Journal articles: 'Apple'

1

Gerhauser, Clarissa. "Cancer Chemopreventive Potential of Apples, Apple Juice, and Apple Components." Planta Medica 74, no. 13 (October 2008): 1608–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0028-1088300.

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Kwon, Soon-Il, Jingi Yoo, Jinwook Lee, Yong-Sun Moon, Cheol Choi, Hee Young Jung, Dong Hoon Lee, Chang Kil Kim, and In-Kyu Kang. "Evaluation of crab apples for apple production in high-density apple orchards." Journal of Plant Biotechnology 42, no. 3 (September 30, 2015): 271–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5010/jpb.2015.42.3.271.

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3

Bolarinwa, Islamiyat F., Caroline Orfila, and Michael R. A. Morgan. "Determination of amygdalin in apple seeds, fresh apples and processed apple juices." Food Chemistry 170 (March 2015): 437–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.08.083.

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4

Howill, Angus J., and Alan R. Hays. "Apples, White Apple Leafhopper Test, 1985." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 11, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/11.1.38.

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Abstract Treatments consisted of single trees replicated 4 times. Materials were applied by handgun dilute on 14 Aug 1985. Evaluations involved a single precount in which nymphs were counted on 25 leaves for each replication. After treatment counts were made at 2 intervals using the same procedure.

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5

GUTENMANN, WALTER H., DONALD J. LISK, and G. D. BLANPIED. "DIPHENYLAMINE RESIDUES IN APPLES AND APPLE CIDER." Journal of Food Safety 10, no. 4 (January 1990): 277–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4565.1990.tb00028.x.

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6

Sharma, Babita, Devina Vaidya, and Anil Gupta. "Development of Novel Products from Osmo-Dried Apples: Apple Choco Shots and Apple Pie." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 7, no. 09 (September 10, 2018): 1999–2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.709.242.

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7

Ningrum, Tri Widya, and Lagiono Lagiono. "DESKRIPSI FORMALIN PADA APEL DAN ANGGUR IMPORT DI KIOS BUAH DI EX KOTATIF PURWOKERTO KABUPATEN BANYUMAS TAHUN 2014." Buletin Keslingmas 34, no. 1 (March 31, 2015): 54–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.31983/keslingmas.v34i1.3023.

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Food is every biological, animalistic, processed or unprocessed for human drinking and feedingconsumption including food additive feeding material and other material for savingprocess, or drinking. Formalin is chemical efficient substance but, forbid to food additive, generallyformalin used in textile industry to avoid textile tangled. The goal of this research to known fruit quality(organoleptic) fruit peel, fruit color and fruit flavors in general and to know thereis or now formalin incontamination in import apples and grapes sold at ex kotatif Purwokerto market.This Resecearher of observation method description it was mean to descript import appes andgrapes quality(organoleptic) generally and to know containing formalin at apples and grapes sold in exkotatif Purwokerto year of 2014.Labratorium examining in samples from import apples and grapes, the sample containing formalinpositive were 11 sample those are American grape was 0,218 ppm, Apples Red Delicious code B 1,406ppm, American grape, Apple Red Delicious Code C was 2,463 ppm, Australion grape was 0,167 ppm,Apple Fuji was 2,063 ppm, Apple Red Delicious was 2,049ppm ( Code D), Apple Fuji was 4,73 ppm,Australion grape was 0,204 ppm, Apples Red Delicious was 5,011 ppm ( Code E). And others fruit(Apple and Grape) was not formalin containing.Generally in apple import Fuji, RD, and GS and grape import Australion and American for sample 5all of them was good. So it is resecearher recommence to apply from health department safety foodquality and food nutrition come to Purwokerto town is like explained in government regulation number28th 2004.

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8

Howitt, Angus J., and Alan R. Hays. "Apple, Apple Maggot Test, 1985." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 11, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 37–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/11.1.37a.

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Abstract Treatments consisted of unreplicated 0.5 acre blocks. Treatments were applied by airblast sprayer. Sprays were applied on 19 Jun, 1 Jul, 11 Jul, 23 Jul, 6 Aug, 20 Aug and 4 Sep to all treatment except Dimilin + Nu-Lure. Dimilin + Nu-Lure received sprays on 19 Jun, 11 Jul, 1 Aug and 20 Aug. The treatments were evaluated by randomly picking 100 fruit from each of 4 trees in the center of each block, resulting in 400 apples per treatment being evaluated. The apples were then examined for AM damage and the results recorded. Nu-Lure is a liquid feeding attractant for AM.

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9

Watpade, Santosh, Baswaraj Raigond, K. K. Pramanick, Neeraj Sharma, Anil Handa, and Usha Sharma. "Simultaneous detection of Apple Chlorotic Leaf Spot Virus and Apple mosaic virus in crab apples and apple rootstocks by duplex RT-PCR." Scientia Horticulturae 164 (December 2013): 88–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2013.09.015.

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10

Roberts-Stahlbrand, Anika. "Getting to the core of the matter: The rise and fall of the Nova Scotia apple industry, 1862-1980." Canadian Food Studies / La Revue canadienne des études sur l'alimentation 3, no. 2 (December 15, 2016): 4–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15353/cfs-rcea.v3i2.165.

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This article will apply food regime theory to an examination of the rise and fall of the apple industry in Nova Scotia between 1862 and 1980. From the 1860s until World War II, apples were a booming cross-Atlantic export business that continued the colonial bonds to Britain. But after the war, Britain developed its own domestic apple industry, and Nova Scotia apples failed to capture a loyal and secure market based on taste or quality. This led to the decline of the industry by the 1980s. Since that time, a new local apple industry based on taste and craft processing has arisen in Nova Scotia. This article affirms the broad historical analysis of food regime theory, while drawing attention to the need for an ecological enhancement of the theory.

