Journal articles: 'Appendicular skeletal muscle mass'

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Iwasaka, Chiharu, Tsubasa Mitsutake, and Etsuo Horikawa. "The Independent Relationship Between Leg Skeletal Muscle Mass Asymmetry and Gait Speed in Community-Dwelling Older Adults." Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 28, no. 6 (December 1, 2020): 943–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/japa.2019-0463.

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Objectives: To investigate the relationship between leg skeletal muscle mass asymmetry and usual gait speed in older adults. Methods: The subjects were 139 community-dwelling older adults. The asymmetry index was calculated using the leg skeletal muscle mass index (LSMI) values of both legs. The subjects were divided into “large” and “small” asymmetry groups based on the asymmetry index. The relationship between asymmetry and gait speed was analyzed using a linear regression model. The appendicular skeletal muscle mass index and LSMI were included as adjustment variables in the analysis. Results: The asymmetry index and having a “large” asymmetry were independently related to gait speed, even after adjusting for covariates such as appendicular skeletal muscle mass index and LSMI. Discussion: Leg skeletal muscle mass asymmetry was related to gait speed independently of the appendicular skeletal muscle mass index and LSMI values. A skeletal muscle mass evaluation among older adults should include an assessment of the total skeletal muscle mass and its asymmetry.

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Gallagher, Dympna, Marjolein Visser, Ronald E. De Meersman, Dennis Sepúlveda, Richard N. Baumgartner, Richard N. Pierson, Tamara Harris, and Steven B. Heymsfield. "Appendicular skeletal muscle mass: effects of age, gender, and ethnicity." Journal of Applied Physiology 83, no. 1 (July 1, 1997): 229–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1997.83.1.229.

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Gallagher, Dympna, Marjolein Visser, Ronald E. De Meersman, Dennis Sepúlveda, Richard N. Baumgartner, Richard N. Pierson, Tamara Harris, and Steven B. Heymsfield. Appendicular skeletal muscle mass: effects of age, gender, and ethnicity. J. Appl. Physiol. 83(1): 229–239, 1997.—This study tested the hypothesis that skeletal muscle mass is reduced in elderly women and men after adjustment first for stature and body weight. The hypothesis was evaluated by estimating appendicular skeletal muscle mass with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in a healthy adult cohort. A second purpose was to test the hypothesis that whole body40K counting-derived total body potassium (TBK) is a reliable indirect measure of skeletal muscle mass. The independent effects on both appendicular skeletal muscle and TBK of gender ( n = 148 women and 136 men) and ethnicity ( n = 152 African-Americans and 132 Caucasians) were also explored. Main findings were 1) for both appendicular skeletal muscle mass (total, leg, and arm) and TBK, age was an independent determinant after adjustment first by stepwise multiple regression for stature and weight (multiple regression model r 2 = ∼0.60); absolute decrease with greater age in men was almost double that in women; significantly larger absolute amounts were observed in men and African-Americans after adjustment first for stature, weight, and age; and >80% of within-gender or -ethnic group between-individual component variation was explained by stature, weight, age, gender, and ethnicity differences; and 2) most of between-individual TBK variation could be explained by total appendicular skeletal muscle ( r 2 = 0.865), whereas age, gender, and ethnicity were small but significant additional covariates (total r 2 = 0.903). Our study supports the hypotheses that skeletal muscle is reduced in the elderly and that TBK provides a reasonable indirect assessment of skeletal muscle mass. These findings provide a foundation for investigating skeletal muscle mass in a wide range of health-related conditions.

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Taniguchi, Yoshiaki, Hyuma Makizako, Ryoji Kiyama, Kazutoshi Tomioka, Yuki Nakai, Takuro Kubozono, Toshihiro Takenaka, and Mitsuru Ohishi. "The Association between Osteoporosis and Grip Strength and Skeletal Muscle Mass in Community-Dwelling Older Women." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 7 (April 6, 2019): 1228. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071228.

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This cross-sectional study investigated the association between osteoporosis, grip strength, and skeletal muscle mass in community-dwelling older women. Data obtained from 265 older women who participated in a community-based health check survey (Tarumizu Study) were analyzed. Face-to-face interviews with participants revealed their history of osteoporosis. Appendicular skeletal muscle mass was assessed through bioelectrical impedance analysis, and appendicular skeletal muscle index was calculated. Dominant grip strength was also assessed. Loss of skeletal muscle mass (appendicular skeletal muscle mass < 5.7 kg/m2) and muscle weakness (grip strength < 18 kg) were determined based on criteria for sarcopenia put forth by the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia. The prevalence rates of osteoporosis, muscle weakness, and loss of skeletal muscle mass were 27.2%, 28.7%, and 50.2%, respectively. Loss of skeletal muscle mass was more prevalent in participants with osteoporosis than in those without (65.3% vs. 44.6%, p < 0.01). The association between osteoporosis and muscle strength was not significant (30.6% vs. 28.0%, p = 0.68). After covariate adjustment, loss of skeletal muscle mass was found to be independently associated with osteoporosis (odds ratio 2.56, 95% confidence interval 1.33–4.91). In sum, osteoporosis was found to be associated with loss of skeletal muscle mass, but not with muscle weakness in community-dwelling older women.

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Morris, Martha Savaria, and Paul F. Jacques. "Total protein, animal protein and physical activity in relation to muscle mass in middle-aged and older Americans." British Journal of Nutrition 109, no. 7 (August 2, 2012): 1294–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114512003133.

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Resistance training is recognised as a good strategy for retarding age-related declines in muscle mass and strength. Recent studies have also highlighted the potential value of protein intakes in excess of present recommendations. The roles that leisure-time physical activity and protein quality play in the preservation of skeletal muscle during ageing, and how such influences interact in free-living people are unclear. We sought to clarify these issues using data collected on 2425 participants aged ≥ 50 years in the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2003–2006). We estimated subjects’ usual intakes of total protein and beef from two 24 h diet recalls and computed the appendicular skeletal muscle mass index from anthropometric measures. Participants self-reported their physical activity levels. Analyses accounted for demographic factors and smoking. The association between muscle-strengthening activity and the appendicular skeletal muscle mass index varied with protein intake. Furthermore, among obese subjects with protein intakes < 70 g/d, those who performed such activities had a lower appendicular skeletal muscle mass index than those who were physically inactive. Protein intakes above the present recommendations were associated with benefits to obese subjects only. The appendicular skeletal muscle mass index of non-obese subjects who performed vigorous aerobic activities was consistently high; in obese subjects, it varied with protein intake. High-protein intake was associated with a modest increase in the appendicular skeletal muscle mass index in non-obese, physically inactive subjects. The present findings reinforce the idea that muscle-strengthening exercise preserves muscle when combined with adequate dietary protein. Vigorous aerobic activity may also help.

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Moon, Hyun Eui, Tae Sic Lee, and Tae-Ha Chung. "Association between Lower-to-Upper Ratio of Appendicular Skeletal Muscle and Metabolic Syndrome." Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 21 (October 26, 2022): 6309. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11216309.

