Journal articles on the topic 'Apple fruit size'
To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Apple fruit size.
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Apple fruit size.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Zhang, Jianlu, Graham F. Thiele, and Richard N. Rowe. "Gala apple fruit size distribution." New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science 23, no. 1 (March 1995): 85–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01140671.1995.9513871.
Full text
2
Jiang, Xiaogang, Mingwang Zhu, Jinliang Yao, Yuxiang Zhang, and Yande Liu. "Study on the Effect of Apple Size Difference on Soluble Solids Content Model Based on Near-Infrared (NIR) Spectroscopy." Journal of Spectroscopy 2022 (May 27, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3740527.
Full textAbstract:
Soluble solids content (SSC) is a vital evaluation index for the internal quality of apples, and NIR spectroscopy is the preferred technique for predicting the SSC of apples. Due to the differences in fruits’ sizes, their SSC prediction models have poor robustness and low prediction accuracy, so it is important to eliminate the effects brought by the differences in fruit sizes to improve the accuracy of fruit sorting models. The NIR spectra of apples with different fruit sizes were collected by applying NIR spectroscopy online detection device, and after various preprocessing of the spectra, the partial least squares (PLS) models of apple SSC were established, respectively, and then the modeling set in the apple fruit size group of 75 mm–85 mm was used to predict the prediction set samples in the apple fruit size group of 65 mm–75 mm and 85 mm–95 mm, respectively. To better address the effects of apple size differences, data fusion techniques were used to perform an intermediate fusion of apple fruit diameter and spectra, firstly, the competitive adaptive reweighting algorithm (CARS) and the continuous projection algorithm (SPA) were used to select spectral variables and build their prediction models for apple SSC, respectively, and the results showed that the models built with 61 spectral variables selected by CARS had better performance, greatly reduced the amount of data involved in modeling, effectively simplified the model, and improved the stability of the model. The apple size variables were added to the wavelength variables selected by CARS, and the data were normalized to establish a PLS model of apple SSC with the normalized spectral and apple fruit diameter data, and the results showed that the size compensation model based on intermediate fusion had the best prediction performance, with the prediction set Rp of 0.886 for fruit diameter of 65 mm–75 mm, RMSEP of 0.536%, and its prediction set Rp was 0.913 and RMSEP was 0.497% for the fruit diameter of 85 mm–95 mm. Therefore, adding the fruit diameter variable to establish the size-compensated model of apple SSC can improve the prediction performance of the model.
3
Robinson*, Terence L., and Christopher B. Watkins. "Cropload Affects Fruit Quality of Honeycrisp Apple." HortScience 39, no. 4 (July 2004): 841D—842. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.4.841d.
Full textAbstract:
In 2001 and 2002, we imposed a wide range of croploads (0-15 fruits/cm2 of TCA) on 4- and 5-year-old Honeycrisp/M.9 trees by manual hand thinning soon after bloom to define appropriate croploads that give adequate repeat bloom and also the best fruit quality. At harvest each year we evaluated fruit ripening and quality. Samples were stored for 5 months in air at 38 °F and 33 °F and evaluated for fruit firmness and storage disorders. Cropload was negatively correlated with tree growth, return bloom, fruit size, fruit red color, fruit sugar content, fruit starch content, fruit firmness, fruit acidity, fruit bitter pit, fruit senescent breakdown, fruit rot and fruit superficial scald, but was positively correlated with leaf blotch symptoms, fruit internal ethylene concentration at harvest, and fruit soggy breakdown. There was a strong effect of cropload on fruit size up to a cropload 7, beyond which there was only a small additional effect. Although there was considerable variation in return bloom, a relatively low cropload was required to obtain adequate return bloom. Fruit red color was reduced only slightly up to a cropload of 8 beyond which it was reduced dramatically. The reduced fruit color and sugar content at high croploads could indicate a delay in maturity of but, fruits from high croploads were also softer, had less starch and greater internal ethylene. It that excessive croploads advance maturity. Overall, croploads greater than 10 resulted in no bloom the next year, and poor fruit size, color and flavor, but these fruits tended to have the least storage disorders. Moderate croploads (7-8) resulted in disappointing return bloom and mediocre fruit quality. For optimum quality and annual cropping, relatively low croploads of 4-5 were necessary.
4
Marini, Richard P., James R. Schupp, Tara Auxt Baugher, and Robert Crassweller. "Estimating Apple Fruit Size Distribution from Early-season Fruit Diameter Measurements." HortScience 54, no. 11 (November 2019): 1947–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci14281-19.
Full textAbstract:
In three experiments, diameters of apples representing 7% to 30% of the fruit on a tree were measured at ≈60 days after full bloom. Using previously published regression equations, the early-season fruit diameter values were used to estimate apple fruit weight at harvest (FWH). At harvest, all fruit on sample trees were weighed and the distributions of estimated FWH for fruit measured early in the season were compared with distributions of the actual FWH for whole trees. Actual FWH was normally distributed for only one of the three experiments. Although the estimated mean FWH averaged for the 10 trees was within 9% of the actual mean FWH for all three experiments, the distribution of estimated FWH differed significantly from the actual distribution for all three experiments. All fruit were then assigned to appropriate commercial fruit sizes or box counts (number of fruit/19.05 kg). Fruit size tended to peak on the same four box counts for the estimated and actual populations, but the estimated populations had too few fruits in the small- and large-size box counts. Using early-season estimates of FWH, commercial apple growers and packers can predict fairly accurately the percentage of the crop that will fall into the peak box counts, but a more accurate early-season estimate of the fruit size distribution will likely require measuring 50% of the fruit on a tree.
5
Malladi, Anish, Peter Goldsbrough, and Peter Hirst. "Regulation of Fruit Growth and Fruit Size in Apple." HortScience 40, no. 4 (July 2005): 1097A—1097. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1097a.
Full textAbstract:
Fruit development in apple cultivars varying in their ultimate fruit size was analyzed using cytology, flow cytometry (FCM), and semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Fruit size variation across cultivars was largely explained by variation in cell number. The cell division phase lasted for less than 30 days in all varieties, less than previously believed. A distinct overlap between the cell division and cell expansion phases was present. Analysis of the relative cell production rate (rCPR) showed a major peak about 10 days after full bloom (DAFB) after which it declined. Comparison of the rCPR across varieties suggested distinct patterns of cell production with `Gala' having a low but sustained rCPR, `Pixy Crunch' a short but high rCPR, and `Golden Delicious' having a high and sustained rCPR. FCM analysis also showed similar patterns with a peak in the proportion of dividing cells about 10 DAFB followed by a decline. To further understand regulation of cell number, four cell cycle related genes were cloned from `Gala'. Cyclin Dependent Kinase B (CDK B) and Cyclin B were found to be highly cell division phase specific in their expression. Analysis of gene expression by semi-quantitative RT-PCR indicated peak expression of these two genes at 5-10 DAFB, consistent with the peaks in rCPR and proportion of dividing cells. Comparison of gene expression across the varieties showed higher peak expression of the above genes in the larger-fruited `Golden Delicious' than in the smaller-fruited `Gala.' This study provides novel insight into the regulation of fruit development in apple and also suggests a role for the cell cycle genes in fruit size regulation.
6
Meagher, Robert L., and Larry A. Hull. "Site Selection for Oviposition and Larval Feeding by the Tufted Apple Bud Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) on Apple in Pennsylvania." Journal of Entomological Science 26, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-26.1.149.
Full textAbstract:
Intensive sampling was used to characterize the size and leaf type for tufted apple bud moth, Platynota idaeusalis (Walker), egg mass deposition, and to determine the association and site of larval feeding on fruit and foliage in Pennsylvania apple orchards. Results suggest tufted apple bud moth prefer to oviposit on smaller leaves (<20 cm2), and egg mass size was 0.16 cm2 during first brood and 0.12 cm2 during second brood. Significantly more first and second brood egg masses were oviposited on leaves within nonfruiting spurs than on either vegetative shoots or fruiting spurs. Both larval broods were found in association with leaves only rather than leaves and fruit. Fruit injury due to larval feeding during both broods occurred more on the calyx (sepals) surface area than the side or stem surface areas of the fruit. In cultivar comparisons of fruit, more surface injury was located on the site of the fruit from ‘Stayman’ trees than for ‘Golden Delicious’ trees.
7
Stiles, Warren C. "`Empire' Apple Responses to Fruit-thinning Chemicals." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 765E—765. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.765e.
