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Marchi, Filippo. "Application of numerical methods to earthquake stability assessment of slopes." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2010. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/1090/.
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Questo documento descrive gran parte del lavoro svolto durante un periodo di studio di sei mesi all’International Centre for Geohazards (ICG) di Oslo. Seguendo la linea guida dettata nel titolo, sono stati affrontati diversi aspetti riguardanti la modellazione numerica dei pendii quali l’influenza delle condizioni al contorno e delle proporzioni del modello, la back-analysis di eventi di scivolamento e l’applicazione delle analisi di stabilità monodimensionali.
La realizzazione di semplici modelli con il programma agli elementi finiti PLAXIS (Brinkgreve et al., 2008) ha consentito di analizzare le prestazioni dei modelli numerici riguardo all’influenza delle condizioni al contorno confrontandoli con un calcolo teorico del fattore di amplificazione. Questa serie di test ha consentito di stabilire alcune linee guida per la realizzazione di test con un buon livello di affidabilità.
Alcuni case-history, in particolare quello di Las Colinas (El Salvador), sono stati modellati allo scopo di applicare e verificare i risultati ottenuti con i semplici modelli sopracitati. Inoltre sono state svolte analisi di sensitività alla dimensione della mesh e ai parametri di smorzamento e di elasticità. I risultati hanno evidenziato una forte dipendenza dei risultati dai parametri di smorzamento, rilevando l’importanza di una corretta valutazione di questa grandezza.
In ultima battuta ci si è occupati dell’accuratezza e dell’applicabilità dei modelli monodimensionali. I risultati di alcuni modelli monodimensionali realizzati con il software Quiver (Kaynia, 2009) sono stati confrontati con quelli ottenuti da modelli bidimensionali. Dal confronto è risultato un buon grado di approssimazione accompagnato da un margine di sicurezza costante. Le analisi monodimensionali sono poi state utilizzate per la verifica di sensitività.
I risultati di questo lavoro sono qui presentati e accompagnati da suggerimenti qualitativi e quantitativi per la realizzazione di modelli bidimensionali affidabili. Inoltre si descrive la possibilità di utilizzare modelli monodimensionali in caso d’incertezze sui parametri. Dai risultati osservati emerge la possibilità di ottenere un risparmio di tempo nella realizzazione di importanti indagini di sensitività.
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Querrec, Ronan. "Les Systèmes Multi-Agents pour les Environnements Virtuels de Formation : Application à la sécurité civile." Brest, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2002BRES2037.
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Nos travaux concernent les environnements virtuels de formation pour l'apprentissage en situation opérationnelle. Nus soutenons la thèse que ces environnements sont des sytsèmes multi-agents hétérogènes et ouverts. Nous proposons le modèle MASCARET pour structurer les interactions entre les agents et pour fournir aux agents les capacités réactives, cognitives et sociales leur permettant de simuler l'environnement physique et social composant l'univers virtuel de formation. L'environnement physique simule de manière réaliste les phénomènes que les apprenants et les formateurs doivent prendre en compte. L'environnement social est simulé par des agents réalisant un travail collaboratif et adaptatif; ils effectuent, en équipe, des procédures qu'ils doivent adapter à l'environnement. Les utilisateurs participent à l'environnement de formation via leur avatar. Pour valider notre modèle, nous avons développé l'application SécuRéVi destinée à la formation des officiers sapeurs-pompiersThis study concerns virtual environments for training in operationnal conditions. The principal developed idea is that these environments are heterogeneous and open multiagent systems. The MASCARET model is proposed to organize the interactions between the agents and to give them reactives, cognitives ans socials abilities to simulate the physical and social environment. The physical environment represent, in a realistic way, the phenomena that the learners and the teachers have to take into account. The social environment is simulated by agents executing collaborative and adaptative tasks. They realize, in team, the procedures that they have to adapt to the environment. The users participate to the training environment throught their avatar. To validate our model, the SecuRevi application for fire-fighters training is developed
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Gospodinov, Penio Penev <1985>. "The Application of European Competition Law in Arbitration Proceedings." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2014. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/6736/1/gospodinov_peniopenev_tesi.pdf.
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This work provides several policy proposals capable to strengthen the private enforcement of EU competition law in arbitration. It focuses on the procedural law aspects that are permeated by legal uncertainty and that have not yet fallen under the scrutiny of the law and economics debate. The policy proposals described herein are based on the functional approach to law and economics and aim to promote a more qualified decision making process by: adjudicators, private parties and lawmakers. The resulting framework of procedural rules would be a cost-effective policy tool that could sustain the European Commission’s effort to guarantee a workable level of competition in the EU internal market. This project aims to answer the following broad research question: which procedural rules can improve the efficiency of antitrust arbitration by decreasing litigation costs for private parties on the one hand, and by increasing private parties’ compliance with competition law on the other hand?Throughout this research project, such broad question has been developed into research sub-questions revolving around several key legal issues. The chosen sub-research questions result from a vacuum in the European enforcement system that leaves several key legal issues in antitrust arbitration unresolved. The legal framework proposed in this research project could prevent such a blurry scenario from impairing the EU private enforcement of competition law in arbitration. Therefore, our attention was triggered by those legal issues whose proposed solutions lead to relevant uncertainties and that are most suitable for a law and economics analysis.
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Gospodinov, Penio Penev <1985>. "The Application of European Competition Law in Arbitration Proceedings." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2014. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/6736/.
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This work provides several policy proposals capable to strengthen the private enforcement of EU competition law in arbitration. It focuses on the procedural law aspects that are permeated by legal uncertainty and that have not yet fallen under the scrutiny of the law and economics debate. The policy proposals described herein are based on the functional approach to law and economics and aim to promote a more qualified decision making process by: adjudicators, private parties and lawmakers. The resulting framework of procedural rules would be a cost-effective policy tool that could sustain the European Commission’s effort to guarantee a workable level of competition in the EU internal market. This project aims to answer the following broad research question: which procedural rules can improve the efficiency of antitrust arbitration by decreasing litigation costs for private parties on the one hand, and by increasing private parties’ compliance with competition law on the other hand?Throughout this research project, such broad question has been developed into research sub-questions revolving around several key legal issues. The chosen sub-research questions result from a vacuum in the European enforcement system that leaves several key legal issues in antitrust arbitration unresolved. The legal framework proposed in this research project could prevent such a blurry scenario from impairing the EU private enforcement of competition law in arbitration. Therefore, our attention was triggered by those legal issues whose proposed solutions lead to relevant uncertainties and that are most suitable for a law and economics analysis.
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Marangi, Pietro. "Computational modeling of fiber reinforced concrete with application to projectile penetration." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2010. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/780/.
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Cieslak, Stéphane. "Développement de méthodes prévisionnelles pour les ondes de souffle : application à la protection civile." Lille 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998LIL10083.
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Les etudes experimentales liees aux ecoulements de fluides compressibles tres rapidement variables necessitent souvent l'utilisation de moyens importants et des preparations assez longues qui rendent leurs realisations particulierement couteuses. De ce fait, la simulation numerique constitue un complement interessant pour l'etude de ces phenomenes particulierement rapides. Un grand nombre de schemas numeriques ont ete developpes pour la resolution des equations d'euler qui sont les plus utilisees pour le calcul de tels ecoulements. Differentes techniques de maillage permettent la realisation de calculs sur des geometries particulierement complexes (structure multi-bloc, destructure, chimere, raffinement,). Nous presentons ici un outil numerique dont le role est de fournir rapidement des resultats permettant la determination des caracteristiques principales des ecoulements autour de configurations tridimensionnelles quelconques sans chercher a cerner les systemes d'ondes localises sur des petites echelles. La strategie de maillage repose sur l'utilisation d'une grille de fond cartesienne uniforme. Les parois des obstacles 3d plonges dans la grille vont entrainer une destructuration locale du reseau cartesien. La particularite de la methode reside dans la conception du calcul des intersections entre les surfaces triangulees des obstacles et le maillage cartesien : la geometrie de ces surfaces est conservee de facon exacte dans la reconstruction des cellules coupees.
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Mazza, Rodolfo. "Dynamic and seismic behaviour of multiple rocking elements and application to post-tensioned bridge." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2012. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/4228/.
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Velu, Cecile. "Luce Irigaray and #La Femme Civile' : the application of the social-symbolic to female citizenship." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.242263.
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Jiang, Marc. "Méthodes approchées pour le problème de coloriage généralisé. Application au problème d'allocation de fréquences multiservices dans l'aviation civile." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996VERS0005.
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Le but de cette thèse est d'étudier le problème de coloriage généralisé, sa résolution avec des méthodes approchées et son application au problème d'allocation de fréquences multiservices dans le système com2 de l'aviation civile. Elle est composée de deux parties principales. La première partie consiste à discuter des différents types de problème de coloriage, en particulier le problème de t-coloriage avec ensembles. La complexité du problème est abordée. Ses bornes supérieures et inférieures sont également discutées. Le problème de coloriage peut être posé de deux façons différentes. La première consiste à trouver un coloriage satisfaisant l'ensemble des contraintes et minimisant le nombre de couleurs utilisées. La deuxième cherche un coloriage utilisant un nombre fixe de couleurs et minimisant le nombre de contraintes violées. Le problème d'allocation de fréquences multiservices du système com2 dans l'aviation civile est étudié. Deux questions sont posées. Le nombre de 760 fréquences dont le système com2 dispose est-il suffisant pour satisfaire l'ensemble de services et éviter toute interférence ? La planification utilisée actuellement par le système est-elle améliorable tout en utilisant le même nombre de fréquences ? Ce problème est modélisé par un t-coloriage restrictif avec un ensemble sur un graphe multicouches. La deuxième partie s'attache à proposer des méthodes de résolution au problème posé. Deux types de méthodes sont proposés: des méthodes constructives comme la méthode glouton et ordre dynamique itératif, des méthodes d'amélioration comme la méthode de descente, la recherche tabou et le recuit simule. Des méthodes hybrides à partir de grasp et d'autres sont également discutées et expérimentées. Enfin, ces méthodes sont appliquées au problème du système com2 pour répondre aux deux questions posées. En plus, une méthode (parallèle) exacte est proposée pour l'évaluation et la validation des méthodes approchées
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Constans, Florian. "Méthodologie de conception d'un système d'assistance au pilotage, application à l'aéronautique civile : sécurisation des phases d'approche et d'atterrissage." Toulouse, ISAE, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ESAE0015.