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(1) Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster-based disorder comprising several pre-disease or pre-clinical statuses for diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular risk, and mortality. Appendicular skeletal muscle (ASM), or lean mass, is considered the main site of insulin-mediated glucose utilization. Therefore, we aimed to reveal the association between lower appendicular skeletal muscle mass to upper appendicular skeletal muscle mass ratio (LUR) and risk for MetS. (2) Methods: We analyzed the 2008–2011 Korean National Health Examination and Nutrition Survey (KNHANES) data. Quintiles of lower ASM to upper ASM ratio (LUR) were categorized as follows: Q1: ≤2.65, Q2: 2.66–2.80, Q3: 2.81–2.94, Q4: 2.95–3.11, and Q5: ≥3.12 in men and Q1: ≤3.00, Q2: 3.01–3.18, Q3: 3.19–3.36, Q4: 3.37–3.60, and Q5: ≥3.61 in women. Multivariate logistic regression models were used after setting MetS and the LUR quintiles as the independent and dependent variables and adjusting for covariates. (3) Result: In men, MetS in accordance with the LUR quintiles exhibits a reverse J-curve. All groups from Q2 to Q5 had a lower odds ratio (OR) (95% CI) for MetS compared to the Q1 group. The lowest OR (95% CI) of 0.85 (0.80–0.91) was observed in Q4. However, in women, the figure shows a sine curve. Compared to the Q1 group, the Q2 and Q3 groups had a higher OR, while the Q4 and Q5 groups presented a lower OR. Among them, the OR (95% CI) in the Q4 group was lowest, at 0.83 (0.76–0.91). (4) Conclusions: While total appendicular skeletal muscle mass is important to prevent MetS, it is necessary to maintain an optimal ratio of muscle mass between the upper and lower appendicular skeletal muscle mass.

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Heymsfield, S. B., R. Smith, M. Aulet, B. Bensen, S. Lichtman, J. Wang, and R. N. Pierson. "Appendicular skeletal muscle mass: measurement by dual-photon absorptiometry." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 52, no. 2 (August 1, 1990): 214–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/52.2.214.

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Raisbeck, Louisa D., Jonathon L. Stickford, Colleen M. McCracken, Sandra Tecklenberg, Jeanne D. Johnston, and Joel M. Stager. "Total Skeletal Muscle Mass, Appendicular Muscle Mass, Strength And Power In Master Athletes." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 39, Supplement (May 2007): S220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000273832.90257.70.

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Baek, Seol-Hee, Joo Hye Sung, Jin-Woo Park, Myeong Hun Son, Jung Hun Lee, and Byung-Jo Kim. "Usefulness of muscle ultrasound in appendicular skeletal muscle mass estimation for sarcopenia assessment." PLOS ONE 18, no. 1 (January 17, 2023): e0280202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0280202.

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The measurement of skeletal muscle mass is essential for the diagnosis of sarcopenia. Muscle ultrasonography has emerged as a useful tool for evaluating sarcopenia because it can be used to assess muscle quality and quantity. This study investigated whether muscle ultrasonography is effective for estimating appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) and screening for sarcopenia. This study prospectively enrolled 212 healthy volunteers aged 40–80 years. ASM was measured using the bioelectrical impedance analysis. Muscle thickness (MT) and echo-intensity (EI) were measured in four muscles (biceps brachii, BB; triceps brachii, TB; rectus femoris, RF; biceps femoris, BF) on the dominant hand. A hold-out cross-validation method was used to develop and validate the ASM prediction equation. In the model development group, the ASM prediction equations were deduced as follows: estimated ASM for men (kg) = 0.167 × weight (kg) + 0.228 × height (cm) + 0.143 × MT of BF (mm)– 0.822 × EI to MT ratio of BB– 28.187 (R2 = 0.830) and estimated ASM for women (kg) = 0.115 × weight + 0.215 × height (cm) + 0.139 × MT of RF–0.638 × EI to MT ratio of BB– 23.502 (R2 = 0.859). In the cross-validation group, the estimated ASM did not significantly differ from the measured ASM in both men (p = 0.775; intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.948) and women (p = 0.516; ICC = 0.973). In addition, multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that the ratios of EI to MT in the BF and RF muscles in men and MT in the BB muscle in women could be valuable parameters for sarcopenia screening. Therefore, our study suggests that muscle ultrasound could be an effective tool for estimating ASM and screening sarcopenia.

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Stookey, Jodi Dunmeyer. "Protein intake and appendicular skeletal muscle mass in older men." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 71, no. 5 (May 1, 2000): 1209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/71.5.1209.

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Sui, Sophia X., Kara L. Holloway-Kew, Natalie K. Hyde, Lana J. Williams, Monica C. Tembo, Emma West, and Julie A. Pasco. "How Well Do Low Population-Specific Values for Muscle Parameters Associate with Indices of Poor Physical Health? Cross-Sectional Data from the Geelong Osteoporosis Study." Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 10 (May 20, 2022): 2906. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11102906.

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We aimed to examine associations between skeletal muscle deficits and indices of poor health. Cut-points for skeletal muscle deficits were derived using data from the Geelong Osteoporosis Study and definitions from the revised European Consensus on Definition and Diagnosis and the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health. Participants (n = 665; 323 women) aged 60–96 year had handgrip strength measured by dynamometry and appendicular lean mass by whole-body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Physical performance was assessed using the Timed Up and Go test. Sex-specific cut-points were equivalent to two standard deviations below the mean young reference range from the Geelong Osteoporosis Study. Indices of poor health included fractures, falls, and hospitalisations. Low trauma fractures since age 50 year (excluding skull, face, digits) were self-reported and confirmed using radiological reports. Falls (≥1 in the past 12 months) and hospitalisations (past month) were self-reported. Logistic regression models (age- and sex-adjusted) were used to examine associations. Receiver Operating Characteristic curves were applied to determine optimal cut-points for handgrip strength, Timed Up and Go, appendicular lean mass/height2, and appendicular lean mass/body mass index that discriminated poor health outcomes. There were 48 participants (6.9%) with hospitalisations, 94 (13.4%) with fractures, and 177 (25.3%) with at least one fall (≥1). For all cut-points, low handgrip strength was consistently associated with falls. There was little evidence to support an association between low appendicular lean mass, using any cut-point, and indices of poor health. Optimal cut-offs for predicting falls (≥1) were: handgrip strength 17.5 kg for women and 33.5 kg for men; Timed Up and Go 8.6 s for women and 9.9 s for men; appendicular lean mass/height2 6.2 kg/m2 for women and 7.46 kg/m2 for men; and appendicular lean mass/body mass index 0.6 m2 for women and 0.9 m2 for men. In conclusion, muscle strength and function performed better than lean mass to indicate poor health. These findings add to the growing evidence base to inform decisions regarding the selection of skeletal muscle parameters and their optimal cut-points for identifying sarcopenia.