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11

Zheng, Junwen, Yuhui Zhang, and Ying Wang. "Research on apple detection and maturity assessment based on computer vision technology." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 101 (May 20, 2024): 423–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/vysbg371.

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The study is based on computer vision technology for apple detection and maturity assessment. Firstly, the YOLOv7 algorithm is used for target detection of apples, and the number of apples in the image is counted to generate a distribution histogram of the number of apples. Then, the position of each apple is detected by the YOLOv7 algorithm and a 2D scatter plot of the geometric coordinates of the apples is drawn. Next, apple foreground was extracted by interactive ROI tagging and GrabCut algorithms, and a mathematical model was developed to assess the maturity of apples based on the histogram analysis of apple colours in HSV colour space model. In addition, the Faster R-CNN model is used to detect apples and estimate the quality of apples based on the 2D area of apples to generate a distribution histogram of apple quality. Finally, a convolutional neural network is used to build a fruit recognition model and draw a distribution histogram of apple image ID numbers. This study provides computer vision technical support for apple picking robots to improve apple production efficiency.

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12

Obidzhanov, Dilshod, and Mirkhatam Mirzaev. "Insectoacaricide Alfa Toro Against The Apple Worm Plant On The Apple." American Journal of Agriculture and Biomedical Engineering 03, no. 12 (December 30, 2021): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajabe/volume03issue12-05.

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In the conditions of Uzbekistan insecticidal Alfa Toro, 15% k.s.pokazal vыsokuyueffektyvnost against yablonnoyplodojorkinayablone v normerasxoda 0,2 l/ha. We recommend to include insecticide insecticide Alfa Toro, 15% k.s. for application against yablonnoyplodojorki on yablone at the rate of consumption 0,2 l/ha.

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13

Fitzgerald, Anne. "Apple." Books Ireland, no. 214 (1998): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20623664.

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14

Pfeiffer, D., L. Ponton, M. Varn, T. Boucher, and V. Smothers. "APple." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 11, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 59–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/11.1.59a.

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Abstract Apollo Bate Trial, 1985: Each plot at Roseland, VA consisted of 0.24 ha (0.6A). Sprays were applied at pink stage of bud development (12 Apr) with a truck-mounted Swanson sprayer. Applications were made at 551.4 liters/ha (59 gal/A) (3 × concentration, equivalent to 1645 liters/ha (176 gal/A)). Mites were evaluated from 4 trees per treatment, using a leaf-brushing machine and 20 leaves per replicate. On 21 Jun (after leaves were collected), plots 1, 2 and 5 were sprayed with Kelthane 4F because of excessive bronzing in this commercial orchard. Plots 3 and 4 were sprayed with Carzol 92SP when mite densities exceeded a threshold (5 mites/leaf until 1 Jul, 10 mites/leaf thereafter).

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15

Kielar, Marzanna Bogumiła, and Elżbieta Wójcik-Leese. "Apple." Chicago Review 46, no. 3/4 (2000): 330. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25304670.

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16

McCallum, Shara. "Apple." Iowa Review 26, no. 3 (October 1996): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/0021-065x.4482.

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17

Krug, Silvia, and Tino Hutschenreuther. "A Case Study toward Apple Cultivar Classification Using Deep Learning." AgriEngineering 5, no. 2 (May 2, 2023): 814–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering5020050.

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Machine Learning (ML) has enabled many image-based object detection and recognition-based solutions in various fields and is the state-of-the-art method for these tasks currently. Therefore, it is of interest to apply this technique to different questions. In this paper, we explore whether it is possible to classify apple cultivars based on fruits using ML methods and images of the apple in question. The goal is to develop a tool that is able to classify the cultivar based on images that could be used in the field. This helps to draw attention to the variety and diversity in fruit growing and to contribute to its preservation. Classifying apple cultivars is a certain challenge in itself, as all apples are similar, while the variety within one class can be high. At the same time, there are potentially thousands of cultivars indicating that the task becomes more challenging when more cultivars are added to the dataset. Therefore, the first question is whether a ML approach can extract enough information to correctly classify the apples. In this paper, we focus on the technical requirements and prerequisites to verify whether ML approaches are able to fulfill this task with a limited number of cultivars as proof of concept. We apply transfer learning on popular image processing convolutional neural networks (CNNs) by retraining them on a custom apple dataset. Afterward, we analyze the classification results as well as possible problems. Our results show that apple cultivars can be classified correctly, but the system design requires some extra considerations.

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18

Swift, Fred C., Elizabeth J. Herman, and Van Starner. "Apple, Rosy Apple Aphid Test, 1986." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 12, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/12.1.48.

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Abstract A 16 year-old apple orchard variety ‘Rome’ was used in this test. Single tree plots replicated twice in a randomized complete block design were sprayed to runoff (ca 5 gal/tree) with a hydraulic sprayer equipped with a handgun and operated at 300 psi. Treatments were applied on either 14 Apr, tight cluster (TC) or 25 Apr, pink (P). For disease control the entire orchard was sprayed with Captan and Polyram as needed. RAA control was evaluated by counting all colonies on test trees.

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19

Hull, Larry A., and David J. Biddinger. "Apple, Rosy Apple Aphid Control, 1992." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 18, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/18.1.41.

