Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Apple drying'

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1

Li, Heping. "Microwave assisted osmotic dehydration of apple cylinders under continuous medium flow conditions for improving moisture transfer rate and product quality." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=85933.

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Microwave assisted osmotic dehydration (MWOD) under continuous medium flow conditions is a new process with good potential for quality optimization. It combines microwave process with osmotic dehydration and improves the mass transfer rate of osmotic dehydration process and product quality. The thesis describes the design and development of this process.
Preliminary studies on osmotic dehydration were carried out in two parts. First, the effects of processing time, temperature and solution concentration on mass transfer under conventional osmotic dehydration process were investigated and suitable ranges of parameters: 40-60°C, 40-60°Brix and 3h, for further osmotic dehydration kinetics study were identified. Then, the osmotic dehydration efficiency under continuous flow condition process was evaluated. For this, a continuous flow osmotic contactor was developed and found to be an efficient process in terms of osmotic dehydration of apple cylinders. Solids diffusivity (Ds) was lower in continuous flow osmotic dehydration process compared with conventional osmotic dehydration correspondents (P<0.05). Being a separate operation unit, the dehydration process and solution management can be done in a more efficient way in this process.
Following the preliminary studies, the osmotic contactor was relocated under a microwave oven so that heating and mass transfer operations could be facilitated by continuous microwave treatment providing a microwave assisted osmotic dehydration (MWOD) process. Compared with conventional osmotic dehydration (COD), moisture loss (ML%), solids gain (SG%) and mass transport coefficients (km and ks) of MWOD were improved, the average k m was increased 80% and the average ks was decreased 20%, respectively. Moreover, product rehydration property and color profile were improved. Microwave heating had an important effect on water transfer during the osmotic dehydration. Application of microwave heating to osmotic dehydration process facilitated in increasing moisture loss from the sample and simultaneously restricted the product's solute gain. Higher moisture loss in mass transfers area helped to control and strongly counters the solids gain.
Modeling of the mass transfer phenomenon is necessary to optimize osmotic dehydration processes to have a high product quality at minimum energy costs. To explain the simultaneous mass-flow in an osmo-dehydration process, evaluation of equilibrium kinetics is important. Pseudo-equilibrium (practical equilibrium) and dynamic period data are necessary for estimating the time of osmotic process, and ultimate mass transport of the solutes and water, and hence these data were gathered.
The effect of osmotic dehydration treatment on sample subsequent air drying behavior and product quality parameters were investigated. Compared with control samples, osmostically treated samples moisture diffusivity during subsequent air drying process was reduced over same moisture content range: from 1.18*10-9m2/s to 0.77*10-9--1.07*10 -9 m2/s. Drying rates of MWOD pretreated samples varied depending on treatment conditions. MWOD pretreatment shifted product's color profile to those that can be achieved under freeze drying conditions.
Sorption isotherms induced by osmotic dehydration were studied, using a gravimetric-static method, and fitted to GAB model. Adsorption isotherms of products were affected by drying method and osmotic dehydration pretreatment conditions. Adsorption isotherms of osmo-air dried apple cylinders followed type II isotherms (Sigma shaped curve). Monolayer (Mm) values of the osmo-air dried products were reduced. Sorption isotherms of osmotically treated-air dried products were shifted from the control isotherms.
Overall, this work has demonstrated potential of microwave heating for improving moisture transfer during osmotic dehydration and microwave osmotic treatment on subsequent air drying and resulting product quality, as well as the importance of equilibrium kinetics study in process modeling.
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2

Adonis, M., and M. T. E. Kahn. "Evaluation of a hybrid dryer for the production of apple chips." Journal for New Generation Sciences, Vol 7, Issue 2: Central University of Technology, Free State, Bloemfontein, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/528.

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The paper highlights the design, development and evaluation of a hybrid convective-far-infrared (FIR) dehydrator for the purpose of drying fruit. The methodology followed is based on an experimental and practical approach. The application of the dryer for this study is aimed at the production of apple chips as well as other types of fruit chips and the more common dried fruit. The fruit dryer proposed uses both infrared energy and convective heating to effectively and efficiently dehydrate apple slices to produce dried apple chips. The apple chips are produced in very short time frames and accomplished by using relatively low heater power. These types of apple chip snacks also contribute to the more healthy variety of snacks available on the market.
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3