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Au-delà de la question essentielle de la sécurité opérationnelle, les événements anormaux durant les phases d'approche et d'atterrissage comme les atterrissages durs, les touchés de queue et les sorties de piste affectent la fluidité du trafic aérien, les coûts d'exploitation des compagnies aériennes et la satisfaction des clients. Par une approche intégrant les techniques de guidage et les facteurs humains, l'enjeu de la thèse est de proposer un système d'assistance au pilotage visant à mieux anticiper une situation à risque ou en sortir lors de la phase finale de vol. Nous avons cherché à identifier les voies d'amélioration de la sécurité des opérations à travers une revue des systèmes existants, des entretiens avec les pilotes et l'étude des procédures standards et des événements anormaux. Cette phase d'exploration de la problématique de sécurité nous a poussé à approfondir la notion d'indicateur de l'activité de pilotage en développant une classification des indicateurs génériques. Soulignant l'aspect méthodologique de la synthèse, l'application des concepts génériques à des scénarios à risque a abouti à la conception et la simulation de huit indicateurs précurseurs de risque. Ensuite, nous avons défini une fonction d'assistance au pilotage cohérente avec le besoin de prévention des sorties de piste en nous appuyant sur deux précurseurs en particulier. Le premier, la Hauteur de Stabilisation en Energie doit assurer une détection anticipée des cas de stabilisation trop tardive du vol en approche. Le second, la Marge de Retard à l'Atterrissage, tient compte de l'ensemble des paramètres en approche et à l'arrondi et donne une mesure objective de la criticité de l'atterrissage. Par la suite, la thèse a permis d'établir les performances et la robustesse des algorithmes. Enfin, nous nous sommes attachés à poursuivre les travaux jusqu'à une phase d'expérimentations d'un prototype d'assistance au pilotage en privilégiant le concept de Marge de Retard à l'Atterrissage.
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Van, Engeland Anicée. "Universalité des droits de l'homme et droit iranien : application des droits de l'homme dans un pays musulman." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2006. https://spire.sciencespo.fr/notice/2441/53r60a8s3kup1vc9ke03k64hp.
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Le débat sur le principe d'universalité des droits de l'homme trouve un écho particulier en Iran, celui d'une scène de théâtre musulmane où la discussion est tolérée tout en étant restreinte, où toutes les idées et contre-idées se croisent, se fréquentent et s'entassent jusqu'à créer, peut-être, une nouvelle vision des droits de l'homme. Le défi est alors de concilier le droit iranien qui repose partiellement sur un droit divin avec les droits de l'homme séculaires. Comment coexistent-ils ? Il y a plusieurs enjeux : le droit iranien reposant sur le droit islamique, il y a une conflit de légitimité et de légalité avec le droit international séculaire. De plus l'Iran a érigé une spécificité culturelle reposant sur le relativisme culturel et perçoit l'universalité comme un menace. Le problème est aussi juridique : l'Iran est en violation du droit international des droits de l'homme tout en ayant signe les textes qui s'y rapportent. Ce paradoxe symbolise la situation de l'Iran pris entre tradition et modernité. La spécificité iranienne est donc un défi au principe d'universalité. Cette effervescence autour du la conciliation entre les deux systèmes de droits donne lieu à un débat public en Iran auquel la société civile participe. Ce n'est en effet que si le droit iranien prend en compte les attentes du peuple qu'un véritable débat sur l'universalité pourra avoir lieuThe debate about universal human rights finds in Iran a particular echo, that of a Muslim scene of theatre where the discussion is tolerated while being restricted, where all ideas criss-cross and are piled up until creating a new vision of human rights. The challenge which arises is the conciliation between the Iranian legal system resting partly on Islamic law and universal human rights. How do human rights and international standards coexist? There are many issues at stake: Iranian law is based upon Islamic law while international texts are secular. There is consequently a conflict of legitimacy and legality between the two sets of laws. Then, Iran bases its legal specificity on cultural relativism: it is a Muslim country with cultural traditions that are strongly anchored and the enforcement of international standards is a threat. Iran set up a protective legal barrier resting on a Shia Islamic interpretation Shari'a. The matter is also legal: While not respecting international standards of human rights, Iran is in permanent violation of international law of human rights. Meanwhile Iran is still a party to these international documents. This double attitude symbolizes an Iranian paradox: Iran is caught between tradition and modernity. The Iranian specificity becomes then a challenge for universal human rights. How do we reconcile the two legal worlds? The debate in Iran is public. Iranian civil society plays a role by discussing the enforcement of universal human rights. This effervescence demonstrates that there is a real need in Iran to have a position reflecting peoples' wish. It is then that the country would be ready to deal with the principle of universality
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Babini, Federica. "Application of an equivalent frame model for the analysis of typical Dutch masonry structures." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018.
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A partire dal 1986, nell’Olanda settentrionale si sta verificando un incremento di fenomeni sismici superficiali di medio-bassa intensità. Siccome la zona è considerata a basso rischio sismico, tali fenomeni sono legati all’estrazione di gas nella regione Groningen situata a nord-est del paese, la quale rappresenta il più grande giacimento d’Europa. Di conseguenza, si sono verificati danni ingenti sulle strutture che sorgono in zona, che di fatto non erano state progettate per resistere a forze orizzontali legate all’accelerazione del suolo. Ricercatori, aziende e università sono stati coinvolti nel progetto di ricerca finalizzato alla valutazione della vulnerabilità sismica delle costruzioni esistenti, in modo da poter avviare interventi di miglioramento o adeguamento sismico. A questo scopo, presso l’università tecnica di Delft sono stati svolti diversi test sperimentali e analitici su murature non rinforzate tipiche olandesi, che rappresentano la tipologia costruttiva più diffusa e si distinguono per la presenza di maschi murari snelli, grandi aperture e inadeguatezza delle connessioni tra gli elementi strutturali. Lo scopo della tesi è verificare l’adeguatezza del modello a telaio equivalente implementato nel software 3Muri per la modellazione di due tipiche case a schiera in muratura non rinforzata. Tali case, precedentemente ricostruite e testate in laboratorio attraverso un’analisi pushover, differiscono per metodologia costruttiva ed i materiali utilizzati.
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Marcel, Aline. "L'office du juge civil quant au relevé des moyens de droit." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAA012.
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L’office du juge quant au relevé des moyens de droit est régi par les dispositions des principes directeurs du procès civil et plus particulièrement par l’article 12 du code de procédure civile. Fruit de la réforme des années 1960 1970 qui visait à renforcer le rôle du juge, les ambiguïtés de sa rédaction n’ont que très difficilement permis au dessein des réformateurs de se réaliser. Après trente ans d’hésitation jurisprudentielle, l’assemblée plénière de la Cour de cassation a, en 2007, enfin fixé le principe selon lequel le juge n’a que la simple faculté de s’écarter du fondement juridique invoqué par les parties si celui-ci s’avère erroné. Cependant, les exceptions se multiplient en faveur de l’obligation sous l’influence de la jurisprudence de la Cour de justice de l’Union européenne. En outre, le contexte procédural est différent de celui dans lequel est né la réforme. Des bouleversements sont intervenus quant aux exigences attendues des parties au regard du droit (principe de concentration des moyens) et l’architecture et l’objet des voies de recours est en pleine mutation (appel ; pourvoi en cassation). Le déséquilibre est flagrant entre office du juge et rôle des parties. Fort de ce constat, c’est en tenant compte des possibilités de censure du juge défaillant que la thèse propose des pistes en vue d’un renforcement raisonnable de l’office du juge de nature à offrir une meilleure garantie de leurs droits aux justiciablesThe function of the judge, as for raising pleas in law, is governed by civil trial’s leading principles, more specifically by article 12 of the French code of civil procedure. As a result of the 1960-1970 reform, which was intended to strengthen the role of the judge, the aim of the reformers has been difficult to achieve because of its writing ambiguities. After thirty years of a hesitant legal precedent, the Court of cassation in plenary assembly, in 2007, finally laid down the principle whereby the judge only has the ability to rule out the legal basis pleaded by the parties if it turns out to be incorrect. However, under the influence of the European Court of Justice case law, exceptions in favour of the obligation are increasing. Furthermore, the procedural context is different from the one in which the reform was passed. There have been upheavals regarding the requirements expected from the parties regarding the law (concentration of pleas’ principle) and the structure and purpose of legal remedies (appeal before the Court of appeal or the Court of cassation). The disparity between the function of the judge and the role of the parties is obvious. With this observation, by considering the censorship possibilities of the failing judge, this thesis proposes leads for a reasonable strengthening of the function of the judge to offer to the litigants a best guarantee of their rights
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Tulechki, Nikola. "Natural language processing of incident and accident reports : application to risk management in civil aviation." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU20035/document.