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Abstract We set up the experiment with 4 randomized complete blocks of 5 insecticide treatments and a control. Plots consisted of 3-4 rows of 3 tree plots, one each of cultivars ‘Yorking,’ Golden Delicious,‘ and Rome Beauty.’ Trees were planted at a spacing of 10 x 20 ft and were 19 years old. Experimental sprays were applied with a Myers Mity Mist airblast sprayer calibrated to deliver 100 gal/acre. Application dates varied between treatments based on ‘Golden Delicious’ development and were as listed in the table. Growth stages were as follows: 10 Apr (green tip), 14 Apr (half-inch green), 29 Apr (pink). A regular fungicide schedule using Dithane M-45, captan 50 WP, and Nova 40 WP was maintained throughout the season. Post-bloom insecticides (Guthion 35 WP, Lannate 1.8 L) were applied at 1- to 2-wk intervals beginning at petal-fall in early May. Effectiveness of sprays for RAA was evaluated by counting injured clusters/tree in a 10 minute sample and all damaged apples per tree for ‘Rome Beauty’ and ‘Yorking.’

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20

Hull, Larry A. "Apple, Rosy Apple Aphid Control, 1987." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 13, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/13.1.22.

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Abstract The experimental design was a randomized complete block, with 9 insecticide treatments and a control replicated 5 times. Plots consisted of 4 trees, one each of the cultivars 'York Imperial,' 'Red Delicious,' 'Golden Delicious,' and 'Rome Beauty.' Experimental sprays were applied with a Myers Mity Mist airblast sprayer calibrated to deliver 50 gpa. Spray dates corresponded to the following phenological stages ('Golden Delicious): half-inch green, 9 Apr; early pink, 20 Apr; and pink, 22 Apr. A regular fungicide schedule (Benlate, Bayleton, Dithane M-45, Manzate 200) was maintained throughout the season. Postbloom insecticide (Diazinon, Guthion, Lannate) were applied at 1- to 2-wk intervals beginning in mid-June. Effectiveness of treatments on RAA was evaluated by counting RAA colonies observed during a 10-min examination of a tree and total damaged apples/tree ('Rome Beauty' and 'York Imperial').

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21

Hull, Larry A. "Apple, Tufted Apple Budmoth Control, 1986." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 12, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 32–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/12.1.32.

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Abstract Experimental sprays were applied to approximately 0.12 acre plots arranged in a randomized complete block design consisting of 4 replicates of alternating ‘York Imperial’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ trees. One Golden Delicious and York Imperial tree to the center of each plot was used for monitoring. All treatments except the dilute application of Insegar were applied with a Friend Airmaster 393 airblast sprayer calibrated to deliver 50 gpa, 25 gpa/alternate side spray driven at 2.3 mph. The first 4 treatments were applied using the alternate side technique on the following dates: 4, 11, 19 and 26 Jun; 3 Jul (Alsystin only); 5, 13, 22 and 29 Aug. The first 2 Insegar treatments were applied to both sides of trees on the following dates: 22 Jul and 5 Aug (2nd treatment only). The third Insegar treatment was applied using a high pressure handgun to the point of run-off on 22 Jul. During the experiment, general maintenance sprays of the fungicide Dithane M45 as well as calcium chloride were applied to all plots. The effect of treatments on ERM, TSSM and AF was evaluated by counting mites several times during the season on samples of 25 leaves/tree (cv York Imperial only), 100 leaves/treatment. The effect of sprays on the mite predator S. punctum was evaluated by 3-minute counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of test trees. Effectiveness of chemicals on TABM was assessed by scoring for injury all apples on the center Golden Delicious and York Imperial trees at harvest as well as all drops up to harvest. Pest pressure was moderate.

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22

Fujinami, Kaori, Mami Kosaka, and Bipin Indurkhya. "Painting an Apple with an Apple." Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 2, no. 4 (December 27, 2018): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3287040.

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23

Rogers, D. J., A. B. Woolf, R. M. McDonald, L. M. Cole, S. McLeod, P. Brookfield, J. Robertson, and J. T. S. Walker. "Apple washers removal of insect pests and contaminants from export apples." New Zealand Plant Protection 69 (January 8, 2016): 160–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2016.69.5887.

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Export markets require highquality fruit free from insects and mites of quarantine significance and with minimal or no agrichemical residues This presents a challenge for New Zealands pipfruit sector when developing novel pest management systems to meet these market requirements Brushbed apple washers are an important component of a systems approach to remove insects and mites in packhouses before fruit are exported A new apple washer using multinozzle rotors significantly reduced the incidence of insects and mites on apples Weathered residues of kaolin and hydrated lime were similarly reduced by this apple washer Assessment of fruit quality after apple washing and cool storage did not identify any commercially significant quality issues on the three apple cultivars examined Apple washer design to optimise pest removal from all locations on the fruit is discussed

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24

Isenberg, Steven F., and Michael G. Stewart. "Practice Management Committee: Benchmarking Apples to Apples in the Big Apple." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 131, no. 2 (August 2004): P133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.otohns.2004.06.224.

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25

Luo, Tongyun, Jianguo Zhou, Shuo Zhang, Jun Chen, Guangrui Hu, and Adilet Sugirbay. "Theoretical Analysis and Experimental Research on the Apple Auto-Orientation Based on Flexible Roller." Horticulturae 9, no. 11 (November 16, 2023): 1235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9111235.

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After automatic in-field picking, apple stem shortening requires fixing the apple position and maintaining a relatively stable posture, which puts high demands on the automatic apple-orienting structure. In this paper, a novel dual roller compact apple field orientation structure with dual rollers rotating in the same direction is proposed. It can realize the uniform orientation of apples after automatic picking in any attitude, and the apple auto-orientation phenomenon is theoretically analyzed based on the accurately established apple model, then the apple orientation test platform was set up and a monocular camera combined with YOLOv5m was used to determine the time of apple orientation. The results showed that 70.21% and 96.81% of the apples were respectively oriented within 7 s and 28 s with only two flexible rollers rotating in the corresponding direction. All the apples were oriented, and 95.24% of them moved along the axis toward the calyx end. The generalizability of the apple orientation device for different shapes of apples was then verified, and the relationship between the shape characteristics of apples and orientation speed was later illustrated. A structural basis was finally presented for automatic stem shortening and surface damage detection in the apple field.