Full textAbstract:
Effects of NAA at 5, 10, and 15 ppm, Accel at 50, 75, and 100 ppm, NAA at 7.5 ppm plus carbaryl at 600 ppm, and a nontreated control on fruit set, fruit size, length–diameter ratio, seed numbers per fruit, and total yield of fruit were evaluated during the 1994 season. All treatments were applied to 10-year-old `Empire'/M.9/MM.111 trees as dilute sprays at a rate of 935 liters·ha–1 with an airblast sprayer on 3 June. King fruit measured 9–11 mm in diameter at time of application. Fruit set (fruits per 100 blossom clusters) was reduced significantly by Accel at 50 ppm (17%) and by NAA plus carbaryl (26%) in comparison with the nontreated control. Total yield of fruit was increased by all treatments; however, fruit from trees treated with NAA plus carbaryl was significantly larger than that from all other treatments. Percentages of small fruit, <108 g, were reduced by all treatments. Percentage of fruit ≥ 153 g was increased significantly only by NAA plus carbaryl. Length–diameter ratios and numbers of fully developed seeds per fruit were not influenced significantly by treatments. NAA at rates of 5, 10, and 15 ppm, or Accel at 50, 75, or 100 ppm, were less effective than a combination of NAA at 7.5 ppm plus carbaryl at 600 ppm in reducing fruit set and in affecting fruit size or fruit size distribution.
8
Cmelik, Zlatko, and Stanislav Tojnko. "(318) Influence of Orchard Site Parameters and Fruit Distribution within Canopy on Fruit Quality of `Fuji' Apple." HortScience 40, no. 4 (July 2005): 1027E—1027. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1027e.
Full textAbstract:
Canopies of `Fuji' apple trees, grafted on M.9 rootstock, planted in 1998 on two orchard sites at 2.8 × 0.7 m and trained as super spindles, were subdivided in Spring 2003 into upper and lower parts. In each part, the number of fruits, yield per tree, external (fruit size classes, and fruit coloring), and internal (total sugar content, titratable acid content, and flesh firmness) fruit quality attributes were determined. The orchard site parameters affected growth, yield, and fruit quality in different ways. The less suitable orchard site had less growth, lower yield per tree, and a lower percentage of first class fruits, but most fruits had good color (86% in top and 75% in lower part of canopy). The favorable orchard site produced higher growth and yield, and a higher percentage of first class fruits, but fruits had poorer color. In the lower part of the canopy, fruits were of a good size, but had poor color. Fruits of the best quality were obtained from the top part of the tree.
9
Hampson, C. R., K. Sanford, and J. Cline. "Preferences of Canadian consumers for apple fruit size." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 82, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 165–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p01-059.
Full textAbstract:
Apple fruit size preferences are known to vary among consumer populations. Characteristic commercial fruit size varies among apple-growing regions within Canada for a given cultivar. Canadian consumer preferences for apple size are not well documented, nor is it known whether preferences vary among regions. In this study, 586 consumers from British Columbia, Ontario and Nova Scotia were asked to rate a series of apple sizes using the affective “Just Right” scale. Ideal fruit size was similar regardless of province or consumer gender. Age groups differed slightly in fruit size preference. The Just Right score was a linear function of fruit diameter for all groups. The fruit diameter considered ideal for dessert use ranged from 7.4 to 7.6 cm among the age groups. Key words: Malus × domestica Borkh., sensory evaluation, consumer preference
10
Weis, Sarah A., and William J. Bramlage. "SAMPLING METHOD AFFECTS MINERAL ANALYSES OF DELICIOUS APPLE FRUIT." HortScience 27, no. 11 (November 1992): 1159e—1159. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.11.1159e.
Full textAbstract:
Fifty four trees in a block of `Sturdeespur' Delicious on M.106 rootstock were given soil applications of various combinations of boron and gypsum. Twenty 2.9 to 3.0 inch diameter fruit and 20 unsized randomly chosen fruit were separately weighed and analyzed for Ca, Mg, K, and B concentrations. The coefficient of variation among fruit weights was greater for unsized than sized samples. Analyses of variance showed similar treatment effects for the two sampling methods. However, by using both sized and unsized fruit, effects of treatment on fruit size, and effects of relationships between fruit size and fruit mineral concentration may be separated.
11
Carew, Richard, and Elwin G. Smith. "The value of apple characteristics to wholesalers in western Canada: A hedonic approach." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 84, no. 3 (July 1, 2004): 829–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p03-164.
Full textAbstract:
Sensory methods have been used to evaluate subjective apple characteristics such as juiciness, flavour, and texture. There is very little information to indicate the value wholesalers place on objective apple characteristics such as cultivar, grade, and fruit size. In this study, a hedonic price function for apples was estimated to evaluate the relationship between British Columbia (BC) apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) prices and the wholesalers’ perception of product quality characteristics. In this study, sales data and cultivar characteristics were obtained for three large wholesalers in western Canada that purchase BC fruit. Cultivar, fruit size, and grade were the most significant variables influencing apple prices. Wholesalers paid price premiums ($2.25 to $5.25 per tray) for speciality cultivars such as Gala, Fuji and Braeburn compared with traditional cultivars such as McIntosh, Red Delicious and Spartan. Large fruit size earned a price premium ($1.73 per tray) and small fruit were discounted ($2.00 per tray) compared with medium size apples. Apples graded Canada Extra Fancy (One Stripe) and BC Extra Fancy provided packing houses with price premiums ($1.50) over Canada Fancy. Apples in controlled-atmosphere (CA) storage earned price premiums ($0.96 to $1.89 per tray) in the months of January through June. Key words: Apple characteristics, wholesalers' preference, hedonic price function.
12
Naor, Amos, Isaac Klein, and Israel Doron. "Stem Water Potential and Apple Size." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 120, no. 4 (July 1995): 577–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.120.4.577.
Full textAbstract:
The sensitivity of leaf (ψleaf) and stem (ψstem) water potential and stomatal conductance (gs) to soil moisture availability in apple (Malus domestics Borkh.) trees and their correlation with yield components were studied in a field experiment. Two drip irrigation treatments, 440 mm (H) and 210 mm (L), were applied to a `Golden Delicious' apple orchard during cell enlargement stage (55-173 days after full bloom). Data collected included ψstem, y leaf, gs, and soil water potential at 25 (ψsoil-25) and 50 cm (ψsoil-50). No differences in midday ψleaf's were found between irrigation treatments. Stem water potential was higher in the H treatment than in the L treatment in diurnal measurements, and at midday throughout the season. Stomatal conductance of the H treatment was higher than the L treatment throughout the day. Stomatal conductance between 0930 and 1530 hr were highly correlated with ψstem. The H treatment increased the percentage of fruit >65 mm, and increased the proportion of earlier harvested fruit reaching marketable size compared to the L treatment. Fruit size in the first harvest and the total yield were highly correlated with ψstem. The degree of correlation between plant water stress indicators and yield component decreased in the following order: ψstem>ψsoil-25,>ψsoil-50>ψleaf. The data suggest that midday ψstem may serve as a preferable plant water stress indicator with respect to fruit size.
13
Greene, Duane W. "Evaluation of New and Promising Apple Cultivars for New England." HortScience 33, no. 2 (April 1998): 205d—205. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.2.205d.
Full textAbstract:
Over 225 apple cultivars grown at the Horticultural Research Center in Belchertown have been evaluated for fruit quality and fruit characteristics. Methods used to determine fruit characteristics and organoleptic assessment will be presented. The postharvest potential of the most promising apples will be presented. Two apples ripen about the first of September and show promise for early market. `Sansa' is a medium-sized red apple that ripens about the first of September. It is a high-quality apple with characteristics similar to `Gala'. `Ginger Gold' is a large, firm, mild-flavored, russet-free, yellow apple. `Honeycrisp' is a red apple that ripens in mid-September, before `McIntosh'. It is a large, mild-flavored apple that is sometimes erratic in red color development. It maintains firmness and explosive crispness out of storage better than any other apple evaluated. `Golden Supreme' is an extremely attractive, russet-free `Golden Delicious' type ripening 7 to 10 days before `Golden Delicious'. When ripe it has a very aromatic, fruity flavor. It stores better than `Golden Delicious'. Other apples with merit that have commercial potential include: `Hampshire', `Shizuka', `Cameo', `Creston', `Coop 25', `Coop 29', and `Braeburn'. `Pink Lady' is a very late maturing, new cultivar that is being heavily planted in other areas. Although it does mature here, based upon starch rating, fruit size is small, the flesh is dry and very tart, and taste is only fair.
