Academic literature on the topic 'Appeals on merit'
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Journal articles on the topic "Appeals on merit"
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Willey, Stephen. "The merits of merit-based planning appeals: observations from Australia." International Planning Studies 9, no. 4 (November 2004): 261–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13563470500050551.
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Redmond, Cavan. "Other Areas That Merit Review: Forms, Denials, and Appeals." Journal of Cancer Program Management 3, no. 2 (April 1988): 30–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08986053.1988.11904931.
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Porter, Nigel. "Invalidity of The Indictment Post R. V. Newland." Cambridge Law Journal 53, no. 1 (March 1994): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197300096884.
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It is uncontroversial to state that the Court of Appeal (Criminal Division) has never been sympathetic to unmeritorious appeals. Numerous cases may be cited where the appellant, having made out a valid ground of appeal based purely upon a technical defect in the trial, is met with the rejoinder that the appeal is wholly without merit and that the conviction will be upheld by the application of the proviso to section 2(1) of the Criminal Appeal Act 1968. Serious defects in the trial including the failure of the trial judge to give a direction on the standard of proof, wrongful admission of the defendant&s previous bad character, and even conviction for an offence which technically did not exist, have all been amenable to the application of the proviso on the ground that, despite the defect, no injustice has been done.
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Post, J. B. "The Evidential Value of Approvers' Appeals: The Case of William Rose, 1389." Law and History Review 3, no. 1 (1985): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/743698.
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The criminals of medieval England are coming under increasing scrutiny. Predictably, the earliest attempts to illustrate criminality in this period have been anecdotal in approach. Predictably, too, the case studies are concentrated at higher levels in society, where criminals or their victims were sufficiently prominent to merit the attention of chroniclers or to leave heavy traces in the more accessible records of central government. Such studies have been useful in reinforcing the impression that organized crime enjoyed distinguished support and participation. For some time Sir John Molyns was able to shelter his persistent offences behind his political connection. Merchants robbed in Cannock Chase in 1341 found prosecution difficult; their assailants were knights from powerful midland families, conducting the robbery from Lapley priory. The Folville gang, led by members of minor landowning families, included various beneficed clergy and the constable of Rockingham castle. The Coterels recruited the sheriff of Nottingham and enjoyed the support of Lichfield chapter. The crimes were also at an exalted level: murdering a baron of the Exchequer, kidnapping a king's bench justice, extortion by threats from a mayor of Nottingham, or from one of the Luttrells. Even William Wawe, an Anglo-Irish thug of indifferent social standing, owes his immortality to the breadth of his operations and his preference for churchmen as victims.
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Narechania, Tejas. "Certiorari, Universality, and a Patent Puzzle." Michigan Law Review, no. 116.8 (2018): 1345. http://dx.doi.org/10.36644/mlr.116.8.certiorari.
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The most important determinant of a case’s chances for Supreme Court review is a circuit split: If two courts of appeals have decided the same issue differently, review is substantially more likely. But practically every appeal in a patent case makes its way to a single court—the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. How, then, does the Supreme Court decide whether to grant certiorari in a patent case? The petitions for certiorari in the Court’s patent docket suggest an answer: The Supreme Court looks for splits anyway. These splits, however, are of a different sort. Rather than consider whether two courts of appeals have decided the same issue differently, the Court looks to whether two fields of law conflict over the application of the same transsubstantive doctrine. Such “field splits” are unusual candidates for Supreme Court attention. After all, the Court’s interest in circuit splits is motivated by a desire for geographic uniformity in federal law. But field splits, unlike circuit splits, do not give rise to forum shopping concerns, do not undermine the predictability of the law, nor otherwise implicate the legal values that counsel in favor of uniformity. Instead, the Supreme Court’s attention to field splits may suggest that legal universality—consistency across substantive fields of law—is an important (but unstated) priority in certiorari decisionmaking. The exercise of this universality interest through certiorari decisions in patent cases has several consequences for the Supreme Court’s agenda. The Court must better explain why field splits merit review, and we must better understand how to distinguish those field splits that implicate the Court’s universality- related concerns from those that do not.
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Callcott, W. Hardy. "Consolidated Gold Fields Plc v. Minorco, S.A." American Journal of International Law 83, no. 4 (October 1989): 923–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2203383.
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Minorco, S.A., a Luxembourg mining company allegedly controlled by South African interests, commenced a tender offer for Consolidated Gold Fields, PLC (Gold Fields), a British mining company. Gold Fields, together with its partially owned American subsidiary, Newmont Mining Corp. (Newmont), filed suit in U.S. federal district court to enjoin the tender offer. The district court held that Newmont, the affected American subsidiary, had standing to raise an antitrust claim and issued a preliminary injunction restraining the tender offer. The district court dismissed a claim based on alleged violation of U.S. securities laws for lack of subject matter jurisdiction and held that Gold Fields, as the target company, did not itself have standing to raise an antitrust claim. On appeal, the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit (per Newman, J.) reversed in part and affirmed in part, holding that: (1) Newmont had standing under the U.S. antitrust laws to object to the tender offer; (2) Gold Fields also had antitrust standing (by 2-1); and (3) the U.S. courts did have subject matter jurisdiction over Gold Fields’s U.S. securities law claims. Accordingly, the court of appeals upheld the injunction and returned the case to the lower court for further proceedings. On remand, the district court found that inasmuch as Gold Fields had not demonstrated a likelihood that its U.S. securities law claims would be successful on the merits, those claims did not merit an injunction. The court also ruled that Minorco had failed to demonstrate that its plan to hold separate and sell the assets of Gold Fields posing the possible antitrust problem would provide adequate protection, and so kept the injunction against the tender offer in place. As a result, even though a majority of the Gold Fields shareholders had tendered their shares to Minorco and both British and European Communities regulatory authorities had approved the transaction, Minorco was forced to abandon its tender offer.
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Horgan, Terry, and Mark Timmons. "UNTYING A KNOT FROM THE INSIDE OUT: REFLECTIONS ON THE “PARADOX” OF SUPEREROGATION." Social Philosophy and Policy 27, no. 2 (June 16, 2010): 29–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026505250999015x.
