Journal articles: 'Appel Salt'

1

D'HOOGE, B., and W. DEHAEN. "ChemInform Abstract: Stereoisomerism in the Adducts of Appel′s Salt with Activated Methylenes." ChemInform 29, no. 14 (June 23, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199814043.

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CUADRO, A. M., and J. ALVAREZ-BUILLA. "ChemInform Abstract: 4,5-Dichloro-1,2,3-dithiazolium Chloride (Appel′s Salt): Reactions with N-Nucleophiles." ChemInform 26, no. 3 (August 18, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199503152.

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Tsaplin, G. V., E. I. Bashkalova, A. L. Alekseenko, and S. V. Popkov. "Synthesis of azole derivatives of 1,2,3-dithiazole-5-imines and study of their fungicidal." Журнал общей химии 93, no. 12 (December 15, 2023): 1846–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0044460x23120041.

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A three-stage method was proposed for the synthesis of new 4-[4-(2-azolylethyl)piperazine-1-yl]- N -aryl-5 H 1,2,3-dithiazole-5-imines. This approach includes the reaction of Appel salt with anilines to produce 1,2,3-dithiazole-5-imines, which were converted into 4-[(4-chloroethyl)piperazine-1-yl]-5 H -1,2,3-dithiazole-5-imines, alkylating azoles at the final stage. The high fungicidal activity of target compounds and intermediate 4-chloro N -aryl-1,2,3-dithiazole-5-imines was shown in vitro tests versus six species of phytopathogenic fungi.

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Tsaplin, G. V., E. I. Bashkalova, A. L. Alekseenko, and S. V. Popkov. "Synthesis of Azole Derivatives of 1,2,3-Dithiazole-5-imines and Study of Their Fungicidal." Russian Journal of General Chemistry 93, no. 12 (December 2023): 3055–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1070363223120046.

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Abstract A three-stage method was proposed for the synthesis of new 4-[4-(2-azolylethyl)piperazine-1-yl]-N-aryl-5H-1,2,3-dithiazole-5-imines. This approach includes the reaction of Appel salt with anilines to produce 1,2,3-dithiazole-5-imines, which were converted into 4-[(4-chloroethyl)piperazine-1-yl]-5H-1,2,3-dithiazole-5-imines, alkylating azoles at the final stage. The high fungicidal activity of target compounds and intermediate 4-chloro-N-aryl-1,2,3-dithiazole-5-imines was shown in vitro tests versus six species of phytopathogenic fungi.

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FOLMER, J. J., and S. M. WEINREB. "ChemInform Abstract: Generation of Esters from Carboxylic Acids Using Appel′s Salt (4,5- Dichloro-1,2,3-dithiazolium Chloride)." ChemInform 24, no. 39 (August 20, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199339137.

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L'ABBE, G., B. D'HOOGE, and W. DEHAEN. "ChemInform Abstract: Unusual Behavior of 4,5-Dichloro-1,2,3-dithiazolium Chloride (Appel′s Salt) with 5-Aminopyrazoles: A Synthetic Method of 1H-Pyrazolo(3,4-d) thiazoles." ChemInform 27, no. 4 (August 12, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199604158.

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7

CRYSTAL, SUSAN R., and ILENE L. BERNSTEIN. "Infant Salt Preference and Mother's Morning Sickness." Appetite 30, no. 3 (June 1998): 297–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/appe.1997.0144.

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CRYSTAL, SUSAN R., and ILENE L. BERNSTEIN. "Morning Sickness: Impact on Offspring Salt Preference." Appetite 25, no. 3 (December 1995): 231–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/appe.1995.0058.

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LESHEM, M., A. ABUTBUL, and R. EILON. "Exercise Increases the Preference for Salt in Humans." Appetite 32, no. 2 (April 1999): 251–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/appe.1999.0228.

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Purwoko, Devit, Teuku Tajuddin, Pramono, Rismayanti, Muhamad Farkhan Yanuar, Imastini Dinuriah, Hidayatul Arisah, and Dita Agisimanto. "ANALISIS HOMOGENITAS GENETIK KLON APEL (Malus spp.) HASIL PERBANYAKAN EX VITRO BERDASARKAN PENANDA SSR." Jurnal Bioteknologi & Biosains Indonesia (JBBI) 8, no. 1 (June 3, 2021): 57–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.29122/jbbi.v8i1.4029.

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Analysis of the Genetic Homogeneity of Apple (Malus spp.) Clones Propagated by Ex Vitro Culture Based on SSR Markers Propagation of apple plants (Malus spp.) vegetatively has the advantage of genetic homogeneity between clones and their parents. However, the possibility of cytological and off-type deviations persists during mass propagation. This study aims to analyze the genetic homogeneity of apple plants using SSR markers in ex vitro propagation techniques. Morphological observations between the parental plant and the ex vitro propagation derived clones and also among themselves did not show any differences. To analyze the genetic heterogeneity of these plants, 15 SSR primers were screened on 29 propagation clones of apple var. Anna and Manalagi. Genetic characters were scored for group analysis using Darwin 6.05. Eight SSR primers (IPA 2, IPA 3, IPA 4, 5 PA, 6 PA, 12 PA, 13 PA, and 14 PA) produced 82 clear and easily visible bands in the size range of 90-365 bp. This study successfully detected the uniformity of all band patterns from the plant samples. The SSR markers could be used to analyze the genetic stability of the ex vitro propagation of apple clones. Perbanyakan tanaman apel (Malus spp.) secara vegetatif memiliki keunggulan homogenitas genetik antara klon dengan induknya. Namun kemungkinan terjadi penyimpangan sitologi dan off type tetap ada saat perbanyakan massal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji homogenitas genetik tanaman apel menggunakan penanda SSR pada teknik perbanyakan ex vitro. Pengamatan secara morfologi antara tanaman induk dengan hasil perbanyakan secara ex vitro dan dengan sesamannya tidak menunjukkan perbedaan. Untuk menganalisis homogenitas genetik tanaman ini kami menyaring 15 primer SSR pada 29 klon perbanyakan tanaman apel varietas Anna dan Manalagi. Karakter genetik dihitung untuk analisis kelompok menggunakan Darwin 6.05. Sebanyak 8 primer SSR (IPA 2, IPA 3, IPA 4, 5 PA, 6 PA, 12 PA, 13 PA, dan 14 PA) menghasilkan 82 pita yang jelas dan mudah terlihat dalam kisaran ukuran 90-365 bp. Studi ini juga berhasil mendeteksi keseragaman pola pita semua sampel tanaman. Penanda SSR dapat digunakan untuk analisis stabilitas genetik perbanyakan ex vitro dari tanaman apel.

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11

Chen, Peihong, Jie Yang, Quanlin Mei, Huayu Liu, Yunpeng Cheng, Fengwang Ma, and Ke Mao. "Genome-Wide Analysis of the Apple CBL Family Reveals That Mdcbl10.1 Functions Positively in Modulating Apple Salt Tolerance." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 22 (November 18, 2021): 12430. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212430.