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Duran, Ibrahim, Kyriakos Martakis, Mirko Rehberg, Christina Stark, Anne Koy, and Eckhard Schoenau. "The Appendicular Lean Mass Index Is a Suitable Surrogate for Muscle Mass in Children with Cerebral Palsy." Journal of Nutrition 149, no. 10 (June 17, 2019): 1863–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxz127.

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ABSTRACT Background Densitometrically measured lean body mass (LBM) is often used to quantify skeletal muscle mass in children with cerebral palsy (CP). Since LBM depends on the individual's height, the evaluation of $\frac{{{\rm{LBM}}}}{{heigh{t^2}}}\ $ (lean BMI) is often recommended. However, LBM includes not only skeletal muscle mass but also the mass of skin, internal organs, tendons, and other components. This limitation applies to a far lesser extent to the appendicular lean mass index (LMIapp). Objectives The aim of the study was to evaluate skeletal muscle mass in children with CP using total lean BMI (LMItot) and LMIapp. Methods The present study was a monocentric retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data among children and adolescents with CP participating in a rehabilitation program. In total, 329 children with CP [148 females; Gross Motor Function Classification Scale (GMFCS) I, 32 children; GMFCS II, 73 children; GMFCS III, 133 children; GMFCS IV, 78 children; and GMFCS V, 13 children] were eligible for analysis. The mean age was 12.3 ± 2.75 y. Pediatric reference centiles for age-adjusted LMIapp were generated using data from NHANES 1999–2004. Low skeletal muscle mass was defined as a z score for DXA determined LMItot and LMIapp less than or equal to −2.0. Results The z scores for LMIapp were significantly lower than LMItot in children with CP, GMFCS levels II–V (P < 0.001), with the exception of GMFCS level I (P = 0.121), where no significant difference was found. The prevalence of low LMItot (16.1%; 95% CI: 16.1, 20.1%) was significantly lower (P < 0.001) than the prevalence of LMIapp (42.2%; 95% CI: 36.9, 47.9%) in the study population. Conclusions The prevalence of low skeletal muscle mass in children with CP might be underestimated by LMItot. LMIapp is more suitable for the evaluation of skeletal muscle mass in children with CP.

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Sarah Razaq, Murat Kara, Levent Özcakar, and Farooq Azam Rathore. "Diagnosis, management strategies and research horizons in sarcopenia." Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association 72, no. 5 (May 11, 2022): 998–1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.47391/jpma.22-68.

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Sarcopenia was first described by Rosenberg as the agerelated loss of skeletal muscle mass. The early operational definitions of sarcopenia were based on low muscle mass alone. However, research has suggested a strong predictive relationship between measures of muscle quality i.e., strength and/or physical performance, and health outcomes. Therefore, the definition has been revised to "age-related loss of muscle mass and muscle function". The etiology of sarcopenia is multifactorial and diagnostic recommendations published to date have addressed the total or appendicular muscle mass. Measurement of anterior thigh muscle mass has better correlations with functional tests and all-cause mortality when compared with appendicular or total muscle mass measurements. The aim of this review is to highlight the importance of sarcopenia as an emerging public health issue, diagnostic evaluation with muscle mass and functional performance evaluations and appropriate interventions for management. Keywords: Muscle mass, lean mass, geriatrics, rehabilitation intervention, muscle power.

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Nonaka, Koji, Shin Murata, Hideki Nakano, Kunihiko Anami, Kayoko Shiraiwa, Teppei Abiko, Akio Goda, Hiroaki Iwase, and Jun Horie. "Association of Low Bone Mass with Decreased Skeletal Muscle Mass: A Cross-Sectional Study of Community-Dwelling Older Women." Healthcare 8, no. 3 (September 16, 2020): 343. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare8030343.

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This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of skeletal muscle mass, muscle strength, and physical performance among community-dwelling older women. Data were collected from 306 older adults, and the data of 214 older women were included in the final analysis. Participants’ calcaneus bone mass was measured using ultrasonography. Based on their T-scores, participants were divided into the following three groups: normal (T-score > −1), low (−2.5 < T-score ≤ −1), and very low (T-score ≤ −2.5) bone mass. Further, participants’ skeletal muscle mass, muscle strength (grip and knee extension strength), and physical performance [gait speed and timed up and go (TUG)] were measured. Arm skeletal muscle index (SMI, skeletal muscle mass/height2), leg SMI, and appendicular SMI in the very low bone mass group were low compared to those of the low bone mass group (p = 0.034, p = 0.011, and p = 0.009, respectively). Grip and knee extension strength, gait speed, and TUG were not significantly different between the groups. These findings suggest that older women with low bone density had decreased skeletal muscle mass. Therefore, maintaining or improving skeletal muscle mass may prevent low bone mass.

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Eriksen, Christian Skou, Nina Kimer, Charlotte Suetta, and Søren Møller. "Arm lean mass determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry is superior to characterize skeletal muscle and predict sarcopenia-related mortality in cirrhosis." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 320, no. 5 (May 1, 2021): G729—G740. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00478.2020.

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Sarcopenia increases mortality in patients with end-stage liver disease. We show that arm lean mass determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry is a better marker than the traditional appendicular skeletal muscle mass when predicting sarcopenia-related mortality in patients with cirrhosis of different severity. The findings add to the dispute about the optimal method for repeated assessments of skeletal muscle status in patients with cirrhosis and may have implications for clinical decision making.

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Kurose, Satoshi, Katsuko Onishi, Nana Takao, Takumi Miyauchi, Kazuhisa Takahashi, and Yutaka Kimura. "Association of serum adiponectin and myostatin levels with skeletal muscle in patients with obesity: A cross-sectional study." PLOS ONE 16, no. 1 (January 19, 2021): e0245678. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245678.

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Background Adiponectin has been reported to be associated with lower skeletal muscle mass and skeletal strength and may be involved in skeletal muscle regulation along with myostatin. This study aims to evaluate the association between serum adiponectin and myostatin levels and identify independent factors using body composition and metabolic parameters in patients with obesity. Methods Overall, 148 patients (age, 45.9 ± 14.3 years, body mass index, 37.2 ± 8.0 kg/m2) who initially visited the outpatient clinic of obesity between November 2013 and November 2019 were included. Body composition was measured using InBody 720 and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. In addition, muscle strength, vascular function, and metabolic parameters were measured. Serum levels of adiponectin, leptin, myostatin, and irisin were measured from blood samples. Results The serum adiponectin level was 2.9 μg/mL (1.7–4.1 μg/mL), and the serum myostatin level was 2398.4 pg/mL (1,777.1–2952.5 pg/mL). The stepwise regression analysis revealed less leg strength, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, and C-reactive protein as an independent predictor of serum adiponectin levels based on the significance of the univariate analysis (R2 = 0.190, P < 0.001). A high appendicular lean mass/body weight, reactive hyperemia index, and irisin were independent factors for serum myostatin levels (R2 = 0.260, P < 0.001) Conclusion The serum adiponectin level was associated with less muscle strength. Although serum myostatin was associated with a high appendicular lean mass, it is possible that myostatin was regulated by the percentage of body weight from appendicular lean mass.