Pereira, Ana Lucia Fernandes. "Production and spray drying of probiotic beverage made from the fermentation of cashew apple juice." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2013. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=9268.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico
The objective of this study was to develop a probiotic cashew apple juice ready to drink and in the dehydrated form through spray drying. The first stage of the study was the optimization of Lactobacillus casei NRRL B-442 cultivation in cashew apple juice, to optimize the proper inoculum amount and the fermentation time. The optimum conditions for probiotic cashew apple juice production were: initial pH 6.4, fermentation temperature of 30ÂC, inoculation level of 7.48 log CFU/mL (L. casei) and 16 h of fermentation process. Cashew apple juice showed to be as efficient as dairy products for L. casei growth. In a second stage, the stability of probiotic cashew apple juice stored for 42 days at 4ÂC was evaluated. Analyses were conducted in the non fermented cashew apple juice (control), and in the fermented juices with L. casei NRRL B-442, with 8% (w/v) of sucrose (sugar table), after fermentation, and without the addition of sugar. The viability of the probiotic bacteria, sugars and organic acids content, color, antioxidant and enzymatic activity, and sensory characteristics were evaluated during the storage. Viable cell counts increased in the probiotic cashew apple containing sucrose along the storage period. Moreover, the fermentation lead to the preservation of the ascorbic acid content, which had a less intense reduction in the fermented cashew apple juices compared to the non fermented sample. The antioxidant activity and total polyphenolic compounds of cashew apple juice had a similar trend. Browning reactions and nutritional breakdown caused by enzymes were minimized in the fermented samples during storage. In these samples, a higher reduction of the enzymatic activity of polyphenoloxidase and peroxidase activity was observed. During the storage, the increase in the chroma values indicated that yellowness was reinforced, being well accepted by consumers. The sensory attributes (aroma, flavor, acidity and color) of probiotic cashew apple juice were positively influenced by storage under refrigeration for 42 days. In the third stage of the research, the effects of dehydration by spray drying in cashew apple juice containing L. casei NRRL B-442 was assessed and the influence of storage temperature on the viability of L. casei NRRL B-442 and physical properties of the powder were evaluated during 35 days of storage. The drying agents used were: 20% (w/v) maltodextrin or 10% (w/v) maltodextrin + 10% (w/v) arabic gum. The powder of probiotic cashew apple juice showed satisfactory levels of L. casei survival, during drying. During storage, the addition of 10% (w/v) maltodextrin + 10% (w/v) arabic gum kept microbial viability within satisfactory levels when the powder was subjected to cooling at 4ÂC. However, greater differences in the reconstituted powder color and higher rehydration time were obtained in this condition. On the other hand, the addition of 20% (w/v) maltodextrin provided better yield. In conclusion, cashew apple juice is a good substrate for the probiotic beverage production, and the condition of drying agents 10% maltodextrin + 10% arabic gum is adequate to maintain satisfactory levels of L. casei NRRL B-442 survival for 35 days, in the powder of probiotic cashew juice stored at 4ÂC.
O objetivo desta pesquisa foi elaborar um produto probiÃtico à base de suco de caju pronto para beber, como tambÃm, na forma desidratada obtida pela secagem por aspersÃo (spray drying). A primeira etapa da pesquisa consistiu em otimizar as condiÃÃes de crescimento do Lactobacillus casei NRRL B-442 em suco de caju, a quantidade adequada de inÃculo e o tempo de fermentaÃÃo. As condiÃÃes Ãtimas para produÃÃo do suco de caju probiÃtico foram: pH inicial de 6,4, temperatura de fermentaÃÃo de 30ÂC, quantidade de inÃculo de 7,48 log UFC/mL (L. casei) e 16 h de fermentaÃÃo. O suco de caju mostrou ser tÃo eficiente quanto os produtos lÃcteos para o crescimento de L. casei. Em uma segunda etapa, foi avaliada a estabilidade da bebida probiÃtica de caju estocada por 42 dias a 4ÂC. Foram realizadas anÃlises no suco de caju nÃo fermentado (controle) e nos sucos fermentados com L. casei NRRL B-442, adicionado ou nÃo de 8% (p/v) de sacarose depois da fermentaÃÃo. Durante a estocagem, foram realizadas as determinaÃÃes de viabilidade de L. casei NRRL B-442, conteÃdo de aÃÃcares e Ãcidos orgÃnicos, cor, atividade antioxidante e enzimÃtica e aceitaÃÃo sensorial. Foi observado que o nÃmero de cÃlulas viÃveis aumentou no suco de caju contendo sacarose ao longo da estocagem. AlÃm disso, a fermentaÃÃo proporcionou um efeito conservante no conteÃdo de Ãcido ascÃrbico que teve uma reduÃÃo menos intensa, com a estocagem, nos sucos fermentados, quando comparados com o controle. A atividade antioxidante e o conteÃdo de polifenÃis apresentaram similar tendÃncia. ReaÃÃes que reduzem o valor nutricional causadas por enzimas foram minimizadas nas amostras fermentadas durante a estocagem. Nessas amostras foi observada maior reduÃÃo da atividade enzimÃtica da polifenoloxidase e peroxidase. Durante a estocagem, o aumento do croma indicou que a cor amarela foi intensificada, sendo bem aceita pelos consumidores. Os atributos sensoriais (aroma, sabor, acidez e cor) do suco de caju probiÃtico foram positivamente influenciados pela estocagem sob refrigeraÃÃo por 42 dias. Na terceira etapa da pesquisa, foi avaliado o efeito da desidrataÃÃo por spray drying no suco de caju contendo L. casei NRRL B-442, alÃm de avaliar a influÃncia da temperatura de estocagem sobre a viabilidade de L. casei e nas propriedades fÃsicas do pÃ, durante 35 dias de estocagem. Os agentes de secagem usados foram: 20% (p/v) de maltodextrina ou 10% (p/v) de maltodextrina + 10% (p/v) de goma arÃbica. O suco de caju probiÃtico desidratado por spray drying apresentou nÃveis satisfatÃrios de sobrevivÃncia de L. casei NRRL B-442, durante a secagem. Durante a estocagem, a adiÃÃo de 10% (p/v) de maltodextrina + 10% (p/v) de goma arÃbica manteve a viabilidade microbiana dentro de nÃveis satisfatÃrios quando o pà foi submetido à refrigeraÃÃo a 4ÂC. Entretanto, maiores diferenÃas na coloraÃÃo do pà reconstituÃdo e maior tempo de reidrataÃÃo foram obtidos nesta condiÃÃo. Jà a adiÃÃo de 20% (p/v) de maltodextrina proporcionou melhor rendimento. Em conclusÃo, o suco de caju pode ser utilizado como substrato para o desenvolvimento de bebida probiÃtica, e a condiÃÃo dos agentes de secagem de 10% de maltodextrina + 10% de goma arÃbica mostra-se adequada para manter os nÃveis satisfatÃrios de L. casei NRRL B-442 por atà 35 dias, no suco de caju probiÃtico desidratado estocado a 4ÂC.
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4

Almeida, Patricia da Silva. "InfluÃncia do tratamento ultrassÃnico na desidrataÃÃo convectiva de maÃÃ fuji." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2012. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=7230.

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FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico
O trabalho objetivou o estudo dos efeitos do ultrassom, como prÃ-tratamento na secagem convectiva de maÃÃ Fuji, sobre a perda de Ãgua, perda de sÃlidos, difusividade efetiva da Ãgua, tempo de secagem, cor e atividade enzimÃtica de polifenoloxidase e peroxidase. A partir dos resultados obtidos, determinou-se a melhor condiÃÃo para substituiÃÃo dos aÃÃcares naturais da fruta por estÃvia (aÃÃcar nÃo calÃrico). Observou-se perda de Ãgua, perda de sÃlidos, aumento de 85% da difusividade efetiva da Ãgua, reduÃÃo de 45% no tempo de secagem, reduÃÃo de 39% das alteraÃÃes de cor e reduÃÃo da atividade enzimÃtica de polifenoloxidase e peroxidase da maÃÃ Fuji. Estabeleceu-se como melhor condiÃÃo para substituiÃÃo de aÃÃcares naturais por estÃvia aquela onde a fruta foi sonificada por 20 minutos na proporÃÃo entre Ãgua e fruta de 6:1 (p/p). O uso de estÃvia como aÃÃcar nÃo calÃrico substituto dos aÃucares naturais da maÃÃ Fuji, aliado ao processo de sonificaÃÃo, gerou um produto com valor energÃtico final 12% menor do que a fruta in natura, com tempo de recuperaÃÃo da doÃura inicial da fruta estimado em 13 segundos de sonificaÃÃo em soluÃÃo de estÃvia 10%. Dessa forma, a sonificaÃÃo figura como alternativa tecnolÃgica para a obtenÃÃo de maÃÃ Fuji desidratada, com tempo de secagem reduzido, baixo valor energÃtico, baixa alteraÃÃo de cor e menor atividade enzimÃtica de polifenoloxidase e peroxidase.
The work aimed to study the effects of ultrasound as a pretreatment on convective drying of Fuji apple, about the loss of water, loss of solid, effective diffusivity of water, drying time, color and enzymatic activity of polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase. From the results obtained, it was determined the best condition for replacement of the natural sugars of the fruit by stevia (no-calorie sugar). There was loss of water, solids loss, 85% increase of the effective diffusivity of water, 45% reduction in drying time, a 39% reduction of the color changes and reduction in enzymatic activity of peroxidase and apple PPO Fuji . Set up as best condition for replacement of natural sugars stevia by one where the fruit was sonicated for 20 minutes in water and fruit ratio of 6:1 (w / w). The use of stevia as a non-caloric sugar substitute for the natural sugars of Fuji apple, along with the sonication process, generated a product with the final energy value 12% lower than the fresh fruit, with a recovery time of the initial sweetness of the fruit estimated 13 second sonication in a solution of 10% stevia. Thus, the sonication figure as an alternative technology for obtaining dried Fuji apple with reduced drying time, low energy, low color shift and reduced enzymatic activity of polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase.
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5

Biasio, Irene. "Study of polyphenols content and antioxidant activity of apple samples osmo-dehydrated with sucrose and fruit based solutions." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018.