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Abiotic stresses are increasingly harmful to crop yield and quality. Calcium and its signaling pathway play an important role in modulating plant stress tolerance. As specific Ca2+ sensors, calcineurin B-like (CBL) proteins play vital roles in plant stress response and calcium signaling. The CBL family has been identified in many plant species; however, the characterization of the CBL family and the functional study of apple MdCBL proteins in salt response have yet to be conducted in apple. In this study, 11 MdCBL genes were identified from the apple genome. The coding sequences of these MdCBL genes were cloned, and the gene structure and conserved motifs were analyzed in detail. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that these MdCBL proteins could be divided into four groups. The functional identification in Na+-sensitive yeast mutant showed that the overexpression of seven MdCBL genes could confer enhanced salt stress resistance in transgenic yeast. The function of MdCBL10.1 in regulating salt tolerance was also verified in cisgenic apple calli and apple plants. These results provided valuable insights for future research examining the function and mechanism of CBL proteins in regulating apple salt tolerance.

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LESHEM, MICAH, MOUNA MAROUN, and ZALMAN WEINTRAUB. "Neonatal Diuretic Therapy may not Alter Children's Preference for Salt Taste." Appetite 30, no. 1 (February 1998): 53–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/appe.1997.0111.

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13

DEJIMA, Y., S. FUKUDA, Y. ICHIJOH, K. TAKASAKA, and R. OHTSUKA. "Cold-Induced Salt Intake in Mice and Catecholamine, Renin and Thermogenesis Mechanisms." Appetite 26, no. 3 (June 1996): 203–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/appe.1996.0016.

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14

Łepecka, Anna, Piotr Szymański, Anna Okoń, Urszula Siekierko, Dorota Zielińska, Monika Trząskowska, Katarzyna Neffe-Skocińska, et al. "The Influence of the Apple Vinegar Marination Process on the Technological, Microbiological and Sensory Quality of Organic Smoked Pork Hams." Foods 12, no. 8 (April 7, 2023): 1565. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12081565.

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The effect of marinating pork hams in apple vinegar on the technological, microbiological, and sensory quality was verified. Three variants of pork hams were produced: S1—ham with curing salt, without apple vinegar; S2—ham with curing salt and 5% apple vinegar; S3—ham with salt and 5% apple vinegar. The tests were carried out immediately after production, after 7 and 14 days of storage. The products did not differ significantly in their chemical composition, salt content, fatty acid composition, and water activity (p > 0.05). During storage, a significant increase in the cholesterol content was observed (64.88–72.38 mg/100 g of the product). The lowest levels of nitrites and nitrates were recorded for treatment S3 (<0.10 and 4.73 mg/kg of product, respectively). The samples with the addition of apple vinegar (S2 and S3) were characterized by a lower pH value, higher oxidation-reduction potential, and TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances). Hams S3 were significantly brighter (L* 68.89) and less red (a* 12.98). All of the tested pork hams were characterized by very good microbiological quality (total number of microorganisms, number of lactic acid bacteria, number of acetic bacteria, number or presence of pathogenic bacteria). Significantly the lowest TVC (total viable counts) was found in the ham S3 (2.29 log CFU/g after 14 days). The S3 hams during storage were characterized by greater juiciness (6.94 c.u.) and overall quality (7.88 c.u.), but a lower intensity of smell and taste than the cured ham (S1). To sum up, it is possible to produce pork hams without the addition of curing salt, using natural apple vinegar as a marinade. Apple vinegar has a positive effect on the storage stability of the products, without losing their sensory properties.

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15

YU, SHIGUANG, QUINTON R. ROGERS, and JAMES G. MORRIS. "Absence of a Salt (NaCl) Preference or Appetite in Sodium-Replete or Depleted Kittens." Appetite 29, no. 1 (August 1997): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/appe.1996.0088.

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16

Zhang, De, Zhongxing Zhang, and Yanxiu Wang. "Effects of Salt Stress on Salt-Repellent and Salt-Secreting Characteristics of Two Apple Rootstocks." Plants 13, no. 7 (April 8, 2024): 1046. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants13071046.

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The effects of NaCl-induced salinity on biomass allocation, anatomical characteristics of leaves, ion accumulation, salt repellency, and salt secretion ability were investigated in two apple rootstock cultivars (Malus halliana ‘9-1-6’ and Malus baccata), which revealed the physiological adaptive mechanisms of M. halliana ‘9-1-6’ in response to salt stress factors. This experiment was conducted in a greenhouse using a nutrient solution pot. Salt stress was simulated by treating the plants with a 100 mM NaCl solution, while 1/2 Hoagland nutrient solution was used as a control (CK) instead of the NaCl solution. The results showed that the two rootstocks responded to salt environments by increasing the proportion of root biomass allocation. According to the stress susceptibility index, ‘9-1-6’ exhibits a lower salt sensitivity index and a higher salt tolerance index. The thickness of the leaf, upper and lower epidermis, palisade tissue, and mesophyll tissue compactness (CTR) of the two rootstocks were significantly decreased, while the thickness of sponge tissue and mesophyll tissue looseness (SR) were significantly increased, and the range of ‘9-1-6’ was smaller than that of M. baccata. With an extension of stress time, the accumulation of Na+ increased significantly, and the accumulation of K+ decreased gradually. The stem and leaves of ‘9-1-6’ showed a lower accumulation of Na+ and a higher accumulation of K+, and the roots displayed a higher ability to reject Na+, as well as young and old leaves showed a stronger ability to secrete Na+. In conclusion, within a certain salt concentration range, the ‘9-1-6’ root part can maintain lower salt sensitivity and a higher root-to-shoot ratio by increasing the proportion of root biomass allocation; the aerial part responds to salt stress through thicker leaves and a complete double-layer fence structure; the roots and stem bases can effectively reduce the transportation of Na+ to the aerial parts, as well as effectively secrete Na+ from the aerial parts through young and old leaves, thereby maintaining a higher K+/Na+ ratio in the aerial parts, showing a strong salt tolerance.

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17

MOTOSUGI, Hino, Akira SUGIURA, and Takashi TOMANA. "Salt Tolerance of Various Apple Rootstock Cultivars." Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science 56, no. 2 (1987): 135–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2503/jjshs.56.135.

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18

Singh, Ciresh. "Notes: A call for specialised foreclosure courts and a separate foreclosure roll — An analysis of South African Human Rights Commission v Standard Bank of South Africa Ltd (CC)." South African Law Journal 140, no. 3 (2023): 481–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.47348/salj/v140/i3a2.

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In South African Human Rights Commission v Standard Bank of South Africa Ltd 2023 (3) SA 36 (CC), the Constitutional Court held that a bank is not obliged to take a foreclosure matter to the magistrate’s court, even if the magistrate’s court has jurisdiction over the matter. The apex court confirmed that a court is not entitled to decline to hear a matter properly brought before it because another court has concurrent jurisdiction. Before this decision, the Gauteng and Eastern Cape Divisions of the High Court both found that the High Court was entitled to decline to hear a matter if the matter fell within the jurisdiction of a magistrate’s court. These decisions were taken on appeal to the Supreme Court of Appeal, which upheld the appeal and found that the High Court has no power to refuse to hear a matter falling within its jurisdiction on the ground that another court has concurrent jurisdiction. The Constitutional Court has now confirmed the decision by the Supreme Court of Appeal, finding that complex matters such as foreclosure applications deserve more judicial scrutiny, and ought to be heard by the High Court.