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Asare, Nana K., Steven B. Heymsfield, Mary N. Horlick, Alfredo Jones II, Mark Punyanita, and Steven C. Doleckyj. "DXA Appendicular Lean Soft Tissue Association with Skeletal Muscle Mass Function." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 36, Supplement (May 2004): S70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-200405001-00330.

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Asare, Nana K., Steven B. Heymsfield, Mary N. Horlick, Alfredo Jones II, Mark Punyanita, and Steven C. Doleckyj. "DXA Appendicular Lean Soft Tissue Association with Skeletal Muscle Mass Function." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 36, Supplement (May 2004): S70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200405001-00330.

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Pietrobelli, A., P. Morini, N. Battistini, G. Chiumello, C. Nuñez, and SB Heymsfield. "Appendicular skeletal muscle mass: prediction from multiple frequency segmental bioimpedance analysis." European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 52, no. 7 (July 1998): 507–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600592.

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Moon, Ji Hyun, Yun Hwan Oh, Mi Hee Kong, and Hyeon Ju Kim. "Relationship between visual acuity and muscle mass in the Korean older population: a cross-sectional study using Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey." BMJ Open 9, no. 12 (December 2019): e033846. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-033846.

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ObjectivesWe aimed to assess the effects of visual acuity on muscle mass, which is an important indicator of health in older populations.DesignPooled-sample cross-sectional study.SettingNationally representative population survey data.ParticipantsThe present study analysed men aged 65 years or older who participated in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES, 2008–2011).Primary and secondary outcome measuresMuscle mass was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan, and low muscle mass was defined as appendicular skeletal mass divided by height squared (kg/m2) <6.43 kg/m2 (lowest quintile of the older population in KNHANES, 2008–2011). Visual acuity was evaluated based on best-corrected visual acuity of the better eye.ResultsOf the 1733 participants, 89.9% had good visual acuity. After adjusting for age, the height-adjusted appendicular skeletal muscle mass values were 7.16 and 7.00 kg/m2 in the good and poor vision groups, respectively (p=0.042). According to our criterion for low muscle mass, the prevalence of low muscle mass was 16.4% and 34.7% in the good and poor vision groups, respectively. After adjusting for age, smoking status, alcohol consumption status, frequency of physical activity, educational level, the status of basic livelihood recipient and history of stroke, the poor visual acuity group had higher odds of low muscle mass than the good visual acuity group (OR=1.60; 95% CI 1.02 to 2.50; p=0.040).ConclusionsOlder men with decreased visual acuity have low muscle mass. Poor vision might be an indicator of low muscle mass.

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Zhang, Yajie, Dajiang Lu, Renwei Wang, Weijie Fu, and Shengnian Zhang. "Relationship between Muscle Mass/Strength and Hepatic Fat Content in Post-Menopausal Women." Medicina 55, no. 10 (September 24, 2019): 629. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina55100629.

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Background and Objectives: Recent studies have shown that low skeletal muscle mass can contribute to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease through insulin resistance. However, the association between muscle mass/strength and hepatic fat content remains unclear in postmenopausal women. Methods: In this study, we assessed the associations between muscle mass/strength and various severities of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Using single-voxel proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, 96 postmenopausal women between the ages of 50 and 65 were divided into four groups (G0–G3) by hepatic fat content: G0 (hepatic fat content <5%, n = 20), G1 (5% ≤ hepatic fat content < 10%, n = 27), G2 (10% ≤ hepatic fat content < 25%, n = 31), and G3 (hepatic fat content ≥25%, n = 18). Muscle mass indexes were estimated as skeletal muscle index (SMI)% (total lean mass/weight × 100) and appendicular skeletal muscular mass index (ASM)% (appendicular lean mass/weight × 100) by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Maximal isometric voluntary contraction of the handgrip, elbow flexors, and knee extensors was measured using an adjustable dynamometer chair. Fasting plasma glucose, insulin, and follicle-stimulating hormones were assessed in venous blood samples. Results: The results showed negative correlations between hepatic fat content and SMI% (r = −0.42, p < 0.001), ASM% (r = −0.29, p = 0.005), maximal voluntary force of grip (r = −0.22, p = 0.037), and knee extensors (r = −0.22, p = 0.032). Conclusions: These significant correlations almost remained unchanged even after controlling for insulin resistance. In conclusion, negative correlations exist between muscle mass/strength and the progressed severity of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease among post-menopausal women, and the correlations are independent of insulin resistance.

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Song, Mi-Yeon, Jaehee Kim, Mary Horlick, Jack Wang, Richard N. Pierson, Moonseong Heo, and Dympna Gallagher. "Prepubertal Asians have less limb skeletal muscle." Journal of Applied Physiology 92, no. 6 (June 1, 2002): 2285–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01066.2001.

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Skeletal muscle mass in prepubertal Asian children has not been examined previously. The aims of this study were to test the hypotheses that 1) prepubertal Asians have less appendicular skeletal muscle (ASM) mass compared with African-Americans and Caucasians, and 2) ASM is less in prepubertal Asian girls compared with Asian boys. ASM was estimated by using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in healthy prepubertal girls ( n = 170) and boys ( n= 166). The results showed that, after adjusting for age, height, and body weight, 1) Asian girls and boys had less amounts of ASM than African-Americans ( P < 0.001); 2) Asian girls had less amounts of ASM than Caucasian girls ( P = 0.004); 3) there was a trend towards less ASM in Asian compared with Caucasian boys ( P = 0.07); 4) and Asian girls had significantly less ASM than Asian boys ( P < 0.001). This study indicates that skeletal muscle mass as a fraction of body weight is smaller in Asian compared with African-American and Caucasian children.

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Juppi, Hanna-Kaarina, Sarianna Sipilä, Neil J. Cronin, Sira Karvinen, Jari E. Karppinen, Tuija H. Tammelin, Pauliina Aukee, Vuokko Kovanen, Urho M. Kujala, and Eija K. Laakkonen. "Role of Menopausal Transition and Physical Activity in Loss of Lean and Muscle Mass: A Follow-Up Study in Middle-Aged Finnish Women." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 5 (May 23, 2020): 1588. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9051588.

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In midlife, women experience hormonal changes due to menopausal transition. A decrease especially in estradiol has been hypothesized to cause loss of muscle mass. This study investigated the effect of menopausal transition on changes in lean and muscle mass, from the total body to the muscle fiber level, among 47–55-year-old women. Data were used from the Estrogenic Regulation of Muscle Apoptosis (ERMA) study, where 234 women were followed from perimenopause to early postmenopause. Hormone levels (estradiol and follicle stimulating hormone), total and regional body composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and computed tomography (CT) scans), physical activity level (self-reported and accelerometer-measured) and muscle fiber properties (muscle biopsy) were assessed at baseline and at early postmenopause. Significant decreases were seen in lean body mass (LBM), lean body mass index (LBMI), appendicular lean mass (ALM), appendicular lean mass index (ALMI), leg lean mass and thigh muscle cross-sectional area (CSA). Menopausal status was a significant predictor for all tested muscle mass variables, while physical activity was an additional significant contributor for LBM, ALM, ALMI, leg lean mass and relative muscle CSA. Menopausal transition was associated with loss of muscle mass at multiple anatomical levels, while physical activity was beneficial for the maintenance of skeletal muscle mass.