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Cette thèse décrit les applications du traitement automatique des langues (TAL) à la gestion des risques industriels. Elle se concentre sur le domaine de l'aviation civile, où le retour d'expérience (REX) génère de grandes quantités de données, sous la forme de rapports d'accidents et d'incidents. Nous commençons par faire un panorama des différentes types de données générées dans ce secteur d'activité. Nous analysons les documents, comment ils sont produits, collectés, stockés et organisés ainsi que leurs utilisations. Nous montrons que le paradigme actuel de stockage et d’organisation est mal adapté à l’utilisation réelle de ces documents et identifions des domaines problématiques ou les technologies du langage constituent une partie de la solution. Répondant précisément aux besoins d'experts en sécurité, deux solutions initiales sont implémentées : la catégorisation automatique de documents afin d'aider le codage des rapports dans des taxonomies préexistantes et un outil pour l'exploration de collections de rapports, basé sur la similarité textuelle. En nous basant sur des observations de l'usage de ces outils et sur les retours de leurs utilisateurs, nous proposons différentes méthodes d'analyse des textes issus du REX et discutons des manières dont le TAL peut être appliqué dans le cadre de la gestion de la sécurité dans un secteur à haut risque. En déployant et évaluant certaines solutions, nous montrons que même des aspects subtils liés à la variation et à la multidimensionnalité du langage peuvent être traités en pratique afin de gérer la surabondance de données REX textuelles de manière ascendanteThis thesis describes the applications of natural language processing (NLP) to industrial risk management. We focus on the domain of civil aviation, where incident reporting and accident investigations produce vast amounts of information, mostly in the form of textual accounts of abnormal events, and where efficient access to the information contained in the reports is required. We start by drawing a panorama of the different types of data produced in this particular domain. We analyse the documents themselves, how they are stored and organised as well as how they are used within the community. We show that the current storage and organisation paradigms are not well adapted to the data analysis requirements, and we identify the problematic areas, for which NLP technologies are part of the solution. Specifically addressing the needs of aviation safety professionals, two initial solutions are implemented: automatic classification for assisting in the coding of reports within existing taxonomies and a system based on textual similarity for exploring collections of reports. Based on the observation of real-world tool usage and on user feedback, we propose different methods and approaches for processing incident and accident reports and comprehensively discuss how NLP can be applied within the safety information processing framework of a high-risk sector. By deploying and evaluating certain approaches, we show how elusive aspects related to the variability and multidimensionality of language can be addressed in a practical manner and we propose bottom-up methods for managing the overabundance of textual feedback data
Тoзи реферат описва приложението на автоматичната обработка на естествен език (ОЕЕ) в контекста на управлението на риска в гражданското въздухоплаване. В тази област докладването на инциденти и разследването на произшествия генерират голямо количество информация, главно под формата на текстови описания на необичайни събития. На първо време описваме раличните типове (текстови) данни, които секторът произвежда. Анализираме самите документи, методите за съхраняването им, как са организирани, както и техните употреби от екперти по сигурността. Показваме, че съвремените парадигми за съхраняване и организация не са добре приспособени към реалната употреба на този тип данни и установяваме проблемните зони, в които ОЕЕ е част от решението. Две приложения, отговарящи прецизно на нуждите на експерти по авиационна сигурност, са имплементирани: автоматична класификация на доклади за инциденти и система за проучване на на колекции, основаваща се върху текстовото сходство. Въз основа на наблюдения на реалната употреба на приложенията, предлагаме няколко метода за обработка на доклади за инциденти и произшествия и обсъждаме в дълбочина как ОЕЕ може да бъде проложено на различни нива в информационнo-обработващите структури на един високорисков сектор. Оценявайки методите показваме, че трудностите свързани с многоизмерността и изменимостта на човешкия език могат да бъдат ефективно адресирани и предлагаме надеждни възходящи методи за справяне със свръхизобилието на доклади за инциденти в текстови формат
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Yammine, Jamilée. "Le coût d'opportunité de la guerre : application au cas du Liban." Thesis, Paris 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA020049/document.
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Nombreux sont les pays qui vivent aujourd’hui dans un état de guerre et de conflits violents. Ces pays supportent ainsi des coûts importants qu’ils soient directs ou indirects. Toutefois, les effets de la guerre sont encourus sur le long terme et empêchent le processus de développement économique du pays concerné. Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons à l’analyse du coût d’opportunité de la guerre. Cette analyse est reliée à la fois au prix de la vie humaine et au prix des destructions matérielles.Plusieurs économistes ont définit et ont estimé le coût d’opportunité de la guerre. Ce type d’estimation exige des hypothèses sur la manière dont l’économie aurait fonctionné en absence de la guerre. Cependant, ce genre de calcul n’est pas très élaboré. Notre travail de recherche se concentre sur le calcul de ce coût pour la guerre que le Liban a vécu entre 1975 et 1990. Nous nous intéressons au fonctionnement de l’économie libanaise, non pas uniquement pour la période de la guerre mais aussi pour la période postérieure à celle-ci. Les méthodes de calcul que nous utilisons sont inspirées des définitions du coût d’opportunité données par Jean Baptiste Say et par la Banque mondialeNowadays, many countries live in a constant state of war and violence. They suffer from both direct and indirect costs that will have a long term impact on their economic development and progress. In this thesis, we are going to analyze the opportunity-cost of war. This analysis stresses both the value of human beings as well as the cost of material damages. Many economists have tried to define and estimate the opportunity-cost of wars. These estimations take into consideration several hypotheses on how the economy would have functioned in the absence of war. However, these calculations were never elaborate. Our work focuses on the calculation of the opportunity cost of the Lebanese civil war which started in 1975 and lasted for sixteen years. We will examine how the Lebanese economy functioned during the civil war as well as after it was done. The methods of calculation that we used are inspired from the work of Jean Baptiste Say and the World Bank
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Graziano, Maria. "Updating of Finite Element Models using static and dynamic optical strains with application to damage assessment." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016.
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In the recent years, vibration-based structural damage identification has been subject of significant research in structural engineering. The basic idea of vibration-based methods is that damage induces mechanical properties changes that cause anomalies in the dynamic response of the structure, which measures allow to localize damage and its extension. Vibration measured data, such as frequencies and mode shapes, can be used in the Finite Element Model Updating in order to adjust structural parameters sensible at damage (e.g. Young’s Modulus). The novel aspect of this thesis is the introduction into the objective function of accurate measures of strains mode shapes, evaluated through FBG sensors.
After a review of the relevant literature, the case of study, i.e. an irregular prestressed concrete beam destined for roofing of industrial structures, will be presented. The mathematical model was built through FE models, studying static and dynamic behaviour of the element.
Another analytical model was developed, based on the ‘Ritz method’, in order to investigate the possible interaction between the RC beam and the steel supporting table used for testing.
Experimental data, recorded through the contemporary use of different measurement techniques (optical fibers, accelerometers, LVDTs) were compared whit theoretical data, allowing to detect the best model, for which have been outlined the settings for the updating procedure.
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Capace, Brunella. "NDT application in Transport Asset Management. QA/QC performance specifications in pavement construction and maintenance." Doctoral thesis, Università di Catania, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10761/4100.
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Nowadays, in Transport Asset Management, there is the need to identify measures to guarantee high levels of performance over time. The application of Non-Destructive Techniques, through high-efficiency equipment, turns out to be an optimal solution to ensure the quality of transport infrastructures.
Asset Management take into account the importance of monitoring the performance characteristics of the transport infrastructures and QA/QC performance-based contracts specifications in order to guarantee the preservation of environmental, social and economic resources, as well.
This study consists of two parts of research activity: in field tests and numerical simulations.
The first part consists of in situ experimental activities to investigate both road and rail transport infrastructures. The tests have shown the versatility of high-performance instruments, such as FWD, LWD, GPR and ARAN, in railway monitoring, in the evaluation of ballast conditions and sleeper/ballast interaction, and also in the reuse of volcanic ashes that after stabilization can be used in road subbase layers. The high-efficiency equipment allow a faster execution of the tests with the possibility of a higher number of measurements, the combination of several instruments at the same time with a continuous mapping of the infrastructures, performance measures and a significant cost reduction.
In the second part, the study focuses more specifically on road pavements. Considering several flexible pavements pulled out from the Italian Catalog, numerical simulations of FWD tests were carried out in the hypothesis of multilayer elastic theory with the aim to develop performance-based criteria and specifications for QC of pavement construction work.
The results allow to estimate effects of structural deficits in the perspective of future performance and Life Cycle Cost Analysis in order to quantify penalties to restore expected higher maintenance costs.
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Renahy, Julie. "Conception d'une langue contrôlée généralisante (application aux domaines de la santé, sécurité civile) : établissement de normes de contrôle pour la création de protocoles de sécurité pour assurer compréhensibilité et traductibilité." Besançon, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BESA1040.
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Les langues naturelles sont ambigües et peuvent s'avérer insuffisantes pour assurer une communication efficace. La mondialisation, le besoin d'uniformisation à l'échelle européenne et même mondiale, les nouvelles technologies, de plus en plus pointues, et le besoin de précision grandissant, mettent la qualité et la sécurité au coeur des préoccupations. D'autre part, même si les progrès ont été immenses les dernières années, les résultats obtenus actuellement en Traduction Automatique sont encore insatisfaisants. L'utilisation d'un langage clair, précis, univoque, adapté au public visé, pour produire des textes techniques de qualité, comportant des instructions faciles à comprendre à retenir et/ou à exécuter, est donc indispensable si l'on veut répondre aux exigences de sécurité actuelles et prétendre à des traductions correctes. Le travail présenté dans cette thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre du projet ANR LiSe et vise plus particulièrement à élaborer une Langue Contrôlée pour la rédaction de protocoles de sécurité. La démarche adoptée consiste à établir dans un premier temps un inventaire des objectifs à atteindre pour assurer une communication optimale et des obstacles qui s'y opposent. A partir de cet inventaire, une méthodologie de contrôle de la langue a été conçue. Cette méthodologie, fondée sur des analyses linguistiques approfondies, a permis d'édicter des normes de rédaction (grammaticales, lexicales et stylistiques), qui rendent possible la production de textes techniques clairs, structurés et exempt d'ambigüité, réduisant ainsi le risque d'erreurs d'interprétation et autorisant une traduction automatique fiable vers 3 langues : Anglais, Arabe, Chinois. Ce mémoire présente également un logiciel d'aide à la rédaction conçu dans le but de lever un des principaux verrous relatifs aux langues contrôlées, à savoir l'accueil peu favorable qui leur est souvent réservé de par leur difficulté d'apprentissage et d'application
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Kyrylenko, Anastasiia. "L’exportation des normes de propriété intellectuelle par l’UE vers les pays voisins de l’Europe de l’Est." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022STRAA008.