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AbstractIn his 1958 seminal paper “Saints and Heroes”, J. O. Urmson argued that the then dominant tripartite deontic scheme of classifying actions as being exclusively either obligatory, or optional in the sense of being morally indifferent, or wrong, ought to be expanded to include the category of the supererogatory. Colloquially, this category includes actions that are “beyond the call of duty” (beyond what is obligatory) and hence actions that one has no duty or obligation to perform. But it is a controversial category. Some have argued that the concept of supererogation is paradoxical because on one hand, supererogatory actions are (by definition) supposed to be morally good, indeed morally best, actions. But then if they are morally best, why aren't they morally required, contrary to the assumption that they are morally optional? In short: how can an action that is morally best to perform fail to be what one is morally required to do? The source of this alleged paradox has been dubbed the ‘good-ought tie-up’. In our article, we address this alleged paradox by first making a phenomenological case for the reality of instances of genuine supererogatory actions, and then, by reflecting on the relevant phenomenology, explaining why there is no genuine paradox. Our explanation appeals to the idea that moral reasons can play what we call a merit conferring role. The basic idea is that moral reasons that favor supererogatory actions function to confer merit on the actions they favor—they play a merit conferring role—and can do without also requiring the actions in question. Hence, supererogatory actions can be both good and morally meritorious to perform yet still be morally optional. Recognition of a merit conferring role unties the good-ought tie up, and (as we further argue) there are good reasons, independent of helping to resolve the alleged paradox, for recognizing this sort of role that moral reasons may play.
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Lutsenko, E. M. "Vera Milchina. How the cat looked at kings, and other senile reminiscences." Voprosy literatury, no. 6 (December 27, 2022): 292–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.31425/0042-8795-2022-6-292-297.
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The review discusses the latest book by the Russian translator of French literature V. Milchina, who chooses the form of a memoir. The author calls her memoirs memuarazmy. This curious portmanteau (a blend of memuary [memoirs] and marazm [senility]) highlights the book’s biggest merit — Milchina’s flair for distancing herself from events of the past and writing a vibrant and engaging account that appeals to everybody. Her reminiscences cover a broad range of topics, from stories about favourite books, childhood memories, and journeys to literary meccas in Russia and France to life-changing encounters that shaped the author’s professional interests and specifc translation projects. Each of the reminiscences bears the mark of its respective historic period as the author creates a generous narrative about publishing and philology in the Soviet and post-Soviet eras.
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Greenberg, Dan, Miriam I. Siebzehner, and Joseph S. Pliskin. "The process of updating the National List of Health Services in Israel: Is it legitimate? Is it fair?" International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 25, no. 03 (July 2009): 255–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026646230999016x.
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Objective:The Israeli National Health Insurance Law stipulates a National List of Health Services (NLHS) to which all residents are entitled from their HMOs. This list has been updated annually for almost a decade using a structured review and decision-making process. Although this process has been described in detail in previous papers, none of these have fully addressed legitimacy and fairness. We examine the legitimacy and fairness of the process of updating the NLHS in Israel.Methods:We assessed the priority-setting process for compliance with the four conditions of accountability for reasonableness outlined by Daniels and Sabin (relevance, publicity, appeals, and enforcement). These conditions emphasize transparency and stakeholder engagement in democratic deliberation.Results:Our analysis suggests that the Israeli process for updating the NLHS does not fulfill the appeals and enforcement conditions, and only partially follows the publicity and relevance conditions, outlined in the accountability for reasonableness framework. The main obstacles for achieving these goals may relate to the large number of technologies assessed each year within a short time frame, the lack of personnel engaged in health technology assessment, and the desire for early adoption of new technologies.Conclusions:The process of updating the NLHS in Israel is unique and not without merit. Changes in the priority-setting process should be made to increase its acceptability among the different stakeholders.
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Koehl, Robert L. "Perpetual Finality." Texas A&M Law Review 2, no. 1 (September 2014): 107–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/lr.v2.i1.4.
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Immigrants who have been ordered removed may challenge their final removal order by filing a motion for the court to reopen their case. Motions to reopen removal cases are common within the immigration system, but offer little chance for an alien to actually receive relief. These motions are typically subject to strict time and numerical limitations. And the legal bases for reopening an immigrant’s case render the alien’s chances unlikely. Current statute and case law provide seven grounds for an immigrant to reopen a case. These grounds stem from United States Code, the Code of Federal Regulations, and the Board of Immigration Appeals’ precedential case law. Some of these grounds require such a perfect storm of unlikely circumstances that reopening becomes de facto impossible for an alien to attain. Some grounds are confusing, with requirements that are difficult for aliens, their attorneys, or even judges to understand. The remaining grounds have bright-line rules but are couched in ambiguous language. This leads attorneys to pursue reopening in cases that do not merit reopening, but seem to merit reopening because of the ambiguity. This Comment outlines the current legal bases for an alien seeking to reopen a removal case. It will explore the problems and shortcomings inherent to these bases. And it will recommend reforms to the current structure which will render the immigration post-conclusion structure fairer to the alien, clearer for the private attorneys, and more efficient for the government.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Appeals on merit"
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MANTEGAZZA, ROBERTA. "LE IMPUGNAZIONI NEL MERITO DELLE CAUTELE PENALI REALI." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/370018.
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Il presente lavoro muove dalla constatazione della carenza nella letteratura sul processo penale, di una trattazione organica delle impugnazioni in materia cautelare reale. Ne è scaturita la scelta di indagare questo settore delle impugnazioni penali in modo trasversale, con riguardo sia al tipo di cautela coinvolta (sequestro preventivo e conservativo), sia al tipo di mezzo d’impugnazione proposto. Peraltro, la ricerca coinvolge le sole impugnazioni sul merito dei provvedimenti cautelari reali, con inclusione dei soli mezzi del riesame e dell’appello. Il presente studio non affronta l’analisi del ricorso per cassazione, tenuto conto della specificità dei problemi che la relativa disciplina presenta.
Inoltre, per il ricorso non si pongono quesiti di sorta in ordine alla natura di mezzo di impugnazione, mentre, è noto, è fortemente dibattuto quale fisionomia abbia il riesame, mezzo da sempre incline ad assecondare sia la logica tipica dei gravami, intesi quali strumenti per un “nuovo giudizio” sulla situazione giuridica da accertare, sia – al contempo – la logica tipica dei mezzi d’impugnazione, intesi quali strumenti di controllo del provvedimento, e del relativo accertamento. Dal canto suo l’appello, tradizionalmente inquadrato fra i mezzi d’impugnazione, condivide con il riesame una fisionomia proteiforme. Ciò suggerisce, da un lato, un accostamento fra i due istituti, dall’altro, un approccio attento a valorizzare le differenze di disciplina fra l’appello dell’imputato e l’appello del pubblico ministero.