14
Elkaoud, Nabil S. M., and Ragab K. Mahmoud. "Design and implementation of sequential fruit size sorting machine." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 26, no. 10 (October 2022): 722–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v26n10p722-728.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT This study aimed to develop a simple and easy to construct fruits size sorting machine. The sorting machine was designed to sort oranges, apples, and yellow plums in small, medium, large, and extra-large size groups based on physical and mechanical properties including axial dimensions, arithmetic mean diameter, sphericity, mass, volume, projected area, and frictional characteristics (coefficient of static friction) against two structural surfaces of the sorting machine (galvanized iron and rubber). The maximum sorting efficiency of the machine was 98% at 20 rpm for plums. Whereas the minimum fruit sorting efficiency of the machine at 25 rpm was 76% for apple fruits. The sorting efficiency of the machine increased with increasing sphericity ratio of fruits. The sorting machine productivity was 280, 250, and 212 kg h-1 for sorting oranges, apples, and plums, respectively. It is recommended that the machine should be operated at three slope angles of the sorting unit 20º, 15º, and 10º for oranges, apples, and plums, respectively. These angles correspond to the coefficient of static friction of the tested fruit.
15
Stanley, C. J., and D. S. Tustin. "683 Contributions of Early Season Environment and Crop Load to Apple Fruit Development." HortScience 35, no. 3 (June 2000): 516D—516. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.3.516d.
Full textAbstract:
Many factors contribute to final apple fruit size. Researchers have studied these factors and have developed models, some very complex. Results from many New Zealand regions over several years suggest that early season temperature along with crop load are the key factors driving final fruit size. Accumulated growing degree days from full bloom to 50 days after full bloom (DAFB), accounted for 90% of the variance in fruit weight of `Royal Gala' apples at 50 DAFB under nonlimiting low-crop-load conditions. In turn, fruit weight at 50 DAFB accounted for 90% of the variance in final fruit size at harvest under the low-crop-load conditions. We hypothesise that a potential maximum fruit size is set by 50 DAFB, determined by total fruit cell number, resulting from a temperature-responsive cell division phase. Under conditions of no limitations after the cell division phase, we suggest that all cells would expand to their optimum size to provide the maximum fruit size achievable for that cell number. Factors which affect growth partitioning among fruits, e.g., higher crop loads, would reduce final fruit size, for any given cell number, when grown in the same environment. In Oct. 1999, four different crop loads were established at full bloom on `Royal Gala' trees (M9 rootstock) in four climatically different regions. In Hawkes Bay, similar crop loads were established at 50 DAFB on additional trees. Hourly temperatures were recorded over the season. Fruit size was measured at 50 DAFB and fruit will be harvested in Feb. 2000. These data should provide fresh insight and discussion into the respective roles of temperature and competition during the cell division fruit growth phase on apple fruit size.
16
Hu, Guangrui, Enyu Zhang, Jianguo Zhou, Jian Zhao, Zening Gao, Adilet Sugirbay, Hongling Jin, Shuo Zhang, and Jun Chen. "Infield Apple Detection and Grading Based on Multi-Feature Fusion." Horticulturae 7, no. 9 (September 2, 2021): 276. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7090276.
Full textAbstract:
A field-based apple detection and grading device was developed and used to detect and grade apples in the field using a deep learning framework. Four features were selected for apple grading, namely, size, color, shape, and surface defects, and detection algorithms were designed to discriminate between the four features using machine vision and other methods. Then, the four apple features were fused, and a support vector machine (SVM) was used for infield apple grading into three grades: first-grade fruit, second-grade fruit, and other-grade fruit. The results showed that for a single index, the accuracy of detecting the apple size, the fruit shape, the color, and the surface defects, were 99.04%, 97.71%, 98%, and 95.85%. The grading accuracies for the first-grade fruit, second-grade fruit, other-grade fruit, and the average grading accuracy based on multiple features were 94.55%, 95.71%, 100%, and 95.49%, respectively. The field experiment showed that the average grading accuracy was 94.12% when the feeding interval of the apples was less than 1.5 s and the walking speed did not exceed 0.5 m/s, meeting the accuracy requirements of field-based apple grading.
17
Malladi*, Anish, and Peter Hirst. "Molecular Analysis of Fruit Size Regulation in Apple." HortScience 39, no. 4 (July 2004): 868C—868. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.4.868c.
Full textAbstract:
Fruit size is a commercially valuable trait. Although several factors are known to affect fruit size in apple, insights into the molecular aspects of its regulation are lacking. Our research aims to understand fruit size regulation using a combination of approaches. Analysis of a large fruited mutant of `Gala', `Grand Gala' (GG), showed that it was 40% heavier than `Gala' at harvest. Increase in size of GG fruit was caused by an increase in the cell size apparent at full bloom. Flow cytometry revealed the presence of multiple levels of ploidy (up to 16C) in GG during early fruit development. Increase in ploidy of GG is hypothesized to be due to endoreduplication, a process normally absent in apple. Endoreduplication is a modification of the cell cycle where DNA replication is not followed by cell division, resulting in increased DNA content accompanied by increased cell size. To understand if the cell cycle is altered in GG, four key cell cycle regulators, MdCDKA1, MdCDKB1, MdCYCB2 and MdCYCD3 have been partially cloned from apple using RT-PCR and RACE. As cell number at the end of the cell division phase is correlated with fruit size at harvest, expression analysis of these genes can provide valuable insights into their role in the regulation of cell number and fruit size. Analysis of cell cycle gene expression in GG may provide key insights into the altered molecular regulation that leads to endoreduplication in the mutant. Parallel approaches being employed to study whether environmental and cultural factors regulate fruit size through an influence on the cell cycle will also be discussed.
18
Khort, Dmitriy, Alexey Kutyrev, Igor Smirnov, and Daniil Pupin. "Development automated capture device for picking apples." E3S Web of Conferences 285 (2021): 07025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128507025.
Full textAbstract:
In the system of the mechanized process of cultivation of fruit crops, harvesting is an important final stage, which requires the development of new, convenient, including those that do not damage the fruit, automated technical devices. As a result of a series of experiments, the operability of the developed automated fruit picking device was confirmed, it gently captures the fruit and reliably holds it. The operating modes of the automated device for picking fruits have been established. The following characteristics of the device for picking fruits were revealed: the time for a complete capture of the apple is from 1.5 seconds to 2 seconds, depending on their size, the maximum size of the captured apple is 85x80 mm, the maximum weight of the captured apple is 400 g. The permissible pressure of the paws of the device on the fruit is determined ... It was found that with the force of the linear stepper motor on the pusher in 8N, the safety of the apple is ensured with minimal damage, while the apple is securely fixed in the capture paws.
19
Robinson, Terence. "Optimum Fruit Size and Yield to Maximize Crop Value of Gala Apple." HortScience 41, no. 4 (July 2006): 982D—982. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.4.982d.
Full textAbstract:
Field thinning studies were conducted in two orchards at Geneva and Milton, N.Y., over 3 years (2003–05) using mature Gala/M.9 trees. A range of final croploads was achieved with various chemical thinning treatments, including, benzyladenine combined with carbaryl, or napthaleneacetic acid combined with carbaryl. The most-aggressive thinning treatments in the year with high rainfall achieved an average fruit size of 190–200 g; however, the yield was reduced considerably, resulting in a reduced farm gate crop value compared to less-aggressive thinning. In a dry year, the fruit sizes were smaller even with aggressive thinning. The optimum yield for maximum crop value varied for each orchard block for each year. The optimum croploads varied less than the optimum yield, since cropload normalizes the tree size between blocks. Optimum fruit size to maximize crop value varied narrowly between 155–170 g (113–100 count size) across blocks and years. This was true despite a substantial price difference between large, 80-count fruits and the moderate-size 113-count fruits. If lower prices received for processed apples were used in the analysis, then the optimum yield was significantly higher than with fresh fruit prices. In New York State, it appears that achieving 80-count fruit requires too large of a reduction in yield, which causes a reduction in crop value.
20
Mullins, C. A., and R. A. Straw. "APPLE ROOTSTOCK PERFORMANCE." HortScience 25, no. 9 (September 1990): 1115d—1115. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1115d.
Full textAbstract:
Nine size controlling apple rootstock were evaluated in trials initiated at the Plateau Experiment Station, Crossville, TN in 1981 using `Starkspur Supreme Delicious' as the scion cultivar. Tree survival was poor with M.9 EMLA, Ottawa 3, M.27 EMLA, and Mark rootstock. Trees on M.27 EMLA and Mark were extremely low in vigor and yields. Root suckering was severe with MAC 24 and M.7 EMLA. Trees on M.26 EMLA were the most productive over six fruiting years. Fruit from trees on Ottawa 3 tended to be firmer and have more red color than fruit from trees on the other rootstock when harvested on the same date. Fruit size did not vary due to rootstock over the six fruiting years.