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Dans cette thèse, j'ai abordé les dispositions d'application des droits de propriété intellectuelle de trois accords d'association (AA), que l'Union européenne (UE) a conclus avec la Géorgie, la Moldavie et l'Ukraine au début des années 2010. J'ai puisé dans ces AA en tant que représentants de la politique extérieure souvent critiquée de l'UE en matière de propriété intellectuelle (PI), lancée en 2004, qui consiste à exporter les règles internes de l'UE en matière de propriété intellectuelle par le biais d'accords commerciaux. Cette analyse m'a permis d'aborder la question fondamentale de cette thèse : y a-t-il quelque chose de bon dans les accords commerciaux de l'UE ? La réponse claire, appuyée par cette thèse sur l'exemple des AA, est « oui ». L'enquête générale, qui a conduit à ces conclusions, était triple. Premièrement, j'ai analysé la politique générale de l'UE envers la Géorgie, la Moldavie et l'Ukraine concernant l'application des droits de propriété intellectuelle, ainsi que sa perception dans la littérature académique. Deuxièmement, après avoir retracé les critiques académiques existantes sur les accords commerciaux de l'UE, j'ai examiné si ces critiques étaient justifiées, telles qu'appliquées aux trois AA. Troisièmement, sur la base de cette analyse, j'ai identifié des problèmes supplémentaires auxquels les pays tiers pourraient être confrontés lors de la mise en oeuvre d'un accord commercial avec l'UEIn this thesis, I have addressed the IPR enforcement provisions of three Association Agreements (AAs), which the European Union (EU) concluded with Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine in the early 2010s. I drew on these AAs as representatives of the EU's often criticized external intellectual property (IP) policy, launched in 2004, which consists of exporting the EU's internal IP rules through trade agreements. Said analysis allowed me to approach the fundamental question of this thesis: is there something good with the EU trade agreements? The plain answer, supported by this thesis on the example of the AAs, is “yes”. The general investigation, which led to these conclusions, was threefold. First, I analyzed the general policy of the EU towards Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine regarding the enforcement of IPRs, as well as its perception in the academic literature. Second, after tracing existing academic criticism of the EU's trade agreements, I examined whether such criticism was justified, as applied to the three AAs. Third, based on this analysis, I identified additional problems that third countries might face when implementing a trade agreement with the EU
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Donnini, Lorenzo. "Numerical modelling of axially loaded piled foundations with physical tests validation." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2022.
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L'oggetto della tesi è la modellazione numerica di pali di fondazione per turbine eoliche in ambiente offshore.
Il metodo di modellazione comprende l'interpretazione di prove CPT per l'estrapolazione dei parametri geotecnici del terreno, la creazione di un modello dell'interazione tra struttura e terreno tramite il software agli elementi finiti Abaqus, la sua verifica, l'ottimizzazione dell'estensione del modello del terreno e della mesh e la simulazione numerica del comportamento di pali caricati assialmente in compressione.
Grazie al confronto con i risultati di test su modelli fisici, eseguiti nel laboratorio dell'istituto Fraunhofer IWES di Hannover, di tre pali aventi la stessa geometria ma installati in punti con diverse condizioni di compattazione della sabbia, è stata possibile la messa a punto di una strategia di simulazione più accurata possibile e la sua validazione.
A conclusione del lavoro è stato eseguito un esempio di design di una fondazione jacket per una turbina eolica offshore.
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Coffey, Kathleen M. "Mobile Technology and Civic Engagement: Heuristics and Practices for Developing Mobile Applications for Social and Civic Change." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1408123367.
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Shafieezadeh, Abdollah. "Application Of Structural Control For Civil Engineering Structures." DigitalCommons@USU, 2008. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/142.
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This study presents the application of control methods in seismic mitigation of structural responses. The study consists of two parts. In the first section, fractional order filters are utilized to enhance the performance of the conventional LQR method for optimal robust control of a simple civil structure. The introduced filters modify the state variables fed back to the constant gain controller. Four combinations of fractional order filter and LQR are considered and optimized based on a new performance criterion defined in the paper. Introducing fractional order filters is shown to improve the results considerably for both the artificially generated ground motions and previously recorded earthquake data. In the second part, frequency dependent filters are introduced to improve the effectiveness of active control systems designed to mitigate the seismic response of large scale civil structures. These filters are introduced as band pass pre-filters to the optimally designed H2/LQG controller to reduce the maximum singular value response of input-output transfer matrices over a defined frequency range. Furthermore, a structured uncertainty model is proposed to evaluate robustness of stability and performance considering nonlinear force-deformation behavior of structures. The proposed perturbation model characterizes variations in the stiffness matrix more accurately, thereby reducing overconservatism in the estimated destabilizing perturbations. The aforementioned techniques are applied to the nonlinear SAC three story steel building. Numerical results indicate that introducing filters can enhance the performance of the system in almost all response measures, while preserving robustness of stability and performance.
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Cotela, Dalmau Jordi. "Applications of turbulence modeling in civil engineering." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/383754.
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This thesis explores the use of stabilized finite element formulations for the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations to simulate turbulent flow problems. Turbulence is a challenging problem due to its complex and dynamic nature and its simulation if further complicated by the fact that it involves fluid motions at vastly different length and time scales, requiring fine meshes and long simulation times. A solution to this issue is turbulence modeling, in which only the large scale part of the solution is retained and the effect of smaller turbulent motions is represented by a model, which is generally dissipative in nature.
In the context of finite element simulations for fluids, a second problem is the apparition of numerical instabilities. These can be avoided by the use of stabilized formulations, in which the problem is modified to ensure that it has a stable solution. Since stabilization methods typically introduce numerical dissipation, the relation between numerical and physical dissipation plays a crucial role in the accuracy of turbulent flow simulations. We investigate this issue by studying the behavior of stabilized finite element formulations based on the Variational Multiscale framework and on Finite Calculus, analyzing the results they provide for well-known reference problems, with the final goal of obtaining a method that both ensures numerical stability and introduces physically correct turbulent dissipation.
Given that, even with the use of turbulence models, turbulent flow problems require significant computational resources, we also focused on programming and implementation aspects of finite element codes, specially in ensuring that our solver can perform efficiently on distributed memory architectures and high-performance computing clusters.
Finally, we have developed an adaptive mesh refinement technique to improve and optimize unstructured tetrahedral meshes, again with the goal of enabling the simulation of large turbulent flow problems. This technique combines an error estimator based on Variational Multiscale principles with a simple refinement procedure designed to work in a distributed memory context and we have applied it to the simulation of both turbulent and non-Newtonian flow problems.Aquesta tesi estudia la possibilitat d'utilitzar formulacions estabilitzades d'elements finits de les equacions de Navier-Stokes incompressibles per a la simulació de problemes de flux turbulent. La descripció de la turbulència és un repte, ja que es tracta d'un problema altament dinàmic i complex i la seva simulació numèrica es veu complicada pel fet que hi intervenen moviments de masses fluides amb dimensions i temps característics molt diferents i per tant requereix malles de càlcul molt fines i temps de simulació llargs. Això s'ha provat de resoldre mitjançant l'ús de models de turbulència, mantenint únicament la part de la solució de més gran escala i introduint un model de l'efecte dels moviments de petita escala, que acostuma a tenir un efecte dissipatiu. En el context de la simulació de fluids amb elements finits es planteja un segon problema amb l'aparició d'inestabilitats numèriques. Aquestes es poden evitar amb l'ús de formulacions estabilitzades, en les quals el problema es modifica per assegurar que tingui una solució estable. Ja que els mètodes d'estabilització típicament introdueixen dissipació addicional, la relació entre la dissipació numèrica i la dissipació física té un paper fonamental en la qualitat de la solució. Per investigar aquest fenomen hem estudiat el comportament de diferents formulacions d'elements finits basades en mètodes variacionals de subescala (VMS) i en el càlcul finit (FIC) en termes del seu comportament en la simulació de problemes turbulents de referència, amb l'objectiu final de trobar un mètode que a la vegada garanteixi l'estabilitat de la solució i introdueixi la dissipació turbulenta físicament necessària. Tenint en compte que, fins i tot quan s'utilitzen models de turbulència, la simulació de problemes de flux turbulent requereix molts recursos de càlcul, també hem estudiat aspectes de la implementació paral·lela de programes d'elements finits per tal de garantir que el nostre codi pot treure partit d'arquitectures de memòria distribuïda i servidors de càlcul d'alt rendiment. Finalment, hem desenvolupat una tècnica de refinament adaptatiu de malla que permeti millorar la qualitat de malles de càlcul tetraèdriques, novament amb la intenció de facilitar la simulació de grans problemes de flux turbulent. Aquesta tècnica combina un estimador d'error basat en els principis de la formulació variacional de subescala amb un procediment de refinament dissenyat per funcionar fàcilment en un context de memòria distribuïda i s'ha utilitzat per simular problemes de flux turbulent i no-Newtonià.
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Gray, Derrick. "Applications of radiation physics in civil engineering." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1999. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/842854/.
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This thesis presents two separate applications of ionising radiation in Civil Engineering. The first is an investigation to determine the cement content of concrete using gamma-rays from the naturally occurring isotopes 238U, 232Th and their decay chains as well as 40K. Two sets of equations are derived and discussed. Spectra from cement, aggregate and concrete samples were made and the useful full energy peaks from the above sources identified. Two concrete samples were prepared using the same cement, but, containing two different aggregates: a granite based aggregate and a flint based aggregate. A third concrete sample was then prepared where the cement content was not initially known. Data from the first two tests was then used to determine the mass of cement used in the blind test. A great deal of valuable information has also been accrued concerning the interaction of statistical errors in the equations for the prediction of cement content. Spectra from four different cements were collected at regular intervals over a 24 month period and the variation in the activity of each cement over this period is discussed. The second section of this work presents an imaging technique that uses pair production annihilation photons to examine the state of steel reinforcement in concrete structures. Computer simulations along with experimental work have been used. The experimental work used a 226Ra needle as a photon source as it provided a range of gamma-rays with energies over the pair production threshold of 1022keV. A 31mm rebar with 30mm of concrete cover was successfully located during the experimental work. The data collected from the computer simulations has shown that the geometry and the material between the photon source, rebar and detector is of great importance.