Ulteriori indicazioni utili a indagare sulla reale natura del riesame e dell’appello si ricavano dall’analisi dei problemi di interferenza fra procedimento d’impugnazione cautelare e procedimento di revoca del sequestro preventivo (art. 321 c.p.p.).The research aims to analyse the regime of the appeals on merit in the preventive seizure proceedings (riesame and appello cautelare)¸in order to examine their legal status; the analysis has been developed reconstructing both legal standards and jurisprudence. Elements collected displayed to be referred to the type of “new judgment on merit” and “legal control of the judicial decision”. The research has also examined innovations introduced by L. 47/2015, which is referred to personal precautionary measures, to verify if they should be applied also to real ones (misure cautelari reali). Basing on the analysis about the legal status of different appeals on the merits and proceedings for withdrawing the real precautionary measure (art. 321 § 3 criminal procedural code), the research examines also the event that the mentioned attacks should be assume the status of legal control on precautionary measures (instead of “new judgment on the fact”).
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Evans, Lindsey L. "An Appeal for HOPE: Analyses and Social Equity Implications of Georgia’s Merit-based, Lottery-funded Scholarship." VCU Scholars Compass, 2017. https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/5188.
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The HOPE Scholarship began in the State of Georgia in 1993 and is a statewide, merit-based scholarship program for postsecondary students. The program is fully funded by the revenues received from the state’s lottery program, the Georgia lottery, which disproportionately receives contributions from minority and low-income populations. Using logistic and OLS regression analysis this research investigates the distributional equity of the HOPE Scholarship by comparing the award receipts of postsecondary students in Georgia. The study found that the race, ethnicity, immigrant generational status, first generation college student, and financial independence have a negative impact on the likelihood of a student receiving the HOPE Scholarship. The findings also suggest that HOPE Scholarship recipients who are black or African American, first generation college students, and those with financial independence receive less overall funding than those without these qualities. These results provide sound evidence that the HOPE Scholarship, a merit-based program targeted at helping to reduce educational disparities, may be failing to reduce higher education inequities in the state. Given the established relationship between education and future economic success, these types of merit-based, state-wide programs may inadvertently exacerbate existing disparities. Recommendations include a mandated program analysis to promote accountability among program administrators, policymakers, and the greater public.
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Gronow, Claire. "Forcing action: the influence of environmental assessment on major development proposals." Thesis, Griffith University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/382717.
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An investigation was undertaken into whether and how the procedural steps and activities of environmental assessment (EA) exert an influence on decision-making by proponents and politicians and improve the environmental protection outcomes of major development proposals. The investigation was prompted by observations that, while EA clearly does exert some influence on the planning and design of development proposals, the outcomes observed are often modest and are highly variable. The research focussed on understanding the internal workings of EA as a basis for explaining the observed outcomes and contributing to more consistent and substantial environmental protection outcomes from environmental assessment. An analytical framework was developed based on five key activities of the process and practice of EA: a mandatory and rigorously applied procedure; generation of accurate science-based predictions; consideration of alternatives and mitigation measures; public participation; and the Regulatory Agency’s assessment report and recommended conditions. Learning was also included as an indirect activity strongly associated with the process and practice of EA. Data on how each activity might act singly or in combination to influence development proposal planning and design and decision-making was collected by interviewing fifty-two experienced informants including proponents, environmental assessment specialists, officers from Regulatory Agencies, statutory decision-makers and non-government organisation representatives.
The findings confirm EA’s importance as a unique action forcing mechanism, however the way in which proponents respond to the requirement to undertake EA is highly variable and the capacity and experience of proponent planning and design teams and EA specialists is the most significant determinant in whether proponents account for environmental considerations in their decision-making. The findings reveal that EA procedural steps and the large amounts of information generated by EA have little influence on decision-making by proponents or statutory decision-makers. Further, EA procedure and the information generated are dominated by the technical-rational model of decision-making and the positivist scientific paradigm, and inputs that do not align with these models are largely excluded. The influence of Regulatory Agencies and assessment officers on proponent decision-making is also potentially important, but is dulled by lack of capacity and resources in Regulatory Agencies. It is also notable that both proponent decisions and statutory decisions are dominated by a short term economic growth imperative.
The dominance of the economic growth paradigm and corresponding weak ‘ecological modernisation’ approach to environmental management means that the outcomes sought from environmental assessment are narrowly framed on the assumption that externalities of major development proposals can be effectively addressed through technology, mitigation measures and offsets. Information and discourses that are not aligned with the dominant economic growth and positivist paradigms are poorly accommodated and space is not created for negotiation and resolution of conflict. Opportunities to debate and challenge these assumptions are also limited by lack of application of strategic environmental assessment at higher level decision-making. Thus, conceptual and transformational learning that might invoke more fundamental shifts in the values and principles underlying decision-making about environment and development is also suppressed.
These findings indicate two possible directions for the future of EA. The first direction involves retaining EA within the prevailing economic, social and political context but adjusting procedures to increase the consistency and magnitude of EA’s influence on the environmental protection outcomes of major development proposals, as well as the efficiency with which this can be achieved. The second direction requires the transparency and accountability of both proponents and statutory decision-makers for their decisions to be increased so that the balance of trade-offs between environmental, social and economic values is much clearer and more readily challenged. Procedural changes that would support this second direction might include merits-based appeal processes, supported by more explicit direction on how sustainability should be considered in decision-making, acceptable trade-offs and application of the precautionary principle. Broader application of EA to policies, programs and plans would also support discourse and debate about broader societal goals for economic development; and provide for assessment of cumulative, regional-scale and long-term impacts.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Environment and Sc
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
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Cavani, Renzo. "What is a judicial decision? A brief analytic study for Peruvian civil procedural law." IUS ET VERITAS, 2018. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/123369.
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In this essay two basic legal concepts, judicial decision and adjudication, are explored in the light of the discipline of Peruvian Civil Procedure Code of 1993 (CPC). This analysis is made from an analyticdogmatic perspective, aiming to show that an adequate use of those concepts is decisive to solve practical problems, foremost in the field of the appeal.En el presente trabajo se exploran dos conceptos jurídicos básicos, resolución judicial y decisión, a la luz de la regulación del Código Procesal Civil peruano de 1993 (CPC). Este análisis se realiza a partir de un enfoque analítico-dogmático, buscando demostrar que un adecuado trabajo con dichos conceptos es decisivo para resolver problemas prácticos, sobre todo en el ámbito de la impugnación.