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26

Jevremović, Darko, and Bojana Vasilijević. "Apple viruses and viroids." Biljni lekar 50, no. 6 (2022): 509–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/biljlek2206509j.

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Apples are the third most produced fruit in the world, behind bananas and oranges, in terms of volume. Over the past ten years, Serbia's apple production has nearly doubled. Apples are less subjected to viral and viroid attacks than other fruit species. Most viruses cause no visible symptoms on the plant's organs, and the trees either seem to be in good condition or, in the case of sensitive cultivars, their yield is reduced. Apple stem pitting virus (ASPV), apple stem grooving virus (ASGV), apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV), and apple mosaic virus (ApMV) are four apple economically important and widely distributed viruses. Among the viroids, the apple scar skin viroid (ASSVd) is particularly destructive for apple production.

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27

Settier-Ramírez, Laura, Gracia López-Carballo, Pilar Hernández-Muñoz, Angélique Fontana-Tachon, Caroline Strub, and Sabine Schorr-Galindo. "Apple-based coatings incorporated with wild apple isolated yeast to reduce Penicillium expansum postharvest decay of apples." Postharvest Biology and Technology 185 (March 2022): 111805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2021.111805.

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28

Hawthorne, A. J., M. J. Griffin, N. E. M. Page-Weir, S. P. Redpath, and L. E. Jamieson. "Establishing cocooning apple leafcurling midge onto apples for disinfestation research." New Zealand Plant Protection 69 (January 8, 2016): 328. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2016.69.5940.

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Apple exports intercepted with cocooning apple leafcurling midge (ALCM) are fumigated with methyl bromide (MB) which reduces apple quality ALCM is controlled in the orchard using the insecticide Movento while also being parasitised by Platygaster demades and preyed on by generalist predators such as Sejanus albisignata These ALCM control measures make it difficult to collect sufficient numbers of ALCMinfested apples for disinfestation research on alternatives to MB Therefore procedures were developed for collecting and storing cocooning ALCM on apples in the laboratory ALCMinfested leaves were collected in plastic bags saturated with water and placed at 20C The water stimulated larvae to exit the leafrolls Using a fine paint brush ten larvae were placed on the calyx of an apple and confined using a cage attached with BluTak The apples were placed in plastic bins and sprayed with water A mesh net and a brown paper bag were secured over the top of the bin to reduce condensation The bin was stored at 20C 168 lightdark for 1015 days Of 1133 apples established 988 of them (872 ) had on average 22 cocooning ACLM Large numbers of cocooning ALCM on fruit can now be provided for disinfestation research

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29

Ahrendsen, Bruce L., and Edward Majewski. "Protected geographical indication recognition and willingness to pay: A case of grojec apple." Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce 11, no. 3-4 (December 31, 2017): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.19041/apstract/2017/3-4/11.

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The Grojec region of Poland is an important region for apple production and accounts for 40 percent of domestic apple production. Apple growers from the region made an attempt to strengthen their competitive position through registering their apples as Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) products. The European Commission’s PGI allows food producers to obtain market recognition and a premium price for their products. Although the Grojec Apple received PGI registration in 2011, little has been done to promote apples with the PGI label. Two important research questions are addressed: 1) Does the Polish market recognize Grojec Apple PGI, and 2) Does the market value Grojec Apple PGI? Logit and regression models are estimated using survey data collected during an International MBA in Agribusiness and Commerce study week in Warsaw. Only 22% of consumers recognize Grojec Apple PGI. Yet, 70% of consumers indicate they are willing to pay more for the product and their average willingness to pay (WTP) premium is 32%. Results indicate use of the PGI label may be effective in improving sales and profit margins for Grojec Apple producers and their affiliated cooperatives. Older consumers are more likely to indicate a WTP premium. Males, smaller households, and consumers less sensitive to apple price indicate a higher WTP premium. An advertising campaign promoting Grojec Apple PGI as a better product may be effective at increasing consumer likelihood to pay more and WTP premium. Although “Grojec” is already familiar to most consumers in central Poland as a region for apples, a Grojec Apple with PGI label would assure consumers they are purchasing apples from the Grojec region and the apples are high quality. JEL Code: D12, Q13, Q18

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30

Kišek, Mateja, Kristjan Jarni, and Robert Brus. "Hybridisation of Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. with Malus × domestica Borkh. and Implications for the Production of Forest Reproductive Material." Forests 12, no. 3 (March 19, 2021): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12030367.

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This study focuses on the morphological and genetic characteristics of European crab apple (Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill.) and the occurrence of hybrids in its populations. We analyzed a total of 107 putative European crab apple trees in Slovenia: 92 from nine natural populations, five from a seed stand and 10 from a stand of unnatural origin. We also included 18 domesticated apple trees (Malus × domestica Borkh.) and two Japanese flowering crab apple trees (Malusfloribunda van Houtte) as outliers. The trees were classified into groups of European crab apples, hybrids and domesticated apples according to their morphological and genetic characteristics. Classification based on morphological traits produced different results (58.75% European crab apple, 37.11% hybrids and 4.14% domesticated apple) compared to those based on genetic analysis (70.10% European crab apple, 21.64% hybrids and 8.26% domesticated apple). When genetic and morphological characteristics were combined, only 40.20% of the trees were classified as European crab apple, and an additional group of feral cultivars of domesticated apples (6.18%) was identified. The analysis revealed that hybridization with domesticated apple is taking place in all studied natural European crab apple populations; however, hybrids and feral cultivars only occur to a limited extent. When introducing European crab apple into forests in the future, only genetically verified forest reproductive material obtained exclusively from suitable seed stands should be used.