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19

Chen, Xixia, Daru Wang, Chunling Zhang, Xun Wang, Kuo Yang, Yongxu Wang, Xiaofei Wang, and Chunxiang You. "The Apple Lipoxygenase MdLOX3 Regulates Salt Tolerance and ABA Sensitivity." Horticulturae 8, no. 7 (July 17, 2022): 651. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8070651.

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Various abiotic stresses, particularly salinization, restrict plant growth and yield around the world. Lipoxygenases play essential functions in coping with various stresses. In the present study, we found an apple (Malus domestica) homolog of Arabidopsis lipoxygenase3, named MdLOX3. MdLOX3 has a typical conserved lipoxygenase domain. MdLOX3 was expressed in all tissues of apple and was highly expressed in the root and flesh tissues by a qRT-PCR analysis. In addition, the promoter of MdLOX3 consists of multiple response elements. Various abiotic stresses and ABA treatment can induce the expression of MdLOX3. The overexpression of MdLOX3 in apple calli enhanced the ability to tolerate salt stress, and the heterotopic expression of MdLOX3 in Arabidopsis elevated salt stress tolerance via enhancing the ability of scavenging ROS. Furthermore, the overexpression of MdLOX3 in transgenic plants significantly reduced the sensitivity to ABA. Through the above, this work demonstrated that MdLOX3 played an active position in salt resistance and decreased the sensitivity to ABA, providing a theoretical reference for studying the role of MdLOX3 in abiotic stresses in apple.

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Aras, Servet. "SILICON NUTRITION IN ALLEVIATING SALT STRESS IN APPLE PLANT." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus 19, no. 1 (February 21, 2020): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.24326/asphc.2020.1.1.

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Salinity is one of the major environmental stresses that adversely affect fruit yield and quality. Thus, finding an effective way of ameliorating salinity damage is important for sustainable fruit production. Silicon (Si) treatment effectively counteracts the effects of many abiotic stress factors such as salinity, drought, cold, iron deficiency. To probe into the potential alleviating salinity malignant effects, we investigated the protective roles of Si. An apple plant (Malus domestica Borkh.) cv. ‘Fuji’ grafted on M9 clonal rootstock was chosen for the experiment and imposed to salinity stress for 4 months with 35 mM NaCl. Si with different three doses (0.5, 1 ve 2 mM) was applied to the roots of the salt-stressed apple plants except control. Si treatments inhibited apple plants growth depression through increasing stomatal conductivity, chlorophyll and decreasing electrolyte leakage. 0.5 mM Si improved root:shoot dry weight under salinity condition. The lowest values of membrane permeability were found in 0.5 and 2 mM Si treatments (21.45 and 21.55%, respectively) while salt had the highest value (48.43%). Salt exhibited a rapid decrease in stomatal conductivity by 49% compared to the control. We hypothesis that Si treatment contributed to cell walls, involving membrane stabilizing and fortification. Our findings showed that Si increased apple plant tolerance against salinity.

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21

Arsyad, Safnil, and Dian Eka Chandra Wardhana. "Promotion in Academic Discourse: Authors’ Centrality Claims in Their Research Article Introductions." Studies about Languages 41, no. 1 (December 12, 2022): 47–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.sal.41.1.30693.

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Centrality claims in the introduction part of a research article are aimed at attracting readers’ attention towards the research topic to be discussed in the article. Readers will decide whether or not to continue reading the article if the appeal is effective and the claims of the importance and usefulness of the article are accepted. However, most studies investigate only the discourse patterns and linguistic features of article introductions without analyzing further how authors attract readers’ attention to the importance of their research topic. This study aimed at comparing the types of centrality claims found in the introductions of articles published in high-rank and low-rank international journals in Applied Linguistics. Forty articles chosen from four Scopus-indexed international journals in Applied Linguistics were used in this study. The results showed that on average every article used 3.65 appeals of different types. Two types of claims (appeal to salience and appeal to problematicity) are more frequently used by authors than the other two types of appeal (appeal to topicality and appeal to magnitude). The data also reveal that, although not significant, the journal ranking correlates with the frequency of appeals used in the introductions. It is suggested that authors in Applied Linguistics should use multiple types of appeals in their introduction to attract readers’ attention to their research topic so that they are willing to read the entire article.

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22

Tan, Kexin, Jiangzhu Zheng, Cheng Liu, Xianghan Liu, Xiaomin Liu, Tengteng Gao, Xinyang Song, Zhiwei Wei, Fengwang Ma, and Chao Li. "Heterologous Expression of the Melatonin-Related Gene HIOMT Improves Salt Tolerance in Malus domestica." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 22 (November 17, 2021): 12425. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212425.

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Melatonin, a widely known indoleamine molecule that mediates various animal and plant physiological processes, is formed from N-acetyl serotonin via N-acetylserotonin methyltransferase (ASMT). ASMT is an enzyme that catalyzes melatonin synthesis in plants in the rate-determining step and is homologous to hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase (HIOMT) melatonin synthase in animals. To date, little is known about the effect of HIOMT on salinity in apple plants. Here, we explored the melatonin physiological function in the salinity condition response by heterologous expressing the homologous human HIOMT gene in apple plants. We discovered that the expression of melatonin-related gene (MdASMT) in apple plants was induced by salinity. Most notably, compared with the wild type, three transgenic lines indicated higher melatonin levels, and the heterologous expression of HIOMT enhanced the expression of melatonin synthesis genes. The transgenic lines showed reduced salt damage symptoms, lower relative electrolyte leakage, and less total chlorophyll loss from leaves under salt stress. Meanwhile, through enhanced activity of antioxidant enzymes, transgenic lines decreased the reactive oxygen species accumulation, downregulated the expression of the abscisic acid synthesis gene (MdNCED3), accordingly reducing the accumulation of abscisic acid under salt stress. Both mechanisms regulated morphological changes in the stomata synergistically, thereby mitigating damage to the plants’ photosynthetic ability. In addition, transgenic plants also effectively stabilized their ion balance, raised the expression of salt stress–related genes, as well as alleviated osmotic stress through changes in amino acid metabolism. In summary, heterologous expression of HIOMT improved the adaptation of apple leaves to salt stress, primarily by increasing melatonin concentration, maintaining a high photosynthetic capacity, reducing reactive oxygen species accumulation, and maintaining normal ion homeostasis.

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Aras, Servet, Hakan Keles, and Ahmet Eşitken. "SNP Mitigates Malignant Salt Effects on Apple Plants." Erwerbs-Obstbau 62, no. 1 (July 8, 2019): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10341-019-00445-1.