21
Black, Brent L., Martin J. Bukovac, and Matej Stopar. "Growth Response of Apple Fruit to NAA and Accel: Effect of Intraspur Competition and Position on a Spur." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 765D—765. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.765d.
Full textAbstract:
Apple fruit size is influenced by position on the spur, and location and number of competing fruits. King fruit appear to have the greatest potential to size and grow best in the absence of intraspur fruit competition (ISFC). Accel (A) and NAA (N), commercial thinning chemicals, influence fruit size beyond their effects on crop load. A 2-year study was conducted to determine the effect of ISFC and position (king, K, or lateral, L) on fruit growth in response to A and N. Branches from `Redchief Delicious' were thinned, after petal fall, to one K, one L, one K + one L, or two L fruits per spur. Whole-tree treatments of N (15 mg·liter–1), A (50 mg·liter–1, 1993; 25 mg·liter–1), and a combination (N+A) were applied at 10-mm king fruit diameter. A nontreated control was included. In 1993, N and N+A reduced fruit size only with ISFC, while A increased fruit size in the absence of ISFC. In 1994, A had no effect, but N and N+A reduced fruit growth with ISFC. In both seasons, A and N decreased the frequency of spurs bearing multiple fruit, while N+A dramatically increased number of spurs with multiple fruits (branch survey).
22
Johnston, Jason W., Errol W. Hewett, Maartem L. A. T. M. Hertog, and F. Roger Harker. "Harvest date and fruit size affect postharvest softening of apple fruit." Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology 77, no. 3 (January 2002): 355–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14620316.2002.11511505.
Full text
23
Kviklys, Darius, Jonas Viškelis, Mindaugas Liaudanskas, Valdimaras Janulis, Kristina Laužikė, Giedrė Samuolienė, Nobertas Uselis, and Juozas Lanauskas. "Apple Fruit Growth and Quality Depend on the Position in Tree Canopy." Plants 11, no. 2 (January 12, 2022): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11020196.
Full textAbstract:
Modern apple orchard systems should guarantee homogeneity of fruit internal and external qualities and fruit maturity parameters. However, when orchards reach productive age, a variation of these parameters takes place and mostly it is related to uneven light distribution within the tree canopy. The aim of the study was to evaluate the canopy position’s effect on fruit internal and external quality parameters. This is the first study where all the main fruit quality and maturation parameters were evaluated on the same trees and were related to the light conditions and photosynthetic parameters. Four fruit positions were tested: top of the apple tree, lower inside part of the canopy, and east and west sides of the apple tree. Fruit quality variability was significant for fruit size, blush, colour indices, total sugar content, dry matter concentration, accumulation of secondary metabolites and radical scavenging activity. Fruit position in the canopy did not affect flesh firmness and fruit maturity parameters such as the starch index, Streif index and respiration rate. At the Lithuanian geographical location (55°60′ N), significantly, the highest fruit quality was achieved at the top of the apple tree. The tendency was established that apple fruits from the west side of the canopy have better fruit quality than from the east side and it could be related to better light conditions at the west side of the tree. Inside the canopy, fruits were distinguished only by the higher accumulation of triterpenic compounds and higher content of malic acid. Light is a main factor of fruit quality variation, thus all orchard management practices, including narrow two-dimensional tree canopies and reflecting ground covers which improve light penetration through the tree canopy, should be applied.
24
Bu, Haidong, Xiaohuan Sun, Pengtao Yue, Junling Qiao, Jiamao Sun, Aide Wang, Hui Yuan, and Wenquan Yu. "The MdAux/IAA2 Transcription Repressor Regulates Cell and Fruit Size in Apple Fruit." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 16 (August 21, 2022): 9454. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23169454.
Full textAbstract:
Auxin plays an important role in regulating plant development, and Auxin/indole acetic acid (Aux/IAA) is a type of auxin-responsive gene and plays an important role in auxin signaling; to date, although 29 Aux/IAA proteins have been reported in Abrabidopsis thaliana, only parts of the Aux/IAA family gene functions have been identified. We previously reported that a bud sport of ‘Longfeng’ (LF) apple (Malus domestica), named ‘Grand longfeng’ (GLF), which showed a larger fruit size than LF, has lower expression of MdAux/IAA2. In this study, we identified the function of the MdAux/IAA2 gene in apple fruit size difference using Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation. Overexpression of MdAux/IAA2 decreased the apple flesh callus increment and caused a smaller globular cell size. In addition, overexpression of MdAux/IAA2 in GLF fruit resulted in the reduction of apple fruit size, weight, and cell size, while silencing MdAux/IAA2 in LF apple fruit resulted in an increase in apple fruit weight and cell size. We suggest that the high auxin content depressed the expression of MdAux/IAA2, and that the downregulated expression of MdAux/IAA2 led to the formation of GLF. Our study suggests a mechanism for fruit size regulation in plants and we will explore the transcription factors functioning in this process in the future.
25
Stoeckli, Sibylle, Karsten Mody, Silvia Dorn, and Markus Kellerhals. "Association between Herbivore Resistance and Fruit Quality in Apple." HortScience 46, no. 1 (January 2011): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.46.1.12.
Full textAbstract:
Enhanced fruit quality, plant health, and productivity are major objectives in apple breeding. The undesirable fruit quality traits frequently associated with pest- and disease-resistant cultivars may be related to resource allocation tradeoffs. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the association between insect resistance and fruit quality in apple. The studied ‘Fiesta’ × ‘Discovery’ apple progeny was characterized by reasonable fruit firmness and optimal sugar content and acidity but small fruit size. There was a positive correlation between codling moth (Cydia pomonella) fruit infestation and fruit firmness. Additionally, a positive correlation was detected between shoot infestation by green apple aphid (Aphis pomi), fruit number as well as sugar content. Infestation by the apple leaf miner moth (Lyonetia clerkella), the rosy apple aphid (Dysaphis plantaginea), the leaf-curling aphid (Dysaphis cf. devecta), and the apple rust mite (Aculus schlechtendali) was not significantly related to fruit quality traits. The positive relationship of increased infestation by some pest insects and quality-determining fruit characteristics such as firmness or sugar content points to a possibly increased necessity for plant protection measures in apple cultivars producing high-quality fruits. One possible explanation of higher pest infestation in cultivars producing fruits with high quality is a tradeoff between resource allocation to defensive secondary metabolites or to fruit quality. By identifying a relationship between pest infestation and fruit quality, the present study highlights the need to consider pest resistance when breeding for high-quality apple cultivars. The use of genetic markers for fruit quality and pest resistance in marker-assisted breeding may facilitate the combined consideration of fruit quality and pest resistance in apple breeding programs.
26
Davis, Kathy, Ed Stover, and Ferdinand Wirth. "Economics of Fruit Thinning: A Review Focusing on Apple and Citrus." HortTechnology 14, no. 2 (January 2004): 282–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.14.2.0282.
Full textAbstract:
Hundreds of fruit thinning experiments have been reported for various fruits including apple (Malus × domestica) and citrus (Citrus spp.). Unfortunately, very few of these reports attempt to evaluate the economic implications of thinning. Researchers routinely report significant cropload reduction accompanied by an increase in fruit size. Although these are crucial responses to thinning, they are not always associated with an increase in crop value, which is the commercial justification for thinning. The few economic studies summarized in this review illustrate that the economic effects of fruit thinning vary widely, and successful thinning often reduces returns to the grower, at least in the year of treatment. It is important to quantify the economic benefits of thinning and identify croploads that balance the trade-off between yield and fruit size to provide optimal crop value. Future thinning research should report total yields and fruit size distributions to permit economic assessments and comparisons of treatments.
27
Racskó, József. "Crop Load, Fruit Thinning and their Effects on Fruit Quality of Apple (Malus domestica Borkh.)." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 24 (October 11, 2006): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/24/3221.
Full textAbstract:
Crop load, a quantitative parameter used by industry, is generally defined as the number of fruit per tree. It is often expressed in terms of number of fruit per trunk cross-sectional area (fruit/TCSA). Crop load is the most important of all factors that influence fruit size, and the removing of a part of the crop is the most effective way to improve fruit size.The potential size of a given pome fruit is determined early in the season and growth proceeds at a relatively uniform rate thereafter. This uniform growth rate permits the accurate prediction of the harvest size of the fruit as early as mid-summer. The growth rate, once established, is not easily altered, and fruit numbers, therefore, can affect fruit size only within definite limits and maximum effectiveness requires adjustment in fruit numbers relatively early in the season. It was established, that „thinning does not change a potentially small fruit into a large fruit, but rather insures that a potentially large fruit will size properly.” Emphasis should be on estimating fruit numbers rather than fruit size.Fruit thinning can quickly reach the point of diminishing returns. Rather than a high percentage of large fruits, the objectives of thinning should be the elimination of the smallest fruits, improved fruit quality and annual production. Fruit thinning is accomplished by hand or chemical thinning. Chemical thinners are separated into categories as bloom thinners and post-bloom thinners. Early removal of potential fruit (blossom thinning) is currently used in many apple producing areas to enhance flower initiation for next year’s crop and thus, return bloom. It also results in reduced competition for photosynthates. Blossom thinners usually have a caustic effect on floral parts.The amount of fruit left on a tree should be determined by the vigor and general condition of the tree. Leaf area per fruit affects the number of spurs flowering the following season. It can be difficult to separate timing and fruit number effects in crop loading studies, as abscission rates after hand thinning of retained flowers/fruitlets tend to very with the time of hand thinning.