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Filho, Antonio Carlos Nachif Correia. "Julgamentos parciais no processo civil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2137/tde-13102015-141958/.
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Este trabalho trata fundamentalmente da admissibilidade dos julgamentos parciais do mérito e de questões de mérito no sistema processual civil brasileiro, considerando especialmente o modelo constitucional de processo civil, bem como no sistema processual prospectivo previsto no Projeto de Novo Código de Processo Civil, que deve entrar vigor em breve. Com este objetivo, será abordado no início da dissertação o dogma da unidade estrutural da sentença, sua origem, fundamentos e aplicabilidade no processo civil brasileiro, já que esse dogma parece ser o principal óbice que se opõe à realização dos julgamentos parciais. Em seguida, procede-se à análise da natureza dos pronunciamentos judiciais em que se realizam os julgamentos parciais, quando admitidos no CPC/73, para defini-los como decisões interlocutórias de mérito (ou de questões de mérito) ou sentenças parciais e intermediárias. Além disso, pretende-se estabelecer os pressupostos autorizadores dos julgamentos parciais, para que, assim, esses julgamentos sejam realizados de forma eficiente e em prol da efetividade da tutela jurisdicional. Trata-se ainda os julgamentos parciais na arbitragem e suas particularidades decorrentes das disposições específicas da Lei de Arbitragem e das características específicas do processo arbitral. Finalmente, nos capítulos finais deste estudo enfrentam-se os obstáculos que geralmente se colocam à realização dos julgamentos parciais relativamente ao âmbito recursal e à formação da coisa julgada. Para esse fim, são abordados a teoria dos capítulos de sentença, os efeitos dos recursos e, especialmente, a formação gradual da coisa julgada à luz da doutrina, da jurisprudência dos Tribunais Superiores e também do Projeto de Novo Código de Processo Civil.This paper deals essentially with the possibility of rendering partial judgments on the merits and on issues of merits in the Brazilian Civil Procedure, considering especially the constitutional framework of civil procedure, as well as in the prospective procedural system provided by the New Code of Civil Procedure bill, which shall be in force soon. With this goal, the principle of the indivisibility of the award on merits, its origins, its grounds and its applicability to the Brazilian Civil Procedure are addressed in the beginning of the dissertation, as this principle seems to be the main obstacle against the partial judgments. Following this, the nature of the judicial decisions in wich the partial judgments take place when admitted by the Brazilian Code of Civil Procedure of 1973 shall be analysed, in order to characterize them either as interlocutory decisions on the merits (or on issues of merits) or as partial and intermediate awards. In addition, there is a focus on clarifying the conditions in which partial judgments can be rendered, in order to carried out in and efficient fashion, and hence contributing to the effectiveness of the judicial relief. Moreover, the partial judgments in arbitration, as well as their particularities arisen from the specific provisions under the Arbitration Act and singular characteristics of arbitral procedure are analysed. The final chapters of this paper face the obstacles associated with appeals and with claim preclusion that are usually posed against the rendering of partial judgments. For this scope, there shall be addressed the theory of chapters of the award, the effects of the appeals, and specially the gradual claim preclusion in view of the scholars opinions, the case law of the Higher Courts, and also under the New Code of Civil Procedure bill.
Books on the topic "Appeals on merit"
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Board, United States Merit Systems Protection. Questions & answers about appeals. Washington, DC: The Board, 1999.
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United States. Merit Systems Protection Board. Questions & answers about appeals. Washington, DC: The Board, 1999.
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Board, United States Merit Systems Protection. Questions & answers about whistleblower appeals: United States Merit Systems Protection Board. Washington, DC: The Board, 1999.
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United States. Merit Systems Protection Board. Questions & answers about whistleblower appeals: United States Merit Systems Protection Board. Washington, DC: The Board, 1999.
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United States. Merit Systems Protection Board. Questions & answers about whistleblower appeals: United States Merit Systems Protection Board. Washington, DC: The Board, 1999.
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United States. Merit Systems Protection Board., ed. United States Merit Systems Protection Board, Questions & Answers About Appeals, September 1997. [S.l: s.n., 1997.
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R, Figueroa Jose, and Administrative Conference of the United States. Office of the Chairman., eds. Expediting settlement of employee grievances in the federal sector: An evaluation of the MSPB's appeals arbitration procedure. Washington, D.C: Office of the Chairman, Administrative Conference of the United States, 1985.
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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs. Nominations of Mark A. Robbins and Roy W. McLeese III: Hearing before the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, second session : nominations of Mark A. Robbins to be a member, Merit Systems Protection Board, and Roy W. McLeese III to be an associate judge, District of Columbia Court of Appeals, March 6, 2012. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2012.
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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs. Nominations of Colleen D. Kiko, Mary M. Rose, Hon. Juliet J. McKenna, and John R. Fisher: Hearing before the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Ninth Congress, first session, on the nominations of Colleen D. Kiko, to be general counsel, Federal Labor Relations Authority, Mary M. Rose to be member, Merit Systems Protection Board, Hon. Juliet J. McKenna to be associate judge, District of Columbia Superior Court, and John R. Fisher to be associate judge, District of Columbia Court of Appeals, September 13, 2005. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2006.
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US GOVERNMENT. Questions & answers about whistleblower appeals: United States Merit Systems Protection Board. [Supt. of Docs., U.S. G.P.O., distributor, 1995.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Appeals on merit"
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Sheikh, Haroon, Corien Prins, and Erik Schrijvers. "Demystification." In Research for Policy, 137–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-21448-6_5.
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AbstractThe first overarching societal task we address is demystification. This is all about public perceptions of new technologies. System technologies appeal particularly to the imagination, because their wide range of applications and generic nature confer a certain intangible quality. In Chap. 4 we discussed the risk that this might trigger overblown expectations and inordinate fears, effects that can make harder for a technology to integrate into society. Demystification helps counterbalance unrealistic perceptions technologies like AI and – particularly importantly – ensures that people do not lose sight of genuine opportunities and risks. As such, it enhances the quality of the AI debate by effectuating a shift from captivating perceptions to issues that merit attention.