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Gendron, Frédéric. "Applications de l'apprentissage automatique en génie civil." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq25588.pdf.
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Davey, Scott W. "A foundational investigation of vinyl ester / cenosphere composite materials for civil and structural engineering." University of Southern Queensland, Faculty of Engineering and Surveying, 2004. http://eprints.usq.edu.au/archive/00003180/.
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[Abstract]: With the increasing use of fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) composites in civil engineering structures, there is a growing realisation of the need to develop newstructural systems which can utilise the unique characteristics of these materials in a more efficient and economical manner. In many instances this will require thedevelopment of new materials tailored to address the unique performance and economic parameters of mainstream construction. Over recent years, researchers at the University of Southern Queensland have pioneeredthe use of a new type of particulate filled polymer core material which greatly improves the robustness and cost effectiveness of FRP structural systems. These compositematerials are composed of small hollow spherical fillers (microspheres) in a thermosetting polymer matrix. Initial research into these materials, including theirfeasibility in prototype structural elements, have shown these materials to have major potential for widespread application in structural composite systems.One of the most promising classes of these materials investigated to date are vinyl ester / cenosphere composites, which utilise cenospheres derived from fly ash in a vinyl ester matrix. Previously reported studies into these materials have been restricted to initialsurveys of material behaviour which sought to identify key parameters in achieving desired performance outcomes in the composite. This dissertation presents the first in-depth investigation of these materials specifically as a core material option for civil infrastructure applications. The particular focus of this work is on the relationship of the vinyl ester matrix to the characteristics of the resultingcomposite. Several key matrix parameters were identified and assessed as to their influence on cure characteristics, fabrication operations, mechanical properties and theretention of such properties under elevated service temperatures. The outcomes of this work have significantly improved the understanding of matrix influences on the behaviour of these composite systems and have been drawn together to provide a number of recommendations on the application of this new technology to new structural systems.
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Högkvist, Marie, and Rickard Johansson. "Web map visualisation of road inspections for the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency." Thesis, Karlstad University, Faculty of Economic Sciences, Communication and IT, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-5811.
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One of the tasks of the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency, MSB (Myndigheten för Samhällsskydd och Beredskap), is to partake in relief efforts in foreign countries. Before these relief efforts, roads are inspected for accessibility to ensure that communications will work. The road inspections are currently being performed by hand with the use of pen and paper, which brings difficulties to distribution of information.
During the course of this thesis project, Sweco Position Karlstad has developed a digital road inspection tool for MSB that recieves information from a road inspector and stores this information in a database. This road inspection tool may in the future replace the pen and paper inspections and ease the work of the road inspectors.
In this dissertation, a prototype of a web map that displays data from a road inspection is presented. Using a web map to display the results of a road inspection offers several advantages, as it eases distribution of information and allows end users to make selections about what data they want to view.
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Capra, Mauricio. "Collaborative mixed reality environments : an application for civil engineering." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2010. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/11103/.
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The present thesis designs, implements and evaluates a channel for interaction between office and field users through a collaborative mixed reality system. This channel is aimed to be used for civil engineering purposes and is thus oriented toward the design and construction phases. Its application should contribute to the reduction of the challenges faced by those involved in a civil engineering project dealing with communication, collaboration and mutual understanding. Such challenges can become real problems for multidisciplinary teams of architects, engineers and constructors when working on the same project. In the context of this thesis, outdoor users are equipped with a real-time kinematic global positioning system receiver, a notebook, a head-mounted display, a tilt sensor and a compass. A virtual environment representing components of a civil engineering project is displayed before their eyes. Outdoor users share this collaborative virtual environment with indoor ones. They can talk to and see each other through an avatar. Indoor users can take part from any location where Internet is available. The goal of this thesis is to show that a networked solution of at least two users (In this case, indoor and outdoor users) is an opportunity for outdoor users to perform complex tasks whilst experiencing an immersive augmented reality application. Indoor users interact with outdoor ones when handling and navigating the virtual environment, guiding their counterpart through the scene and making clear common points of understanding. The thesis evaluates how users interact within a prototype system using a formative approach. Users are introduced to the system and motivated to “talk loudly”, thus verbalising what they are experiencing during the tests. All users are video-recorded while performing the exercises and interviewed immediately after. The evaluation reveals that users end up experiencing a system that is too immersive, which ends up narrowing their “attentional spotlight” to the virtual environment and not, as desired, experiencing an augmented reality system. The evaluation also makes clear that the design of the virtual environment is eventually more important for users than the system itself, and it is completely the kind of application that it is being used to and who the users are.
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Meo, Michele. "Application of welding to a large civil aircraft wing." Thesis, Cranfield University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.323959.
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Stamoulis, Catherine 1968. "Application of statistical fault detection to civil engineering systems." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/12312.
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Mohy, El Dine Kamal. "Control of robotic mobile manipulators : application to civil engineering." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019CLFAC015/document.
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Malgré le progrès de l'automatisation industrielle, les solutions robotiques ne sont pas encore couramment utilisées dans le secteur du génie civil. Plus spécifiquement, les tâches de ponçage, telles que le désamiantage, sont toujours effectuées par des opérateurs humains utilisant des outils électriques et hydrauliques classiques. Cependant, avec la diminution du coût relatif des machines par rapport au travail humain et les réglementations sanitaires strictes applicables à des travaux aussi risqués, les robots deviennent progressivement des alternatives crédibles pour automatiser ces tâches et remplacer les humains.Dans cette thèse, des nouvelles approches de contrôle de ponçage de surface sont élaborées. Le premier contrôleur est un contrôleur hybride position-force avec poignet conforme. Il est composé de 3 boucles de commande, force, position et admittance. La commutation entre les commandes pourrait créer des discontinuités, ce qui a été résolu en proposant une commande de transition. Dans ce contrôleur, la force de choc est réduite par la commande de transition proposée entre les modes espace libre et contact. Le second contrôleur est basé sur un modèle de ponçage développé et un contrôleur hybride adaptatif position-vitesse-force. Les contrôleurs sont validés expérimentalement sur un bras robotique à 7 degrés de liberté équipé d'une caméra et d'un capteur de force-couple. Les résultats expérimentaux montrent de bonnes performances et les contrôleurs sont prometteurs. De plus, une nouvelle approche pour contrôler la stabilité des manipulateurs mobiles en temps réel est présentée. Le contrôleur est basé sur le « zero moment point », il a été testé dans des simulations et il a été capable de maintenir activement la stabilité de basculement du manipulateur mobile tout en se déplaçant. En outre, les incertitudes liées à la modélisation et aux capteurs sont prises en compte dans les contrôleurs mentionnés où des observateurs sont proposés.Les détails du développement et de l'évaluation des différents contrôleurs proposés sont présentés, leurs mérites et leurs limites sont discutés et des travaux futurs sont suggérésDespite the advancements in industrial automation, robotic solutions are not yet commonly used in the civil engineering sector. More specifically, grinding tasks such as asbestos removal, are still performed by human operators using conventional electrical and hydraulic tools. However, with the decrease in the relative cost of machinery with respect to human labor and with the strict health regulations on such risky jobs, robots are progressively becoming credible alternatives to automate these tasks and replace humans.In this thesis, novel surface grinding control approaches are elaborated. The first controller is based on hybrid position-force controller with compliant wrist and a smooth switching strategy. In this controller, the impact force is reduced by the proposed smooth switching between free space and contact modes. The second controller is based on a developed grinding model and an adaptive hybrid position-velocity-force controller. The controllers are validated experimentally on a 7-degrees-of-freedom robotic arm equipped with a camera and a force-torque sensor. The experimental results show good performances and the controllers are promising. Additionally, a new approach for controlling the stability of mobile manipulators in real time is presented. The controller is based on zero moment point, it is tested in simulations and it was able to actively maintain the tip-over stability of the mobile manipulator while moving. Moreover, the modeling and sensors uncertainties are taken into account in the mentioned controllers where observers are proposed. The details of the development and evaluation of the several proposed controllers are presented, their merits and limitations are discussed and future works are suggested
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Hope, Victoria. "Applications of seismic transmission tomography in civil engineering." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1993. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/842729/.
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The principles of tomography are well-established, and geotomography has been in use for several decades. Seismic tomography has previously been used principally in the oil and nuclear industries, but it has occasionally been applied in civil engineering site investigation (SI). The technique can provide a qualitative or a quantitative representation of the distribution of the seismic velocity properties within a surveyed region. Seismic tomography has been successfully used to image, for example, zones of fracturing. The technique has been less successful when used to detect cavities. This thesis presents a theoretical and experimental examination of the usefulness - or otherwise - of seismic tomography in SI. It is found that geotomography has a role to play when one is interested in, for example, general subsurface variability. An explanation is offered for the low success rate of cavity detection surveys utilizing seismic velocity tomography. It is shown that, of the numerous and diverse fields of application of the tomographic method, geotomography offers what is, perhaps, the most inherently ill-posed form of the reconstruction problem. Significant difficulties are encountered because, in general, measurements can be acquired from only a restricted set of positions. Additional problems are introduced through the use of seismic wave energy, which follows hard-to-predict routes across the surveyed zone. Observational errors lead to inconsistencies within a tomographic system. In consequence, the geotomographic reconstruction problem is typically under-determined, inconsistent and non-linear. An heuristic method of reconstructing seismic velocity tomograms from typical field data is developed and presented.
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Hejll, Arvid. "Civil structural health monitoring : strategies, methods and applications /." Luleå : Division of Structural Engineering, Department of Civil and Mining Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 2007. http://epubl.ltu.se/1402-1544/2007/10/.
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TOMA, ANTONIO. "Use of Unmanned Aerial Systems in Civil Applications." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2603591.