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La disidratazione osmotica è una tecnica che permette la riduzione del contenuto d’acqua di un alimento mediante l’immersione dello stesso in una soluzione ad alta pressione osmotica. La differenza in pressione osmotica genera due flussi opposti tra l’alimento e la soluzione osmotica portando a perdita di acqua e contemporaneo arricchimento dell’alimento immerso. Inoltre, utilizzando soluzioni osmotiche con succhi concentrati a base di frutta è possibile migliorare le caratteristiche organolettiche e la composizione del prodotto finale. Infatti, oggigiorno i trend mostrano sempre di più un interesse dei consumatori nei confronti di alimenti funzionali o arricchiti. Tra i composti più noti per la loro attività antiossidante, i polifenoli sono un gruppo eterogeneo di composti che si possono trovare naturalmente in svariati frutti e che mostrano un’elevata capacità antiossidante nei confronti di specie reattive (ROS, RNS). Frutti come il mirtillo (Vaccinium myrtillus) e l’aronia (Aronia melanocarpa) sono particolarmente ricchi in polifenoli, in particolare in antocianine. L’applicazione di un trattamento di disidratazione osmotica precedente all'essiccamento ha dimostrato essere un’ottima tecnica per ottenere un prodotto finale disidratato ed arricchito. Mediante la disidratazione osmotica è possibile ottenere un a importante riduzione del contenuto iniziale d'acqua dell’alimento, riducendo anche i successivi tempi e costi di essiccamento. Lo zucchero presente nelle soluzioni osmotiche protegge l’alimento da modificazioni ,come l’imbrunimento, mantenendo il colore brillante. Inoltre, l’utilizzo di soluzioni osmotiche a base di aronia e mirtillo ha mostrato un aumento della quantità totale di polifenoli e, di conseguenza anche dell’attività antiossidante, che si sono mantenuti tali anche dopo l’essiccamento.
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6

GALVÃO, Israel Buriti. "Estudo teórico-experimental de secagens contínua e intermitente de pedaços de maçã cortados na forma de paralelepípedo." Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, 2017. http://dspace.sti.ufcg.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/riufcg/1521.

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Submitted by Emanuel Varela Cardoso (emanuel.varela@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-08-21T20:37:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ISRAEL BURITI GALVÃO – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGEP) 2017.pdf: 6049302 bytes, checksum: ac315d43e0d0a7dbefdb3e01f65ae674 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T20:37:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ISRAEL BURITI GALVÃO – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGEP) 2017.pdf: 6049302 bytes, checksum: ac315d43e0d0a7dbefdb3e01f65ae674 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-10-20
O presente trabalho teve como objetivo realizar um estudo da secagem cont ínua e intermitente de pedaços de maçã fresca e pré-tratada osmoticamente, cortados na forma de paralelepípedo, utilizando modelos empíricos e difusivos na descrição da cinética desses processos. Para o modelo de difusão, foram pressupostos parâmetros termosfísicos e dimensões variáveis. Foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica sobre o tema, detalhamento dos materiais e métodos utilizados, a validação e testes do solver em FORTRAN tridimensional desenvolvido através do método dos volumes finitos, com uma formulação totalmente implícita. Foram feitos experimentos utilizando uma incubadora refrigerada com agitação para a realização da desidratação osmótica a fim de preparar as amostras para as secagens subseqüentes. As secagens foram realizadas em uma estufa com circulação de ar nas temperaturas de 50 e 70 °C, para secagens contínuas e intermitentes das maçãs (com razão de intermitência de 2/3 e períodos de têmpera de 30 min; 60 min; e 120 min com os frutos frescos, e têmperas de 20 min e 30 min para os frutos pré-tratados osmoticamente). Os resultados das cinéticas das secagens, estimativas de parâmetros relativos às frutas estudadas, mostraram-se compatíveis com a literatura. A temperaturas e os perí odos de têmpera utilizados influenciaram significativamente as cinéticas de teor de umidade, assim como os valores dos parâmetros de processo, determinados por otimização para todas as configurações experimentadas. Este trabalho também trata sobre o impacto da secagem intermitente sobre a economia de energia.
The present work had as objective to make a study of the continuous and intermittent drying of fresh and osmotically pre-treated of apple pieces cut in form of parallelepiped, using both empirical and diffusive models to description of the kinetics of the processes. For the diffusion model, thermo-physical parameters and variable dimensions were assumed. A bibliographic review was done on the subject, details of the materials and methods used, the validation and testing of the in three-dimensional FORTRAN solver developed using the finite volume method, with a fully implicit formulation. Experiments were done using a freezer shaker incubator for the osmotic dehydration in order to prepare the samples for subsequent drying. The drying was realized in an oven with air circulation at temperatures of 50 and 70 ° C, for continuous and intermittent drying of the apples (with intermittent ratio of 2/3 and tempering periods of 30 min, 60 min and 120 min for the fresh fruits, and tempers of 20 min and 30 min for osmotically pretreated fruits). The results of drying kinetics, estimates of parameters related to the fruits studied, were compatible with the literature. At the temperatures and the tempering periods used, they significantly influenced the kinetics of the moisture content, as well as the values of the process parameters determined by optimization for all configurations. Here also is shown the impact of intermittent drying on the energy saving and how the intermittent drying change for the better the product quallity is shown.
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7

Turan, Umut. "Simulation Of A Batch Dryer By The Finite Difference Method." Master's thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12606478/index.pdf.

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The objectives of this study are to investigate the dynamic behavior of an apple slab subjected to drying at constant external conditions and under changing in the drying temperatures and to determine the effects of temperature and time combinations at different steps during drying on the process dynamics parameters, time constant and process gain of the system. For this purpose, a semi-batch dryer system was simulated by using integral method of analysis. Initially, the dynamic behavior of the drying temperature was investigated by using first order system dynamic model. Process dynamic parameters, time constant and process gain of the system, for change in drying temperature were determined. Secondly, investigation of the drying kinetics of the apple slab was carried out under constant external conditions in a semi-batch dryer. A mathematical model for diffusion mechanism assumed in one dimensional transient analysis of moisture distribution was solved by using explicit finite difference method of analysis. Thirdly, investigation of the drying kinetics of the apple slab was carried out under change in drying temperature at different time steps during drying. Inverse response system model was used for the representation of the dynamic behavior of drying. Process dynamic parameters, time constant and process gain of the system were determined. Model predicted results for apple slab drying under constant external condition and under step change in the drying temperature were compared with the experimental data.
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8

Nguyen, Thu Ha. "Étude expérimentale et modélisation du procédé de séchage des végétaux." Thesis, Lorient, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORIS370/document.