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Merusi, Fabio. "Legge e giustizia amministrativa durante il ventennio fascista." In Studi e saggi, 99–117. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-455-7.04.
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The paper focuses on the relationship between the Fascist regime and the administrative justice. Once identified in the “invention” of exclusive jurisdiction (over individual matters) a “revolutionary” act of the early Fascism, the paper faces the problem of the administrative litigation over public debt. The issue is treated starting from the transformation of the jurisdiction of merit in the matter of public debt into exclusive jurisdiction: a special attention is paid to the two opposite theses of the “left-wing fascism” and the Italian Constitutional Court. Subsequently, the reflection shifts to the Fascist laws that have limited or excluded since 1923 the appeal against certain administrative acts, also referring to the reactions of the doctrine of the time. A particular case concerns the vice of excess of power which, in the Fascist period, was rationalized and also took on a different meaning from the original one foreseen by the law of 1889. After the fall of Fascism, a final look is turned to the two elusive techniques of the appeal to the administrative judge represented by the laws-measure and the so called “theft of jurisdiction”
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von Arnauld, Andreas. "Deadlocked in Dualism: Negotiating for a Final Settlement." In Remedies against Immunity?, 313–29. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-62304-6_16.
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AbstractWhile on the international plane Germany has as strong a position as one could wish for, a second appeal to the ICJ does not seem advisable. Though not formally estopped from challenging Sentenza 238/2014, Germany would at least face a principled contradiction (Wertungswiderspruch). Like Italy, Germany takes the position that international obligations must be disregarded should they be found incompatible with fundamental rights enshrined in the national constitution. Concerning the underlying conflict, another formally strong German position proves to have inherent shortcomings. To argue that, as far as Italian citizens are concerned, all matters of compensation had been dealt with comprehensively in the German–Italian lump sum agreement of 1961 carries some conviction. However, the limitations of that agreement, the erosion of the individual’s strict mediatisation in international law, and recent German compensation schemes for other victims of World War II (WWII) have fuelled a growing discontent with this final settlement. Having been doubly denied recognition as victims by the injustices of non-retroactivity and of differentiation, the Italian WWII victims ‘in oblivion’ have pursued compensation claims for over a decade now. It would go too far to argue an individual claim for financial compensation under international law for historic wrongs. The principle of intertemporal law, however, has its merits as well as its defects. This chapter argues in favour of mildly piercing the veil of intertemporality by reliance on fundamental ethical principles as part of the law in force already at the time of the original violation. A breach in this kind of obligation should give rise to an obligatio de negotiando under the principle of just satisfaction. Such a legal construction takes up the idea that in most of the recent cases of ‘history taken to court’, compensation is but a secondary aim, the primary aim being to ‘tell one’s own story’ as a counter-narrative to hegemonic discourse. By entering into negotiations with the victims ‘in oblivion’, Germany—and Italy—could and should attempt to finally solve what has been and remains a fundamentally unjust situation.
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"Merit Appeals in International Arbitration: Undermining Arbitration or Facilitating True Party Autonomy." In Contemporary Issues in International Arbitration and Mediation: The Fordham Papers 2015, 7–30. Brill | Nijhoff, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004334557_003.
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Kloppenberg, Lisa. "Life on the Bench." In The Best Beloved Thing is Justice, 59–80. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197608579.003.0006.
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This chapter covers Dorothy Wright Nelson’s transition to the federal bench. A proponent of merit selection, she worked with national leaders to open the doors for more women and minorities to become federal judges before President Carter appointed her as one of the early female federal appellate judges in the United States. She relished the opportunity to employ her ideas about court reform and alternatives to litigation at the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. She won awards for her progress in making mediation and other alternatives available in the federal courts. She improved efficiencies within the Ninth Circuit, helping to reduce a significant backlog of cases. She became a leader among the judges, building community within the Ninth Circuit because of the way she treated judges, lawyers, law clerks, and civil servants and the opportunities she brought them.
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Haji, Ishtiyaque. "Alternate Possibility Arguments for Varieties of Incompatibilism." In Obligation and Responsibility, 26—C2N21. Oxford University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197657829.003.0002.
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Abstract The chapter presents, explains, and evaluates two “alternate possibility” (AP) arguments, one for the incompatibility of determinism and obligation (AP-Obligation), and the other for the incompatibility of determinism and blameworthiness (AP-Blameworthiness). These arguments share the premise that if determinism is true, no one can do otherwise. The skeptical conclusions are reached by drawing on the intermediary premise that obligation and responsibility require freedom to do otherwise. Argument AP-Obligation appeals to the following two principles: if one ought to do something, then one can do it (OIC); and one ought to do something if, and only if, it is wrong for one not to do it (Equivalence). In addition to OIC and Equivalence, argument AP-Blameworthiness calls on a third principle: one is blameworthy for doing something only if it is wrong for one to do it (BRI). Frankfurt examples are examples that seek to show that moral responsibility does not require freedom to do otherwise. The chapter explains why appropriately adjusted versions of such examples do not undermine AP-Obligation. The chapter concludes that even if Frankfurt examples have merit, determinism still imperils blameworthiness by precluding freedom to do otherwise because there are apt conceptual connections between blameworthiness and impermissibility.
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Auchie, Derek P., and Ailsa Carmichael. "Appeals from Tribunal Decisions." In The Scottish Mental Health Tribunal, 327–36. Edinburgh University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781845860226.003.0008.
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Sections 320 and 322 of the 2003 Act make provision respectively for appeal to the sheriff principal and the Court of Session from decisions of the tribunal. Almost all of the decisions which can be appealed under s 320 are decisions on the merits of the application or other matter before the tribunal relating to the status of the patient in the sense of his liability to detention, or the conditions of his detention. Examples include a refusal to revoke an STDC,1 a decision to make or refuse to make a CTO,2 and a decision to revoke a compulsion order under s 193(3) and (4) of the 2003 Act.3 Appeals may also be made against decisions of the tribunal about the appointment of named persons.4 There is no provision for an immediate appeal against procedural decisions such as those to adjourn, or to make directions as to the way in which a future hearing is to proceed. The legislature must be taken to have intended that cases should proceed to a conclusion on the merits without interruption caused by appeals on procedural matters. It is, however, noteworthy that s 324(2)(b) makes it a ground of appeal against the ultimate decision in the proceedings that there has been a procedural impropriety in the conduct of any hearing by the tribunal on the application.