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Teixeira, Leonardo Augusto Costa, Jousielle Marcia dos Santos, Adriana Netto Parentoni, Liliana Pereira Lima, Tamiris Campos Duarte, Franciane Pereira Brant, Camila Danielle Cunha Neves, et al. "Adiponectin Is a Contributing Factor of Low Appendicular Lean Mass in Older Community-Dwelling Women: A Cross-Sectional Study." Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 23 (December 2, 2022): 7175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11237175.

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Inflammation is a chronic, sterile, low-grade inflammation that develops with advanced age in the absence of overt infection and may contribute to the pathophysiology of sarcopenia, a progressive and generalized skeletal muscle disorder. Furthermore, a series of biomarkers linked to sarcopenia occurrence have emerged. To aid diagnostic and treatment strategies for low muscle mass in sarcopenia and other related conditions, the objective of this work was to investigate potential biomarkers associated with appendicular lean mass in community-dwelling older women. This is a cross-sectional study with 71 older women (75 ± 7 years). Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to assess body composition. Plasmatic blood levels of adipokines (i.e., adiponectin, leptin, and resistin), tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and soluble receptors (sTNFr1 and sTNFr2), interferon (INF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and interleukins (IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Older women with low muscle mass showed higher plasma levels of adiponectin, sTNFr1, and IL-8 compared to the regular muscle mass group. In addition, higher adiponectin plasma levels explained 14% of the lower appendicular lean mass. High adiponectin plasmatic blood levels can contribute to lower appendicular lean mass in older, community-dwelling women.

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Schweighofer, Natascha, Christoph W. Haudum, Olivia Trummer, Alice Lind, Ewald Kolesnik, Ines Mursic, Albrecht Schmidt, et al. "Dp-ucMGP as a Biomarker in Sarcopenia." Nutrients 14, no. 24 (December 19, 2022): 5400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14245400.

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Sarcopenia is linked with an increased risk of falls, osteoporosis and mortality and is an increasing problem for healthcare systems. No satisfying biomarkers for sarcopenia diagnosis exist, connecting bone, fat and muscle. Matrix-GLA-protein (MGP) is an adipokine that regulates bone metabolism and is associated with decreased muscle strength. Associations of dp-ucMGP were analyzed in the BioPersMed cohort (58 ± 9 years), including 1022 asymptomatic subjects at moderate cardiovascular risk. Serum measurements of dp-ucMGP in 760 persons were performed with the InaKtif MGP Kit with the IDS-iSYS Multi-Discipline Automated System. DXA data (792 persons) measured with the Lunar iDXA system and physical performance data (786 persons) were available. Dp-ucMGP plasma levels correlate with sarcopenia parameters like gait speed (ρ = −0.192, p < 0.001), appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ρ = 0.102, p = 0.005) and appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (ρ = 0.112, p = 0.001). They are lower in persons with sarcopenia (p < 0.001) and higher in persons with reduced physical performance (p = 0.019). Persons in the lowest dp-ucMGP quartile have the highest risk for reduced muscle mass, decreasing with each quartile, whereas persons in the highest quartile have the highest risk of reduced muscle strength. Dp-ucMGP might be a good biomarker candidate in sarcopenia characterization.

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Starling, R. D., P. A. Ades, and E. T. Poehlman. "PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, PROTEIN INTAKE, AND APPENDICULAR SKELETAL MUSCLE MASS IN OLDER MEN." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 31, Supplement (May 1999): S163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199905001-00706.

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Starling, Raymond D., Philip A. Ades, and Eric T. Poehlman. "Physical activity, protein intake, and appendicular skeletal muscle mass in older men." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 70, no. 1 (July 1, 1999): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/70.1.91.

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Lee, Jun-Hyuk, Hye-Sun Lee, Byoung-Kwon Lee, Yu-Jin Kwon, and Ji-Won Lee. "Relationship between Muscle Mass and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease." Biology 10, no. 2 (February 5, 2021): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10020122.

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Although sarcopenia is known to be a risk factor for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), whether NAFLD is a risk factor for the development of sarcopenia is not clear. We investigated relationships between NAFLD and low skeletal muscle mass index (LSMI) using three different datasets. Participants were classified into LSMI and normal groups. LSMI was defined as a body mass index (BMI)-adjusted appendicular skeletal muscle mass <0.789 in men and <0.512 in women or as the sex-specific lowest quintile of BMI-adjusted total skeletal muscle mass. NAFLD was determined according to NAFLD liver fat score or abdominal ultrasonography. The NAFLD groups showed a higher hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for LSMI than the normal groups (HRs = 1.21, 95% CIs = 1.05–1.40). The LSMI groups also showed a higher HRs with 95% CIs for NAFLD than normal groups (HRs = 1.56, 95% CIs = 1.38–1.78). Participants with NAFLD had consistently less skeletal muscle mass over 12 years of follow-up. In conclusion, LSMI and NAFLD showed a relationship. Maintaining muscle mass should be emphasized in the management of NAFLD.

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Proctor, David N., and Michael J. Joyner. "Skeletal muscle mass and the reduction ofV˙o 2 max in trained older subjects." Journal of Applied Physiology 82, no. 5 (May 1, 1997): 1411–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1997.82.5.1411.

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Proctor, David N., and Michael J. Joyner. Skeletal muscle mass and the reduction ofV˙o 2 max in trained older subjects. J. Appl. Physiol.82(5): 1411–1415, 1997.—The role of skeletal muscle mass in the age-associated decline in maximal O2 uptake (V˙o 2 max) is poorly defined because of confounding changes in muscle oxidative capacity and in body fat and the difficulty of quantifying active muscle mass during exercise. We attempted to clarify these issues by examining the relationship between several indexes of muscle mass, as estimated by using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and treadmillV˙o 2 max in 32 chronically endurance-trained subjects from four groups ( n = 8/group): young men (20–30 yr), older men (56–72 yr), young women (19–31 yr), and older women (51–72 yr).V˙o 2 max per kilogram body mass was 26 and 22% lower in the older men (45.9 vs. 62.0 ml ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ min−1) and older women (40.0 vs. 51.5 ml ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ min−1). These age differences were reduced to 14 and 13%, respectively, whenV˙o 2 max was expressed per kilogram of appendicular muscle. When appropriately adjusted for age and gender differences in appendicular muscle mass by analysis of covariance, whole bodyV˙o 2 max was 0.50 ± 0.09 l/min less ( P < 0.001) in the older subjects. This effect was similar in both genders. These findings suggest that the reducedV˙o 2 max seen in highly trained older men and women relative to their younger counterparts is due, in part, to a reduced aerobic capacity per kilogram of active muscle independent of age-associated changes in body composition, i.e., replacement of muscle tissue by fat. Because skeletal muscle adaptations to endurance training can be well maintained in older subjects, the reduced aerobic capacity per kilogram of muscle likely results from age-associated reductions in maximal O2 delivery (cardiac output and/or muscle blood flow).