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Interest in drones has been exponentially growing in the last ten years and these machines are often presented as the optimal solution in a huge number of civil applications (monitoring, agriculture, emergency management etc). However the promises still do not match the data coming from the consumer market, suggesting that the only big field in which the use of small unmanned aerial vehicles is actually profitable is the video-makers’ one. This may be explained partly with the strong limits imposed by existing (and often "obsolete") national regulations, but also - and pheraps mainly - with the lack of real autonomy. The vast majority of vehicles on the market nowadays are infact autonomous only in the sense that they are able to follow a pre-determined list of latitude-longitude-altitude coordinates. The aim of this thesis is to demonstrate that complete autonomy for UAVs can be achieved only with a performing control, reliable and flexible planning platforms and strong perception capabilities; these topics are introduced and discussed by presenting the results of the main research activities performed by the candidate in the last three years which have resulted in 1) the design, integration and control of a test bed for validating and benchmarking visual-based algorithm for space applications; 2) the implementation of a cloud-based platform for multi-agent mission planning; 3) the on-board use of a multi-sensor fusion framework based on an Extended Kalman Filter architecture.
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Cano, Leobardo. "Public School Teaching and Administrative Employment Applications in Texas: A Study of Compliance with and Awareness of the Civil Rights Acts of 1964 as Amended in 1972, and Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Policies and Regulations." Thesis, North Texas State University, 1985. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc330769/.
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The purpose of this study was to determine whether application forms used in Texas public schools for teachers and administrators were in compliance with federal Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) and Texas Human Rights Commission Act (THRCA) regulations regarding preemployment practices. Participating in the study were 740 public school districts in Texas. The study also attempted to determine if these application forms are in violation of EEOC regulations pertaining to pre-employment practices and whether classification based on the districts' size, wealth, student ethnicity and geographical location has a bearing on the degree of compliance with and awareness of EEOC and THRCA regulations. A model employment application form and set of guidelines were developed for school districts to use in securing pre-employment information. Inferential statistics were used through various applicable designs. Three different types of analysis were utilized. These were a Descriptive Analysis, a Goodman- Kruskal Gamma (y) Coefficient—chi-square analysis and a Multiple Regression analysis. The descriptive analysis included the calculation of percentages of the suspect questions appearing on teacher and administrator application forms utilizing the Criteria Used to Determine EEO Compliance and Awareness Among Texas School Districts. The Goodman-Kruskal Gamma (y) Coefficient and the chi-square analysis were employed in order to determine differences in compliance and awareness based on the districts' size, wealth, student ethnicity and geographical location. The GAMTAU. ASC Computer Program was used to test the Gamma values, with a standard z-score. The Multiple Regression analysis was employed to determine to what extent variation in the use of total suspect questions correlated with size, wealth, ethnicity and geographical location. The results of the data analyzed reveal that the size and ethnicity of the school district had a weak but significant correlation with EEO compliance and awareness based on employment application forms for teachers and administrators and that school districts in Texas were not in compliance with EEOC and THRCA regulations regarding application form pre-employment practices.
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Marques, Paula Cristina Mariano. "Marco civil da internet e responsabilidade civil na violação a direitos da personalidade." Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, 2015. http://tede.mackenzie.br/jspui/handle/tede/1161.
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Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:34:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
Previous issue date: 2015-08-13Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie
Given the growth of Internet use, especially for the exercise of citizenship and freedom of expression, there is the need for a regulatory framework that guarantees the rights of users. Although inserted in the constitutional regulation of social communication, the Internet has specific characteristics that prevent their submission to all articles of the Chapter V, 1988 Constitution. The constitutional restrictions on the media cannot be applied to the Internet, otherwise voiding their main advantage, in comparison to other mass media: the popularization of information ownership. Constitutional limits to the media, in turn, are fully applicable to the Internet. The "Marco Civil da Internet" brought specific rules for the use of the network. It ranked providers in two categories: connection providers and application providers, exempting the connection providers of liability form the content circulating online and delimiting the responsibility of application providers - responsible only for third party content when court withdrawal orders are ignored. It also guaranteed network neutrality, established new jurisdiction rules, increasing the scope of the law, and regulated the connection and application data storage. On responsibility for the content published on the network, when of sexual nature, the law determines that simple extrajudicial notification is enough to configure the removal obligation, otherwise subjecting to joint liability for the content. In other cases, to ensure freedom of expression, content can only be removed by court order. The user is responsible for any damages arising from the content that he produces or disseminates. Similarly, the application providers who disclose information from third parties are liable for damage caused by the content. Finally, the right to be forgotten is recognized by the Brazilian legal system and should be applied to historically irrelevant facts and to cases where there is no public interest in the information.
Diante do crescimento do uso da Internet, notadamente para o exercício da cidadania e da liberdade de expressão, surge a necessidade de um marco regulatório que garanta os direitos dos usuários. Ainda que inserida na regulamentação constitucional da Comunicação Social, a Internet possui especificidades que impedem a sua submissão a todos os artigos do Capítulo V, da Constituição Federal de 1988. As restrições constitucionais à comunicação social não poderão ser aplicadas à Internet, sob pena de anular sua principal vantagem em relação aos demais meios de comunicação em massa: a popularização da titularidade da informação. Os limites constitucionais à comunicação social, por sua vez, são plenamente aplicáveis à Internet. O Marco Civil da Internet trouxe regras específicas para a utilização da rede. Classificou os provedores em provedores de conexão e provedores de aplicação, isentando os provedores de conexão de responsabilidade pelo conteúdo circulado na rede e delimitando a responsabilidade dos provedores de aplicação - que só serão responsáveis por conteúdo de terceiros, quando não atendidas ordens judiciais de retirada. Garantiu a neutralidade da rede, estabeleceu nova regra de jurisdição, potencializando o alcance da norma, e regulamentou o armazenamento dos dados de conexão e de aplicação. Sobre a responsabilidade pelo conteúdo divulgado na rede, quando de caráter sexual, a lei determina que bastará a notificação extrajudicial para que esteja configurada a obrigação de retirada pelo provedor de aplicação, sob pena de responsabilidade solidária pelo conteúdo. Nos demais casos, para garantir a liberdade de expressão, o conteúdo só poderá ser retirado mediante determinação judicial. O usuário é responsável por eventuais prejuízos decorrentes do conteúdo que produz ou divulga. Da mesma forma, os provedores de aplicação que divulgam informações de terceiros são responsáveis pelos danos causados pela divulgação. Por fim, o direito ao esquecimento é reconhecido pelo ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, devendo ser aplicado aos fatos sem relevância histórica e aos casos em que não exista interesse público na informação.
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Limansky, Ivan S. (Ivan Serge) 1972. "Collaborative application servers." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/80964.
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Sangpetchsong, K. "The application of relative navigation to civil air traffic management." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.341128.
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Doriat-Duban, Myriam. "L'analyse du règlement des conflits : application au droit civil français." Nancy 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999NAN20017.
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L’analyse économique du règlement des conflits s'intéresse au comportement micro-économique des justiciables. L’arrangement étant moins couteux que le procès, le choix du jugement est expliqué par l'excès d'optimisme des parties sur leurs chances de victoire au procès et par les asymétries d'information qui incitent les parties à se comporter stratégiquement. Dans le courant optimiste, l'accord est conclu si un intervalle de négociations existe. Dans le courant stratégique, des modèles de filtrage et de signal déterminent la probabilité d'arrangement et son montant, en information incomplète. Une approche dynamique permet de prédire le moment de son obtention et met en évidence un effet dernière limite dont la présence est confirmée empiriquement dans les tribunaux civils français. Une fois les variables influant sur l'issue du litige identifiées et l'état des lieux de la justice civile française dresse, des politiques de régulation de la demande de justice sont envisagées, l'objectif étant de minimiser le cout social des conflits. Ces politiques sont d'abord axées sur les couts de procès. Une analyse positive montre qu'une hausse des couts de procès réduit la fréquence des jugements mais que son impact est limite par l'aide juridictionnelle dont le but est de faciliter l'accès aux tribunaux des plus démunis. Une politique de réallocation des couts de procès entre les parties est ensuite envisagée à travers une comparaison des incitations à poursuivre et à négocier sous les règles américaine, anglaise et française de condamnation aux dépens. Le rôle des avocats dans l'obtention des accords est également étudié en insistant sur leurs particularités propres (réputation, altruisme) mais également sur le type d'honoraires le plus favorable aux accords (honoraires de résultat, au temps passe, forfaitaire). Enfin, une étude des modes alternatifs de règlement des litiges est proposée. Elle établit les conditions sous lesquelles les justiciables préfèrent la médiation à la simple négociation et l'arbitrage au jugement. Elle s'intéresse ensuite à la pratique de l'arbitrage en précisant les variables déterminantes de la sentence arbitrale et en comparant les procédures accusatoire et inquisitoire afin d'identifier celle qui minimise les risques d'erreur de l'arbitre.
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Mahmoud, Ahmad. "Les cadres juridiques de la responsabilité civile des prestataires techniques." Montpellier 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON10026.