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Boonshoft, Mark. "Defining Merit." In Aristocratic Education and the Making of the American Republic, 75–95. University of North Carolina Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469661360.003.0005.
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Chapter 4 examines the academic culture, pedagogy, and curriculum of academies during the early republic. Through public examinations and parades, academy boosters made the case that their schools elevated students of exceptional merit, who should rightfully become the future leaders of the republic. Yet academies kept alive the importance of classical and oratorical education in American life. This sort of education appealed to the children of wealthy Americans. So, while academies claimed they helped create a society defined by merit, they tended to reinforce existing inequalities. Academies did not open up opportunities for most poor white children, women, or African-Americans to prove their merit.
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Mark, Brealey, and George Kyla. "1 Commencing Proceedings." In Competition Litigation. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law-ocl/9780199665075.003.0001.
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This chapter discusses the procedural rules that govern how different types of competition law claims are commenced. It first considers private actions in the High Court, where procedure is governed by the Civil Procedure Rules 1998 (CPR), as amended, and the procedure in the Competition Appeal Tribunal (CAT), which is governed by the Competition Appeal Tribunal Rules 2015 (CAT Rules). It then examines private actions in the CAT as well as appeals to the CAT, focusing on issues relating to jurisdiction, procedure for commencing both individual claims and collective actions, appeals under the Competition Act 1998, appeals in telecommunications cases, proceedings under the Civil Aviation Act 2012, and appeal on merits. Finally, it explains judicial review both in the Administrative Court and in the CAT, taking into account applications for review of merger and market investigation decisions in the CAT as well as grounds of review.
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Plassmann, Clemens, and Stephan Dorn. "No appeal against an order on the Application to intervene." In Unified Patent Protection in Europe: A Commentary. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198755463.003.0487.
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Pursuant to Rule 317, there is no isolated appeal against a decision of the Court refusing an application of a third party to intervene (→ Rule 314 UPCARoP). The reason for this is that a third party whose application has been refused is not a party and is not to be treated like a party (→ Rule 315.4 UPCARoP). A decision on intervention can be appealed only together with a decision on the merits pursuant to Art 73(2)(b)(i) UPCA. If that is the case, the third party’s appeal can be combined with an Application to intervene pursuant to Rule 313.
Conference papers on the topic "Appeals on merit"
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Herbelin, J. "Electronic energy transfer between NF(b) and IF(X)." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1986.wh3.
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Assumptions are described that are used to formulate a long-range interaction model that appears to adequately describe the reaction processes between excited nitrogen fluoride, NF(b), and iodine monofluoride, IF. With such a model, it may be possible to survey a large number of candidate receptor systems to determine which ones merit additional experimental investigation.
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Friberg, S. R., and P. W. Smith. "Nonlinearities in glass for subpicosecond optical switches." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1986.mcc3.
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Ultrarapid (subpicosecond) optical switching and signal processing elements should find important applications in future communication and computing systems. Glasses with fast (< 100-fs) electronic third-order susceptibilities could be used to fabricate ultrarapid switches. These nonlinearities, described by the nonlinear index coefficient n2, are compared with slow thermal index changes for various glasses. A degenerate four-wave mixing (DFWM) technique using a 250-ns train of 80-ps pulses from a mode-locked Q-switched Nd:YAG laser was used to measure n2. Thermal index changes were obtained by comparison of the DFWM signal from initial and final pulses of the pulse train. Results for leaded glasses agree with previous reports, with n2 of SF-59 equal to 19% of that of CS2. Titanium glasses, e.g., Hoya FDS-90, have an n2 that is 7 % that of CS2, and n2 does not increase with linear index as for leaded glasses. The observed thermal index changes are small, as expected for very low absorption coefficients. We define a figure of merit to help compare nonlinear materials for use in optical switches. It is the ratio of the (fast) nonlinear index change necessary to produce switching to the accompanying (slow) thermal index change. We show that some optical glasses appear to have higher figures of merit than any other nonlinear optical material. We conclude with a discussion of some possible configurations for glass all-optical switches.
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Besenmatter, Walter. "Rochester Lens Design Problem." In International Optical Design Conference. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/iodc.1994.tidp.440.
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Traditionally, the International Optical Design Conference has included a lens design problem for members of the design community to consider. The present problem was not only to be enjoyable and instructive, but is also of practical value. Designing a lens with a low volume is a design goal with a wide range of applications. From the more general point of view of optical system design, this problem is interesting because of the fact, that the merit function is a non-optical quantity. The normal optical quantities (aberrations, etc.) appeare only as constraints which must be fulfilled, otherwise the solution is excluded from competition. And this in general is nowadays a widespread procedure in modern lens design: Nonoptical requirements dominate the specifications and the fact that image quality requirements must be fulfilled is self-evident. But this self-evidence often is a problem to the designer, and this fact is also shown by the present problem.
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Molière, M., F. Geiger, E. Deramond, and T. Becker. "Volatile, Low Lubricity Fuels in Gas Turbine Plants: A Review of Main Fuel Options and Their Respective Merits." In ASME 1998 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/98-gt-231.
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While natural gas is achieving unrivalled penetration in the power generation sector, especially in gas-turbine combined cycles (CCGT), an increasing number of alternative fuels are in a position to take up the ground left vacant by this major primary energy. In particular, within the thriving family of liquid fuels, the class of volatile products opens interesting prospects for clean and efficient power generation in CCGT plants. Therefore, it has become a necessity for the gas turbine industry to extensively evaluate such new fuel candidates, among which: naphtha’s; kerosines; gas condensates; Natural Gas Liquids (NGL) and alcohols are the most prominent representatives. From a technical standpoint, the success of such projects requires both a careful approach to several specific issues (eg: fuel handling & storage, operation safety) and a clear identification of technological limits. For instance, while the purity of gas condensates meets the requirements of heavy-duty technologies, it generally appears unsuitable for aeroderivative machines. This paper offers a succinct but comprehensive technical approach and overviews some experience acquired in this area with heavy duty gas turbines. Its aim is to inform gas turbine users/engineers and project developers who envisage volatile fuels as alternative primary energies in gas turbine plants.
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Li, Xinxin, Wen Wang, and Zichen Chen. "Sliding Mode Based Controller for Magnetostrictive Actuator in Precision Positioner." In 2007 First International Conference on Integration and Commercialization of Micro and Nanosystems. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mnc2007-21335.