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Dans le séchage des fruits et légumes, beaucoup de questions non résolues subsistent. Le «Swell-drying» est un procédé de séchage couplant une étape de déshydratation par air chaud à la texturation par Détente Instantanée Contrôlée (DIC). Dans le cadre de ce travail de recherche, la carotte et la pomme sont utilisées comme aliment modèle pour le traitement de la plupart des végétaux. La littérature scientifique sur le séchage des agromatériaux est unanime sur l’effet positif de la température de l'air, l’effet négatif de l'humidité relative de l'air et de l'épaisseur vis-à-vis du temps de séchage. Cependant, malgré un nombre important d’études, des conclusions contradictoires sont notées en termes de corrélations entre la cinétique de séchage et la vitesse de l'air qui, selon certains auteurs, n’entraîne aucune modification du séchage; alors que certains travaux ont tenté d'établir des modèles empiriques entre la diffusivité effective et la vitesse de l'air ; ce qui est fondamentalement erroné. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’analyser les phénomènes de transfert pendant le processus du séchage et d'identifier le phénomène limitant entre les transferts internes et externes. Ce travail aboutir à l’identification de la vitesse critique de l'air CAV capable de rendre la diffusion interne de l’eau comme phénomène limitant. La CAV doit donc dépendre de la diffusivité effective et de la taille du produit. À partir de résultats expérimentaux qui couvrent de larges plages de température d’air, de teneur en eau, et de taux d'expansion absolu, un modèle empirique a été établi
Great research works support the sector of drying of fruits and vegetables in a number of ways. Each year, experimental results and mathematical modelling try through conventional and innovative technological processes to protect agricultural products from seasonality and variability in the market prices. Nonetheless, there still exist considerable issues to improve and control this strategic agricultural sector. Swell-drying is very relevant drying process coupling hot air dehydration with Instant Controlled Pressure Drop (DIC). In the present work, carrot and apple were used as a fruit and vegetable model. Scientific literature on drying is unanimous that the drying time decreases with increasing air temperature, decreasing air relative humidity, and reducing thickness. However, the effect of airflow velocity leads to contradictory conclusions. Some authors have claimed that it does not trigger any modification of drying; while some articles tried to establish empirical models of the effective diffusivity versus airflow velocity; what is fundamentally erroneous. This thesis aims at analyzing external and internal transfer phenomena during drying. So, it was possible to recognize the Critical Airflow Velocity CAV depending on the effective diffusivity and the product size, to have the internal water transfer as the limiting phenomenon. From experimental results, an empirical model was established between the effective moisture diffusivity and airflow temperature, water content, and absolute expansion ratio
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9

Oliveira, Mirela AraÃjo de. "AvaliaÃÃo da influÃncia de adjuvantes de secagem sobre as propriedades de suco de caju atomizado." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2008. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=1531.

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FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico
As indÃstrias de frutas tÃm sofrido pressÃes para se adaptar aos crescentes requerimentos dos consumidores, relacionados a conveniÃncia, seguranÃa alimentar, e benefÃcios à saÃde. Uma evidÃncia de tais mudanÃas à o aumento da produÃÃo de sucos de frutas e produtos similares. Embora os nÃctares, prontos para beber, sejam produtos de conveniÃncia, eles tÃm alto peso e volume, jà que tÃm a Ãgua como principal componente. Esse à um aspecto inconveniente, e aumenta os custos de transporte. Os sucos em pà tÃm algumas vantagens sobre os sucos integrais, como o transporte mais fÃcil e barato e sua maior estabilidade microbiolÃgica. No entanto, o consumidor parece ainda confundir sucos em pà com refrescos artificiais em pÃ, mais comumente encontrados, o que prejudica a consolidaÃÃo dos primeiros no mercado. O caju (Anacardium occidentale) à uma fruta originÃria do Nordeste brasileiro, para o qual apresenta grande importÃncia socioeconÃmica. à formado por castanha (verdadeiro fruto) e pedÃnculo (pseudofruto). A alta perecibilidade do pedÃnculo in natura tem motivado o desenvolvimento de processos que gerem produtos estÃveis, disponÃveis ao longo do ano, ao mesmo tempo facilitando seu transporte para longe da regiÃo produtora. A atomizaÃÃo à a tÃcnica mais utilizada para secagem de alimentos lÃquidos. Entretanto, produtos ricos em aÃÃcares, como sucos de frutas, sÃo difÃceis de atomizar, pois produzem pÃs muito higroscÃpicos, suscetÃveis a aglomeraÃÃo. Isso pode ser minimizado pela adiÃÃo dos chamados adjuvantes de secagem, como as maltodextrinas, que reduzem sua higroscopicidade. O presente estudo envolveu uma tentativa de substituiÃÃo (total ou parcial) de maltodextrinas (MD) por goma de cajueiro (GC), um polissacarÃdeo semelhante à goma arÃbica, muito abundante no Nordeste brasileiro, mas ainda pouco utilizada. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o impacto de duas variÃveis do processo de atomizaÃÃo - proporÃÃo adjuvante de secagem/ sÃlidos de caju (2:1-5:1) e grau de substituiÃÃo de MD por GC (0-100%), segundo um delineamento composto central - sobre a retenÃÃo de Ãcido ascÃrbico e as propriedades fÃsicas (higroscopicidade e fluidez) e solubilidade de suco de caju atomizado. A retenÃÃo de Ãcido ascÃrbico durante a atomizaÃÃo foi favorecida por maiores proporÃÃes adjuvante de secagem/sÃlidos de caju (AS/SC) e maior grau de substituiÃÃo de MD por GC. A goma de cajueiro mostrou-se um material bastante promissor a ser utilizado como adjuvante de secagem. As condiÃÃes de processo consideradas como as mais adequadas foram as seguintes: proporÃÃo AS/SC, 5:1, com substituiÃÃo de MD por GC em pelo menos 50%.
The fruit industries have been compelled to adapt to the increasing consumer requeriments related to convenience, food safety and health benefits. An evidence of such changes is the increasing production of fruit juices and related products. Although the ready-to-drink fruit nectars are convenience products, they have high weight and volume, since they have water as their main component. This is an inconvenient aspect, and increases transportation costs. The powder juices have some advantages over whole juices, such as easier and cheaper transportation and higher microbial stability. However, the consumers seem to confuse powder juices with the more commonly found fruit-flavored powder drinks, impairing the consolidation of the former in the market. Cashew (Anacardium occidentale) is a fruit from Brazilian Northeast, having great socio-economic importance for that region. It contains the cashew nut (the real fruit) and the cashew apple (pseudofruit). The low stability of the fresh cashew apple has motivated the development of processes to obtain more shelf-stable products which could be available all year long, and at the same time easy to transport to distant markets. Spray drying is the most used technique to dry liquid foods. However, sugar-rich foods such as fruit juices are difficult to dry, since they produce too hygroscopic powders, which are prone to caking and flowing problems. This can be minimized by addition of drying-aids, such as maltodextrins, which reduce their hygroscopicity. The present study involved an attempt to totally or partially replace maltodextrins (MD) by cashew tree gum (CTG), a polysaccharide similar to gum arabic, very abundant in Brazilian Northeast but under-utilized. The objective of the work was to evaluate the impact of two variables â drying aid/cashew apple solids (DA/CA) ratio (2:1-5:1) and degree of replacement of MD with CTG (0-100%), according to a central composite design â on ascorbic acid retention, physical properties (hygroscopicity and flowability) and solubility of spray dried cashew apple juice. The ascorbic acid retention was favored by higher DA/CA ratios and higher replacements of MD. Cashew tree gum was shown as a promising drying aid material. The most adequate drying conditions were considered as being the following: DA/CA ratio, 5:1, with CTG replacing MD in at least 50%.
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10

Oliveira, Mirela Araújo de. "Avaliação da influência de adjuvantes de secagem sobre as propriedades de suco de caju atomizado." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2008. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/17832.