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Pirastyo, Swastono Putro, and Roby Sahid. "Substitusi White Wine Dalam Pengolahan Citrus Sauce." Altasia Jurnal Pariwisata Indonesia 2, no. 3 (August 27, 2020): 336. http://dx.doi.org/10.37253/altasia.v2i3.1157.

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Saus adalah salah satu bagian terpenting dalam penyajian makanan. Sebagai dressing, saus memiliki peran yang besar untuk dapat membuat makanan menjadi lebih menarik. Dalam hal rasa, saus juga memiliki peran besar untuk meningkatkan citarasa dan tekstur dari hidangan. Seni dalam mengolah saus berkembang sangat luas, melingkupi teknik pengolahan, proses pemasakan dan juga bahan baku. Dari segi bahan baku, muncul sedikit permasalahan, saat berbicara mengenai aspek halal, sebab sebagian besar saus masakan Eropa mengandung bahan baku tidak halal. Lard, pork, dan berbagai jenis minuman beralkohol dapat dikategorikan tidak halal. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menemukan bahan alternatif pengganti white wine dalam citrus sauce. Bahan baku yang terpilih untuk diuji adalah Sprite, Cuka Apel, dan Château de Reignac. Penelitian ini menggunakan uji organoleptik untuk menguji produk hasil percobaan. Sebagai hasilnya, kombinasi terbaik yang paling mendekati saus asli adalah kombinasi dari Sprite dan Cuka Appel. Dengan menggunakan kombinasi tersebut, juru masak dapat menciptakan citrus saus yang halal bagi konsumen.

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STARBUCK, E. M., and D. A. FITTS. "Influence of Salt Intake, ANG II Synthesis and SFO Lesion on Thirst and Blood Pressure During Sodium Depletion." Appetite 31, no. 3 (December 1998): 309–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/appe.1998.0169.

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26

Huang, Xin, Meiling Zhang, Liping Wang, Xuyao Zhang, Ruigang Wu, and Fei Shen. "Time-course RNA-sequencing and Co-expression Modules Revealed a Critical Salt Response Regulatory Network in Apple." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 148, no. 2 (March 2023): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs05270-22.

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As one of the most important fruit tree crops, apple (Malus ×domestica), is faced with the serious impact of soil salinization. However, the underlying genetic and regulatory network remains elusive. Here, we adopted time-course RNA sequencing to decipher the genetic basis and regulatory module of apple in response to salt stress. Among a series of intense changes in genes at each time point, the critical genes in the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway were highly consistent with the duration of the stress treatment. Moreover, Salt Overly Sensitive 1 (SOS1) genes were identified and predicted to play important roles in the response process. We constructed coexpression modules and explored modules significantly associated with stress. SOS genes were identified in the hub genes, suggesting a critical role. Interestingly, transcription factors were also identified and predicted to cointeract with SOS genes in the hub genes of the coexpression module [e.g., HB7 (MD01G1226600), WRKY33 (MD12G1181000), and ERF106 (MD07G1248700)]. Collectively, our exploration and findings provide a reference and data resource for the study of genetic and salt regulatory networks in apple.

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Salvato, Lucia. "The appeal to religious authority." Journal of Argumentation in Context 12, no. 1 (May 9, 2023): 77–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jaic.00018.sal.

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Abstract This paper analyzes a particular type of support that religious authorities use in their argumentative monologues on moral and theological matters. In particular, the argumentative monologue given by Joseph Ratzinger as Pope Benedict XVI during his 2011 visit to the federal parliament in the Reichstag in Berlin will be used as a case study. In his speech, Ratzinger offers his reflections on the foundations of law starting from his interpretation of a brief story from the First Book of the Kings in the Old Testament (1 Kings 3:5–10). The entire interpretation assumes the form of an argumentative text, in which he appeals to an authoritative voice of German-language jurisprudence (Hans Kelsen) and three Christian religious authorities (St Augustine, Origen of Alexandria, and St Paul). The aim of the study is to assess the pragmatic strength of Ratzinger’s argumentation and thus verify the authoritative contribution of religious experts in his argumentation, in which religion and ethics are linked together.

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Wang, Da-Ru, Kuo Yang, Xun Wang, Xiao-Lu Lin, Lin Rui, Hao-Feng Liu, Dan-Dan Liu, and Chun-Xiang You. "Overexpression of MdZAT5, an C2H2-Type Zinc Finger Protein, Regulates Anthocyanin Accumulation and Salt Stress Response in Apple Calli and Arabidopsis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 3 (February 8, 2022): 1897. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23031897.

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Zinc finger proteins are widely involved and play an important role in plant growth and abiotic stress. In this research, MdZAT5, a gene encoding C2H2-type zinc finger protein, was cloned and investigated. The MdZAT5 was highly expressed in flower tissues by qRT-PCR analyses and GUS staining. Promoter analysis showed that MdZAT5 contained multiple response elements, and the expression levels of MdZAT5 were induced by various abiotic stress treatments. Overexpression of MdZAT5 in apple calli positively regulated anthocyanin accumulation by activating the expressions of anthocyanin biosynthesis-related genes. Overexpression of MdZAT5 in Arabidopsis also enhanced the accumulation of anthocyanin. In addition, MdZAT5 increased the sensitivity to salt stress in apple calli. Ectopic expression of MdZAT5 in Arabidopsis reduced the expression of salt-stress-related genes (AtNHX1 and AtABI1) and improved the sensitivity to salt stress. In conclusion, these results suggest that MdZAT5 plays a positive regulatory role in anthocyanin accumulation and negatively regulates salt resistance.

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Xue, Hao, Feng Zhang, Zhi-Hong Zhang, Jun-Fan Fu, Feng Wang, Bing Zhang, and Yue Ma. "Differences in salt tolerance between diploid and autotetraploid apple seedlings exposed to salt stress." Scientia Horticulturae 190 (July 2015): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2015.04.009.

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30

Wu, Ruigang, Yi Wang, Ting Wu, Xuefeng Xu, and Zhenhai Han. "MdMYB4, an R2R3-Type MYB Transcription Factor, Plays a Crucial Role in Cold and Salt Stress in Apple Calli." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 142, no. 3 (May 2017): 209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs04030-17.

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MYB (v-myb avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene homologs) transcription factors (TFs) are involved in diverse physiological processes, including cell shape determination, cell differentiation, and secondary metabolism, as well as abiotic stress response. In the present study, MdMYB4, an R2R3-MYB protein that is a homolog of Arabidopsis thaliana MYB4, was identified and characterized. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) expression analysis demonstrated that MdMYB4 is extensively expressed in various apple (Malus domestica) tissues and that its expression is induced by cold, osmotic, and salt stress. An MdMYB4-GFP fusion protein was localized in the nucleus of transformed onion (Allium cepa) epidermal cells and had a certain transcriptional activation activity by yeast one-hybrid assay. Overexpression of the MdMYB4 gene remarkably enhanced the tolerance of stably transgenic apple calli to severe salt and cold stress, and both the relative conductivity and malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation of transgenic calli under salt and cold stress were significantly lower than in the wild type control. Taken together, these results suggest that MdMYB4 may play a positive regulatory role in both cold and salt stress responses.