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Magnetostrictive actuator, for its merits of relatively low voltage and high force, has been increasingly applied in many applications, such as vibration control, aviation, positioner, etc. At low drive level, magnetostrictive actuator presents linear relation between strain or displacement and input voltage or input current, while non-linear appears when applied moderate or high drive level. To achieve accurate control for high drive level, non-linear, including saturation and hysteresis, must be compensated. Sliding mode control, a robust control scheme, can handle these non-linear. As magnetostrictive actuator modelled in Jiles-Atherton model, the relation of magnetic field H and bulk magnetization M, hysteresis, is divided into anhysteresis and deviation from anhysteresis. Saturation can be compensated by inversion of anhysteresis (free-hysteresis) and then, hysteresis, represented as the deviation from anhysteresis, is compensated with sliding mode control.
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Viswanathan, V. K. "Comparison of generalized simulated annealing and damped least-squares methods in lens design optimization." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1988.mf3.
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A landscape lens (monochromatic, 22.5° FOV, f/10), photographic lens (polychromatic, 30° FOV, f/5), and a laser copying lens (monochromatic f/2.5, diffraction-limited over FOV) were designed using LASCO,1 ACCOSV, and CODEV2 from identical starting configurations. These were chosen to cover an example where the global minima are distinct and known (landscape lens), another with various local minima in a broad basin (photographic lens), and the third with a very steep minimum in the merit function space. It will be shown that the generalized simulated annealing (GSA) algorithm can find the global minimum from arbitrary starting configurations; however, with the starting configuration close enough to a local minimum, damped least squares (DLS) finds it faster. DLS is able to get to the local minimum only and can do so only if the starting configuration is the proper one and reasonably close to the local minimum. DLS is unable to find steep minima, whereas the GSA is able to do so; however, GSA has difficulty locating the exact minimum for this case. It appears that a combination of GSA and DLS algorithms with GSA being used for searching for the various minima and DLS used for reaching them quickly is a practical way to approach the lens design optimization problem.
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Teegavarapu, Sudhakar, Joshua D. Summers, and Gregory M. Mocko. "Case Study Method for Design Research: A Justification." In ASME 2008 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2008-49980.
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Case studies are used in design research to analyze a phenomenon, to generate hypotheses, and to validate a method. Though they are used extensively, there appears to be no accepted systematic case study method used by design researchers. Considering its nature and objectives, the case study method could be considered as a suitable method for conducting design research. Many times, design researchers have to confront questions about the validity of using case studies and their results. The objective of this paper is to present a brief overview of case study method, compare it with other qualitative and quantitative research methods, and study the merits and limitations of using the same in design research. Requirements are derived from the general characteristics of design research. Four popular research strategies are evaluated with respect to the requirements. A preliminary benchmark study suggests that case study method is a suitable method for conducting design research.
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Periannan, Vijayamand, Michael R. von Spakovsky, and David Moorhouse. "Investigation of the Effects of Various Energy and Exergy-Based Figures of Merit on the Optimal Design of a High Performance Aircraft System." In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-14186.
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This paper shows the advantages of applying exergy-based analysis and optimization methods to the synthesis/design and operation of aircraft systems. In particular, an Advanced Aircraft Fighter (AAF) with three subsystems: a Propulsion Subsystem (PS), an Environmental Control Subsystem (ECS), and an Airframe Subsystem - Aerodynamics (AFS-A) is used to illustrate these advantages. Thermodynamic (both energy and exergy based), aerodynamic, geometric, and physical models of the components comprising the subsystems are developed and their interactions defined. Off-design performance is considered as well and is used in the analysis and optimization of system synthesis/design and operation as the aircraft is flown over an entire mission. An exergy-based parametric study of the PS and its components is first presented in order to show the type of detailed information on internal system losses which an exergy analysis can provide and an energy analysis by its very nature is unable to provide. This is followed by a series of constrained, system synthesis/design optimizations based on five different objective functions, which define energy-based and exergy-based measures of performance. The former involve minimizing the gross takeoff weight or maximizing the thrust efficiency while the latter involve minimizing the rates of exergy destruction plus the rate of exergy fuel loss (with and without AFS-A losses) or maximizing the thermodynamic effectiveness. A first set of optimizations involving four of the objecttives (two energy-based and two exergy-based) are performed with only PS and ECS degrees of freedom. Losses for the AFS-A are not incorporated into the two exergy-based objectives. The results show that as expected all four objectives globally produce the same optimum vehicle. A second set of optimizations is then performed with AFS-A degrees of freedom and again with two energy- and exergy-based objectives. However, this time one of the exergy-based objectives incorporates AFS-A losses directly into the objective. The results are that with this latter objective, a significantly better optimum vehicle is produced. Thus, an exergy-based approach is not only able to pinpoint where the greatest inefficiencies in the system occur but appears at least in this case to produce a superior optimum vehicle as well by accounting for irreversibility losses in subsystems (e.g., the AFS-A) only indirectly tied to fuel usage.
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Palm, William J., and Daniel E. Whitney. "Prioritizing the Many Measures of Success in Outsourced Design." In ASME 2013 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2013-13232.
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Companies that develop new products increasingly outsource design, a trend that has prompted much concern but little prescription on how best to manage such projects. One challenge is the lack of understanding of what constitutes success in outsourced design. To provide clarity, this paper identifies academic and practical perspectives on success from the literature as well as our own interviews with design consultants and consulting clients, organizes the perspectives into a typology featuring seven distinct dimensions of success, and then prioritizes the key success measures using a survey of 194 additional practitioners. The results suggest that past research has generally focused on the wrong success measures, overstating the impact of problems during development and the relative importance of return on investment, and omitting key measures such as working relationship quality, project value, and client satisfaction. Not all success measures are well correlated; a project may do very well on some but poorly on others. While each measure has it merits, client satisfaction appears to be a promising summary measure.
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Burgess, Richard A., and Mario G. Beruvides. "An Examination of How to Incorporate Ethics Into Systems Analysis and Vice Versa." In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-67396.
