Relevant bibliographies by topics / Apples

Academic literature on the topic 'Apples'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Apples"

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Bai, Chengwei, and Xiangting Chen. "A Case Study of Apples Success in Marketing Through Big Data Analysis." Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences 33, no. 1 (November 10, 2023): 128–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/33/20231647.

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Apple Inc. is one of the most successful technology companies in the world and has been at the forefront of the big data analytics and marketing revolution. The use of big data has become a key element in marketing, and Apple's approach is a good case study for companies seeking to use big data to enhance their marketing strategies. This paper will take it as a case study to discuss how to use big data to promote marketing. This paper will briefly introduce Apple and the concept of big data and marketing, then analyze how Apple applies big data to analyze the market, discuss Apples successful cases in marketing, and summarize Apples marketing strategies. A conclusion will be drawn at the end.
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Tang, Chun Xiao, En Bang Li, Chuan Zhen Zhao, and Chao Li. "Quality Detection and Specie Identification of Apples Based on Multi-Spectral Imaging." Advanced Materials Research 301-303 (July 2011): 158–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.301-303.158.

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This paper introduced an apple quality detection and specie identification system based on multi-spectral imaging. Under an international mixed light illumining, system can capture red, green and infrared images of apples at the same time. A software programmed based on Matlab 6.5.1 is used for image processing to complete the detection of quality and specie. According to processing results, the subtotals and classification are made into grading standards. These can be quickly and easily applied to the automation of agriculture fruit grading system. In the experiment, some most common apples including Fuji apple, Red delicious apples, Green apples, Gina Apple's were detected for quality and variety . Accuracy rate can be more than 90%.
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Jiao, Yuhua, Rong Luo, Qianwen Li, Xiaobo Deng, Xiang Yin, Chengzhi Ruan, and Weikuan Jia. "Detection and Localization of Overlapped Fruits Application in an Apple Harvesting Robot." Electronics 9, no. 6 (June 21, 2020): 1023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9061023.

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For yield measurement of an apple orchard or the mechanical harvesting of apples, there needs to be accurate identification of the target apple fruit. However, in a natural scene, affected by the apple’s growth posture and camera position, there are many kinds of apple images, such as overlapped apples; mutual shadows or leaves; stems; etc. It is a challenge to accurately locate overlapped apples. They will influence the positioning time and recognition efficiency and then affect the harvesting efficiency of apple-harvesting robots or the accuracy of orchard yield measurement. In response to this problem, an overlapped circle positioning method based on local maxima is proposed. First, the apple image is transformed into the Lab color space and segmented by the K-means algorithm. Second, some morphological processes, like erosion and dilation, are implemented to abstract the outline of the apples. Then image points are divided into central points; edge points; or outer points. Third, a fast algorithm is used to calculate every internal point’s minimum distance from the edge. Then, the centers of the apples are obtained by finding the maxima among these distances. Last, the radii are acquired by figuring out the minimum distance between the center and the edge. Thus, positioning is achieved. Experimental results showed that this method can locate overlapped apples accurately and quickly when the apple contour was complete; and this has certain practicability.
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Relawati, Rahayu, Masyhuri Masyhuri, Lestari Rahayu Waluyati, and Jangkung Handoyo Mulyo. "The Important Attributes of Local and Imported Apple : A Factor Analysis Application." Agro Ekonomi 28, no. 1 (June 28, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jae.22658.

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This study aims to find the important attributes of local and imported apple. A consumer survey was conducted in Java Island representated by four big cities: Malang, Surabaya, Yogyakarta, and Bandung. Three categories of purchasing place at each city are supermarket, fruit stall and traditional market. Accidental sampling was done to choose the samples of consumer. The total respondents interviewed was 240 consumers consisting of 120 for each attribute. The data of apple attributes and purchasing place were analyzed by exploratory factor analysis supported by SPSS software. The result suggests that the important quality attributes of local and imported apples are grouped in each two latent factors namely quality and cultivar. Meanwhile, purchasing place is grouped in one latent factor. All quality attributes of local and imported apples have positive correlation with the apple quality, but there is a different fi nding in which apple flavor of local and imported apples are not the most important attribute that ranked fi rst based on consumer assessment. The factor of apple cultivar always associates with the apple size, both on local and imported apples. Rome Beauty (local apple) and Fuji (imported apple) have greater average size than other cultivars. Thus, these attributes are already attached one another. The factor of purchasing place becomes an important part which accompanies the apple’s quality attributes and is considered by consumers in purchasing apple.
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Ningrum, Tri Widya, and Lagiono Lagiono. "DESKRIPSI FORMALIN PADA APEL DAN ANGGUR IMPORT DI KIOS BUAH DI EX KOTATIF PURWOKERTO KABUPATEN BANYUMAS TAHUN 2014." Buletin Keslingmas 34, no. 1 (March 31, 2015): 54–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.31983/keslingmas.v34i1.3023.