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Ferreira, Fagner N., Geovani S. de Lima, Hans R. Gheyi, Francisco V. da S. Sá, Adaan S. Dias, and Francisco W. A. Pinheiro. "Photosynthetic efficiency and production of Annona squamosa L. under salt stress and fertilization with NPK." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 25, no. 7 (July 2021): 446–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v25n7p446-452.

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HIGHLIGHTS Electrical conductivity of water of 3.0 dS m-1 reduces the chlorophyll synthesis and production of custard-apple. NPK recommendation of 100-125-125, 125-125-100 and 125-125-125% cause more damage to the cell membrane. Reduction in the quantum efficiency of custard-apple under salt stress is indicative of photoinhi-bitory damage.

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Liu, Zi Quan, Fu Yi Jiang, and Rui Cui Liu. "Preparation of Environment-Friendly Deicing Salt of Calcium-Magnesium Acetate from Apple Sticks." Applied Mechanics and Materials 178-181 (May 2012): 954–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.178-181.954.

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This experiment used dolomite and the pyroligneous liquid in the process of evaporation and carbonization of apple sticks. We used transformation, mixing, evaporation drying and a series of reaction processes to prepare light-colored low-cost calcium acetate magnesium salt (CMA) environment-friendly deicing salt. Also we tested its performance of melting ice and snow. Its best melting temperature is from -6°C to -11°C. Compared with deicing salt containing chloride ions, it has a higher melting efficiency.

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Sotirov, Anton, Nikolay Glavev, Dimitar Sotirov, Stanislava Dimitrova, Nikola Pistalov, Viktor Sotirov, and Krasimir Sotirov. "Agro-ecological and Technological Quality of Some Apples." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT 17 (January 8, 2021): 56–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/232015.2021.17.6.

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The aim of the study is to investigate cloudy apple juices, produced from 83 apple varieties, grown by the Institute of Agriculture in town of Kyustendil, Bulgaria for their main ecological and technological parameters, in view of their safety for the population and the possibilities for their use as raw material in the food industry. The study found, that the apples are environmentally friendly for the studied parameters. Technologically, there are varieties with the highest juice yields (over 70%) - Defloga, Ginger Gold, Gold Rush, Granny Smith, and Melrose. The most tasty and colored juices of fresh fruit and fruit flour are separated from the Florina, Free Redstar, Ginger Gold, Gold Rush, Golden Delicious, and Granny Smith. Some practically do not give juice and material for fruit flour with the applied method 100% cold-pressed apple juice, but they produce puree with high quality as the Belgolden, Braeburn, Charden, and Red Delicious. There were observed very stable approximate ratios between Conductivity, Total Dissolved Solids, and Salt content in the juices as follows: Cond./TDS=1.5, TDS/Salt=1.3, Cond./Salt=2. Retio between Total Sugar Content and Total Acidity - Brix/pH = 3-5, as the most tasty and with good color juices have ratio Brix/pH=4.

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Sotirov, Anton, Nikolay Glavev, Dimitar Sotirov, Stanislava Dimitrova, Nikola Pistalov, Viktor Sotirov, and Krasimir Sotirov. "Agro-ecological and Technological Quality of Some Apples." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT 17 (January 8, 2021): 56–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/232015.2021.17.6.

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The aim of the study is to investigate cloudy apple juices, produced from 83 apple varieties, grown by the Institute of Agriculture in town of Kyustendil, Bulgaria for their main ecological and technological parameters, in view of their safety for the population and the possibilities for their use as raw material in the food industry. The study found, that the apples are environmentally friendly for the studied parameters. Technologically, there are varieties with the highest juice yields (over 70%) - Defloga, Ginger Gold, Gold Rush, Granny Smith, and Melrose. The most tasty and colored juices of fresh fruit and fruit flour are separated from the Florina, Free Redstar, Ginger Gold, Gold Rush, Golden Delicious, and Granny Smith. Some practically do not give juice and material for fruit flour with the applied method 100% cold-pressed apple juice, but they produce puree with high quality as the Belgolden, Braeburn, Charden, and Red Delicious. There were observed very stable approximate ratios between Conductivity, Total Dissolved Solids, and Salt content in the juices as follows: Cond./TDS=1.5, TDS/Salt=1.3, Cond./Salt=2. Retio between Total Sugar Content and Total Acidity - Brix/pH = 3-5, as the most tasty and with good color juices have ratio Brix/pH=4.

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Blažek, J., J. Křelinová, and H. Drahošová. "Segregation of powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha [Ell. et Ev. /Salm./]) resistance within 54 apple progenies." Horticultural Science 31, No. 3 (November 25, 2011): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3797-hortsci.

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The occurrence of powdery mildew after heavy spontaneous infections was evaluated on 2,500 apple seedlings of 54 progenies that were derived from crosses made in 1993 and 1994. At the same time, the response to mildew was also assessed on 47 cultivars or selections that were used as parents for the crosses. Scores of the strongest infestation were used for final ranking of every seedling or parent. The highest proportions (33 and 28%) of seedlings with complete resistance to mildew were attained in 2 progenies involving parents transmitting monogenic resistance to the pathogen. A few seedlings with this resistance were also found in other 7 progenies. Seedlings with partial resistance to mildew were distributed in the highest proportions (about 30%) among 7 progenies. In 6 out of these progenies, always one parent was derived from partially resistant selections that were selected in the first generation from the cross Spätblühender Taffetapfel × Court Pendu Plat. A very close relationship was found between mid-scores of parents and mean response to powdery mildew infection in progenies. Seedlings on average were significantly more infested than their parents. Progenies determined to have a columnar growth habit were somewhat less infested than progenies possessing a standard growth pattern only. This study revealed considerable improvement of some donors transmitting partial resistance to powdery mildew.  

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Qin, Ying, Haixia Yu, Siyuan Cheng, Zhu Liu, Cheng Yu, Xiaoli Zhang, Xinjian Su, et al. "Genome-Wide Analysis of the WRKY Gene Family in Malus domestica and the Role of MdWRKY70L in Response to Drought and Salt Stresses." Genes 13, no. 6 (June 15, 2022): 1068. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13061068.

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The WRKY transcription factors are unique regulatory proteins in plants, which are important in the stress responses of plants. In this study, 113 WRKY genes were identified from the apple genome GDDH13 and a comprehensive analysis was performed, including chromosome mapping, and phylogenetic, motif and collinearity analysis. MdWRKYs are expressed in different tissues, such as seeds, flowers, stems and leaves. We analyzed seven WRKY proteins in different groups and found that all of them were localized in the nucleus. Among the 113 MdWRKYs, MdWRKY70L was induced by both drought and salt stresses. Overexpression of it in transgenic tobacco plants conferred enhanced stress tolerance to drought and salt. The malondialdehyde content and relative electrolyte leakage values were lower, while the chlorophyll content was higher in transgenic plants than in the wild-type under stressed conditions. In conclusion, this study identified the WRKY members in the apple genome GDDH13, and revealed the function of MdWRKY70L in the response to drought and salt stresses.