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In their paper “Combining Systems Dynamics and Ethics: Towards More Science?” Erik Pruyt and Jan Kwakkel argue that ethics ought to play a larger role in systems dynamics and vice versa (2007). Including ethics, they contend, will add sensitivity to current systems models as well as provide guidance on how to achieve best outcomes; with respect to both efficiency and flourishing (Pruyt & Kwakkel, 2007). At first blush, such a cross pollination promises to add much needed depth of analysis to systems modeling and a higher degree of precision in ethical analyses. Not surprisingly, however, achieving such outcomes is more complex than it initially appears. Indeed, the quest for additional precision in ethical analysis is not a new one to philosophers and ethicists. The problem remains, in many ways, intractable. In Part I of this paper, the authors expand on Pruyt and Kwakkel’s thesis by examining specific insights and tools that can and should be incorporated into systems dynamics modeling. Emphasis will be placed on the mechanics of this inclusion and the resultant implications. Part II, then, focuses on how systems dynamics tools like causal loop modeling and behavior-over-time graphs can be incorporated into ethical analyses in a non-arbitrary manner. Finally, in Part III of the paper, the authors briefly discuss the ramifications of Parts I and II for engineering education; both among students and practicing engineers. The authors argue that both directions of the cross pollination have merit (especially the inclusion of ethical considerations in systems dynamics modeling) and ought to be developed further.
Reports on the topic "Appeals on merit"
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Johansen, Richard A., Christina L. Saltus, Molly K. Reif, and Kaytee L. Pokrzywinski. A Review of Empirical Algorithms for the Detection and Quantification of Harmful Algal Blooms Using Satellite-Borne Remote Sensing. U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/44523.
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Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) continue to be a global concern, especially since predicting bloom events including the intensity, extent, and geographic location, remain difficult. However, remote sensing platforms are useful tools for monitoring HABs across space and time. The main objective of this review was to explore the scientific literature to develop a near-comprehensive list of spectrally derived empirical algorithms for satellite imagers commonly utilized for the detection and quantification HABs and water quality indicators. This review identified the 29 WorldView-2 MSI algorithms, 25 Sentinel-2 MSI algorithms, 32 Landsat-8 OLI algorithms, 9 MODIS algorithms, and 64 MERIS/Sentinel-3 OLCI algorithms. This review also revealed most empirical-based algorithms fell into one of the following general formulas: two-band difference algorithm (2BDA), three-band difference algorithm (3BDA), normalized-difference chlorophyll index (NDCI), or the cyanobacterial index (CI). New empirical algorithm development appears to be constrained, at least in part, due to the limited number of HAB-associated spectral features detectable in currently operational imagers. However, these algorithms provide a foundation for future algorithm development as new sensors, technologies, and platforms emerge.
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Hunter, Fraser, and Martin Carruthers. Iron Age Scotland. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.193.
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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings: Building blocks: The ultimate aim should be to build rich, detailed and testable narratives situated within a European context, and addressing phenomena from the longue durée to the short-term over international to local scales. Chronological control is essential to this and effective dating strategies are required to enable generation-level analysis. The ‘serendipity factor’ of archaeological work must be enhanced by recognising and getting the most out of information-rich sites as they appear. o There is a pressing need to revisit the archives of excavated sites to extract more information from existing resources, notably through dating programmes targeted at regional sequences – the Western Isles Atlantic roundhouse sequence is an obvious target. o Many areas still lack anything beyond the baldest of settlement sequences, with little understanding of the relations between key site types. There is a need to get at least basic sequences from many more areas, either from sustained regional programmes or targeted sampling exercises. o Much of the methodologically innovative work and new insights have come from long-running research excavations. Such large-scale research projects are an important element in developing new approaches to the Iron Age. Daily life and practice: There remains great potential to improve the understanding of people’s lives in the Iron Age through fresh approaches to, and integration of, existing and newly-excavated data. o House use. Rigorous analysis and innovative approaches, including experimental archaeology, should be employed to get the most out of the understanding of daily life through the strengths of the Scottish record, such as deposits within buildings, organic preservation and waterlogging. o Material culture. Artefact studies have the potential to be far more integral to understandings of Iron Age societies, both from the rich assemblages of the Atlantic area and less-rich lowland finds. Key areas of concern are basic studies of material groups (including the function of everyday items such as stone and bone tools, and the nature of craft processes – iron, copper alloy, bone/antler and shale offer particularly good evidence). Other key topics are: the role of ‘art’ and other forms of decoration and comparative approaches to assemblages to obtain synthetic views of the uses of material culture. o Field to feast. Subsistence practices are a core area of research essential to understanding past society, but different strands of evidence need to be more fully integrated, with a ‘field to feast’ approach, from production to consumption. The working of agricultural systems is poorly understood, from agricultural processes to cooking practices and cuisine: integrated work between different specialisms would assist greatly. There is a need for conceptual as well as practical perspectives – e.g. how were wild resources conceived? o Ritual practice. There has been valuable work in identifying depositional practices, such as deposition of animals or querns, which are thought to relate to house-based ritual practices, but there is great potential for further pattern-spotting, synthesis and interpretation. Iron Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report v Landscapes and regions: Concepts of ‘region’ or ‘province’, and how they changed over time, need to be critically explored, because they are contentious, poorly defined and highly variable. What did Iron Age people see as their geographical horizons, and how did this change? Attempts to understand the Iron Age landscape require improved, integrated survey methodologies, as existing approaches are inevitably partial. Aspects of the landscape’s physical form and cover should be investigated more fully, in terms of vegetation (known only in outline over most of the country) and sea level change in key areas such as the firths of Moray and Forth. Landscapes beyond settlement merit further work, e.g. the use of the landscape for deposition of objects or people, and what this tells us of contemporary perceptions and beliefs. Concepts of inherited landscapes (how Iron Age communities saw and used this longlived land) and socal resilience to issues such as climate change should be explored more fully. Reconstructing Iron Age societies. The changing structure of society over space and time in this period remains poorly understood. Researchers should interrogate the data for better and more explicitly-expressed understandings of social structures and relations between people. The wider context: Researchers need to engage with the big questions of change on a European level (and beyond). Relationships with neighbouring areas (e.g. England, Ireland) and analogies from other areas (e.g. Scandinavia and the Low Countries) can help inform Scottish studies. Key big topics are: o The nature and effect of the introduction of iron. o The social processes lying behind evidence for movement and contact. o Parallels and differences in social processes and developments. o The changing nature of houses and households over this period, including the role of ‘substantial houses’, from crannogs to brochs, the development and role of complex architecture, and the shift away from roundhouses. o The chronology, nature and meaning of hillforts and other enclosed settlements. o Relationships with the Roman world