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Le concept de responsabilité civile subit des bouleversements existentiels à l’aune des évolutions constatées dans le domaine de « l’économie numérique ». Les PT sont les premiers acteurs qui entrent en action directe avec les utilisateurs de l’internet. Ils détiennent des pouvoirs techniques et factuels dans la gestion des fonctions d’accès et d’hébergement. Le statut de leur régime de responsabilisation fut partiellement réglementé par le législateur français, afin de leur accorder un rôle actif et substantiel dans la lutte contre les préjudices et les crimes sur la toile mondiale. Leur proximité des internautes, ainsi que leur plausible identification leur endossent naturellement un fardeau de responsabilité qu’ils devraient dans l’absolu, pouvoir partager avec d’autres acteurs qui s’avèrent difficilement identifiables sur le net. Des interrogations sur l’équitable nuancement de l’étendue du champ de leur responsabilité, notamment au niveau du régime le mieux adapté à l’environnement internet en vu de préserver les droits des victimes de se ménager la preuve, ainsi que de la recherche des autres éléments fondants leur responsabilité directe ou indirecte sont d’actualité. Les PT ne seraient nécessairement pas les auteurs absolus des dommages subis par les internautes sur le réseau, mais plutôt les garants, les gendarmes et les juges même qui pourront finalement émettre des verdicts de responsabilisation mieux adaptés à la nature fugace et virtuelle de la circulation des données dans l’environnement de la toile. Une justice privée regagne la surface, mais cette fois-ci, avec sa facette virtuelle qui ajoute au scenario numérique ses corollaires naturels de netiquette et d’autoréglementation, sans pour autant renier dans l’absolu des rôles interventionnistes évolués et traditionnels des pouvoirs étatiques dans la création de la règle juridique, et la prononciation des indemnisations et peinesThe concept of civil liability undergoes existential upheaval in the shadow of the evolutions noted in the e-commerce field. The technical service providers are the first actors who enter in direct action with the users of there internet services. They hold technical and factual capacities in the management of the functions of access and lodging. Their legal statute was regulated by the French legislator in order to grant to them an active and substantial role in the fight against the damages and the crimes on the web. Their proximity of the net surfers, and their plausible identification endorse a burden of responsibility naturally to them, that they should had support with other potential actors who seems to be hardly identifiable on the net. This abnormal situation cause interrogations on the equitable flexibility of their responsibility by laying down rather precise conditions as for its realization, particularly about the most adapted legal status for preserving the victims rights of the to spare the proof, as well as the research of the other melting elements of the direct or indirect responsible actors of the Internet. Technical service providers should not be necessarily considered as the only direct authors of the damages undergone by net surfers, but rather the guarantors, policemen and even the “judges” who will be able to finally emit verdicts of labialization better adapted for the fugacious and virtual nature of the data and information flow over the Internet. A private justice pattern regains surface, but this time with its virtual facet which adds to the electronic scenario its natural corollaries of netiquette and auto-regulation, without to disavow in the absolute, enhanced traditional interventionist’s roles of the official sovereign authorities in the laws making and the pronunciation of compensations and penalties
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Zorrilla, Martínez Rubén. "Towards the virtual wind tunnel for civil engineering applications." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/671768.
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This thesis develops a numerical tool (the Virtual Wind Tunnel, VWT) for the resolution of problems involving fluid flow around structures. Due to the limitations that traditional methods may have in this context, the VWT is based on the use of fixed mesh technologies (CutFEM-type) combined with an implicit representation of the embedded bodies.
One of the main contributions of the thesis is the use of such fixed mesh methods to solve lightweight thin-walled structures problems. Hence, two embedded formulations capable of representing the flow around bodies with and without internal volume are proposed. The first one results in a simpler implementation and lower computational effort but can only represent a slip behavior of the wall. The second one gets rid of such limitation by including a Nitsche imposition of the Navier-slip condition, thus allowing modelling any wall behavior as a wall law would do.
The applicability range of the VWT includes the fluid–structure interaction problem (FSI). To that purpose an improvement for the boundary condition imposition of the FM-ALE algorithm mesh motion problem is also proposed. Moreover, the implementation, which has been conceived to be easily extended to any other coupled problem, is also treated.
The validation of the technologies within the VWT includes multiple theoretical test cases as well as feasible industrial applications. Among these, the FSI analysis of a 4-point tent during a strong wind episode deserves to be highlighted as it showcases the achievement of the initial objective of the thesis.En esta tesis se desarrolla una herramienta numérica (el Virtual Wind Tunnel, VWT) para la resolución de problemas que involucran el flujo de un fluido alrededor de una estructura. Debido a las limitaciones que los métodos tradicionales pueden tener en este contexto, el VWT se basa en el empleo de técnicas de malla fija (tipo CutFEM) combinadas con una descripción implícita de los cuerpos embebidos. Una de las principales contribuciones de la tesis es el empleo de dichos métodos de malla fija para resolver problemas de estructuras ligeras de pared delgada. Así pues, se proponen dos formulaciones embebidas capaces de representar el flujo alrededor de un cuerpo con o sin volumen interno. La primera de ellas resulta en una implementación más sencilla así como en un menor coste computacional pero únicamente puede reprentar un comportamiento deslizante de la pared. La segunda elimina esta limitación incluyendo una imposición mediante el método de Nitsche de la condición de Navier-slip, permitiendo así modelar cualquier comportamiento del mismo modo que lo haría una ley de pared. El rango de aplicabilidad del VWT incluye el problema de interacción fluido¿estructura (FSI). A tal propósito se plantea una mejora para la imposición de las condiciones de contorno del problema de movimiento de la malla del algoritmo FM-ALE. Asimismo, también se hace especial hincapié en la implementación, que ha sido concebida para ser fácilmente extensible a cualquier otro problema acoplado. La validación de las tecnologías implementadas en el VWT incluyen múltiples casos teóricos así como posibles aplicaciones industriales. Entre éstas se destaca el análisis FSI de una 4-point tent durante un episodio de viento severo ya que demuestra la consecución del objetivo inicial de la tesis.
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Stone, Gregory M. "Beneficial Reuse of Corrugated Paperboard in Civil Engineering Applications." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2012. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/691.
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Abstract
Beneficial Reuse of Corrugated Paperboard in Civil Engineering Applications
Gregory Michael Stone
An investigation was conducted to explore the potential for reuse of corrugated paperboard. Corrugated paperboard represents a large fraction of the municipal solid waste generated and discarded in the United States. Alternative applications for reuse can provide a significant benefit by reducing the volume of waste being disposed and by reducing the use of raw materials. Four civil engineering applications were examined for potential beneficial reuse of corrugated paperboard: slurry trench construction, vertical drilling, directional drilling, and controlled low strength materials (CLSM).
For the purpose of this project, corrugated paperboard was pulped and added to bentonite slurry or CLSM mixtures. Bentonite slurry mixtures were tested for viscosity, density, filtrate loss, and permeability. The behavior of the bentonite slurries was greatly influenced by interaction and interlocking of corrugate fibers; in general resulting in increased viscosity, filtrate loss, and permeability and decreased density. CLSM mixtures were tested for flow consistency, unit weight, air content, and compressive strength. CLSM mixtures prepared with corrugated paperboard showed an increased water demand due to high absorption of the corrugate. The higher water content was a significant factor contributing to decreased unit weight and compressive strength. CLSM mixtures containing corrugated paperboard also exhibited increased air contents, possibly due to entrapment of air within the corrugate pulp.
Corrugated paperboard was used to successfully replace up to 27% of bentonite for slurry trench applications, 60% of bentonite for vertical drilling applications, and 59% of bentonite for directional drilling applications while maintaining acceptable engineering properties. For CLSM mixtures up to 1% of fine aggregate was replaced with corrugated paperboard while maintaining satisfactory engineering properties.
Incorporation of corrugated paper board into bentonite slurry, CLSM, and drilling fluid applications provides a viable option for beneficial reuse.
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Bovet, Laurent. "Optimisation conceptuelle de la croisière : Application aux avions de transport civils." Aix-Marseille 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004AIX22001.
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Le choix de l'altitude de croisière lors de la conception d'un avion conditionne ses performances. Pour la plupart des avions de ligne subsoniques de taille moyenne, l'altitude de croisière est de l'ordre de 30 000ft. Cette thèse propose de démontrer l'existence d'une "altitude optimale de croisière" qui doit être choisie lors de la conception afin de maximiser les performances de l'avion. Pour cette étude une démarche avant-projet avion a été retenue, basée sur l'utilisation de modèles simples validés à partir de données d'avions de transport existants. La sensibilité de l'altitude conceptuelle optimale aux contraintes, en commençant par le décollage puis le Mach de croisière, a ensuite été évaluée. Ainsi, l'altitude de croisière des avions équipés de turbopropulseurs a été retrouvée. Enfin, l'effet de l'échelle de l'avion sur l'altitude optimale a été étudiée. Il a ainsi été démontré que l'altitude conceptuelle optimale de croisière diminue lorsque la taille de l'avion augmenteThe choice of the cruise altitude during the preliminary design phase of an aircraft is fundamental for the performance. For most subsonic airliners, the cruise altitude is close to 30 000 ft. The present work is aimed at demonstrating the existence of an ad hoc altitude that must be identified during the preliminary design phase to maximize the performance of the aircraft. To make this demonstration, as for the entire work, an aircraft design approach has been adopted, based on the use of simple but pertinent models which have been validated with data of existing transport aircraft. The sensitivity of the conceptual optimum cruise altitude to take-off constraints and cruise Mach number has been evaluated. In particular, the cruise altitude of turbo prop commuters has been confirmed. The size effect of the aircraft on the optimum cruise altitude has also been studied. It has been demonstrated that the conceptual optimum cruise altitude decreases as the size of the aircraft increases
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Roux, Brian. "Application of Digital Forensic Science to Electronic Discovery in Civil Litigation." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2012. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1554.
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Following changes to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure in 2006 dealing with the role of Electronically Stored Information, digital forensics is becoming necessary to the discovery process in civil litigation. The development of case law interpreting the rule changes since their enactment defines how digital forensics can be applied to the discovery process, the scope of discovery, and the duties imposed on parties. Herein, pertinent cases are examined to determine what trends exist and how they effect the field. These observations buttress case studies involving discovery failures in large corporate contexts along with insights on the technical reasons those discovery failures occurred and continue to occur.
The state of the art in the legal industry for handling Electronically Stored Information is slow, inefficient, and extremely expensive. These failings exacerbate discovery failures by making the discovery process more burdensome than necessary. In addressing this problem, weaknesses of existing approaches are identified, and new tools are presented which cure these defects. By drawing on open source libraries, components, and other support the presented tools exceed the performance of existing solutions by between one and two orders of magnitude. The transparent standards embodied in the open source movement allow for clearer defensibility of discovery practice sufficiency whereas existing approaches entail difficult to verify closed source solutions.