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31

Kviklys, D., T. L. Robinson, and G. Fazio. "Apple rootstock evaluation for apple replant disease." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1130 (December 2016): 425–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2016.1130.63.

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32

Pang, W., C. J. Studman, and G. T. Ward. "Bruising damage in apple-to-apple impact." Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research 52 (May 1992): 229–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-8634(92)80063-x.

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Fu, Han, Long He, Shaochun Ma, Manoj Karkee, Du Chen, Qin Zhang, and Shumao Wang. "Bruise Responses of Apple-to-Apple Impact." IFAC-PapersOnLine 49, no. 16 (2016): 347–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2016.10.064.

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34

Balossier, Anne. "On the Risk of Comparing Apples and Apple … Slices." World Neurosurgery 91 (July 2016): 653. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2015.10.067.

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35

Mezhenskyj, V. M., D. V. Pyshcholka, L. O. Mezhenska, and O. S. Havryliuk. "An overview of the red-fleshed apple: History and its importance for horticulturists, gardeners, nurserymen, and consumers." Biosystems Diversity 32, no. 1 (February 24, 2024): 158–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/012416.

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The present review summarizes the information on the botany, breeding, genetic features, cultivation, and nutraceutical values of red-fleshed apples. Malus sieversii var. niedzwetzkyana or Niedzwetzky’s apple became widely known after the publication of Georg Dieck in the last XIX century. It is characterized by anthocyanin coloration of all organs. Another source of red flesh is the ancient variety ‘Surprise’, which differs from the Niedzwetzky’s apple by a mutation in another gene. These two mutated genes, MYB10 and MYB110a, are located on chromosomes 9 and 17, respectively. Their expression correlated with the anthocyanin accumulation. In type 1 red-fleshed apples, which belong to the Niedzwetzky’s apple progeny, the transcription factor MYB10 confers extensive anthocyanin accumulation in fruit flesh and skin, flowers, leaves, and stems. In type 2 red-fleshed apples, the ‘Surprise’ progeny, only the flesh is red, determined by the transcription factor MYB110а. A new combination Malus domestica f. niedzwetzkyana comb. nov. has been proposed for orchard apples, originated from Niedzwetzky’s apple. The apple cultivars which are progeny of Niedzwetzky’s apple and ‘Surprise’ apple can be placed to Malus Niedzwetzkyana Group and Malus Surprise Group, respectively. All red-fleshed cultivars of orchard apple can be grouped together into Malus domestica Red Flesh Group. Many dozens of new ornamental apple trees have been developed for of European and North American conditions, including the most famous red-flowered centennial apple varieties such ‘Aldenhamensis’, ‘Lemoinei’, ‘Makamik’, and ‘Oekonomierat Echtermeyer’. Rootstocks ‘MB’, ‘PB9’, ‘54-118’, ‘62-396’ and others have become popular in nurseries for the propagation of dwarf and semi-dwarf apple trees thanks to their red leaves, which are useful when removing scion shoots from budded plants. In the F3-F4 and next generation, the new high-quality red-fleshed cultivars have been developed by crossing both Niedzwetzky’s apple and ‘Surprise’ apple with the best orchard apple varieties. Marker-assisted breeding shows great promise for accelerating the development of new red-fleshed cultivars with outstanding traits. The use of the Redlove®, Red Moon®, Kissabel®, and Lucy™ apples brands will ensure the red-fleshed apples’ best path to the consumer as well as the fruit quality and production volume of these novelties. Increasing the consumption of red-fleshed apples is essential for a healthy diet.

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Kundu, J. K. "The occurrence of Apple stem pitting virus and Apple stem grooving virus within field-grown apple cultivars evaluated by RT-PCR." Plant Protection Science 39, No. 3 (November 25, 2011): 88–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3862-pps.

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The reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was successfully used to determine the occurrence of Apple stem pitting virus (ASPV) and Apple stem grooving virus (ASGV) in field-grown apple cultivars. Both viruses were detected frequently in all 16 tested apple cultivars. As many as 27.86% ASPV-infected and 44% ASGV-infected trees were recorded among a total of 420 tested trees from 15 different orchards. Mixed infection with ASGV and ASPV was recorded in 16.7% of the trees.  

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Zhang, Huijun, Chunhong Tang, Xiaoming Sun, and Longsheng Fu. "A Refined Apple Binocular Positioning Method with Segmentation-Based Deep Learning for Robotic Picking." Agronomy 13, no. 6 (May 25, 2023): 1469. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13061469.

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An apple-picking robot is now the most widely accepted method in the substitution of low-efficiency and high-cost labor-intensive apple harvesting. Although most current research on apple-picking robots works well in the laboratory, most of them are unworkable in an orchard environment due to unsatisfied apple positioning performance. In general, an accurate, fast, and widely used apple positioning method for an apple-picking robot remains lacking. Some positioning methods with detection-based deep learning reached an acceptable performance in some orchards. However, apples occluded by apples, leaves, and branches are ignored in these methods with detection-based deep learning. Therefore, an apple binocular positioning method based on a Mask Region Convolutional Neural Network (Mask R-CNN, an instance segmentation network) was developed to achieve better apple positioning. A binocular camera (Bumblebee XB3) was adapted to capture binocular images of apples. After that, a Mask R-CNN was applied to implement instance segmentation of apple binocular images. Then, template matching with a parallel polar line constraint was applied for the stereo matching of apples. Finally, four feature point pairs of apples from binocular images were selected to calculate disparity and depth. The trained Mask R-CNN reached a detection and segmentation intersection over union (IoU) of 80.11% and 84.39%, respectively. The coefficient of variation (CoV) and positioning accuracy (PA) of binocular positioning were 5.28 mm and 99.49%, respectively. The research developed a new method to fulfill binocular positioning with a segmentation-based neural network.