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Food is every biological, animalistic, processed or unprocessed for human drinking and feedingconsumption including food additive feeding material and other material for savingprocess, or drinking. Formalin is chemical efficient substance but, forbid to food additive, generallyformalin used in textile industry to avoid textile tangled. The goal of this research to known fruit quality(organoleptic) fruit peel, fruit color and fruit flavors in general and to know thereis or now formalin incontamination in import apples and grapes sold at ex kotatif Purwokerto market.This Resecearher of observation method description it was mean to descript import appes andgrapes quality(organoleptic) generally and to know containing formalin at apples and grapes sold in exkotatif Purwokerto year of 2014.Labratorium examining in samples from import apples and grapes, the sample containing formalinpositive were 11 sample those are American grape was 0,218 ppm, Apples Red Delicious code B 1,406ppm, American grape, Apple Red Delicious Code C was 2,463 ppm, Australion grape was 0,167 ppm,Apple Fuji was 2,063 ppm, Apple Red Delicious was 2,049ppm ( Code D), Apple Fuji was 4,73 ppm,Australion grape was 0,204 ppm, Apples Red Delicious was 5,011 ppm ( Code E). And others fruit(Apple and Grape) was not formalin containing.Generally in apple import Fuji, RD, and GS and grape import Australion and American for sample 5all of them was good. So it is resecearher recommence to apply from health department safety foodquality and food nutrition come to Purwokerto town is like explained in government regulation number28th 2004.
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Tussaadah, S. K. A., W. Dinarto, and D. Astriani. "Effect of essential oil type and immersion time on Manalagi apple fruit storability." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1182, no. 1 (June 1, 2023): 012061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1182/1/012061.

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Abstract Manalagi apples are easily damaged fruits, so fruit storability is relatively short and yield loss will be high if not handled properly after harvest. This study aims to determine the essential oil type and immersion time that are best for maintaining the storability of Manalagi apple fruit. This study was a factorial experiment arranged in a completely randomized design with three replications. The first factor, essential oil type, consists of three types: citronella oil, coconut oil, and sesame oil. The second factor, immersion time, consists of three levels: 5, 10, and 15 seconds. The additives used to make the emulsion were 1% Tween 80, 0.5% oleic acid, and 3% alcohol. Control without coating treatment. The results showed that apple coating with citronella oil with an immersion time of 5 seconds was the best treatment to maintain the Manalagi apple’s storability for 31 days of storage. The weight loss of apples dipped in citronella oil was lower, and the preference level of the panelists was higher than that of apples dipped in coconut or sesame oil. Manalagi apples that are coated with essential oil have better storability than apples that are not coated.
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Zheng, Junwen, Yuhui Zhang, and Ying Wang. "Research on apple detection and maturity assessment based on computer vision technology." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 101 (May 20, 2024): 423–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/vysbg371.

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The study is based on computer vision technology for apple detection and maturity assessment. Firstly, the YOLOv7 algorithm is used for target detection of apples, and the number of apples in the image is counted to generate a distribution histogram of the number of apples. Then, the position of each apple is detected by the YOLOv7 algorithm and a 2D scatter plot of the geometric coordinates of the apples is drawn. Next, apple foreground was extracted by interactive ROI tagging and GrabCut algorithms, and a mathematical model was developed to assess the maturity of apples based on the histogram analysis of apple colours in HSV colour space model. In addition, the Faster R-CNN model is used to detect apples and estimate the quality of apples based on the 2D area of apples to generate a distribution histogram of apple quality. Finally, a convolutional neural network is used to build a fruit recognition model and draw a distribution histogram of apple image ID numbers. This study provides computer vision technical support for apple picking robots to improve apple production efficiency.
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Wu, Xiefan. "Research on Apple Inc. Market Winning Case Study." Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences 24, no. 1 (September 13, 2023): 130–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/24/20230425.