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OLIVEIRA, Mirela Araújo de. Avaliação da influência de adjuvantes de secagem sobre as propriedades de suco de caju atomizado. 2008. 63 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Curso de Pós-Graduação em Tecnologia de Alimentos, Fortaleza-CE, 2008
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The fruit industries have been compelled to adapt to the increasing consumer requeriments related to convenience, food safety and health benefits. An evidence of such changes is the increasing production of fruit juices and related products. Although the ready-to-drink fruit nectars are convenience products, they have high weight and volume, since they have water as their main component. This is an inconvenient aspect, and increases transportation costs. The powder juices have some advantages over whole juices, such as easier and cheaper transportation and higher microbial stability. However, the consumers seem to confuse powder juices with the more commonly found fruit-flavored powder drinks, impairing the consolidation of the former in the market. Cashew (Anacardium occidentale) is a fruit from Brazilian Northeast, having great socio-economic importance for that region. It contains the cashew nut (the real fruit) and the cashew apple (pseudofruit). The low stability of the fresh cashew apple has motivated the development of processes to obtain more shelf-stable products which could be available all year long, and at the same time easy to transport to distant markets. Spray drying is the most used technique to dry liquid foods. However, sugar-rich foods such as fruit juices are difficult to dry, since they produce too hygroscopic powders, which are prone to caking and flowing problems. This can be minimized by addition of drying-aids, such as maltodextrins, which reduce their hygroscopicity. The present study involved an attempt to totally or partially replace maltodextrins (MD) by cashew tree gum (CTG), a polysaccharide similar to gum arabic, very abundant in Brazilian Northeast but under-utilized. The objective of the work was to evaluate the impact of two variables – drying aid/cashew apple solids (DA/CA) ratio (2:1-5:1) and degree of replacement of MD with CTG (0-100%), according to a central composite design – on ascorbic acid retention, physical properties (hygroscopicity and flowability) and solubility of spray dried cashew apple juice. The ascorbic acid retention was favored by higher DA/CA ratios and higher replacements of MD. Cashew tree gum was shown as a promising drying aid material. The most adequate drying conditions were considered as being the following: DA/CA ratio, 5:1, with CTG replacing MD in at least 50%.
As indústrias de frutas têm sofrido pressões para se adaptar aos crescentes requerimentos dos consumidores, relacionados a conveniência, segurança alimentar, e benefícios à saúde. Uma evidência de tais mudanças é o aumento da produção de sucos de frutas e produtos similares. Embora os néctares, prontos para beber, sejam produtos de conveniência, eles têm alto peso e volume, já que têm a água como principal componente. Esse é um aspecto inconveniente, e aumenta os custos de transporte. Os sucos em pó têm algumas vantagens sobre os sucos integrais, como o transporte mais fácil e barato e sua maior estabilidade microbiológica. No entanto, o consumidor parece ainda confundir sucos em pó com refrescos artificiais em pó, mais comumente encontrados, o que prejudica a consolidação dos primeiros no mercado. O caju (Anacardium occidentale) é uma fruta originária do Nordeste brasileiro, para o qual apresenta grande importância socioeconômica. É formado por castanha (verdadeiro fruto) e pedúnculo (pseudofruto). A alta perecibilidade do pedúnculo in natura tem motivado o desenvolvimento de processos que gerem produtos estáveis, disponíveis ao longo do ano, ao mesmo tempo facilitando seu transporte para longe da região produtora. A atomização é a técnica mais utilizada para secagem de alimentos líquidos. Entretanto, produtos ricos em açúcares, como sucos de frutas, são difíceis de atomizar, pois produzem pós muito higroscópicos, suscetíveis a aglomeração. Isso pode ser minimizado pela adição dos chamados adjuvantes de secagem, como as maltodextrinas, que reduzem sua higroscopicidade. O presente estudo envolveu uma tentativa de substituição (total ou parcial) de maltodextrinas (MD) por goma de cajueiro (GC), um polissacarídeo semelhante à goma arábica, muito abundante no Nordeste brasileiro, mas ainda pouco utilizada. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o impacto de duas variáveis do processo de atomização - proporção adjuvante de secagem/ sólidos de caju (2:1-5:1) e grau de substituição de MD por GC (0-100%), segundo um delineamento composto central - sobre a retenção de ácido ascórbico e as propriedades físicas (higroscopicidade e fluidez) e solubilidade de suco de caju atomizado. A retenção de ácido ascórbico durante a atomização foi favorecida por maiores proporções adjuvante de secagem/sólidos de caju (AS/SC) e maior grau de substituição de MD por GC. A goma de cajueiro mostrou-se um material bastante promissor a ser utilizado como adjuvante de secagem. As condições de processo consideradas como as mais adequadas foram as seguintes: proporção AS/SC, 5:1, com substituição de MD por GC em pelo menos 50%.
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11

Duroňová, Kateřina. "Vliv skladovacích podmínek na metabolický profil jablek." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-233362.

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The goal of presented dissertation has been complex analysis of changes in content of fatty acids, enzymatic and low-molecular antioxidants in apples and related evaluation of perception of originators of storage diseases for apples stored in various conditions. Main part of the work has been dedicated to study of the impact of storage of apples in modified atmosphere with reduced amount of oxygen and in reference “normal” atmosphere for six months. Next part of the work has been dedicated to study how apple storage in common, consumer affordable, conditions (storage in a cellar, in a refrigerator, and in room temperature) affects content of low-molecular antioxidants. For testing has been selected apple kinds Jonagored, Golden Delicious, Idared, Šampion, and Granny Smith. Within the scope of this work has been optimized the method for determination of fatty acids in plant material with higher content of wax. The measured values imply the apples are valuable source of many important nutrition substances like vitamins, provitamins and antioxidants. During the storage process these substances exhibit considerable protective function. Long-term storage, mainly in the atmosphere with reduced amount of oxygen (FAN), enables preservation of majority of these important nutrition substances depending on the kind of apple and conditions of storage. Freezing process is conservative to apples (mainly in the presence of protective substances), while in the process of drying the values of all monitored antioxidants decrease depending on temperature and conditions of drying. Upon the choice of the storage method one must consider nutrition, sensoric characteristic and consumer demands.
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12

Shrestha, Luna [Verfasser]. "Process optimisation and development of non-invasive monitoring approaches for the drying of apples / Luna Shrestha." Kassel : Universitätsbibliothek Kassel, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1231406151/34.

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13

Sampson, David. "EVALUATION OF QUALITY OF APPLE SLICES DURING CONVECTION DRYING USING REAL-TIME IMAGE ANALYSIS." 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10222/14216.

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Computer-vision technology methods for assessing food quality were evaluated for their ability to provide non-contact measurements of apple slices. The methods evaluated were camera calibration, measurements of physical parameters of apple slices, and measurement of biochemical changes in apple slices. Each measure of food quality that was assessed by computer-vision was compared to a conventional method of measurement. The computer-vision system was capable of measuring area, thickness and volumes of apple slices. Color measurements from the computer-vision system were correlated with phenolic compound degradation in the beginning of the drying process and with hydroxymethylfurfural development later in the drying process.
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14

Fernandes, Pedro António Rodrigues. "Revisiting the chemistry of apple pomace: the byproduct of juice concentrates industry." Doctoral thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/29893.