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Percival, Glynn, and Sally Barnes. "Calcium-Induced Freezing and Salinity Tolerance in Evergreen Oak and Apple cv. ‘Golden Crown’." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 34, no. 3 (May 1, 2008): 191–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2008.026.

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Greater variability in weather patterns and later spring frosts equate to poor winter hardiness, premature spring budbreak, and greater susceptibility to low-temperature damage and concomitant deicing salt application. A field trial was undertaken to determine the influence of a range of commercially available calcium fertilizers applied as foliar sprays on the freezing and salinity tolerance of two tree species, evergreen oak (Quercus ilex L.) and apple (Malus cv. ‘Golden Crown’). In all cases, application of calcium sprays increased twig, leaf, and root freezing and salt tolerance of both species as measured by leaf chlorophyll fluorescence and tissue electrolyte leakage bioassays. In the case of apple, a hardiness gain of 4.3°C (7.74°F) was recorded in twig tissue. In the case of evergreen oak, a hardiness gain of 2.1°C (3.78°F) was recorded in leaf tissue. After a –5°C (23°F) (apple) and –6.5°C (20°F) (evergreen oak) freezing stress, root electrolyte leakage values as a measure of cell membrane structural damage were 16% to 27% less in calcium-treated trees compared with noncalcium-treated controls. The salt concentration needed to cause 50% reductions in leaf chlorophyll fluorescence as a measure of photosynthetic efficiency rose by 0.2% to 1.2% in calcium-fertilized trees indicating a positive influence of calcium on enhancing leaf tissue tolerance to salt damage. Differences in the magnitude of freezing and salinity tolerance gained were noticeable between the calcium products used. In general, calcium hydroxide, calcium nitrate borate, and calcium metalosate improved twig, leaf, and root freezing and salt tolerance in both tree species to a greater degree than calcium chloride, calcium sulphate, calcium nitrate, and a calcium–magnesium complex. A significant correlation existed between increased freezing tolerance and internal tissue calcium content. Results of this study indicate that calcium sprays during late summer and fall can increase the freezing and salinity tolerance of evergreen oak and apple during the winter. This should be considered noteworthy for individuals involved in the management of trees in areas subject to subzero temperature fluctuations and/or concomitant applications of deicing salts in the form of sodium chloride.

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Han, Deguo, Jiaxin Han, Guohui Yang, Shuang Wang, Tianlong Xu, and Wenhui Li. "An ERF Transcription Factor Gene from Malus baccata (L.) Borkh, MbERF11, Affects Cold and Salt Stress Tolerance in Arabidopsis." Forests 11, no. 5 (May 2, 2020): 514. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11050514.

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Apple, as one of the most important economic forest tree species, is widely grown in the world. Abiotic stress, such as low temperature and high salt, affect apple growth and development. Ethylene response factors (ERFs) are widely involved in the responses of plants to biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, a new ethylene response factor gene was isolated from Malus baccata (L.) Borkh and designated as MbERF11. The MbERF11 gene encoded a protein of 160 amino acid residues with a theoretical isoelectric point of 9.27 and a predicated molecular mass of 17.97 kDa. Subcellular localization showed that MbERF11 was localized to the nucleus. The expression of MbERF11 was enriched in root and stem, and was highly affected by cold, salt, and ethylene treatments in M. baccata seedlings. When MbERF11 was introduced into Arabidopsis thaliana, it greatly increased the cold and salt tolerance in transgenic plant. Increased expression of MbERF11 in transgenic A. thaliana also resulted in higher activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT), higher contents of proline and chlorophyll, while malondialdehyde (MDA) content was lower, especially in response to cold and salt stress. Therefore, these results suggest that MbERF11 probably plays an important role in the response to cold and salt stress in Arabidopsis by enhancing the scavenging capability for reactive oxygen species (ROS).

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Fernandes, Eliene A., Lauriane A. dos A. Soares, Geovani S. de Lima, Hans R. Gheyi, Reginaldo G. Nobre, and Pedro D. Fernandes. "Photosynthetic pigments, photochemical efficiency and growth of custard-apple under salt stress and potassium fertilization." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 26, no. 5 (May 2022): 365–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v26n5p365-373.

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ABSTRACT The salt stress caused by irrigation water with high concentration of salts stands out as one of the main limiting factors in agricultural production in the semiarid region of Northeastern Brazil. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the photosynthetic pigments, the photochemical efficiency, and the growth of custard-apple irrigated with saline water and potassium doses. The research was carried out under field conditions in a randomized block design in a 2 × 5 factorial scheme, corresponding to two values of electrical conductivity of irrigation water - ECw (1.3 and 4.0 dS m-1) and five potassium doses (50, 75, 100, 125 and 150% of the recommendation). The dose referring to 100% corresponded to the application of 20 g of K2O per plant per year. ECw of 4.0 dS m-1 reduced the synthesis of chlorophyll a, total chlorophyll, and carotenoids in custard-apple, at 245 days after transplanting. Fertilization doses of 50 to 150% of the recommendation inhibited the synthesis of chlorophyll b and the absolute and relative growth rates in stem diameter of custard-apple plants irrigated with water of highest electrical conductivity. Reduction in the quantum efficiency of photosystem II in custard-apple cultivated under ECw of 4.0 dS m-1 is related to photoinhibitory damage to photosystem II. Potassium fertilization did not alleviate the stress caused by water salinity on the growth of custard-apple, during 151-245 days after transplantation.

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WINARTO, BAMBANG, NURAINA NURAINA, NIA WAHYU DAMAYANTI, and YENITA WIWI. "ANALISIS MISKONSEPSI SISWA SEKOLAH MENENGAH PADA TELAAH SOAL SERTA PENGERJAANNYA." SCIENCE : Jurnal Inovasi Pendidikan Matematika dan IPA 4, no. 3 (August 9, 2024): 176–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.51878/science.v4i3.3130.