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Rupasinghe*, H. P. Vasantha, Dennis P. Murr, Jennifer R. DeEll, and Joseph Odumeru. "Effect of 1-MCP and NatureSeal™ on Fresh-cut Apple." HortScience 39, no. 4 (July 2004): 829C—829. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.4.829c.

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Wounding during processing triggers physiological reactions that limits shelf-life of fresh-cut apples. Exposure of `Empire' and `Crispin' apples at harvest to the ethylene antagonist 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP, SmartFresh™) on the maintenance of fresh-cut apple quality was evaluated in combination with post-cut dipping of NatureSeal™. Efficacy of 1-MCP on fresh-cut physiology and quality depended on the storage duration and apple cultivar. Ethylene production and respiration of apple slices were inhibited by 1-MCP but not by NatureSeal. Total volatiles produced by fresh-cut apples was not affected by the treatments. 1-MCP influenced the quality attributes of fresh-cut apple slices prepared from apples stored either 4 months in cold storage or 6 months in controlled atmosphere. Enzymatic browning and softening of the cut-surface, total soluble solids, and total microbial growth were suppressed by 1-MCP in `Empire' apples. Overall, the influence of 1-MCP on quality attributes in `Crispin' apple slices was marginal. NatureSeal consistently maintained the firmness of fresh-cut apple slices held at 4 °C for up to 21 days. The additive effect of 1-MCP in the maintenance of apple quality is an advantage for processing and marketing of fresh-cut apples.

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Relawati, Rahayu, Masyhuri Masyhuri, Lestari Rahayu Waluyati, and Jangkung Handoyo Mulyo. "The Important Attributes of Local and Imported Apple : A Factor Analysis Application." Agro Ekonomi 28, no. 1 (June 28, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jae.22658.

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This study aims to find the important attributes of local and imported apple. A consumer survey was conducted in Java Island representated by four big cities: Malang, Surabaya, Yogyakarta, and Bandung. Three categories of purchasing place at each city are supermarket, fruit stall and traditional market. Accidental sampling was done to choose the samples of consumer. The total respondents interviewed was 240 consumers consisting of 120 for each attribute. The data of apple attributes and purchasing place were analyzed by exploratory factor analysis supported by SPSS software. The result suggests that the important quality attributes of local and imported apples are grouped in each two latent factors namely quality and cultivar. Meanwhile, purchasing place is grouped in one latent factor. All quality attributes of local and imported apples have positive correlation with the apple quality, but there is a different fi nding in which apple flavor of local and imported apples are not the most important attribute that ranked fi rst based on consumer assessment. The factor of apple cultivar always associates with the apple size, both on local and imported apples. Rome Beauty (local apple) and Fuji (imported apple) have greater average size than other cultivars. Thus, these attributes are already attached one another. The factor of purchasing place becomes an important part which accompanies the apple’s quality attributes and is considered by consumers in purchasing apple.

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Davies, Thomas, Sophie Watts, Kendra McClure, Zoë Migicovsky, and Sean Myles. "Phenotypic divergence between the cultivated apple (Malus domestica) and its primary wild progenitor (Malus sieversii)." PLOS ONE 17, no. 3 (March 23, 2022): e0250751. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250751.

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An understanding of the relationship between the cultivated apple (Malus domestica) and its primary wild progenitor species (M. sieversii) not only provides an understanding of how apples have been improved in the past, but may be useful for apple improvement in the future. We measured 10 phenotypes in over 1000 unique apple accessions belonging to M. domestica and M. sieversii from Canada’s Apple Biodiversity Collection. Using principal components analysis (PCA), we determined that M. domestica and M. sieversii differ significantly in phenotypic space and are nearly completely distinguishable as two separate groups. We found that M. domestica had a shorter juvenile phase than M. sieversii and that cultivated trees produced flowers and ripe fruit later than their wild progenitors. Cultivated apples were also 3.6 times heavier, 43% less acidic, and had 68% less phenolic content than wild apples. Using historical records, we found that apple breeding over the past 200 years has resulted in a trend towards apples that have higher soluble solids, are less bitter, and soften less during storage. Our results quantify the significant changes in phenotype that have taken place since apple domestication, and provide evidence that apple breeding has led to continued phenotypic divergence of the cultivated apple from its wild progenitor species.

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S, Naveen. "Apple Fruit Disease Classification using Naive Bayes Algorithm." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 08, no. 05 (May 10, 2024): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem33588.

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Apples are one of the most productive varieties of fruit in the world, with a high nutritional and medicinal value. However, numerous diseases affect apple production on a wide scale, resulting in significant economic losses. These diseases often go overlooked until just before, after, or after fruit has been processed. Many pathogens can be avoided with cultural traditions and (optional) fungicides, even if there are no cures for tainted fruit. However, accurate diagnosis is essential for determining the right management practices and preventing further losses. Apple scab, apple rot, and apple blotch are some of the most prevalent diseases that affect apples. The proposed approach will greatly aid in the automated identification and classification of apple diseases, according to our test results. We discovered that normal apples were easy to discern from diseased apples in our trial, and that the texture-based GLCM function produced more reliable results for apple disease classification, with a classification accuracy of more than 96.43 percent. This demonstrates that combining the GLCM extraction function with naive bayes classification will greatly improve accuracy. Key Words: Naive bayes, Apple Diseases, Classifier

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Polák, J., and J. Zieglerová. "Distribution of Apple stem grooving virus in apple trees in the Czech Republic." Plant Protection Science 37, No. 1 (January 1, 2001): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/8360-pps.