28
Simoni, Sauro, Gino Angeli, Mario Baldessari, and Carlo Duso. "Effects of Aculus schlechtendali (Acari: Eriophyidae) population densities on Golden Delicious apple production." Acarologia 58, Suppl (September 28, 2018): 134–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.24349/acarologia/20184276.
Full textAbstract:
Field trials were carried out in order to evaluate the seasonal abundance and the impact on yields of the Apple Rust Mite (ARM) Aculus schlechtendali (Acari: Eriophyidae) in an experimental fruit orchard located in northern Italy (Trentino region). The effect of ARM on yield and market quality parameters were assessed on Golden Delicious apple fruits. Fruit size, fruit weight, round colour hue, presence of russet as well as inside quality, i.e. soluble solids, acidity and Perlim index, were evaluated over two seasons considering three population levels of ARM that were determined applying different pesticide strategies. Effects of rust mites on return bloom and yield efficiency were also evaluated. ARM seasonal abundance showed a peak in mid-summer. Relationships between ARM and predatory mites were weak. Moderate to high ARM densities affected fruits size, fruit weight, and round colour hue of Golden Delicious fruits. In contrast, ARM populations did not affect russet on fruits, return bloom and yield efficiency. Additional studies were conducted in the laboratory, on detached Golden Delicious apple leaves, to evaluate the potential for population increase at temperatures close to those recorded in field conditions. These studies evidenced a high potential for population increase.
29
Schupp, J. R., S. I. Koller, and W. D. Hosmer. "Testing a Power Duster for Pollination of `McIntosh' Apples." HortScience 32, no. 3 (June 1997): 473D—473. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.3.473d.
Full textAbstract:
This study was undertaken to test the efficacy of a power duster for supplemental pollination of `McIntosh' apple trees, where lack of nearby pollinizing cultivars was thought to be a limiting factor to productivity. The pollen duster was ineffective in increasing fruit set, fruit size, or seed number in fruits on limbs that were covered with spun-bonded rowcover material prior to bloom. Applying supplemental pollen to open-pollinated `McIntosh' trees had no effect on fruit set, yield, fruit size, or seed number, regardless of pollen dose, timing, or number of applications. Dispersal of supplemental pollen with a power duster appears to be an inefficient method of pollinating apple trees.
30
Wismer, Paul T., J. T. A. Proctor, and D. C. Elfving. "Benzyladenine Affects Cell Division and Cell Size during Apple Fruit Thinning." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 120, no. 5 (September 1995): 802–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.120.5.802.
Full textAbstract:
Benzyladenine (BA), carbaryl (CB), daminozide (DM), and naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) were applied postbloom as fruitlet thinning agents to mature `Empire' apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees. BA, NAA, and CB reduced fruit set and yield per tree, and increased fruit size, percent dry weight, soluble solidscontent and return bloom. Fruit size was reduced, return bloom, length: diameter ratio and flesh firmness were increased, and fruit set and yield unaltered by DM. Although fruit set and yield were similar for BA, NAA, and CB, BA treated fruit were larger, indicating that BA increased fruit size beyond the effect attributable to chemical thinning alone. BA increased the rate of cell layer formation in the fruit cortex, indicating that BA stimulated cortical cell division. NAA, CB and DM had no effect on cell division rate. Mean cortical cell diameter at harvest was increased by NAA and CB and reduced by DM. Cell diameter at harvest in BA-treated fruit was similar to the control. These data support the hypothesis that BA-induced fruit size increase in `Empire' apple results from greater numbers of cells in the fruit cortex, whereas the fruit size increase due to NAA or CB is a consequence of larger cell size. Chemical names used: N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purine-6-amine [benzyladenine (BA)]; 1-napthaleneacetic acid (NM); 1-naphthalenyl methylcarbamate [carbaryl (CB)]; butanedioic acid mono (2,2dimethyl hydrazide) [daminozide (DM)].
31
Militaru, Madalina, Victor Bucarciuc, Madalina Butac, Eugenia Maresi, Mihai Chivu, Adelina Zoican, and Adelina Zoican. "FRUIT PHYSICO-CHEMICAL QUALITY PARAMETERS OF NEW INTRODUCED APPLE CULTIVARS." Fruit Growing Research 37, no. 37 (December 16, 2021): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.33045/fgr.v37.2021.06.
Full textAbstract:
The apple fruit is the second most frequently consumed, after bananas and some quality characteristics like size, gloss, color, and aroma influenced directly the flesh consumption. In this study, the external (weight, size, skin colour) and internal (firmness, total soluble solids, acidity, pH) fruit quality attributes were measured experimentally before the storage, using well defined techniques. 'Corelita', 'Coreal', 'Corealor', 'Coredova', 'Corejuno', 'Coretard', 'Coreagat', 'Coreor' and 'Coreprim' cultivars were registered, in the last 15 years, by Practical Scientific Institute of Horticulture and Food Technologies Chișinău, Republic of Moldova, as scab resistant varieties. The orchard trial was established at the Research Institute for Fruit Growing Pitesti, Romania in the spring 2014 on MM106 rootstock, at the spacing of 3.5 x 2 m and fruit samples were analyzed in 2019, 2020 and 2021 seasons. All studied cultivars were harvested before 'Florina' cv., used as control. Fruit weight was quite variable among genotypes, between 115.15 g at 'Coreal' cv. and 212.41 g at 'Corejuno', and most of the cultivars had smaller fruits than 'Florina' cv. Firmness and total soluble solids varied from 70.5 to 82.61 N and 12.77 to 16.77%Brix. The Hunter color values L, a, b, were found to be in the range of 46.12 to 56.76, - 6.46 to 14, 13.75 to 23.72, respectively. The data about the external and internal fruit quality of new Moldavian scab resistant apple cultivars are useful for growers, in order to introduce in the new orchards only cultivars with high quality fruits.
32
Drobnjak, Dragana. "The Response of 'Golden Delicious' Apple Grafted on M 9 and MM 106 Rootstock to Chemical Fruit Thinning." АГРОЗНАЊЕ 17, no. 2 (February 3, 2017): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.7251/agren1602153d.
Full textAbstract:
The effect of plant growth regulator in early stages of fruit development is to slow or stop the growth of lateral fruits and to cause their early drop. Two commercial plant growth regulator formulations naphthalene-acetamide (NAD) and naphthaleneaceticacid (NAA) were used. The applied doses of plant growth regulator were in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations, for Amidthin 100-130 g/hl and Nokad 20-25 ml/hl. The first treatment was applied after full bloom, and the second when central fruit was 9-12 mm in size. The biggest effect on fruit weight and size was recorded on treated Golden Delicious fruits grafted on M 9 rootstock. It was found that minimum number of fruits per branch was on M 9 rootstock. Also, the most pronounced effect of fruit thinning regarding fruit weight and size was on trees grafted on M 9. Results showed that fruits had decreased firmness and increased dry matter content. However, it did not show significant differences in values of iodine - starch test and acid content.
33
Garriz, P. I., G. M. Colavita, H. L. Alvarez, and A. J. Alvarez. "Effect of Upright Shoot Removal on Fruit Size and Maturity of Four-year-old `Braeburn' Apple Trees." HortScience 33, no. 3 (June 1998): 496e—497. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.3.496e.