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Students' misconceptions pose a significant challenge to secondary school learning. Misconceptions are an inaccurate understanding of a scientific concept. Various factors often contribute to this phenomenon, such as the teacher's delivery of the material, the use of learning resources, and students' initial understanding, shaped by everyday experiences that may not align with scientific concepts. The type of research is qualitative research. This research involved seven junior high school students from class VIII. We used written tests and interviews as data collection techniques. The instrument used in this research was the students' misconception test questions. The data collected in this research is student misconception data obtained when students work on questions. The research utilizes mathematical questions related to number patterns as its tools. The analysis of student misconceptions focuses on examining the students' comprehension of the questions and the outcomes of their assignments. The results of the research show that there are misconceptions that occur among students regarding the fifth pattern image. These misconceptions include classificational misconceptions, then there are misconceptions regarding completing tables on apple trees and durian trees. These misconceptions include correlational misconceptions, as well as misconceptions regarding how to complete tables on apple trees and durian trees. One type of correlational and theoretical misconception is the belief that the number of apple trees equals the number of durian trees based on the value of n. Misconceptions among students about trees tend to increase as the number of apple trees and durian trees increases. These misconceptions encompass both theoretical and correlational aspects. The causes of misconceptions that occur in students can come from teachers and from students themselves. ABSTRAKPembelajaran di tingkat sekolah menengah seringkali dihadapkan pada berbagai tantangan, salah satunya adalah miskonsepsi yang dimiliki oleh siswa. Miskonsepsi merupakan pemahaman yang kurang tepat terhadap suatu konsep ilmiah. Fenomena ini sering kali terjadi karena berbagai faktor, termasuk cara penyampaian materi oleh guru, sumber belajar yang digunakan, dan pemahaman awal siswa yang terbentuk dari pengalaman sehari-hari yang tidak selalu sesuai dengan konsep ilmiah. Jenis penelitian adalah penelitian kualitatif. Subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa SMP kelas VIII, yang diambil 7 orang siswa. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan tes tertulis, dan wawancara. Instrumen yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah soal tes miskonsepsi siswa. Data yang dikumpulkan dalam penelitian ini adalah data miskonsepsi siswa yang diperoleh pada saat siswa mengerjakan soal. Soal yang digunakan sebagai instrumen penelitian ini adalah soal matematika tentang pola bilangan. Fokus análisis miskonsepsi siswa pada hasil telaah pemahaman soal oleh siswa dan hasil pekerjaan siswa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan miskonsepsi yang terjadi pada siswa mengenai gambar pola kelima, miskonsepsi ini termasuk jenis miskonsepsi klasifikasional, kemudian miskonsepsi mengenai melengkapi tabel pada pohon apel dan pohon durian, miskonsepsi ini termasuk jenis miskonsepsi korelasional, serta miskonsepsi mengenai cara untuk melengkapi tabel dari pohon apel dan pohon durian, miskonsepsi ini termasuk jenis miskonsepsi korelasional dan teoritikal. Miskonsepsi mengenai nilai n untuk mengetahui banyak pohon apel sama dengan banyak pohon durian, miskonsepsi ini termasuk jenis miskonsepsi korelasional dan teoritikal. Miskonsepsi siswa mengenai pohon yang lebih meningkat antara pohon apel dan pohon durian, miskonsepsi ini termasuk jenis miskonsepsi teoritikal dan korelasional. Penyebab miskonsepsi yang terjadi pada siswa dapat berasal dari guru serta dari siswa itu sendiri.

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Blažek, J. "Pre-selection of apple seedlings for partial powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha Ell. et Ev. /Salm./) resistance." Plant, Soil and Environment 50, No. 2 (November 21, 2011): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3682-pse.

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Incidences of powdery mildew were repeatedly evaluated for two years on 1 420 young seedlings of 20 progenies (of different levels of mildew susceptibility) in a green house, and then for 10 years on 642 seedlings in an orchard. Part of the seedlings in the orchard were pre-selected for the characteristic and others not. Except for the first scoring done in the first year, there was no correlation between mildew incidence on individual seedlings in the green house and their mean performance in the orchard. The seedlings with scores above 6 (resistant or tolerant) at the first stage of evaluation in the green house, however, yielded four times more desirable seedlings after final selection in the orchard than the mean of the total. The progenies that had a better healthy state as a whole yielded more partially resistant genotypes than those with low mean scores. Therefore, the progenies that most rapidly develop infestation on the whole lot should be discarded, whereas those that retain a healthy state longer should be subjected to individual selection according to the previous item.

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42

Rogers, Owen. "‘I beg to differ’: Are our courts too agreeable?" South African Law Journal 139, no. 2 (2022): 300–339. http://dx.doi.org/10.47348/salj/v139/i2a4.

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If dissenting judgments perform a valuable function in the administration of justice, too little dissent may indicate that the administration of justice is not reaping the benefits of dissent. South Africa belongs to the common-law tradition, which has always allowed dissenting judgments. The civil-law system traditionally did not, and this is still the position in many countries. In the modern era, considerations of transparency and accountability favour the disclosure and publication of dissenting judgments. Although they can play a role in the development of the law, their most valuable function is to improve the quality of judicial output by requiring majority judgments to confront the dissenting judgments’ reasoning. Factors which may affect the extent of dissent in appellate courts include case complexity and control over rolls; panel sizes; judicial diversity, personality and turnover; court leadership; research resources; modes of judicial interaction; and protocols on the timeliness of judgments. Data on dissent in South Africa’s Constitutional Court, Supreme Court of Appeal and Labour Appeal Court, as well as in the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada and the United States, suggest that there is less dissent in our intermediate appellate courts than might be expected. Changes in work procedures could yield a healthier pattern.

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Wu, Ruigang, Chao Wang, Lili Yin, Kun Ran, and Liping Wang. "Zinc Finger–homeodomain Gene Family in Apple and Their Expression Analysis in Apple Rootstock Malus hupehensis Under Abiotic Stress." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 147, no. 6 (November 2022): 312–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs05211-22.

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Zinc finger–homeodomain (ZF-HD) proteins, a family of plant-specific transcription factors, play an important role in regulating plant growth and development, as well as responses to stress. Although ZF-HDs have been investigated in several model plants, no systematic studies have been reported in apple (Malus ×domestica). In this study, 14 putative ZF-HD genes were identified in the apple genome and characterized using bioinformatics tools. All members harbored complete canonical structures of the ZF-HD motif. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that ZF-HD genes in the genome of apple could be classified into four subfamilies, with high intragroup similarities. Gene-structure analysis revealed that although 11 MdZHDs had only one exon, MdZHD6 and MdZHD13 had two exons and MdZHD8 had six exons, suggesting limited variation among the apple ZHD genes. The expression profiles of MdZHD genes revealed their involvement in the growth and development of different tissues. Numerous binding sites for transcription factors, such as MYB, bZIP, and AP2, were found in the promoter region of the putative MdZHD genes. Nearly all putative MdZHDs were predicted to localize in the nucleus. Finally, the expression levels of the MdZHD genes under abiotic stress were examined in apple rootstock Malus hupehensis and the results showed that the expression of 10 MdZHD genes was induced in response to three abiotic stress factors. Exceptionally, the expression of MdZHD11 was not induced in response to any of the abiotic stress treatments, MdZHD12 was only induced in response to salt stress, and MdZHD7 and MdZHD9 were induced in response to both drought and salt stress. The present results provide valuable insights into the putative physiological and biochemical functions of MdZHDs in apple.

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Yang, Jie, Xin Guo, Weihan Li, Peihong Chen, Yunpeng Cheng, Fengwang Ma, and Ke Mao. "MdCCX2 of apple functions positively in modulation of salt tolerance." Environmental and Experimental Botany 192 (December 2021): 104663. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2021.104663.

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Peryea, F. J. "Phosphate-Fertilizer-Induced Salt Toxicity of Newly Planted Apple Trees." Soil Science Society of America Journal 54, no. 6 (November 1990): 1778–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1990.03615995005400060046x.

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An, Jian-Ping, Xiao-Wei Zhang, Rui-Rui Xu, Chun-Xiang You, Xiao-Fei Wang, and Yu-Jin Hao. "Apple MdERF4 negatively regulates salt tolerance by inhibiting MdERF3 transcription." Plant Science 276 (November 2018): 181–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.08.017.