Legacy industry practices in numbering documents based on Bates numbers inhibit efficient parallel and distributed processing of electronic data into paginated forms. The failures inherent in legacy numbering systems is identified, and a new system is provided which eliminates these inhibiters while simultaneously better modeling the nature of electronic data which does not lend itself to pagination; such non-paginated data includes databases and other file types which are machine readable, but not human readable in format.
In toto, this dissertation provides a broad treatment of digital forensics applied to electronic discovery, an analysis of current failures in the industry, and a suite of tools which address the weaknesses, problems, and failures identified.
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Gazzotti, Giulia. "Corrosion resistance of aluminium alloys for civil and industrial applications." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020.
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Considering the long service life which is normally expected for buildings, the maintenance cost, the quality and durability of construction materials are strongly affected by triggering of spontaneous degradation processes. As regards specifically metallic materials, awareness of their corrosion behaviour in service condition, in every environment they can get in contact during life, is essential, for maintenance and cleaning operations
as well. Corrosion rate measurements can be obtained from electrochemical tests. Corrosion mechanism of metallic alloy is a spontaneous phenomenon, but some factors, as alloying elements, microstructure, surface treatments and environments, may enhance this degradation process.
This thesis focuses on understanding corrosion behaviour of three aluminium alloys, Al5083, Al6082 and Al7075, with different surface treatments, tested in two aqueous solutions at different pH conditions (one environment simulating a cleaning detergent and the second environment simulating a strong alkaline solution). The corrosion rate was obtained from corrosion current densities, measured by electrochemical laboratory tests. Results, in terms of Open-Circuit Potential (OCP) and potentiodynamic measurements are reported and discussed. Lastly, SEM and EDX analysis have been used as characterization techniques for microstructure analysis.
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Ledoux, Antoine M. Eng Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Theory of piezoelectric materials and their applications in civil engineering." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/66839.
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Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2011.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 39).
The goal of this thesis is to explore ways of harvesting energy from a building. To be more specific, the conversion of mechanical energy into electrical energy using piezoelectric materials is studied. Applications of piezoelectric materials as actuators are also explored, with particular interest in the question: what is the maximum moment that an actuator, whose energy comes from piezoelectricity, can develop when attached to a beam. As a piezoelectric material cannot generate much energy, and often requires amplification, the goal is to optimize the circuit linked to the piezoelectric material to obtain as much power as possible.
by Antoine Ledoux.
M.Eng.
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Bouibes, Amine. "Exploration de matériaux avancés pour des applications en génie civil." Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10112/document.
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Le progrès dans le domaine du génie civil n’aurait pas été possible sans le développement de nouveaux matériaux. En fait, les nouveaux matériaux avec des propriétés performantes ont permis la construction de structures modernes, de plus grands bâtiments, de plus grands ponts…etc. En outre, il est important de continuer le progrès et le développement des matériaux dans le futur. En particulier, dans l'approche des constructions intelligentes, nous aurons besoin de nouveaux matériaux aux propriétés très performantes. L'étude des propriétés des matériaux, à l'échelle moléculaire, permet une meilleure compréhension de la façon dont ces matériaux fonctionnent et réagissent à un niveau macro. C’est grâce à de tells études que nous sommes en mesure de comprendre leurs comportements sous des conditions variables. Dans cette thèse, nous focalisons nos efforts sur trois types de matériaux. Le premier est le carbonate de zinc. Le second est la chaux, qui est largement utilisée dans le domaine de la construction et les travaux publics; et le dernier est l'oxyde de zinc, qui est un matériau important pour les constructions en acier. Notre but est d'étudier en détail ces trois différents matériaux à diverses pressions et à compositions variables par la méthode de prédiction de structures basée sur l’approche ab initio. Pour la smithsonite, un bon nombre de propriétés mécaniques a été évalué. Nous montrons notamment que ce système est plus dur et plus rigide que les autres carbonates. En outre, l'étude de ses propriétés électroniques révèle que l'énergie de la bande interdite est assez proche de certains semi-conducteurs. Par ailleurs, deux transitions de phase à haute pression ont été trouvées: la première à 87 GPa et la seconde à 121 GPa. En dessous de 87 GPa, ZnCO3 est stable sous la structure de groupe d’espace R-3c (structure de calcite); et entre 78 GPa et 121 GPa, ZnCO3 se stabilise sous une autre structure dont le groupe d'espace est C2/m (structure de magnésite phase II). Au-delà de 121 GPa, nous montrons que la nouvelle structure de groupe d'espace P212121 devient la plus stable. Par ailleurs, en utilisant la méthode de prédiction de structure –composition variable- basée sur l’approche ab initio, nous montrons que le système Ca-O pourraient se stabiliser sous de nouvelles compositions chimiques autres que le CaO. À pression ambiante, CaO2 est prédit comme étant un système thermodynamiquement stable. Ce nouveau composé passe de la structure de groupe d’espace C2/c à celle de groupe d’espace I4/mcm à 18.5GPa. En augmentant la pression, d'autres composés deviennent plus stables tels que CaO3 qui se stabilise dans la structure de groupe d'espace P-421m à partir de 65 GPa. Enfin, nos études sur ZnO montrent que ZnO2 devient thermodynamiquement stable à une pression supérieure à 120 GPa. Une transition de phase est obtenue à 10 GPa pour ZnO, qui est stable dans la structure wurtzite B4 dans des conditions ambiantes et jusqu'à 10GPa. Au-delà de 10 GPa, ZnO devient plus stable dans une structure de type B1. Ces résultats confortent nos prédictions puisqu’ils s’accordent parfaitement avec les travaux expérimentaux et théoriques précédentsThe civil engineering progress would not been possible without new materials development. In fact, new materials with efficient properties allowed the construction of modern structures, taller building, longer bridges,…etc. Furthermore, it is essential for the progress continuity of this field in the future. Especially, in the smart construction approach we will need new materials with the very efficient properties. The study of the properties of materials at the molecular level, allow a better understanding of how those materials will function and react on a macro level. It is through such studies that we are able to understand their behaviors under a large number of conditions. In this thesis, we focus our efforts on three types of materials. The first one is zinc carbonate. The second one is Lime, which is widely used in building and public works ; and the last one is zinc oxide, which is an important material for steel construction. The purpose here is to investigate in details the three different materials at various pressures and variable compositions by means of the universal structure prediction method based on ab initio tool. For smithsonite, a number of mechanical properties were evaluated. We mainly show that this system is harder and more rigid than the other carbonates. Besides, the investigation of its electronic properties reveals that the energy band-gap is close enough to some semiconductors. Moreover, two high-pressure phase transitions have been found: the first one at 87 GPa and second one at 121 GPa. Below 87 GPa, ZnCO3 is found to be the most stable structure with R-3c space group (calcite structure); and between 78 GPa and 121 GPa, ZnCO3 has another structure (magnesite phase II) with C2/m space group. Above 121 GPa, we show that new structure with P212121 space group becomes more stable. In addition, by means of variable composition ab initio evolutionary algorithm, we show surprisingly new stable compounds from Ca-O. At ambient pressure CaO2 is predicted as a thermodynamically stable system. This new compound goes from C2/c to I4/mcm space group structure at 18.5GPa. Under increasing pressure, further compounds become stable such as CaO3 which stabilize in P-421m space group structure above 65 GPa. Finally, our studies on ZnO show that ZnO2 becomes thermodynamically stable at pressure above 120 GPa. A phase transition is obtained at 10 GPa for ZnO, which is stable in B4 wurtzite structure at ambient conditions up to 10GPa. Above 10 GPa, ZnO becomes more stable in B1 structure. These results strongly support our predictions since they agree perfectly with available experiment and previous theoretical studies
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RUGGIERO, VINCENZO. "Interessi ed usura nel diritto civile. Riflessioni, rimedi, percorsi giusprudenziali e profili applicativi." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/52463.
Full textAbstract:
Il tema dell'usurarietà dei tassi di interesse sui mutui e, più in generale, sui finanziamenti di ogni genere, ha subito un picco di interesse in giurisprudenza successivamente alla pronuncia n. 350/2013 della Corte di Cassazione. Buona parte degli operatori del diritto, infatti, ne ha fornito un'interpretazione massimamente estensiva, dando corso all'instaurazione di un elevato contenzioso con gli Istituti di credito. Tale situazione di incremento del contenzioso giudiziale ha offerto lo spunto per riflettere ed approfondire il tema dell'usurarietà dei tassi di interesse, tra usura originaria e sopravvenuta, sui rimedi civilistici di tutela del prenditore applicabili ai contratti divenuti usurari, come pure, da ultimo, per interrogarsi sull'incidenza del tasso di mora sulle soglie d'usura. Nel panorama delle soluzioni possibili, l'Autore conclude, quanto alle strutture rimediali applicabili all'usurarietà sopravvenuta, preferendo la tesi della nullità parziale ex art. 1419, secondo comma, c.c., con sostituzione automatica del tasso convenzionale divenuto usurario con il tasso-soglia ex art. 1339 c.c., nonché della rilevanza dei tassi moratori ai fini del computo del TEGM, del TEG e della soglia, offrendo spunti di riflessione per una riforma sistematica della normativa.
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Wang, Baoji. "Application of Smartphone for Intersection Performance Measurement." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1323398071.
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Murillo, Armando Jr. "Practical application of liquefaction on Long Beach sands." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10252260.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis presents the construction sequence of a liquefaction tank for simulating liquefaction for observation and laboratory testing. The project consists of constructing an acrylic tank to hold sand, a water reservoir, casting a porous stone to allow even water distribution, installing a pipe system and pump for water flow, manufacturing lateral support braces, and modifying a steel cart to install the whole assembly.
Sand collected from Junipero Beach within the city of Long Beach is used as the testing media in the tank. Sand collected at this location shows favorable liquefiable gradations and is located within a liquefaction hazard zone. Laboratory testing using the proposed liquefaction tank demonstrated that this apparatus is functional and able to induce liquefaction on the sample of Long Beach sand.