Full textAbstract:
The effect of upright shoot removal on the progress of maturity and fruit size around the normal picking time were evaluated for apple fruits cv. `Braeburn' at the Experimental Farm of the Comahue National Univ., Rio Negro, Argentina, during the 1996–97 growing season. The experiment was conducted on 4-year-old trees, spaced 4.0 × 2.3 m and trained to palmette leader. Average fruit load was 80 fruits per tree. Five trees per treatment were randomly selected; they were: 1) select cuts: water sprouts were eliminated entirely at 78 days after full bloom (DAFB) and additional removal of newly formed shoots arising from the scaffolds was performed at 120 DAFB; 2) control: trees received no cuts. From 158 to 184 DAFB, a sample of four fruits was taken from each tree at weekly intervals. Fruit size and internal quality were measured. Loss of leaf surface by shoot removal significantly decreased fruit mass by 4.74%, for all data combined (P < 0.05). There was no treament effect on maturity, although the rate of firmness decline was lower for fruit from treated trees. At 172 DAFB, pressure, starch index (iodine test) and soluble solids concentration values for control fruits were 80.55 N, 3.72 and 12.35%, respectively. In the treated trees, fruit mass was 201.03 g at final harvest. It was concluded that reduction in photoassimilates following severe upright shoot removal may be a key factor in the negative effect of this practice on final fruit size. These results suggest some goals of pruning and training for optimizing apple yield.
34
Autio, Wesley R. "EFFECTS OF ROOTSTOCK ON `DELICIOUS' APPLE FRUIT PROPERTIES." HortScience 25, no. 9 (September 1990): 1147a—1147. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1147a.
Full textAbstract:
The effects of rootstock on `Delicious' apple maturity, quality, size, mineral composition, and storability were studied over a 4-year period. Removing the effects of crop load and crop load within year by analysis of covariance produced results suggesting that M.27 EMLA and Ott.3 advanced fruit maturity and that M.7 EMLA delayed fruit maturity. M.9, MAC 9, OAR 1, M.9 EMLA, and M.26 EMLA either were inconsistent in their effect on maturity or consistently resulted in an intermediate maturity. Size, after adjusting for the effects of crop load and crop load within year, was consistently high for fruit from trees on M.9 EMLA, and lowest for fruit from trees on OAR 1. After adjusting for fruit size, fruit from trees on MAC 9 generally had high Ca contents, and fruit from trees on OAR 1 had low Ca contents. The effect of rootstock on storability appeared to be secondary and related to maturity and Ca level.
35
Csihon, Á., I. J. Holb, and I. Gonda. "Evaluation of generative accomplishment of new apple cultivars in Hungary." International Journal of Horticultural Science 21, no. 1-2 (April 12, 2015): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31421/ijhs/21/1-2./1151.
Full textAbstract:
In a two year study, 14 new apple cultivars (cvs ’Gala Venus Fengal’, ’Gala Decarli-Fendeca’, ’Galaval’, ’Jugala’, ’Gala Schnitzer (S) Schniga’, ’Red Cap Valtod (S)’, ’Early Red One’, ’Jeromine’, ’Crimson Crisp (Co-op 39)’, ’Red Topaz’, ’Wilton’s Red Jonaprince’, ’Red Idared’, ’Fuji September Wonder’ and club cultivar) were studied in Eastern Hungary at Nyírbátor. The following parameters were measured: trunk cross sectional area (cm2), harvest time with yield (date, kg/tree, number/tree), fruit size (mm), fruit surface color (%), and color intensity of the fruit surface (1-5). According to our two year assessments regarding, the best generative accomplishment was achieved for the cvs ‘Gala’ sorts trained to slender spindle and the cv ‘Red Jonaprince’ trained to super spindle. According to the trunk cross sectional area the ‘Gala’ sport trained to slender spindle showed the strongest growth among the 4 years old trees, while the cv ‘Fuji SW’ and the cv ‘Jeromine’ presented lower vegetative accomplishment. The ripening time of the cultivars started at the end of August and finished at the beginning of October. ‘Gala’ mutants trained to slender spindle provided the highest yields. Fruit size of all cultivars reached the market required standard, however, cvs ‘Red Jonaprince’ and ‘Red Idared’ produced large fruits over 90 mm. The fruit size of the ‘Gala’ sort was 72–75 mm. Most of the cultivars showed high fruit surface color and color intensity.
36
Christodoulou, Maria D., and Alastair Culham. "When do apples stop growing, and why does it matter?" PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (June 10, 2021): e0252288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252288.
Full textAbstract:
Apples in the commercial food chain are harvested up to two weeks before maturity. We explore apple fruit development through the growing season to establish the point at which physical features differentiating those cultivars become evident. This is relevant both for the understanding of the growing process and to ensure that any identification and classification tools can be used both on ripened-on-tree and stored fruit. Current literature presents some contradictory findings on apple growth, we studied 12 apple cultivars in the Brogdale National Fruit Collection, UK over two seasons to establish patterns of growth. Fruit were sampled at regular time points throughout the growing season and four morphometrics (maximum length, maximum diameter, weight, and centroid size) were collected. These were regressed against growing degree days in order to appropriately describe the growth pattern observed. All four morphometrics were adequately described using log-log linear regressions, with adjusted R2 estimates ranging from 78.3% (maximum length) to 86.7% (weight). For all four morphometrics, a 10% increase in growing degree days was associated with a 1% increase in the morphometric. Our findings refine previous work presenting rapid early growth followed by a plateau in later stages of development and contrast with published expo-linear models. We established that apples harvested for commercial storage purposes, two weeks prior to maturity, showed only a modest decrease in size compared with ripened-on-tree fruit, demonstrating that size morphometric approaches are appropriate for classification of apple fruit at point of harvest.
37
Stanley, C. J., J. R. Stokes, and D. S. Tustin. "EARLY PREDICTION OF APPLE FRUIT SIZE USING ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 557 (July 2001): 441–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2001.557.59.
Full text
38
Wismer, Paul T., J. T. A. Proctor, and D. C. Elfving. "Benzyladenine Effects on Cell Division and Cell Size during Apple Fruit Thinning." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 852F—852. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.852f.
Full textAbstract:
Benzyladenine (BA), carbaryl (CB), daminozide (DM), and naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) were applied postbloom, as fruitlet thinning agents, to mature `Empire' apple trees. Although fruit set and yield were similar for BA, NAA, and CB, BA-treated fruit were larger, indicating BA increased fruit size beyond the effect attributable to thinning. BA applied at 100 mg·liter–1 increased the rate of cell layer formation in the fruit cortex, indicating that BA stimulated cortical cell division. The maximum rate of cell division occurred 10 to 14 days after full bloom (DAFB) when fruit relative growth rate and density reached a maximum and percent dry weight reached a minimum. Cell size in BA-treated fruit was similar to the control. Cell division ended by 35 DAFB in the control and BA-treated fruit when percent dry weight and dry weight began to increase rapidly and fruit density changed from a rapid to a slower rate of decreased density. These data support the hypothesis that BA-induced fruit size increases in `Empire' apple result largely from greater numbers of cells in the fruit cortex, whereas the fruit size increase due to NAA or CB is a consequence of larger cell size.
39
Hampson, Cheryl, and Karen Bedford. "Efficacy of blossom thinning treatments to reduce fruit set and increase fruit size of Ambrosia and Aurora Golden Gala™ apples." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 91, no. 6 (November 1, 2011): 983–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps2011-070.
Full textAbstract:
Hampson, C. and Bedford, K. 2011. Efficacy of blossom thinning treatments to reduce fruit set and increase fruit size of Ambrosia and Aurora Golden Gala™ apples. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 983–990. The usefulness of several blossom thinning treatments to reduce fruit set and improve the final fruit size of two new Canadian apple (Malus×domestica Borkh.) cultivars was investigated. Ambrosia and 8S6923 (also called Aurora Golden Gala™) apple trees in a high density commercial superspindle planting were used. Ammonium thiosulphate (ATS) at 1.6% vol/vol or Crocker's fish oil and lime sulphur (FOLS) at 2+2% vol/vol were applied at 20 and 80% full bloom with an airblast sprayer. The chemical blossom thinning treatments were compared with a positive control [hand blossom thinning (HBT)], done at open cluster to king bloom stage, and a negative control (no blossom thinning). All trees received follow-up hand thinning as necessary to end up with a commercial crop load (single fruits about 15 cm apart). Hand blossom thinning resulted in about 95% single-fruit clusters and obviated the need for further thinning, but required considerable labour. Both ATS and FOLS reduced initial set (fruit number per tree, mean fruit number per cluster), but neither eliminated the need for follow-up fruitlet thinning. The two chemicals had similar efficacy in many respects, but FOLS was superior in certain specific measures of performance. In 2009, ATS negatively altered the fruit size distribution for 8S6923. For 8S6923, HBT improved fruit size without reducing yield. Ambrosia fruit size was less responsive to blossom thinning, and in the second year, yield was lower for trees receiving HBT. No fruit russet occurred on either cultivar. Return bloom was sufficient for a full crop for both cultivars after both years. 8S6923 was more productive than Ambrosia but was more difficult to thin.
40
Basak, Alina, Bogusława Niezborała, and Barbara Cisek. "Apple fruitlet thinning of Golden Delicious trees." Acta Agrobotanica 46, no. 2 (2013): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.1993.012.