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Massimino, Elena, Anna Izzo, Gabriele Riccardi, and Giuseppe Della Pepa. "The Impact of Glucose-Lowering Drugs on Sarcopenia in Type 2 Diabetes: Current Evidence and Underlying Mechanisms." Cells 10, no. 8 (August 1, 2021): 1958. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10081958.

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The age-related decrease in skeletal muscle mass together with the loss of muscle power and function is defined sarcopenia. Mounting evidence suggests that the prevalence of sarcopenia is higher in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and different mechanisms may be responsible for this association such as impaired insulin sensitivity, chronic hyperglycemia, advanced glycosylation end products, subclinical inflammation, microvascular and macrovascular complications. Glucose-lowering drugs prescribed for patients with T2DM might impact on these mechanisms leading to harmful or beneficial effect on skeletal muscle. Importantly, beyond their glucose-lowering effects, glucose-lowering drugs may affect per se the equilibrium between protein anabolism and catabolism through several mechanisms involved in skeletal muscle physiology, contributing to sarcopenia. The aim of this narrative review is to provide an update on the effects of glucose-lowering drugs on sarcopenia in individuals with T2DM, focusing on the parameters used to define sarcopenia: muscle strength (evaluated by handgrip strength), muscle quantity/quality (evaluated by appendicular lean mass or skeletal muscle mass and their indexes), and physical performance (evaluated by gait speed or short physical performance battery). Furthermore, we also describe the plausible mechanisms by which glucose-lowering drugs may impact on sarcopenia.

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Sugimura, Yoshikuni, Akira Kanda, Kaori Sawada, Kyi Mar Wai, Asano Tanabu, Naoki Ozato, Tatsuyuki Midorikawa, Takayoshi Hisada, Shigeyuki Nakaji, and Kazushige Ihara. "Association between Gut Microbiota and Body Composition in Japanese General Population: A Focus on Gut Microbiota and Skeletal Muscle." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 12 (June 17, 2022): 7464. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19127464.

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This study aimed to investigate the gut microbial genera associated with skeletal muscle mass, using a large-scale survey from the standpoint of preventing sarcopenia. A total of 848 participants were included in the analysis. The mean (SD) ages of men (n = 353) and women (n = 495) were 50.0 (12.9) years and 50.8 (12.8) years, respectively. Body composition was assessed using appendicular skeletal muscle mass/body weight (ASM/BW), ASM, and BW. Additionally, the relationship between gut microbial genera and body composition was analyzed. The means (SD) of ASM/BW were 34.9 (2.4) % in men and 29.4 (2.9) % in women. Blautia and Bifidobacterium were positively associated with ASM/BW only in men (Blautia: β = 0.0003, Bifidobacterium: β = 0.0001). However, Blautia was negatively associated with BW (β = −0.0017). Eisenbergiella was positively associated with ASM/BW (β = 0.0209) and negatively associated with BW (β = −0.0769) only in women. Our results indicate that Blautia, Bifidobacterium and Eisenbergiella, which are positively associated with ASM/BW, might help increase skeletal muscle mass. ASM/BW may clarify the relationship between gut microbiota and skeletal muscle mass without being affected by obesity or excess body fat mass.

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Ostovar, Afshin, Ramin Heshmat, Gita Shafiee, AbbasAli Keshtkar, Farshad Sharifi, Zhaleh Shadman, Iraj Nabipour, Akbar Soltani, and Bagher Larijani. "Appendicular Skeletal Muscle Mass Reference Values and the Peak Muscle Mass to Identify Sarcopenia among Iranian Healthy Population." International Journal of Preventive Medicine 9, no. 1 (2018): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_295_17.

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Gallagher, Dympna, Else Ruts, Marjolein Visser, Stanley Heshka, Richard N. Baumgartner, Jack Wang, Richard N. Pierson, F. Xavier Pi-Sunyer, and Steven B. Heymsfield. "Weight stability masks sarcopenia in elderly men and women." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 279, no. 2 (August 1, 2000): E366—E375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.2000.279.2.e366.

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Skeletal muscle loss or sarcopenia in aging has been suggested in cross-sectional studies but has not been shown in elderly subjects using appropriate measurement techniques combined with a longitudinal study design. Longitudinal skeletal muscle mass changes after age 60 yr were investigated in independently living, healthy men ( n = 24) and women ( n = 54; mean age 73 yr) with a mean ± SD follow-up time of 4.7 ± 2.3 yr. Measurements included regional skeletal muscle mass, four additional lean components (fat-free body mass, body cell mass, total body water, and bone mineral), and total body fat. Total appendicular skeletal muscle (TSM) mass decreased in men (−0.8 ± 1.2 kg, P = 0.002), consisting of leg skeletal muscle (LSM) loss (−0.7 ± 0.8 kg, P = 0.001) and a trend toward loss of arm skeletal muscle (ASM; −0.2 ± 0.4 kg, P = 0.06). In women, TSM mass decreased (−0.4 ± 1.2 kg, P = 0.006) and consisted of LSM loss (−0.3 ± 0.8 kg, P = 0.005) and a tendency for a loss of ASM (−0.1 ± 0.6 kg, P = 0.20). Multiple regression modeling indicates greater rates of LSM loss in men. Body weight in men at follow-up did not change significantly (−0.5 ± 3.0 kg, P = 0.44) and fat mass increased (+1.2 ± 2.4 kg, P = 0.03). Body weight and fat mass in women were nonsignificantly reduced (−0.8 ± 3.9 kg, P= 0.15 and −0.8 ± 3.5 kg, P = 0.12). These observations suggest that sarcopenia is a progressive process, particularly in elderly men, and occurs even in healthy independently living older adults who may not manifest weight loss.

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Chen, Guan-Bo, Che-Wei Lin, Hung-Ya Huang, Yi-Jhen Wu, Hung-Tzu Su, Shu-Fen Sun, and Sheng-Hui Tuan. "Using Virtual Reality–Based Rehabilitation in Sarcopenic Older Adults in Rural Health Care Facilities—A Quasi-Experimental Study." Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 29, no. 5 (October 1, 2021): 866–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/japa.2020-0222.

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Because of a shortage of health care providers, providing rehabilitation in health care facilities is difficult. Virtual reality–based rehabilitation is effective in older populations. There are only a few studies among patients with sarcopenia. This is a quasi-experimental, single-group, pretest–posttest design evaluating the clinical effectiveness of virtual reality–based progressive resistance training among residents aged over 60 years with sarcopenia in rural care facilities. The authors used Oculus Rift with headsets to provide the virtual reality–based progressive resistance training. The authors administered the program twice per week, 30 min per session, for 12 weeks. The primary outcomes were dominant handgrip strength, walking speed, and appendicular skeletal muscle mass index. Data from 30 participants were analyzed. Significant improvements in handgrip strength and walking speed were observed. Although an increasing trend in appendicular skeletal muscle mass index was observed, it did not reach statistical significance. The authors concluded that the virtual reality–based progressive resistance training is partially effective in older sarcopenic adults in health care facilities.