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Apple Inc. is currently a cutting-edge company in the field of technology, and its released products occupy most of the market share in the respective fields. Therefore, aiming at the reasons for Apple's success and its future development direction, this article literature review SWOT analysis to analyze and discuss the reasons for Apples success. Apples success basically lies its innovation, improvement of consumer service, and reform of supply chain management. However, in the future, Apple should consider maintaining its innovation speed and avoiding expanding its service into a large number of irrelevant markets, thereby increasing service and management risk.
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Kierczyńska, Sylwia. "DETERMINANTS OF PURCHASE PRICES OF APPLES FOR PROCESSING IN POLAND." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XXV, no. 4 (November 20, 2023): 167–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0054.0102.

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The aim of the study was to identify the significant determinants of the level of purchase prices of apples for processing in Poland. The subject of the research is purchase prices of apples for processing published in the semi-annual Fruit and Vegetable Market by the Institute of Agricultural and Food Economics – National Research Institute. The study showed that the purchase prices of apples for processing in Poland were significantly influenced by the export prices of apples, the volume of the export of concentrated apple juice, and the export prices of concentrated apple juice. The increase in the export prices of apples may be caused by the growing demand for Polish apples on foreign markets, which may result in lower availability of apples for processing. Therefore, the increase in the export prices of apples was accompanied by the increase in the purchase prices of these fruits for processing. The volume of export of concentrated apple juice depends on the volume of production of this processed product, which is influenced by the volume of apples harvested in Poland. The volume of apples harvested is negatively correlated with the purchase prices of apples for processing. Therefore, the increase in the export of concentrated apple juice was accompanied by relatively low purchase prices of apples for processing. The level of export prices of concentrated apple juice was strongly related to the level of purchase prices of apples for processing and the increase of purchase prices of apples was accompanied by an increase in export prices of concentrated apple juice.
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Lutfi, Moch, Hasan Syaiful Rizal, Mochammad Hasyim, Muhammad Faishol Amrulloh, and Zulfatun Nikmatus Saadah. "Feature Extraction and Naïve Bayes Algorithm for Defect Classification of Manalagi Apples." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2394, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2394/1/012014.

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Abstract Apple is one of the trees that is widely cultivated and grows in subtropical areas. In Indonesia, there are many areas that cultivate apples, including Malang, Batu, Nongkojajar. One way to increase the economic value of apple farmers is by sorting them before sending them to the market. This is important to do in order to make it easier to determine the quality and selling price of manalagi apples. Most apple sellers will sort the apples manually which results in high costs, difficulty, and inconsistency in the sorting process. So far, the classification of defects in apples has been done using the naked eye. This also requires expertise or experts in distinguishing which apple defects are. However, experts have limitations, not all apple defects can be recognized or classified. In addition, each researcher only uses one image feature, namely the texture feature. In this study, using an image dataset of Manalagi apples totaling 337 images, where there are 184 images of good apples and 153 images of defective apples by extracting features on apples, it can be concluded that the nave Bayes method can be used to classify defects of manalagi apples based on texture.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Apples"

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Golding, John. "Superficial scald in apples /." Richmond, N.S.W. : Centre of Horticulture and Plant Science, University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury, 1999. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20030602.162040/index.html.

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Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury, 1999.
Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Copies of related publications in back. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 341-365).
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Fernandez, Gutierrez Sulmer A. "Cold atmospheric-pressure plasmas applied to active packaging of apples." Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2009. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Spring2009/S_FernandezGutierrez_022409.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S. in electrical engineering)--Washington State University, May 2009.
Title from PDF title page (viewed on Apr. 2, 2009). "School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science." Includes bibliographical references (p. 83-90).
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Zhao, Shi. "Antioxidant Effects of Apples and Apple Products in Diet." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1306870394.

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Tipper, Nicholas Charles. "An instrument for the bioyield detection and firmness measurement of apples." Diss., Connect to online resource - MSU authorized users, 2006.

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Thesis (M.S.)--Michigan State University. Dept. of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, 2006.
Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Nov. 20, 2008) Includes bibliographical references (p. 112-114). Also issued in print.
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Adamek, Michel. "Apples väg till framgång : Bakomliggande faktorer till varför Apple lyckats." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Social and Economic Geography, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-88564.

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Raines, Doug. "A crop load study on 'nittany' apple on two size controlling rootstocks." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2000. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=1539.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2000.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 52 p. : ill. (some col.). Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 45-51).
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McPherson, Jennifer Anne. "Comparing ‘apples with apples’: professional accounting practices in university classroom discourse." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/12782.