Full textAbstract:
NAA, carbaryl and ethephon were applied separately or in mixture or additionaly with SADH on the Golden Delicious trees, in five experiments, with the aim of regulating fruiting and increase fruit size. The best results were obtained after treatment with carbaryl at cone. 2500-3000 mg/L separately or with the mixture of carbaryl and NAA at cone. 1500 and 40 mg/L, respectively. These chemicals in general caused succesful thinning and increased fruit size. The lower yield was recompensed by higher quality of apples. The results after treatments with carbaryl in mixture with NAA were comparable to those after hand thinning. NAA increased of apple size effectively also, but only at cone. 40 mg/L or higher. However at cone. higher than 40 mg/L the chemical caused injuries of the leaves and youngest shoots. NAA applied separately was less effective than in the mixture with carbaryl. Ethephon at conc. 400 mg/L, applied 14 days after blooming, caused succesful thinning in general and increased fruit size but to a smaller degree than the other chemicals. However ethephon applied in mixture with NAA increased size similarly as hand thinning. In subsequent year the trees sprayed with the mixture of ethephon and NAA yielded abundantly and the apples were smaller than control onces, consequently. Ethephon applied jointly with carbaryl didn't increase the fruit size in spite of the reduction their number. The mixture of ethephon and SADH caused succesful thinning and increased the fruit size in the year of thinning. But in subsequent year the apples were smaller than in control as a consequence of higher yield.
41
Stover, Ed, Mike Fargione, Richard Risio, and Xiaoe Yang. "Crop Load Reduction and Fruit Size Following Multi-step Thinning of 'Empire' Apple." HortScience 37, no. 1 (February 2002): 130–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.37.1.130.
Full textAbstract:
Two years of field experiments were conducted in eastern New York to evaluate the efficacy of a multi-step thinning approach on reducing crop load (no. fruit per cm2 trunk cross-sectional area) and increasing fruit size of 'Empire' apple (Malus ×domestica Borkh.). Applications of Endothall (ET) at 80% bloom, NAA + carbaryl (CB) at petal fall (PF), and Accel™ + CB at 10 mm king fruitlet diameter (KFD), alone and in all combinations, were compared to a nonthinned control and to the application of NAA + CB at 10 mm KFD (commercial standard). In both 1996 and 1997, orthogonal contrasts indicated the multi-step treatment significantly increased fruit size, reduced cropload, and reduced yield compared to single applications. Effects on cropload of consecutive treatments were largely predicted by multiplying effects of individual treatments. Although all thinning treatments except for NAA + CB at PF in 1997 significantly reduced cropload, no single treatment thinned sufficiently to ensure good return bloom. Compared to NAA + CB at 10 mm KFD, multi-step thinning with NAA + CB at PF followed by Accel™ + CB at 10 mm KFD produced bigger fruits in both years, and resulted in a higher percentage of spurs carrying a single fruit in 1996. When fruit size was evaluated after removing the effect of cropload (cropload adjusted fruit weight), NAA + CB at PF, Accel™ + CB at 10 mm, and the two applied sequentially, resulted in greater cropload adjusted fruit weight than the nonthinned control in both years, whereas NAA + CB at 10 mm did not. Contrast analysis of treatments with and without ET showed no significant effect of including ET on fruit size, though total cropload was reduced at P = 0.10 and total yield was reduced (P = 0.03 in 1996 and P = 0.12 in 1997). No deleterious effects from multi-step treatments have been observed. All thinning treatments significantly increased return bloom in 1996 and 1997 compared to the control with little difference observed between treatments. Chemical names used: naphthalene acetic acid (NAA); 1-naphthyl-N-methylcarbamate [carbaryl (CB)]; 6-benzyladenine [BA (Accel™)]; 7-oxabicyclo (2,2,1) heptane-2,3 dicarboxylic acid [ET (Endothall™)]
42
Hampson, C. R., and H. A. Quamme. "Use of Preference Testing to Identify Tolerance Limits for Fruit Visual Attributes in Apple Breeding." HortScience 35, no. 5 (August 2000): 921–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.5.921.
Full textAbstract:
Sensory evaluation methods were used to establish tentative guidelines for screening apple (Malus ×domestica Borkh.) breeding selections for four visual attributes. A panel of 42 regional consumers rated sample selections for fruit size on the 7-point “Just Right” (JR) scale, for fruit shape on a 7-point hedonic (liking) scale, and for the appearance of lenticels and stem bowl russet (SBR) on a 7-point affective (acceptability) scale. The panel most preferred a fruit about 7.5 cm in diameter. No evidence was found for range bias or for differences between yellow and red apples in size preference. Women and panelists over 55 years of age tended to prefer a slightly smaller apple. Panelists liked all the most common apple shapes. Lenticels generally became unacceptable when they exceeded 1.0 mm in diameter, but lenticel density was not related to acceptability. For red or yellow apples, SBR was acceptable on average, provided its maximum extent did not exceed about 55% of the fruit diameter. The panel's tolerance to SBR resembled that of a larger regional population, and their fruit size preferences resembled those reported elsewhere for European consumers. Similar methods could be used by other breeders to assess the preferences of their target consumer population.
43
Miranda, João M. de S., Ítalo H. L. Cavalcante, Inez V. de M. Oliveira, Paulo R. C. Lopes, and Joston S. de Assis. "Fruit quality of ‘Eva’ e ‘Princesa’ apples grown under nitrogen fertigation in semiarid climate." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 19, no. 10 (October 2015): 967–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v19n10p967-972.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTThe production of high quality fruits is a necessary factor for the adaptation and production of plant species with economic viability. Thus, an experiment was conducted from July 2012 to January 2013 to evaluate the fruit quality of the ‘Eva’ and ‘Princesa’ apple cultivars as a function of nitrogen fertilization in Petrolina, PE, Brazil. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks, with treatments distributed in a factorial arrangement 2 x 4, corresponding to apple cultivars (Eva and Princesa) and nitrogen doses (40; 80; 120 and 160 kg of N ha-1), with four replications and three plants in each plot. The fruit characteristics, such as fruit mass, skin color (luminosity, chromaticity, and colour angle), size (width and length), pulp firmness, titratable acidity (TA), soluble solids (SS) and the SS/TA ratio, were recorded. Nitrogen doses do not affect fruit quality of studied apple cultivars. The fruit quality attributes are different between apple cultivars: fruit firmness, SS/TA ratio, fruit mass and fruit diameter are superior for Princesa cultivar, while the fruit length for Eva cultivar is superior.
44
Wang, Haifen, Junwei Yuan, Lan Chen, Zhaojun Ban, Yanli Zheng, Yuqian Jiang, Yunbin Jiang, and Xihong Li. "Effects of Fruit Storage Temperature and Time on Cloud Stability of Not from Concentrated Apple Juice." Foods 11, no. 17 (August 25, 2022): 2568. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11172568.
Full textAbstract:
Apple juice that is designated ‘Not from concentrated’ (NFC) is now increasingly popular with consumers due to its unique taste and rich nutritional value. However, layered precipitation and instability have emerged as serious technical problems that restrict the viability of the NFC apple juice industry. This study researched the influence of water-cored ‘Fuji’ apple fruit storage under different temperatures (0, 20 °C) and times (0, 9, 18, 30, 60 days) on the turbidity stability of NFC apple juice. Changes in the physicochemical properties (juice yield, pH, total soluble solids and titratable acid), turbidity stability (turbidity and particle size) and precipitation sensitive substances (insoluble starch, total phenolics, soluble protein and pectin) of NFC apple juice were determined, combined with the respiratory rates and ethylene release of apples, in order to study post-harvest regulation and control of processed fruit. Results indicated that fruit storage temperature and time significantly guided the turbidity stability of NFC apple juice. As a typical respiratory climacteric fruit, apple fruit stored 45 days at 0 °C and 15 days at 20 °C gained the best juice stability, respectively. This is basically consistent with the respiratory peak of fruit when processing raw materials. During the post-ripening process, the insoluble starch in apple gradually hydrolyzed into fructose and glucose, while total phenolics diminished and water-soluble pectin content increased. On the other hand, the amounts of pectin, soluble protein and phenolics in fruit juice declined as the fruit aged in the late storage period (stored 75 days at 0 °C and 40 days at 20 °C). Meanwhile particle size became larger and the turbidity stability of cloudy juices also decreased. This study’s results will provide a sound theoretical basis for improving the turbidity stability of NFC apple juice by regulating the physiological state of processed raw materials.