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Levine, James A., Lana Abboud, Mitchel Barry, Judd E. Reed, Patrick F. Sheedy, and Michael D. Jensen. "Measuring leg muscle and fat mass in humans: comparison of CT and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry." Journal of Applied Physiology 88, no. 2 (February 1, 2000): 452–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2000.88.2.452.

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Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) is reported to be inferior to computed tomography (CT) to measure changes in appendicular soft tissue composition. We compared CT- and DEXA-measured thigh muscle and fat mass to evaluate the random and systematic discrepancies between these two methods. Thigh skeletal muscle area (single-slice CT) was suboptimally ( r 2= 0.74, P < 0.0001) related to DEXA-measured thigh fat-free mass (FFM). In contrast, thigh muscle and adipose tissue volumes (multislice CT) were highly related to DEXA-measured thigh FFM and fat (both r 2 = 0.96, P < 0.0001). DEXA-measured leg fat was significantly less than multislice-CT-measured leg adipose tissue volume, whereas multislice-CT-measured leg muscle mass was less ( P < 0.0001) than DEXA-measured leg FFM. The systematic discrepancies between the two approaches were consistent with the 10–15% nonfat components of adipose tissue. In conclusion, CT and DEXA measures of appendicular soft tissue are highly related. Systematic differences between DEXA and CT likely relate to the underlying principles of the techniques.

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Buscemi, Carola, Yvelise Ferro, Roberta Pujia, Elisa Mazza, Giada Boragina, Angela Sciacqua, Salvatore Piro, et al. "Sarcopenia and Appendicular Muscle Mass as Predictors of Impaired Fasting Glucose/Type 2 Diabetes in Elderly Women." Nutrients 13, no. 6 (June 2, 2021): 1909. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13061909.

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Elderly women exhibit a high risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D), but no definitive data exist about the possible role of postmenopausal increases in visceral adiposity, the loss of lean body mass, or decreases in the sum of the lean mass of arms and legs (appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASMM)). This retrospective, longitudinal study investigated whether body composition (bioelectrical impedance analysis) predicted the development of impaired fasting glucose (IFG) or T2D in a cohort of 159 elderly women (age: 71 ± 5 years, follow-up: 94 months) from southern Italy (Clinical Nutrition and Geriatric Units of the “Mater Domini” University Hospital in Catanzaro, Calabria region, and the “P. Giaccone ”University Hospital in Palermo, Sicily region). Sarcopenia was defined in a subgroup of 128 women according to the EWGSOP criteria as the presence of low muscle strength (handgrip strength <16 kg) plus low muscle mass (reported as appendicular skeletal muscle mass <15 kg). Participants with a low ASMM had a higher IFG/T2D incidence than those with a normal ASMM (17% vs. 6%, p-adjusted = 0.044); this finding was independent of BMI, fat mass, waist circumference, and habitual fat intake (OR = 3.81, p = 0.034). A higher incidence of IFG/T2D was observed in the subgroup with sarcopenia than those without sarcopenia (33% vs. 7%, p-adjusted = 0.005) independent of BMI and fat mass (OR = 6.75, p = 0.007). In conclusion, this study demonstrates that elderly women with low ASMM had a higher probability of developing IFG/T2D. Further studies are needed to confirm these results in men and in other age groups.

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Rathnayake, Nirmala, Sarath Lekamwasam, and Hasanga Rathnayake. "Prediction of appendicular skeletal muscle mass of older women using anthropometry-based equations." Ceylon Medical Journal 66, no. 1 (July 30, 2021): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/cmj.v66i1.9357.

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CHOI, YOU LEE. "Development Of A Predictive Equation For Appendicular Skeletal Muscle Mass In Korea Adults." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 46 (May 2014): 355–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000494243.94579.c5.

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Umapathysivam, K., C. Tufanaru, R. Visvanathan, and S. C. Yu. "ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS OF APPENDICULAR SKELETAL MUSCLE MASS IN OLDER PEOPLE: A SCOPING REVIEW." Innovation in Aging 1, suppl_1 (June 30, 2017): 384. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igx004.1392.

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van der Graaff, S., J. Knoester, J. Koopman, T. Haarsma, N. Toussaint, M. de Roon, D. Bloeming, et al. "PP144-MON APPENDICULAR SKELETAL MUSCLE MASS BY DEXA AND TANITA IN OBESE ELDERLY." Clinical Nutrition Supplements 6, no. 1 (2011): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1744-1161(11)70434-3.

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Cebrià i Iranzo, Maria À., Mercè Balasch-Bernat, María Á. Tortosa-Chuliá, and Sebastià Balasch-Parisi. "Effects of Resistance Training of Peripheral Muscles Versus Respiratory Muscles in Older Adults With Sarcopenia Who are Institutionalized: A Randomized Controlled Trial." Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 26, no. 4 (October 1, 2018): 637–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/japa.2017-0268.

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This study compares the effects of two resistance training programs in peripheral and respiratory musculature on muscle mass and strength and physical performance and identifies the appropriate muscle mass parameter for assessing the intervention effects. Thirty-seven institutionalized older Spanish adults with sarcopenia were analyzed: control group (n = 17), respiratory muscle training group (n = 9), and peripheral muscle training group (n = 11). Measured outcomes were appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM/height2, ASM/weight, and ASM/BMI), isometric knee extension, arm flexion and handgrip strength, maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures, and gait speed pre- and postintervention. Trained groups participated in a 12-week program and improved in maximum static inspiratory pressure, maximum static expiratory pressure, knee extension, and arm flexion (p < .05), whereas nonsignificant changes were found in gait speed and ASM indexes pre- and postintervention in the three groups. In conclusion, resistance training improved skeletal muscle strength in the studied population, and any ASM index was found to be appropriate for detecting changes after physical interventions.

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Kim, Seong Rae, Gyeongsil Lee, Seulggie Choi, Yun Hwan Oh, Joung Sik Son, Minseon Park, and Sang Min Park. "Changes in predicted lean body mass, appendicular skeletal muscle mass, and body fat mass and cardiovascular disease." Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle 13, no. 2 (February 25, 2022): 1113–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12962.

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Park, Young-Min, Catherine M. Jankowski, Cemal Ozemek, Kerry L. Hildreth, Wendy M. Kohrt, and Kerrie L. Moreau. "Appendicular lean mass is lower in late compared with early perimenopausal women: potential role of FSH." Journal of Applied Physiology 128, no. 5 (May 1, 2020): 1373–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00315.2019.

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Alemán-Mateo, H., and Roxana E. Ruiz Valenzuela. "Skeletal Muscle Mass Indices in Healthy Young Mexican Adults Aged 20–40 Years: Implications for Diagnoses of Sarcopenia in the Elderly Population." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/672158.