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From 1997 to 2000 the distribution of Apple stem grooving virus (ASGV) in selected intensive apple orchards was investigated at six sites in the Czech Republic. Detection of ASGV was by ELISA. The virus was found to be commonly distributed; it was detected in over 50 % of the tested trees. Some cultivars were infected up to 100 %, while several were found to be virus-free. A high incidence of infected trees appeared in both older (20 years) and younger (7 to 8 years) orchards. This emphasizes the necessity to initiate the certification of the health condition of nursery material according to the system recommended by the EPPO.

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Denardi, F., L. F. Hough, and A. P. Camilo. "‘Primícia’ Apple." HortScience 23, no. 3 (June 1988): 632. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.23.3.632.

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Abstract The principal area of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) production in Brazil is in the south in the states of Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul, and Paraná. In these states, apples are grown using modern technology, and trees are propagated on size-controlling rootstocks (1). Apple production areas are limited because present cultivars have inadequate climatic adaptation and a high level of susceptibility to fungal diseases, including apple scab [Venturia inaequalis (Cke.) Wint.], powdery mildew [Podosphaera leucotricha (Ell. & Ev.) Salm.], and bitter rot [Glomerella cingulata (Ston.) Spauld & Schrenk] (2). There is a need to develop early ripening cultivars that would make it possible to reduce the cost of chemical protection against diseases and also reduce the length of time that late-maturing apples must be stored until the beginning of the next summer's harvest.

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Licht, Tine R., Max Hansen, Anders Bergström, Morten Poulsen, Britta N. Krath, Jaroslaw Markowski, Lars O. Dragsted, and Andrea Wilcks. "Effects of apples and specific apple components on the cecal environment of conventional rats: role of apple pectin." BMC Microbiology 10, no. 1 (2010): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2180-10-13.

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Kotova, Viktoriya, Volodymyr Shapkin, and Kateryna Tertyshna. "Chemical and Pharmaceutical Features of Obtaining Pectins from Apple Pomace and Prospects for Use in Medicine and Pharmacy." SSP Modern Pharmacy and Medicine 4, no. 1 (January 9, 2024): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.53933/sspmpm.v4i1.126.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has shown the need to increase the level of providing patients with medicines. The development of new drugs using natural biomaterials remains relevant. The chemical and pharmaceutical features of obtaining apple pectin have been studied. The influence of technological factors during the extraction of apple pulp from different varieties of apples on the yield of pectin substances was studied. A chemical analysis of pectin content and output was carried out. The fractional composition of pectin substances was analyzed. Prospects for the use of pectins in medicine and pharmacy are outlined. The effect of the technological conditions of extraction of pectin extract from apple pomace on the content and yield of pectin in apple pulp from different varieties of apples was investigated. The technology for obtaining pectins from apple pulp in the presence of various acidic agents is presented, and it is established that the conditions for obtaining apple pectins are optimal for obtaining the highest yield of pectin compounds when choosing the technological parameters of the first stage of hydrolysis for summer and autumn varieties of apples using citric acid with a concentration of 0.10-0.15%, at a temperature of 80-85°C, lasting 2 hours for autumn varieties of apples, and 2.5 hours for summer varieties of apples. Under the conditions of the proposed technology, highly esterified apple pectin (degree of esterification on average 75%) was obtained from apple pulp of autumn and summer varieties of apples, which can be used in medicine and pharmacy.

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Rupasinghe, H. P. V., G. M. Huber, C. Embree, and P. L. Forsline. "Red-fleshed apple as a source for functional beverages." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 90, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps09057.

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The potential of anthocyanin pigments in fruits and vegetables to provide protection against oxidative damage is well known. Cyanidin-3-O-galactoside is a naturally occurring red pigment commonly found in skin of apples but also present in flesh of certain crab apple and apple genotypes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the cyanidin-3-O-galactoside concentration and antioxidant capacity of juice made from 14 genotypes of red-fleshed apples in comparison to three white-fleshed apple cultivars and three commercial apple juices. Cyanidin-3-O-galactoside was found only in the juice made from red-fleshed apple genotypes with the highest concentrations (39 mg L-1) in a crab apple Roberts Crab. The antioxidant capacity measured using the Folin-Ciocalteu, the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assays were the greatest in juice prepared from the red-fleshed genotypes Babine and Malus pumila Niedzwetzkyana, a red-fleshed crab apple genotype. The antioxidant capacity measures were strongly correlated with each other; however, there was no correlation between the concentration of cyanidin-3-O-galactoside and the antioxidant capacity measures. The juice quality parameters °Brix and titratable acidity values were not significantly different among the juices made from the red-fleshed apples, commercial apples and commercial apple juice products.Key words: Red-fleshed apple, Malus species, antioxidants, cyanidin-3-O-galactoside, Folin-Ciocalteu, FRAP, ORAC, functional beverage

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Cai, Shibiao, Bangyu Zheng, Zhiyuan Zhao, Zhaoxia Zheng, Na Yang, and Bingnian Zhai. "Precision Nitrogen Fertilizer and Irrigation Management for Apple Cultivation Based on a Multilevel Comprehensive Evaluation Method of Yield, Quality, and Profit Indices." Water 15, no. 3 (January 24, 2023): 468. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15030468.