45
Costa, Guglielmo, Luca Corelli Grappadelli, and Fabrizio Bucchi. "181 Studies on Fruit Thinning and Growth in Apple Cultivars." HortScience 35, no. 3 (June 2000): 421F—421. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.3.421f.
Full textAbstract:
Experiments were carried out for 3 years on `Gala' and `Fuji' apple cultivars. The efficacy of the compounds applied during blooming (ATS, Armothin) and at 10 mm king fruit diameter (BA, CPPU, and NAA) was studied. Results showed a poor efficacy of the chemicals applied during bloom, while compounds applied at fruit set showed interesting results. Among the new chemicals, citokinins were the most effective, although their effects were related to the cultivar: BA performs better than CPPU on `Fuji' while vice versa on `Gala'. In addition, both chemicals induced a slightly higher °Brix content, and acidity level showed the tendency to increase L/D ratio of the fruits as compared to controls. Fruit thinning and the strategies to enhance fruit size are applied early in the season and the problem remains, to assess their effectiveness as early as possible in order to adapt the management techniques (e.g., further thinning, if applicable, or fine-tuning of nutrition and irrigation, etc.) to enable the fruit to reach their maximum potential development. A modelling approach proposed by Lakso et al. (1995) postulates that apples grow in weight according to an equation termed “expolinear” (Goudriaan and Monteith, 1990) because after an initial phase of exponential growth (cell division), the apple enters a phase of linear growth (cell expansion) lasting up to harvest. The effectiveness of a thinning agent can therefore be evaluated-and explained-in terms either of the number of cells of the cortex tissue, or of their volume, or both. In addition, assessing the slope of the linear phase as early as possible might provide a prediction tool to evaluate size at harvest. This paper presents data from apple thinning trials on several cultivars. The effectiveness of these applications has been evaluated via an analysis of the cell parameters (number, volume and intercellular spaces) of the fruit's parenchyma cortex tissue. Also, fruit growth data have been used to test the possibility to predict fruit size at harvest once the fruit reaches the phase of linear growth.
46
Silva, Paulo Sérgio Lima e., Rafaela Priscila Antonio, Keny Henrique Mariguele, Kathia Maria Barbosa e. Silva, Lidiane Kely de Lima, and Júlio César do Vale Silva. "Estimates of genetic parameters for fruit yield and quality in custard apple progenies." Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura 29, no. 3 (2007): 550–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-29452007000300027.
Full textAbstract:
Apparently, there are no custard apple cultivars defined for the northeastern region of Brazil. The establishment of breeding programs aimed at the selection of types from productive locations for later cloning is desirable. This work's objective was to evaluate the yield (during the first three crops) and quality (first crop) of fruits from 20 half-sibling custard apple tree progenies, selected from home orchards. An additional objective was to estimate genetic parameters for the traits evaluated. A micro sprinkling-irrigated experiment was conducted in Mossoró-RN, Brazil, as random blocks with five replications. In characteristics evaluated for periods longer than a year (diameter, height and mean weight of fruits, number of fruits ha-1 and fruit yield (kg ha-1), and a split-plot design was adopted, with progenies considered as plots and annual cropping seasons as subplots. The best progenies in terms of fruit yield (A3 and A4) are not necessarily the best for fruit dimensions and fruit mean weight (A2, FE4, JG1, JG2, SM1, SM7, and SM8). These progenies show great potential to be used in future studies on crosses or on vegetative propagation. In this regard, progeny JG2 should be highlighted as promising in terms of yield and fruit size. The progenies are not different with regard to percentages (in relation to mean fruit mass) of pericarp, endocarp, seeds, and receptacle, in the fruit, and fruit volume, number of seeds/fruit, and total soluble solids content in the fruit pulp, but progeny FE4 presents higher total titratable acidity in the fruit pulp. Narrow-sense heritability estimates were relatively high for all characteristics in which there was variability between progenies, with higher values for number of fruits ha-1 (80 %) and fruit yield (78 %). Relatively high coefficients of genotypic variation (around 20%) were observed for number of fruits ha-1 and fruit yield, with lower values for the other characteristics. There were positive genotypic and phenotypic correlations between fruit diameter (FD) and fruit height, FD and mean fruit weight, and number of fruits ha-1 and fruit yield.
47
Marini, Richard P., James R. Schupp, Tara Auxt Baugher, and Robert Crassweller. "Sampling Apple Trees to Accurately Estimate Mean Fruit Weight and Fruit Size Distribution." HortScience 54, no. 6 (June 2019): 1017–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci13956-19.
Full textAbstract:
Canopies of ‘Gala’ and ‘Fuji’ trees, trained to the vertical axis, were divided into eight vertical sections, each representing 12.5% of the tree canopy. The diameter of all ‘Gala’ fruit and fruit weight for all ‘Fuji’ fruit were recorded for each canopy section. Fruit size from most canopy sections was normally distributed and distributions were similar for most sections. Therefore, fruit size distribution for a tree can be estimated by harvesting fruit from two sections of a tree, representing 25% of the canopy. For small trees in intensive plantings, with canopy diameters less than 2.0 m, average fruit diameter or fruit weight estimated from all fruit collected from 25% of the canopy may provide estimates within 7% of the true value.
48
Berlanga-Reyes, David I., Alejandro Romo-Chacón, Ángel R. Martínez-Campos, and Víctor M. Guerrero-Prieto. "APPLE FRUIT CHEMICAL THINNING IN CHIHUAHUA, MÉXICO." Revista Fitotecnia Mexicana 31, no. 3 (September 30, 2008): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.35196/rfm.2008.3.243.
Full textAbstract:
Chemical fruit thinning is a common practice in apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) orchards for achieving high quality fruits, reduced costs of hand-thinning and promote return of flowering. Hand thinning is a common and high cost practice, not only due to the labor involved, but also because seedling and vigorous clonal rootstocks result in large trees. The chemical thinning agents: Ethephon (ETH), Carbaryl (CB), Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), 6- Benzyladenine (6-BA), and fish oil were evaluated on ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘RedChief Delicious’ apple trees in 2004 and 2005. Chemical thinning effect was compared with early and late handthinnings. Treatments were sprayed when the biggest fruit in the clusters was 10 mm in equatorial diameter. NAA showed the best effect in reducing final fruit set in both cultivars and years evaluated, with results comparable to those of early hand-thinning (thinned when king-fruit size was 10 mm) in ‘Golden Delicious’ trees. In ‘RedChief Delicious’, fruit set reduction by NAA, fish oil and CB treatments was similar to early hand-thinned trees only in 2005. In 2005, time spent during supplementary hand-thinning in ‘Golden Delicious’ trees was reduced by chemical thinning treatments, except by fish oil; whereas in ‘RedChief Delicious’ only NAA K-salt reduced it in 2004. An increase in fruit equatorial diameter was observed only in 2004 with NAA and fish oil. Alternate bearing, typical of ‘Golden Delicious’, was not diminished by these chemical thinning treatments.
49
Janick, Jules, Frank H. Emerson, Paul C. Pecknold, Jeffrey A. Crosby, Schuyler Safi Korban, and Daniel F. Dayton. "‘Williams’ Pride’ Apple." HortScience 23, no. 5 (October 1988): 928–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.23.5.928.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract ‘Williams’ Pride’ is an early-maturing, attractive, dark red apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) with excellent fruit quality and field immunity to apple scab incited by Venturia inaequalis (Cke.) Wint. The fruit is of medium to large size and matures with the very earliest known commercial red cultivars in the midwestern United States. It ripens 1 week after ‘Lodi’ and 7.5 to 8 weeks before ‘Delicious’. ‘Williams’ Pride’ is released as a potential commercial cultivar for use as a summer dessert apple. The apple is named in honor of Edwin B. Williams, Emeritus Professor and long time leader of the disease-resistant apple breeding program at Purdue Univ.
50
Abbasi, Nadeem A., and Mosbah M. Kushad. "Peroxidase, Polyphenoloxidase, and Superoxide Dismutase Activities in Relation to Apple Fruit Development, Ripening, and Storage." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 886E—886. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.886e.
Full textAbstract:
Peroxidase (POD), polyphenoloxidase (PPO), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were measured during several phases of bud development, ripening, and storage of `Oregon Spur Red Delicious' (Malus domestica Borkh) apple fruit. POD, PPO, and SOD activities were significantly altered as a result of bud development. At the early stages of fruit development, the activities of these enzymes were significantly higher, then declined as the fruit increased in size. The activities of these enzymes declined as the fruit reached full maturity. Fruits harvested 3 weeks before commercial maturity and stored for up to 6 months have higher enzyme activities than fruits harvested at or beyond commercial maturity. The activities of these enzymes in relation to fruit firmness, soluble solids, and ethylene will be determined and related to overall fruit quality.