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47

Liu, Chunxiao, Xiaoyang Xu, Jialiang Kan, Zong ming Cheng, Youhong Chang, Jing Lin, and Hui Li. "Genome-wide analysis of the C3H zinc finger family reveals its functions in salt stress responses of Pyrus betulaefolia." PeerJ 8 (June 11, 2020): e9328. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9328.

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Transcription factors regulate gene expression in response to various external and internal cues by activating or suppressing downstream genes. Significant progress has been made in identifying and characterizing the Cysteine3Histidine (C3H) gene family in several dicots and monocots. They are characterized by their signature motif of three cysteine and one histidine residues, and reportedly play important roles in regulation of plant growth, developmental processes and environmental responses. In this study, we performed genome-wide and deep analysis of putative C3H genes, and a total of 117 PbeC3H members, were identified in P. betulaefolia and classified into 12 groups. Results were supported by the gene structural characteristics and phylogenetic analysis. These genes were unevenly distributed on 17 chromosomes. The gene structures of the C3H genes were relatively complex but conserved in each group. The C3H genes experienced a WGD event that occurred in the ancestor genome of P. betulaefolia and apple before their divergence based on the synonymous substitutions (Ks) values. There were 35 and 37 pairs of paralogous genes in the P. betulaefolia and apple genome, respectively, and 87 pairs of orthologous genes between P. betulaefolia and apple were identified. Except for one orthologous pairs PbeC3H66 and MD05G1311700 which had undergone positive selection, the other C3H genes had undergone purifying selection. Expression profiles showed that high salinity stress could influence the expression level of C3H genes in P. betulaefolia. Four members were responsive to salt stress in roots, nine were responsive to salt stress in leaves and eight showed inhibited expression in leaves. Results suggested important roles of PbeC3H genes in response to salt stress and will be useful for better understanding the complex functions of the C3H genes, and will provide excellent candidates for salt-tolerance improvement.

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48

Davies, Paul S. "RESCISSION FOR MISREPRESENTATION." Cambridge Law Journal 75, no. 1 (March 2016): 15–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197316000131.

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IN Salt v Stratstone Specialist Ltd. (t/a Stratstone Cadillac Newcastle) [2015] EWCA Civ 745; [2015] C.T.L.C. 206, the Court of Appeal usefully emphasised that rescission is the primary remedy for misrepresentation (whether that misrepresentation be fraudulent, negligent, or innocent). The Court decided that the discretion to award damages in lieu of rescission under s. 2(2) of the Misrepresentation Act 1967 can only be exercised where the right to rescind still exists, which helpfully resolves an issue of some controversy. The Court of Appeal also held that rescission for misrepresentation is not barred just because the asset sold has dropped in value or been registered, and cast doubt on the notion that lapse of time can by itself bar rescission. The short but important decision in Salt v Stratstone Specialist Ltd. is welcome and full of interest.

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Li, Huifeng, Qinglong Dong, Qiang Zhao, Song Shi, and Kun Ran. "Isolation, sequencing, and expression analysis of 30 AP2/ERF transcription factors in apple." PeerJ 8 (January 17, 2020): e8391. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8391.

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Background AP2/ERF transcription factors are involved in the regulation of plant growth, development, and stress responses. Our research objective was to characterize novel apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) genes encoding AP2/ERF transcription factors involved in regulation of plant growth, development, and stress response. The transcriptional level of apple AP2/ERF genes in different tissues and under various biotic and abiotic stress was determined to provide valuable insights into the function of AP2/ERF transcription factors in apple. Methods Thirty full-length cDNA sequences of apple AP2/ERF genes were isolated from ‘Zihong Fuji’ apple (Malus × domestica cv. Zihong Fuji) via homologous comparison and RT-PCR confirmation, and the obtained cDNA sequences and the deduced amino acid sequences were analyzed with bioinformatics methods. Expression levels of apple AP2/ERF genes were detected in 16 different tissues using a known array. Expression patterns of apple AP2/ERF genes were detected in response to Alternaria alternata apple pathotype (AAAP) infection using RNA-seq with existing data, and the expression of apple AP2/ERF genes was analyzed under NaCl and mannitol treatments using qRT-PCR. Results The sequencing results produced 30 cDNAs (designated as MdERF3-8, MdERF11, MdERF16-19, MdERF22-28, MdERF31-35, MdERF39, MdAP2D60, MdAP2D62-65, and MdRAV2). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that MdERF11/16, MdERF33/35, MdERF34/39, and MdERF18/23 belonged to groups A-2, A-4, A-5, and A-6 of the DREB subfamily, respectively; MdERF31, MdERF19, MdERF4/25/28/32, MdERF24, MdERF5/6/27, and MdERF3/7/8/17/22/26 belonged to groups B-1, B-2, B-3, B-4, B-5, and B-6 of the ERF subfamily, respectively; MdAP2D60 and MdAP2D62/63/64/65 belonged to the AP2 subfamily; and MdRAV2 belonged to the RAV subfamily. Array results indicated that 30 apple AP2/ERF genes were expressed in all examined tissues to different degrees. RNA-seq results using previously reported data showed that many members of the apple ERF and DREB subfamilies were induced by Alternaria alternate apple pathotype (AAAP) infection. Under salt treatment, many members in the apple ERF and DREB subfamilies were transcriptionally up or down-regulated. Under mannitol treatment, many members of the apple ERF, DREB, and AP2 subfamilies were induced at the transcriptional level. Taken together, the results indicated that the cloned apple AP2/ERF genes were expressed in all examined tissues. These genes were up-regulated or down-regulated in response to AAAP infection and to salt or mannitol treatment, which suggested they may be involved in regulating growth, development, and stress response in apple.

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Eko Misbahuddin Hasibuan and Muhammad Yusram. "Hukum Salat Berjemaah di Masjid dengan Saf Terpisah Karena Wabah." BUSTANUL FUQAHA: Jurnal Bidang Hukum Islam 1, no. 2 (May 5, 2020): 106–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.36701/bustanul.v1i2.139.

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This article aimed to describe the law of congregational prayer in mosque with tenuous line due to Corona outbreak that hits this country. This study used a descriptive qualitative approach that describes Islamic concepts that need to be understood and implemented in the matter of congregational prayer in unusual situation by analyzing the propositions and opinions of the scholars. The results of this study indicate that if there were instruction to temporarily discontinue Friday prayers and congregational prayers in the mosque that is merely an appeal and an institution or mosque takmir decided to continue conducting congregational prayers in the mosque by applying social distancing, then their congregational prayers would be considered legal. However, obeying the appeal of the authorities, both the government and Indonesian Council of Ulama (MUI), is more recommended and preferred. It is because an appeal, although not compulsory, is intended to benefit the community in general, and the appeal is issued owing to the danger of Corona outbreak that is obvious and real. This appeal is enough to be considered excuse for discontinuing the congregational prayers in the mosque and substituting Friday prayer with four-rakat Zuhr prayer.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Appel Salt'

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