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How are professional accounting practices represented in university classroom discourse and what are the implications of this for theory and practice in professional learning? Professional accounting practices order the world, and are also ordered. In reducing the complexities of social activity to abstract meanings that render it measurable, diverse and complex structures can be compared ‘apples with apples’. This study investigates the relocalization of professional accounting practices in university classroom discourse, working with tools from Legitimation Code Theory, systemic functional linguistics and critical discourse analysis. Findings draw on digital recordings of seminars presented by three lecturers in different subjects of a Master of Accounting program in an Australian metropolitan university. The analysis examines movements between context-independent and more context-dependent meanings in classroom discourse that mark shifts in emphasis from accounting as a system of representation, to accounting as interpersonal exchange. It considers two sets of social relations at play in the professional classroom: those between lecturers and students, and those within professional practice that are relocalized in classroom discourse. The framework developed in this study complements current research within the sociology of education. Discussion connects the analysis with recent explorations of knowledge practices in education within Legitimation Code Theory. It draws on foundational principles of a systemic functional model of language, considering the basis of professional practice and professional learning in interpersonal exchange. Conclusions are oriented towards theory and practice in professional learning, recognizing professional educators as agents of change and mediators of ways of thinking and acting in their field that are potentially transformative.
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Hercules, Judith L. "Differences in lipoxygenase activity as related to cultivar differences in superficial scald of apples." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 1999. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=615.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 1999.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 90 p. : ill. (some col.) Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 78-88).
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Anmar, Shawi. "Datorbord till Apples datorer." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-13418.

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Golding, John B., of Western Sydney Hawkesbury University, Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, and Centre for Horticulture and Plant Sciences. "Superficial scald in apples." THESIS_FEMA_HPS_Golding_J.xml, 1999. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/113.

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Comparative physiological and biochemical studies were conducted with apple varieties which were susceptible (Granny Smith and Lady Williams) and resistant (Crofton) to superficial scald, to understand the mechanisms of scald aetiology. This provided a basis for the development of alternatives to diphenylamine to control the disorder in cool stored apples. The research confirmed earlier research, which showed that the typical scald symptoms were the result of the deposition of brown pigments on the tonoplast in hypodermal and epidermal cells. It has been generally accepted that these pigments were formed by the action of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) following its release from chloroplasts, as a result of membrane damage caused by the oxidation products of alpha-farnesene. However, intact and functional chloroplasts were observed in severely scalded peel tissue. It was proposed that peroxidase (POD) might play a more important role in scald development. The concept that the concentration of alpha-farnesene or its products was related to the severity of scald was examined, and results indicated that differences in scald susceptability were related to the ability of apple tissue to cope with oxidative stress at low temperatures rather than the concentration of alpha-farnesene. If alpha-farnesene has a scald promoting role, it may be as a participant in a free radical chain reaction rather than an initiator. Studies were conducted on the phenolic compounds present in apple peel, which led to the proposal that phenolics might confer scald resistance by conserving other antioxidants and preventing peroxidation of membrane lipids. An holistic model of scald development was proposed, which indicated that scald results from a chilling stress since scald only occurs at temperatures below 4 degrees C and only in apples in which the capacity to protect membranes from oxidative stress is low. The model proposed that POD may have a more important role than PPO in scald development than previously thought.
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Books on the topic "Apples"

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Koontz, Robin Michal. Apples, apples everywhere!: Learning about apple harvests. Mankato, MN: Picture Window Books, 2010.

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Clark, Ann. Apples, apples, apples. Kearney, NE: Cookbooks by Morris Press, 1991.

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Wallace, Nancy Elizabeth. Apples, apples, apples. New York: Marshall Cavendish, 2004.

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Comfort, Judith. Appl es, apples, apples. Toronto, Ontario: Doubleday Canada, 1986.

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Cooper, Jason. Apples. Vero Beach, Fla: Rourke Publications, 1997.

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Landau, Elaine. Apples. New York: Children's Press, 1999.

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Mushtaq, Rafiya, Gulzar Ahmad Nayik, and Ab Raouf Malik. Apples. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003239925.

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Organisation for economic co-operation and development. Apples. Washington: Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2011.

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Llewellyn, Claire. Apples. London: Franklin Watts, 2009.

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Nottridge, Rhoda. Apples. Minneapolis: Carolrhoda Books, 1991.

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Book chapters on the topic "Apples"

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Kao, Griffin, Jessica Hong, Michael Perusse, and Weizhen Sheng. "Apples to Apples." In Turning Silicon into Gold, 91–97. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-5629-9_14.