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During the extraction of apple juice an insoluble residue, called apple pomace, is generated. Apple pomace represents the fruit cell wall material, identified as a source of polysaccharides and polyphenols. However, apple pomace is mostly discarded by the industries. In the one hand, this occurs because some polysaccharides and polyphenols still correspond to molecules of unknown applications and structures resulting from oxidation phenomena that occur during juice extraction. On the other hand, the industries lack drying methodologies capable of meeting their needs for valorization of apple pomace compounds. The adoption of different extraction and fractionation methodologies gives an overview of the properties and structures of the compounds that can be available from apple pomace after the implementation of a drying process to preserve the byproduct. Based on this hypothesis, apple pomace was subjected to extractions with water, methanol and acetone:water (60:40; v:v), without or with urea, and microwave superheated water extractions to unravel the existence of phenolic structures other than those naturally occurring in the fresh fruit. Additionally, for identification of chemically modified carbohydrates due to polyphenol oxidation, hot water extractions were performed followed by dialysis (12-14 kDa) and ethanol precipitation. Extraction with hot water, methanol and acetone followed by analysis by liquid chromatography allowed to observe the presence of flavan-3-ols, flavonols, dihydrochalcones and hydroxycinamic acids, totaling 5 g/kg of dry apple pomace. Oxidation products of dihydrochalcones and hydroxycinnamic acids were also detected in apple pomace. Alkaline fusion analysis of water-insoluble material demonstrated the occurrence of non-extractable oxidized procyanidins, whose prevalence was 4-fold higher than in native apple polyphenols. Extraction with microwave superheated water followed by ethanol precipitation of the obtained extracts showed that procyanidins were covalently linked to the pectic polysaccharides, xyloglucans and cellulose present in the water-insoluble material and could account for up to 40% of the polyphenols that can be obtained from apple pomace. Solid phase extraction of the hot water-soluble material using C18 cartridges showed that, along with polyphenols, polysaccharides were also extracted, some of them exhibiting a hydrophobic behavior at pH 7 and/or pH 3. Dialysis followed by ethanol precipitation, alongside with glycosidic linkages analysis by gas chromatography, nuclear magnetic ressonance, size-exclusion chromatography, and alkaline fusion, led to the conclusion that polyphenols covalently linked to polysaccharides are responsible for their hydrophobicity, constituting xyloglucan-polyphenols-pectic polysaccharide and arabinan-polyphenol complexes. To understand the formation of polysaccharide-polyphenol complexes established by covalent bonds, the interactions of arabinans with 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid and phloridzin were studied. Through their diffusion along dialysis membranes in the presence or absence of polysaccharide, linear arabinans showed 10-fold and 2-fold greater retention of 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid and phloridzin than branched arabinans suggesting that a higher degree of branching limits polysaccharides interaction with polyphenols. The same trend was observed for the interaction of arabinans with procyanidins by isothermal titration calorimetry, where linear arabinans presented higher affinity constants (Ka 540 M-1) than branched arabinans (Ka 391 M-1). This approach also demonstrated that the occurrence of covalently linked polyphenols to arabinans restricts further interactions with polyphenols (Ka 85 M-1). The analysis of the material that precipitated after interaction between arabinans and procyanidins showed that procyanidins of higher degree of polymerization and less branched polysaccharides tended to form insoluble aggregates. In order to ensure the stability of apple pomace for further extraction of compounds, this byproduct was dried via microwave hydrodiffusion and gravity (MHG) technology using delivery powers of 300-900 W. MHG drying proved to be a three phases process: heating, drying and burning point phase. This methodology presented an estimated 80% energy efficiency, as well as drying times (1-2.6 h) and water flows (5.1-13.9 mL/min) up to 4-fold higher than those verified by hot air drying (3.6-9.9 he 1-3.5 mL/min). Using MHG drying, it was also possible to obtain extracts composed by polyphenols and polysaccharides. The addition of ethanol during the drying process can increase the obtained extract mass. The dried apple pomace was stable for at least 2 years, after which was possible to obtain extracts rich in polyphenols and polysaccharides. In conclusion, the adoption of different extraction and fractionation procedures allowed a better understanding of the structures and chemical properties of the compounds present in apple pomace, especially those derived from oxidation reactions of polyphenols. This, together with the efficient and rapid drying verified for MHG technology, opens new research perspectives and applications that should culminate in the possible mitigation of apple pomace as an agro-industrial residue.
Durante a extração do sumo de maçã é gerado um resíduo insolúvel denominado bagaço de maçã. O bagaço de maçã representa o material da parede celular do fruto, identificado como fonte de polissacarídeos e polifenóis. No entanto, o bagaço de maçã é maioritariamente descartado pelas indústrias. Por um lado, pelo facto de alguns polissacarídeos e compostos fenólicos corresponderem a moléculas de aplicações e estruturas desconhecidas, resultantes de fenómenos de oxidação que ocorrem durante a extração de sumo. Por outro, as indústrias carecem de metodologias de secagem capazes de corresponder às suas necessidades para valorização dos compostos do bagaço de maçã. A adoção de diferentes metodologias de extração e fracionamento permitem obter uma visão global das propriedades e estruturas dos compostos passíveis de serem recolhidos do bagaço após implementação de um processo de secagem para preservação do subproduto. Com base nesta hipótese, o bagaço de maçã foi submetido a extrações com água, metanol e acetona:água (60:40; v:v), sem ou com ureia, e água superaquecida por micro-ondas com o objetivo de desvendar a existência de outras estruturas fenólicas além daquelas que ocorrem naturalmente no fruto. Adicionalmente, para identificação de carbohidratos quimicamente modificados como consequência da oxidação de polifenóis, foram realizadas extrações com água quente seguidas de fracionamento por diálise (12-14 kDa) e precipitação em etanol. A extração com água quente, metanol e acetona seguida de análise por cromatografia líquida permitiu identificar a presença de flavan-3-óis, flavonóis, di-hidrocalconas e ácidos hidroxicinâmico, totalizando 5 g/kg de bagaço seco. Também foram detectados produtos de oxidação de di-hidrocalconas e ácidos hidroxicinâmicos no bagaço de maçã. A análise por fusão alcalina do material insolúvel em água demonstrou a ocorrência de procianidinas oxidadas não-extractáveis, cuja prevalência foi 4 vezes superior aos compostos fenólicos nativos da maçã. A extração com água superaquecida por micro-ondas seguida de precipitação em etanol dos extratos obtidos mostrou que estas se encontravam covalentemente ligadas aos polissacarídeos pécticos, xiloglucanas e celulose presentes no material insolúvel em água, podendo corresponder até 40% dos compostos fenólicos possíveis de serem obtidos a partir do bagaço de maçã. A extração em fase sólida do material solúvel em água quente, usando cartuchos C18, mostrou que, juntamente com os polifenóis, foram extraídos polissacarídeos, alguns dos quais apresentando um comportamento hidrofóbico a pH 7 e/ou a pH 3. O fracionamento por diálise e precipitação em etanol, e a análise das ligações glicosídicas por cromatografia em fase gasosa, ressonância magnética nuclear, cromatografia de exclusão molecular e fusão alcalina, permitiu inferir que os polifenóis ligados covalentemente aos polissacarídeos são responsáveis pela sua hidrofobicidade, constituindo complexos de xiloglucanas-polifenóis-polissacarídeos pécticos e complexos de arabinanas-polifenóis. Para compreender a formação dos complexos polissacarídeos-polifenóis, estabelecidos por ligações covalentes, foram estudadas as interações de arabinanas com o ácido 5-O-cafeoilquinico e floridzina. Através da sua difusão ao longo de membranas de diálise na presença ou ausência de polissacarídeo, verificou-se que as arabinanas lineares apresentaram 10 a 2 vezes maior retenção do ácido 5-O-cafeoilquinico e da floridzina do que as arabinanas ramificadas sugerindo que um maior grau de ramificação dos polissacarídeos limita a sua interação com os compostos fenólicos. A mesma tendência foi observada para a interação de arabinanas com procianidinas por calorimetria de titulação isotérmica, onde arabinanas lineares apresentaram maiores constantes de afinidade (Ka 540 M-1) do que arabinanas ramificadas (Ka 391 M-1). Esta abordagem demonstrou também que a ocorrência de polifenóis ligados covalentemente a arabinanas restringe possíveis interações adicionais com os polifenóis (Ka 85 M-1). A análise do material que precipitou após interação entre as arabinanas e as procianidinas mostrou que as procianidinas de maior grau de polimerização e os polissacarídeos menos ramificados são as estruturas que tendem a formar os agregados insolúveis. Com o objetivo de garantir a estabilidade do bagaço de maçã para posterior extração de compostos, este subproduto foi secado via tecnologia de micro-ondas por hidrodifusão e gravidade (MHG), utilizando potências de 300-900 W. A secagem por MHG mostrou-se um processo composto por três fases: aquecimento, secagem e ponto de queima. Esta metodologia apresentou uma estimativa de 80% de eficiência energética, bem como tempos de secagem (1-2.6 h) e fluxos de água (5,1-13,9 mL/min) até 4 vezes superiores às verificadas por secagem com ar quente (3,6-9,9 h e 1-3,5 mL/min). Pela técnica MHG foi possível obter em simultâneo com a secagem, extratos constituídos por polifenóis e polissacarídeos. Através da adição de etanol durante o processo de secagem, a massa de extrato foi incrementada. O bagaço secado mostrou-se estável por pelo menos 2 anos, após os quais foi possível obter extratos ricos em compostos fenólicos e polissacarídeos. Em conclusão, a adoção de diferentes mecanismos de extração e de fracionamento permitiu uma maior compreensão das estruturas e propriedades químicas dos compostos presentes no bagaço de maçã, especialmente aquelas derivadas de reações de oxidação dos compostos fenólicos. Isto, em conjunto com a eficiente e rápida secagem verificada pela tecnologia de MHG abre novas perspetivas de investigação e aplicações que podem culminar na possível mitigação do bagaço de maçã como um resíduo agroindustrial.
Programa Doutoral em Ciência e Tecnologia Alimentar e Nutrição
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15