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Precise and efficient fertilizer and irrigation management is critical for apple production in the Loess Plateau, China. In this study, we established three levels of nitrogen application and irrigation in nine treatments in an apple orchard based on a completely randomized block design. Then, we analyzed different apple indicator responses to nitrogen and irrigation and their related interactions. More importantly, we used the multilevel comprehensive fuzzy evaluation value (MFCE) method to combine the weights of all indicators to obtain the comprehensive growth indicators for apples. Finally, we analyzed the effect of nitrogen and irrigation coupling on the comprehensive growth of apples and then determined the optimal interval for nitrogen application and irrigation. The results indicated that an increase in the amount of irrigation was beneficial for apple yield, but excessive nitrogen fertilizer application significantly reduced apple yield. The apple indicators were not sensitive to irrigation and nitrogen application and their related interactions; they were mainly controlled by the apple cultivar. On the other hand, an increase in the amount of nitrogen fertilizer or a reduction in the amount of irrigation could improve apple quality. The results of the comprehensive evaluation showed that the T5 treatment was most beneficial for the comprehensive growth of apples. To obtain the optimal interval for nitrogen application and irrigation more precisely, we used multiple linear regression based on the MFCE values of apples, nitrogen, and irrigation in R language. Nitrogen and irrigation showed a positive effect on the comprehensive growth of apples when the irrigation amount was low. However, nitrogen application and irrigation had a negative effect on the comprehensive growth of apples when the irrigation level was high. After optimization, the optimal nitrogen application and irrigation amounts were 170.5–189.5 kg·hm−2 and 38.4–42.7 mm, respectively. We recommend using this irrigation and fertilizer management scheme for apple orchards in China’s Loess Plateau.

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Lutfi, Moch, Hasan Syaiful Rizal, Mochammad Hasyim, Muhammad Faishol Amrulloh, and Zulfatun Nikmatus Saadah. "Feature Extraction and Naïve Bayes Algorithm for Defect Classification of Manalagi Apples." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2394, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2394/1/012014.

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Abstract Apple is one of the trees that is widely cultivated and grows in subtropical areas. In Indonesia, there are many areas that cultivate apples, including Malang, Batu, Nongkojajar. One way to increase the economic value of apple farmers is by sorting them before sending them to the market. This is important to do in order to make it easier to determine the quality and selling price of manalagi apples. Most apple sellers will sort the apples manually which results in high costs, difficulty, and inconsistency in the sorting process. So far, the classification of defects in apples has been done using the naked eye. This also requires expertise or experts in distinguishing which apple defects are. However, experts have limitations, not all apple defects can be recognized or classified. In addition, each researcher only uses one image feature, namely the texture feature. In this study, using an image dataset of Manalagi apples totaling 337 images, where there are 184 images of good apples and 153 images of defective apples by extracting features on apples, it can be concluded that the nave Bayes method can be used to classify defects of manalagi apples based on texture.

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Kierczyńska, Sylwia. "DETERMINANTS OF PURCHASE PRICES OF APPLES FOR PROCESSING IN POLAND." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XXV, no. 4 (November 20, 2023): 167–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0054.0102.

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The aim of the study was to identify the significant determinants of the level of purchase prices of apples for processing in Poland. The subject of the research is purchase prices of apples for processing published in the semi-annual Fruit and Vegetable Market by the Institute of Agricultural and Food Economics – National Research Institute. The study showed that the purchase prices of apples for processing in Poland were significantly influenced by the export prices of apples, the volume of the export of concentrated apple juice, and the export prices of concentrated apple juice. The increase in the export prices of apples may be caused by the growing demand for Polish apples on foreign markets, which may result in lower availability of apples for processing. Therefore, the increase in the export prices of apples was accompanied by the increase in the purchase prices of these fruits for processing. The volume of export of concentrated apple juice depends on the volume of production of this processed product, which is influenced by the volume of apples harvested in Poland. The volume of apples harvested is negatively correlated with the purchase prices of apples for processing. Therefore, the increase in the export of concentrated apple juice was accompanied by relatively low purchase prices of apples for processing. The level of export prices of concentrated apple juice was strongly related to the level of purchase prices of apples for processing and the increase of purchase prices of apples was accompanied by an increase in export prices of concentrated apple juice.

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Liu, Xiaopeng, Zhentao Cao, Liu Yang, Huan Chen, and Yonglin Zhang. "Research on Damage Properties of Apples Based on Static Compression Combined with the Finite Element Method." Foods 11, no. 13 (June 23, 2022): 1851. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11131851.

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Apples are easily damaged during transportation due to extrusion and collision, resulting in structural damage and deterioration. To better understand apples’ mechanical–structural damage behavior, a texture analyzer platform combined with in situ observation was established. The effects of extrusion distance, speed, working temperature, and typical kinds of apple were considered for damage mechanisms. Apple damage was analyzed via the finite element method (FEM). The results indicated that the apple extrusion behavior can be divided into elastic interaction and plastic damage. Compression displacement effects were obviously significant in terms of structural damage, and apple samples were in an elastic stage with displacement of less than 2.3 mm, and no structural damage. The peak force energy-displacement mathematical model was established, showing an “s” shape and upward parabolic shape. The critical compression energy was around 100N·mm during elastic interaction. The damaged area was positively correlated with the compression energy. The FEM simulation results were consistent with the damage distribution of apples. The effects of speed on the three apple types were different. Red Fuji apples with a bruised area were not sensitive to pressure speed. The effect on the crack forming of Ralls apples was significant. Golden Delicious apples with a bruised area and crack formation showed an intermediate effect. The peak force–temperature fitting curve showed a downward parabolic shape and an R2 determination factor of 0.99982. Apple squeeze damage mechanisms provide theoretical guidance for apple damage control.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Apple'

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