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Golding, John, and Jenny Jobling. "Apples." In Crop Post-Harvest: Science and Technology, 88–107. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444354652.ch5.

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Vogelezang, Frank, and Harold van Heeringen. "Benchmarking: Comparing Apples to Apples." In Rethinking Productivity in Software Engineering, 205–17. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-4221-6_18.

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Mittelbach, Margaret, Michael Crewdson, and Dietmar Zimmer. "Big Apples Vorgeschichte." In Wild New York, 17–32. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-5062-9_2.

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Legun, Katharine. "Ever-redder apples." In Biological Economies, 127–40. London; New York: Routledge, 2016. | Series: Routledge studies in food, society and environment: Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315731124-9.

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Furnham, Adrian, and John Taylor. "Bad Eggs and Bad Apples." In Bad Apples, 95–127. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230303843_4.

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Furnham, Adrian, and John Taylor. "Introduction." In Bad Apples, 1–11. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230303843_1.

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Furnham, Adrian, and John Taylor. "Counter-Productive Work Behaviors: Case Studies." In Bad Apples, 268–81. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230303843_10.

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Furnham, Adrian, and John Taylor. "Counter-Productive Work Behaviors: The Nature and Size of the Problem." In Bad Apples, 12–48. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230303843_2.

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Furnham, Adrian, and John Taylor. "Counter-Productive Work Behaviors: Why Do They Do It?" In Bad Apples, 49–94. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230303843_3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Apples"

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Kay, Jennifer S., Colin Lambe, Tyler J. Nolan, Thomas M. Grello, and Anthony Breitzman. "Apples to Apples." In L@S '19: Sixth (2019) ACM Conference on Learning @ Scale. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3330430.3333617.

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Schnurrenberger, Urs. "Comparing apples to apples in ICN." In 2017 14th IEEE Annual Consumer Communications & Networking Conference (CCNC). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ccnc.2017.7983087.

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Harrando, Ismail, Pasquale Lisena, and Raphaël Troncy. "Apples to Apples: A Systematic Evaluation of Topic Models." In International Conference Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing. INCOMA Ltd. Shoumen, BULGARIA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-072-4_055.

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Lutz, Jonathan, Charles J. Colbourn, and Violet R. Syrotiuk. "Apples and oranges." In the 13th ACM international conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1868521.1868573.

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Duan, Songyun, Anastasios Kementsietsidis, Kavitha Srinivas, and Octavian Udrea. "Apples and oranges." In the 2011 international conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1989323.1989340.

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Chavez-Sanchez, Fermin, and Lucila Mercado Colin. "Apples and Oranges." In CUI '20: 2nd Conference on Conversational User Interfaces. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3405755.3406169.

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Antin, Judd, Ed H. Chi, James Howison, Sharoda Paul, Aaron Shaw, and Jude Yew. "Apples to oranges?" In the 7th International Symposium. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2038558.2038610.

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Bond, Michael D., Nicholas Nethercote, Stephen W. Kent, Samuel Z. Guyer, and Kathryn S. McKinley. "Tracking bad apples." In the 22nd annual ACM SIGPLAN conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1297027.1297057.

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Kühn, Thomas, and Walter Cazzola. "Apples and oranges." In SPLC '16: The 20th International Systems and Software Product Line Conference. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2934466.2934470.

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German, Daniel M., and Julius Davies. "Apples vs. oranges?" In Proceeding of the 8th working conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1985441.1985483.

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Reports on the topic "Apples"

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Mallick, Suman. Apples and Knives (A Novel). Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.3018.

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Sánchez-Ramírez, Rodrigo A., Vincent Charles, Marcela González Araya, and Juan Carlos Paliza. Measuring the Performance of a Dehydration Plant of Apples. CENTRUM Católica Graduate Business School, October 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.7835/ccwp-2015-10-0025.

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Upchurch, Bruce, Ruth Ben-Arie, Amots Hetzroni, James Throop, and Farhad Geoola. Photometric Imaging for Detecting Surface and Internal Defects on Apples. United States Department of Agriculture, February 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7603830.bard.

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Pereira da Silva, Fátima, and Maxence Paillart. Effects of Starchy edible coating on shelf life of apples. Wageningen: Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/563053.

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Xu, Ariel. Reproduction of 'A Few Bad Apples? Racial Bias in Policing'. Social Science Reproduction Platform, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.48152/ssrp-xvq1-7582.