Assis, Fernanda Rosa. "Modelling and optimization of osmotic dehidration combined with other methods for drying fruits." Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/33392.

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Abstract:
The general objective of this Ph.D. programme was to study and to optimize the development, in terms of process efficiencyand the product quality,of fruit-based dry products with intermediate water content through osmotic dehydration,or reduced water content by subsequent combination of this technique with other drying methods.The first part of the work focused on the osmotic dehydration (OD) of apple cubes and physalis. The adequacyof thefit of some mathematical models to describethe mass transfer kinetics inthe products was also studied.The objectives were to perform the OD of apple cubes and to study the effects of the solute (sucrose orsorbitol) and the concentration (40 and 60 °Bx) in the osmotic solution, the mass ratio ofsample to solution (1:4 or1:10), the temperature (25, 40 and 60 ºC), and the pressure (1 bar and 150 mbar) on the water loss (WL) and the solid gain (SG).Regarding physalis, the OD was performed with a mass ratio of sample to solution of 1:4 at 60 °C and the pressure was1 bar or150 mbar. Another objective was to evaluate the changes in the microstructure of the apple tissue after the osmotic treatment with sucrose orsorbitol. Thus, in the apple cubes, the sorbitol, the increase of the temperature and of the soluteconcentration in the osmotic solution resulted in an increase ofthe ODrate, but the mass ratio of the sample to the solution and the pressure did not affect the process. In the physalis, the initial WLrate increased when the vacuum was applied during the OD with sucrose and tended to increase with the use of sorbitol. At the end of the DO of apple cubes, it was observed,by microstructure analysis,that this process affected the size and shape parameters of plant cells and the changes were more pronounced in samples osmotically dehydrated with sorbitol. The OD process caused the shrinkage of the cells and,consequently,a reduction of volume, the plasmolysis and the folding of the cell walls.In the second part of the work, some drying methods were studied to obtain cut apple with reduced water content, namely hot air drying, microwave drying and freeze-drying.The effect of the osmotic pre-treatment with sucrose orsorbitol solutionswas also studied. For the best conditions of each method, the drying kinetics were compared amongthe different methods and the quality —water activity(aw), the colour, the total phenolic content(TPC), the antioxidant activity(AA)and the rehydration ability —of the dried apple cubes were evaluated.Theadequacyof thefit of some mathematical models to describe the water content during drying was also evaluated. Thus, the effect of the temperature (25, 55, 70 and 80 ºC) was studied on the hot air drying of osmotically dehydrated apple cubes (60 ºC, 60 ºBx sucrose orsorbitol solutions, mass ratio of sample to solution 1:4).In the microwave vidrying,the effect of the osmotic pre-treatment andthepower (160, 350, 500, 650, 750 and 850 W) on the WLkinetics of apple cubes was also evaluated. Finally, the WLkinetics of the freeze-drying of apple cubes were studied. Concerning thedried cut apple with reduced water content, the osmotic dehydration as pre-treatment before the hot air drying increased the drying rate and reduced the drying time. The osmotic agent did not affect the drying rate, but the use of sorbitol reduced more the drying time and the awof the final product.In the microwave drying, the increase of the power level reduced the drying time and this reduction was higherfor samples osmotically dehydrated with sorbitol. OD prior to freeze-drying did not present a relevant advantage and the awwas lower in non-treated samples. The type of drying and the pre-treatment did not affect the rehydration rate of the dried apple cubes, but the control samples presentedhigher equilibrium water content than the osmotically dehydrated ones.The OD and subsequent drying by hot air, microwave and freeze-drying, significantly decreased the TPC and the AA. These quality parameters of the osmotically dehydrated samples were not affected by the subsequent drying, but only by the OD.In order to compare the effect of the osmotic agent used in the OD on the consumer’sacceptance, the sensory analysis of hot air dried apple cubes pre-treated osmotically with sucrose orsorbitol was carried out. There was no difference in theresults and the final product was well accepted by consumers.Among the drying methods studied, microwave drying without osmotic pre-treatment produced dried apple cubes with good quality and in a short time. Sorbitol is a good alternative to sucrose as theagent in the osmotic pre-treatment of apple cubes and physalis. Furthermore, sorbitol isa prebioticwith health benefits.
O objetivo geral deste programa de doutoramento foi estudar e otimizar o desenvolvimento, a níveldaeficiênciadoprocesso e da qualidade, de produtos à base de frutos desidratados, de teor intermédio de água por desidratação osmótica, ou de teor reduzido de água por combinação desta técnica com outros métodos subsequentes de secagem.A primeira parte do trabalho incidiu na desidratação osmótica (DO) de cubos de maçã e fisális. A capacidade de ajuste de alguns modelos matemáticos em descrever as cinéticas de transferência de massa nos produtos também foi estudada. Os objetivos consistiram em realizar a DO de cubos de maçã e estudar os efeitos do soluto (sacarose ousorbitol) e da concentração (40 e 60 °Bx) na solução osmótica, da razão mássica amostra: solução (1:4 e 1:10), da temperatura (25, 40 e 60 ºC), e da pressão (1 bar e 150 mbar) na perda de água (PA) e no ganho sólidos (GS). Relativamente à fisális, a DO foi efetuada com uma razão mássica amostra: solução de 1:4, a 60 ºC e a pressão foi de1 bar ou150 mbar. Outro dos objetivos foi avaliar as alterações da microestrutura do tecido da maçã após o tratamento osmótico com sacarose e sorbitol. Assim, nos cubos de maçã, o sorbitol, o aumento da temperatura