11090969.

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Research Highlights: the wide variety of multispectral sensors that currently exist make it possible to improve the study of forest systems and ecosystem services. Background and Objectives: this study aims to analyze the current usefulness of remote sensing in forest management and ecosystem services sciences, and to identify future lines of research on these issues worldwide during the period 1976–2019. Materials and Methods: a bibliometric technique is applied to 2066 articles published between 1976 and 2019 on these topics to find findings on scientific production and key subject areas. Results: scientific production has increased annually, so that in the last five years, 50.34% of all articles have been published. The thematic areas in which more articles were linked were environmental science, agricultural, and biological sciences, and earth and planetary sciences. Seven lines of research have been identified that generate contributions on this topic. In addition, the analysis of the relevance of the keywords has detected the ten main future directions of research. The growing worldwide trend of scientific production shows interest in developing aspects of this field of study. Conclusions: this study contributes to the academic, scientific, and institutional discussion to improve decision-making, and proposes new scenarios and uses of this technology to improve the administration and management of forest resources.

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Nee, Michael, and Elroy L. Rice. "Biological Control of Weeds and Plant Diseases: Advances in Applied Allelopathy." Brittonia 49, no. 1 (January 1997): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2807696.

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Vargas-Villamil, L. M., and L. O. Tedeschi. "Potential integration of multi-fitting, inverse problem and mechanistic modelling approaches to applied research in animal science: a review." Animal Production Science 54, no. 12 (2014): 1905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an14568.

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Modern researchers working in applied animal science systems have faced issues with modelling huge quantities of data. Modelling approaches that have previously been used to model biological systems are having problems to adapt to increased number of publications and research. So as to develop new approaches that have the potential to deal with these fast-changing complex conditions, it is relevant to review modern modelling approaches that have been used successfully in other fields. Therefore, this paper reviews the potential capacity of new integrated applied animal-science approaches to discriminate parameters, interpret data and understand biological processes. The analysis shows that the principal challenge is handling ill-conditioned complex models, but an integrated approach can obtain meaningful information from complementary data that cannot be obtained from present applied animal-science approaches. Furthermore, it is shown that parameter sloppiness and data complementarity are key concepts during system behaviour restrictions and parameter discrimination. Additionally, model evaluation and implementation of the potential integrated approach are reviewed. Finally, the objective of an integral approach is discussed. Our conclusion is that these approaches have the potential to be used to deepen the understanding of applied animal systems, and that exist enough developed resources and methodologies to deal with the huge quantities of data associated with this science.

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Ridley, A. M. "The role of applied science in helping farmers to make decisions about environmental sustainability." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 44, no. 10 (2004): 959. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea03123.

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Decision making about environmental sustainability is complex, involving both factual and value-based judgements by farmers. Some of the factors involved in making these decisions, such as the financial implications and riskiness, the urgency of the problem, ease of implementation and trialling and compatibility have been addressed elsewhere. The current paper discusses a number of less-explored issues involved in this type of decision making, including the need for multiple sources of knowledge such as farmers’ values and goals, an understanding of social and demographic issues, and consideration of the catchment or landscape context in which farmers live. It highlights scientific knowledge as only one of these knowledge sources, with other sources also needed in complex decision making. Evidence from a Western Australian case study suggests that there has been a shift in farmers’ values over the past few decades and that there is now a greater responsiveness to management solutions which include environmental considerations, even among the 40% of farmers driven primarily by monetary goals. Changing social conditions, particularly the roles of women on farms and of off-farm income, suggest greater potential for the incorporation of environmental considerations into farm management. However, demographic issues, particularly issues such as limited employment opportunities, the declining provision of services in areas dominated by an agricultural economy, and the trend of increasing privatisation of extension services, suggest that there remains potential for greater environmental exploitation in some areas. The role of scientists in helping farmers to address environmental sustainability is discussed, with an acknowledgment that there are insufficient scientists with the required skills available. Scientists need to work in teams with local people to develop a sufficient depth of understanding to translate abstract research findings into solutions that are relevant at the farm level. Highly participatory approaches (which empower farmers rather merely inform them) can help scientists to understand farmers’ needs and motivations, but involve losing control of highly focused research agendas. Environmental Management Systems are one way in which scientific research and group learning can help empower farmers to understand and make better decisions about the environment.

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Nascimento, Mariá C. V., Franklina M. B. Toledo, and André C. P. L. F. de Carvalho. "Investigation of a new GRASP-based clustering algorithm applied to biological data." Computers & Operations Research 37, no. 8 (August 2010): 1381–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cor.2009.02.014.

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Gajda, A. M., B. Przewłoka, and K. Gawryjołek. "Changes in soil quality associated with tillage system applied." International Agrophysics 27, no. 2 (March 1, 2013): 133–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10247-012-0078-7.

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Abstract The aim of this research was to evaluate changes in soil quality associated with the tillage system applied with chosen parameters of soil biological properties. The long-term field experiments were located at a private farm in Rogów (Zamooeć region, E Poland) on a silt soil and at the Experimental Station in Laskowice (Wrocław region, S-W Poland) on a sandy loam soil. Soil samples were collected from 0-15 and 15-30 cm layers. Winter wheat was grown under traditional, reduced and no-tillage systems. The analyses included estimations of microbial biomass C and N content, microbial respiration rate, activity of dehydrogenase and arylsulfatase, and fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis. After eight years the effects of tillage on both soils were clearly noticed. In general, the less disturbing tillage systems enhanced the increase of soil biological activity by 15-40%, on average, than conventional tillage system. The significant correlations between microbial biomass, and/or enzyme activities with total organic C content indicate that concentration of organic C in soil environment plays an extremely important role in enhancing the stabilization and activity of soil microorganisms, and protection of an extracellular enzymes. The studied parameters of soil biological activity showed their sensitivity to tillage applied and may be considered as an useful indicators of soil quality in monitoring all conditions alter soil environment.

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Cho, Joonmo, and Wonyoung Baek. "Identifying Factors Affecting the Quality of Teaching in Basic Science Education: Physics, Biological Sciences, Mathematics, and Chemistry." Sustainability 11, no. 14 (July 21, 2019): 3958. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11143958.

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Basic science education provides the most fundamental knowledge for preparing students to pursue departmental major courses. Considering that basic science courses are laboratory classes conducted alongside theory classes, the factors affecting instructor–student communication and feedback can vary between theory and laboratory classes. We applied the ordinary least squares model to the refined data of basic science courses. We drew on variables reflecting instructor–student interaction such as class size, type of subject, and instructor characteristics to analyze the factors affecting student satisfaction with theory and laboratory classes. The analysis results indicated that the educational environment of a large-sized class could be improved by subdividing it into smaller groups to facilitate feedback. The use of online platforms to supplement offline courses provides an additional mechanism for the exchange of feedback and positively affects student satisfaction. We also confirmed empirically that the instructor–student communication which takes place during laboratory work, in contrast to the one-sided conveyance of course materials by the instructor in lectures, was a crucial factor in the quality of education. These results are linked to the demand for knowledge in engineering education, the student’s educational performance, and the labor market performance needed to establish a sustainable system in engineering education.

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