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Domoto, Paul A., Dennis Katuuramu, Gail R. Nonnecke, and Lynn R. Schroeder. Thinning Scab-resistant Apples with Liquid Lime Sulfur Sprays during Bloom. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-2378.

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Domoto, Paul A., Dennis Katuuramu, Gail R. Nonnecke, and Lynn R. Schroeder. Effect of Lime SulfurThinning Sprays on Return Bloom of Scab-resistant Apples. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-1340.

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Jacob, Brian, and Steven Levitt. Rotten Apples: An Investigation of the Prevalence and Predictors of Teacher Cheating. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, January 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w9413.

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Pesis, Edna, Elizabeth J. Mitcham, Susan E. Ebeler, and Amnon Lers. Application of Pre-storage Short Anaerobiosis to Alleviate Superficial Scald and Bitter Pit in Granny Smith Apples. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7593394.bard.

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Abstract:
There is increased demand for high quality fruit produced and marketed with reduced chemical inputs to minimize toxic effects on human health and the environment. Granny Smith (GS) apple quality is reduced by two major physiological disorders, superficial scald and bitter pit (BP). These disorders cause great loss to apple growers worldwide. Superficial scald is commonly controlled by chemical treatments, mainly the antioxidant diphenylamine (DPA) and/or the ethylene action inhibitor, 1-methylcyclopropene (1–MCP). Both chemicals are ineffective in controlling bitter pit incidence. We proposed to investigate the beneficial use of non-chemical, abiotic stress with low O2 (LO2) applied for 10d at 20°C on GS apple fruit. During the project we expanded the treatment to more apple cultivars, Golden Delicious (GD) and Starking Delicious (SD) and another pome fruit, the pear. Apple and pear have similar physiological disorders that develop during cold storage and we examined if the LO2 treatment would also be effective on pear. Application of 0.5% LO2 atmosphere for 10d at 20°C or 500ppb 1-MCP at 20°C prior to cold storage at 0°C, was effective in reducing superficial scald in GS apple. Moreover, LO2 pretreatment was also effective in reducing bitter pit (BP) development in California GS and Israeli GD and SD apples The BP symptoms in GS from California were much more prominent, so the effect of LO2 was more dramatic than the effect on the Israeli cvs. GD and SD, nevertheless the LO2 treatment showed the same trend in all cultivars in reducing BP. The LO2 and 1-MCP -treated fruit exhibited lower levels of ethylene, - farnesene and its oxidation product, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one (MHO), as determined by SPME/GC-MS analysis. In addition, LO2 pretreatment applied to California Bartlett or Israeli Spadona pears was effective in reducing superficial scald, senescent scald and internal breakdown after 4 m of cold storage at 0°C. For GS apple, low-temperature storage resulted in oxidative stress and chilling injury, caused by increased production of superoxide anions which in turn led to the generation of other dangerous reactive oxygen species (ROS). Using confocal laser-scanning microscopy and H2O2 measurements of apple peel, we observed ROS accumulation in control fruit, while negligible amounts were found in LO2 and 1-MCP treated fruit. Gene-expression levels of ROS-scavenging enzymes were induced by the various pretreatments: catalase was induced by LO2 treatment, whereas Mn superoxide dismutase was induced by 1-MCP treatment. We assume that LO2 and 1-MCP pretreated fruit remained healthier due to reduced production of ethylene and reactive oxygen substances, such as MHO, during cold storage. The LO2-treated apple exhibited greener peel and firmer fruit after 6 m of cold storage, and the fruit had high crispiness leading to high taste preference. In both pear cultivars, the LO2 treatment led to a reduction in internal breakdown and browning around the seed cavity. We tested the LO2 pre-storage treatment on a semi-commercial scale that would be applicable to a small organic grower by sealing the fruit within the plastic field bins. The treatment was most effective with a continuous flow of nitrogen through the bins; however, a single 6 hour flush of nitrogen was also fairly effective. In addition, we determined that it was very important to have the oxygen levels below 0.5% for approximately 10 days to achieve good scald control, not counting the time required to reduce the oxygen concentration. Our LO2 technology has been proven in this project to be effective in reducing several physiological disorders developed in pome fruit during cold storage. We hope that our non-chemical treatment which is friendly to the environment will be used in the near future for the organic apple and pear industry. The next step should be an analysis of the cost-benefits and commercial feasibility.
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Butcher, Kristin, Kyung Park, and Anne Morrison Piehl. Comparing Apples to Oranges: Differences in Women’s and Men’s Incarceration and Sentencing Outcomes. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, January 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w23079.

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