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Background and Objectives. Skeletal muscle and skeletal muscle indices in young adults from developing countries are sparse. Indices and the corresponding cut-off points can be a reference for diagnoses of sarcopenia. This study assessed skeletal muscle using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in healthy male and female subjects aged 20–40 years and compared their appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) and total-body skeletal muscle (TBSM) indices using certain cut-off points published in the literature.Methods. A sample of 216 healthy adults men and women from northwest Mexico was included. Body composition was assessed by DXA and several published DXA-derived skeletal muscle indices were compared.Results. Both, ASM and TBSM were higher in men compared to the women group (23.0 ± 3.4 versus 15.9 ± 1.6 kg;P<0.05and 26.5 ± 4.1 versus 16.9 ± 1.9 kg;P<0.05, resp.). These differences were also valid for both indices. When derived cut-off points were compared with the most reported indices, significant differences were found.Interpretation and Conclusion. Published cut-off points from Caucasians are higher than cut-off point derived in this sample of Mexican subjects. The new DXA-derived cut-off points for ASM proposed herein may improve diagnoses of sarcopenia in the geriatric Mexican population.

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Cavalheiro Do Espírito Santo, R., L. Santos, L. Filippin, P. Lora, and R. Xavier. "THU0610-HPR PREDICTION EQUATION FOR MUSCLE MASS OVERESTIMATES MUSCLE MASS IN PATIENTS WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 79, Suppl 1 (June 2020): 546.2–547. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.2870.

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Background:Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a chronic, progressive, inflammatory autoimmune disease characterized by systemic manifestations. Often is observed in RA patients changes in body composition, such as reduced muscle mass (sarcopenia) with stable or increased fat mass (FM) [1]. Total-body skeletal muscle mass (SMM), specifically appendicular skeletal muscle, is a key diagnostic feature for the assessment of geriatric syndromes associated with skeletal muscle wasting, such as sarcopenia [2]. Estimation of SMM can be accomplished by a variety of methods, but the majority that considered the gold standard for this purpose are high cost. Due high cost, this methods are unfeasible in population studies and increases the difficulty of use in different clinical contexts. Predictive equations have been developed for estimation of whole-body skeletal muscle mass on the basis of anthropometric data, which can be collected in a more affordable manner, in an attempt to make SMM calculation easier and enable its use in epidemiological research and in clinical settings [3]. However, these equations were not developed for RA populations.Objectives:To compare the anthropometric equation that estimate SMM with body composition measurements derived from DXA in RA patients.Methods:Ninety patients diagnosed with RA according to ACR/EULAR criteria were recruited. Body composition was assessed by total body dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) for measurement of appendicular lean mass index (ALMI, kg/m2). The prediction equation for muscle mass proposed by Lee et al (variables included: body weight, height, age, sex and race) was used to generate estimates of SMM, stratified by BMI. Frequency analysis, independent student’s t test and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were performed. Statistical significance was considered as p<0.05Results:Of the 90 patients analyzed, most were women (86.7%; 78/91), with mean age of 56.5±7.3 and median disease duration time of 8.5 (3-18) years. The mean of BMI was 27.39±5.14. Thirty (33.3%) RA patients had normal weight, forty patients (44.4%) were overweight and twenty patients (22.2%) were obese. In normal weight patients, just like overweight and obese patients, the estimates of SMM obtained by Lee equation were higher than those obtained by DXA measurements(Obese: Lee 10.66±1.19 vs DXA 7.10±0.73; Overweight: Lee 8.63±0.99 vs DXA 6.57±0.82; Normal weight: Lee 7.14±0.85vs DXA 6.03±0.71; p<0.05). The Lee equation estimates showed ICC of 0.78 (0.66 - 0.85) with DXA measurements. When stratified by BMI, Lee equation showed ICC of 0.87 (0.72 - 0.94) for normal weight, 0.83 (0.68 - 0.91) for overweight and 0.77 (0.42 - 0.90) for obese with DXA.Conclusion:The muscle mass index by Lee equation overestimates the muscle mass in overweight or obese RA patients compared to DXA. Thus, sarcopenic RA patients may be wrongly classified as normal by the equation. This is probably related to the obese cachexia that these patients often present. More studies are necessary to analysis to better prediction equations for muscle mass in RA patients.References:[1]Smolen JS et al. Nat Rev Dis Prim. 2018;4:18001; [2] Kim J et al. Am J Clin Nutr 2002; 76: 378–83.; [3] Lee RC et al. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;72:796-803.Acknowledgments:We thank the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Level Personnel (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—CAPES) institution, the Foundation for Research Support of the Rio Grande do Sul State (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul—FAPERGS), the Research and Events Incentive Fund (Fundo de Incentivo à Pesquisa e Eventos—FIPE) of HCPA and Technological Development (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico—CNPq).Disclosure of Interests:Rafaela Cavalheiro do Espírito Santo: None declared, Leonardo Santos: None declared, Lidiane Filippin: None declared, Priscila Lora: None declared, Ricardo Xavier Consultant of: AbbVie, Pfizer, Novartis, Janssen, Eli Lilly, Roche

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Sugawara, Jun, Motohiko Miyachi, Kerrie L. Moreau, Frank A. Dinenno, Christopher A. DeSouza, and Hirofumi Tanaka. "Age-related reductions in appendicular skeletal muscle mass: association with habitual aerobic exercise status." Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging 22, no. 3 (May 2002): 169–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1475-097x.2002.00413.x.

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Dvorak, R. V., and E. T. Poehlman. "Appendicular skeletal muscle mass, physical activity, and cognitive status in patients with Alzheimer's disease." Neurology 51, no. 5 (November 1, 1998): 1386–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.51.5.1386.

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Kyle, U. G., Laurence Genton, D. Hans, and C. Pichard. "Validation of a bioelectrical impedance analysis equation to predict appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASMM)." Clinical Nutrition 22, no. 6 (December 2003): 537–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0261-5614(03)00048-7.

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Kim, Jung Hee, Sung Hee Choi, Soo Lim, Ki Woong Kim, Jae Young Lim, Nam H. Cho, Kyong Soo Park, and Hak Chul Jang. "Assessment of appendicular skeletal muscle mass by bioimpedance in older community-dwelling Korean adults." Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 58, no. 3 (May 2014): 303–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2013.11.002.

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van Baar, H., P. J. M. Hulshof, M. Tieland, and C. P. G. M. de Groot. "Bio-impedance analysis for appendicular skeletal muscle mass assessment in (pre-) frail elderly people." Clinical Nutrition ESPEN 10, no. 4 (August 2015): e147-e153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clnesp.2015.05.002.

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Szulc, Pawel, François Duboeuf, François Marchand, and Pierre D. Delmas. "Hormonal and lifestyle determinants of appendicular skeletal muscle mass in men: the MINOS study." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 80, no. 2 (August 1, 2004): 496–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/80.2.496.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Appendicular skeletal muscle mass'

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