e o aumento da concentração do soluto na solução osmótica resultaram num aumento da velocidade da DO, mas a razão mássica amostra: solução e a pressão não afetaramo processo. Na fisális, a velocidade inicial de PAaumentou quando o vácuo foi aplicado durante a DO com sacarose e apresentou tendência a aumentar com o uso de sorbitol. No final da DO de cubos de maçã, observou-se, por análise da microestrutura, que este processo afetou os parâmetros de tamanho e forma das células vegetais e as alterações foram mais pronunciadas em amostras osmoticamente desidratadas com sorbitol. O processo de DO provocou o encolhimento das células e consequentemente uma redução de volume, a plasmólise e o dobramento das paredes celulares.Na segunda parte do trabalho,foram estudados métodos de secagem para obter maçã cortada com teor de água reduzido, nomeadamente a secagem a ar quente, a secagem por micro-ondas e a liofilização. Estudou-se também o efeito do pré-tratamento osmótico com soluçõesde sacarose e sorbitol. Para as melhores condições de cada método, foi efetuada a comparação das cinéticas de secagem entre os diferentes métodos e foi avaliada a qualidade —atividade da água(aw), cor, teorfenólico total(TFT), atividade antioxidante(AA)e capacidade de reidratação —dos cubos de maçã secos. A capacidade de ajuste de alguns modelos matemáticos para descrever o teor de água durante a secagem também foi avaliada. Assim, foi avaliado o efeito da temperatura (25, 55, 70 e 80 ºC) na secagem a ar quente de cubos de maçã osmoticamente desidratados (60 ºC, solução de sacarose ousorbitol a 60 ºBx, razão mássica amostra: solução 1:4). Na secagem por micro-ondas,foi também avaliado o efeito do pré-tratamento osmótico e da potência (160, 350, 500, 650, 750 e 850 W) na cinética de PAde cubos de maçã. Finalmente, estudou-se a cinética de PAde cubos de maçã na liofilização. No que diz respeito à maçã cortada seca comteor reduzido de água, a desidratação osmótica como pré-tratamento antes da secagem a ar quente aumentou a velocidade e reduziu o tempo de secagem. O agente osmótico não afetou a velocidade de secagem, mas a utilizaçãode sorbitol reduziu mais o tempo de secagem e a awdo produto final. Na secagem por micro-ondas, o aumento do nível de potência reduziu o tempo de secagem e esta redução foi maior para as amostras osmoticamente desidratadas com sorbitol. A DO antes da liofilização não apresentou uma vantagemrelevante e a awfoi menor em amostras semtratamentoosmótico.O tipo de secagem e o pré-tratamento não afetaram a velocidade de reidratação dos cubos de maçã secos, mas as amostras controlo apresentaram um teor de água de equilíbrio superioràs amostrasosmoticamente desidratadas.A DO e a secagem subsequente, por ar quente, micro-ondas e liofilização, diminuiram significativamente o TFT e a AA. Nas amostras osmoticamente desidratadas, estes parâmetros de qualidadenão foram afetados pela secagem subsequente, mas apenas pela DO. Com o objetivo de comparar o efeito do agente osmótico utilizado na DO na aceitação pelo consumidor, foi efetuada a análise sensorial de cubos de maçã secos a ar quente pré-tratados osmoticamente com sacarose ousorbitol. Não houve diferença nos resultados e o produto final foi bemaceite pelos consumidores.De entre os métodos de secagem estudados, a secagem por micro-ondas sem pré-tratamento produziu cubos de maçã secos deboa qualidade e numtemporeduzido. O sorbitol é uma boa alternativa à sacarose como agente no pré-tratamento osmótico de cubos de maçã e fisális. Para além disso, o sorbitol éum prebiótico com benefíciospara a saúde.
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16

Shah, Bhavini Dipak. "Nano-dispersing Lipophilic Antimicrobials for Improved Food Safety." 2011. http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/1224.

Full text
Abstract:
Naturally occurring food antimicrobials such as plant essential oils are receiving tremendous interest as intervention systems to enhance microbiological safety and quality. Poor water solubility of essential oils makes it difficult to incorporate them in foods, impacting visual appearance, antimicrobial effectiveness, and possibly organoleptic properties. Engineered nanoscale delivery systems can principally solve these challenges, but those based on low-cost food ingredients and inexpensive and scalable processes are currently scarce. This dissertation presents a simple and scalable two-step technology to prepare nano-delivery systems. The first encapsulation step, based on emulsion-evaporation, involves preparing emulsions composed of an oil phase with thymol or eugenol, major compounds in extracts from thyme and clove respectively, in hexane and an aqueous phase with conjugates of whey protein isolate and maltodextrin, followed by evaporation of hexane by spray drying. The second step is to hydrate spray dried capsules to enable the formation of nanoscale particles. The encapsulation performance and dispersion characteristics were affected by amounts and types of conjugates (ratio of protein: maltodextrin and maltodextrin chain length), volume fraction and composition of the oil phase. The optimal conditions corresponded to 55.8 % encapsulation efficiency and 12.6 % loading for thymol and 47.9 % encapsulation efficiency and 7.9 % loading for eugenol. Dispersions prepared from the identified capsules contained particles smaller than 100 nm and were transparent at pH 3.0-7.0 and 0-50 mM before and after heating at 80°C for 15 min. Nano-dispersions and free oil were tested for antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella typhimurium. Nano-dispersed and free antimicrobials had similar effectiveness at various pH and temperatures in tryptic soy broth and apple cider, while in 2 % reduced fat milk, nano-dispersed antimicrobials were consistently more effective than unencapsulated ones. Therefore, the commercially viable nanoscale technology presented in this study enables the delivery of lipophilic antimicrobials for enhanced microbial safety and quality, without compromising visual appearance of foods, especially clear beverages.
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