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Journal articles on the topic 'Apical area'
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Esposito, John V. "Apical Violation in Periapical "Area" Cases." Dental Clinics of North America 34, no. 1 (January 1990): 171–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0011-8532(22)01175-2.
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MORALES, EDUARDO A., MARIA HELENA NOVAIS, CARLOS E. WETZEL, LUC ECTOR, and MARIA MANUELA MORAIS. "Fragilaria odeloucaensis sp. nov. (Bacillariophyta, Fragilariaceae) a diatom from temporary streams in southern Portugal." Phytotaxa 555, no. 3 (July 26, 2022): 217–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.555.3.1.
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A new species of araphid diatom is described from a temporary stream in southern Portugal, Fragilaria odeloucaensis sp. nov., which belongs to the group of Fragilaria with widely linear to lanceolate valve outline, spaced striae, lacking spines, and with well-developed apical pore fields. The new taxon can be distinguished based on five unique features within this group, the lanceolate valves with capitate apices, the zig-zagged axial area, the central area with squared fascia, the apical pore fields clearly sunken into the valve apices and the heterovalvar frustules (with respect to striae distancing). Ecological features of the type locality and an additional sampling point where the new species was found are given, together with a discussion of the taxonomic position of the new species within Fragilaria, and the approach used herein for the identification of diagnostic features. This approach includes a detailed analysis of the internal and external characteristics of the axial area-virgae-striae complex, central area, apical pore fields and differences among valves of the same frustule, in addition to the traditional valve shape and morphometric features.
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Xie, Shicong, Frank M. Mason, and Adam C. Martin. "Loss of Gα12/13 exacerbates apical area dependence of actomyosin contractility." Molecular Biology of the Cell 27, no. 22 (November 7, 2016): 3526–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e16-05-0305.
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During development, coordinated cell shape changes alter tissue shape. In the Drosophila ventral furrow and other epithelia, apical constriction of hundreds of epithelial cells folds the tissue. Genes in the Gα12/13 pathway coordinate collective apical constriction, but the mechanism of coordination is poorly understood. Coupling live-cell imaging with a computational approach to identify contractile events, we discovered that differences in constriction behavior are biased by initial cell shape. Disrupting Gα12/13 exacerbates this relationship. Larger apical area is associated with delayed initiation of contractile pulses, lower apical E-cadherin and F-actin levels, and aberrantly mobile Rho-kinase structures. Our results suggest that loss of Gα12/13 disrupts apical actin cortex organization and pulse initiation in a size-dependent manner. We propose that Gα12/13 robustly organizes the apical cortex despite variation in apical area to ensure the timely initiation of contractile pulses in a tissue with heterogeneity in starting cell shape.
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Nugroho, Juni Jekti, and Aisyah Pertiwi Utami. "Apical patency as a way of preserving the apical third area of endodontic treatment." Makassar Dental Journal 9, no. 3 (November 28, 2020): 181–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.35856/mdj.v9i3.350.
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Introduction: The apical third of the root canal system is very complex portion and challenging during endodontic treatment. Blockage of the root canal in the apical region by remnants of hard tissue and soft tissue debris, may cause procedural errors such as apical transportations, ledge and perforation. These debris contain bacteria inducing periradicular disease. The apical patency technique is considered as a way for maintaining the apical part free of debris by recapitulation using a small K-file through the apical foramen to assure that the canal system is predictably negotiable. Aim: To review the significance of apical patency as one of clinical approaches to reduce treatment failure on endodontic therapy. Conclusion: Apical patency may im-prove the result of cleaning procedure, for both mechanically and biologically way, in apical third area of canal system.
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Campos, Marcio Jose da Silva, Helen Vidon Gomes, Paula Liparini Caetano, Marcelo Reis Fraga, and Robert Willer Farinazzo Vitral. "Is relevant the underestimation of irregular apical root resorption by periapical radiographs?" HU Revista 45, no. 3 (November 28, 2019): 237–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.34019/1982-8047.2019.v45.28678.
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Introduction: Periodic control of root resorption during orthodontic treatment is frequently made by two-dimensional radiographic examinations, in which irregular resorptions are not detected buccolingually. Aim: Quantifying the resorbed root area of incisors with irregular apical root resorption underestimated by two-dimensional radiographic methods. Materials and Methods: Cone beam computed tomography images of 18 patients whose incisors presented irregular apical root resorption underestimated by two-dimensional radiographic methods and their contralateral correspondents without resorption were evaluated. In sound incisors, a regular apical root resorption was simulated at the same height as that of the irregularly resorbed incisors. The apical and total root surface areas of the incisors with irregular root resorption and simulated regular root resorption were measured and compared. The Student´s t test for paired samples was used at a level of significance of 0.05. Results: The apical area of the incisors with irregular root resorption was significantly smaller than that of the incisors with simulated regular resorption (p<0.001). There was no significant difference in the comparison between total root surface areas (p=0.435). Conclusion: Underestimation of the irregular root resorption shown on two-dimensional images was significant when analyzing the apical area of the tooth. However, when considering the total root surface area of the tooth, which is responsible for the most part of the periodontal support, such underestimation was not significant.
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Carvalho, Rafael Henrique de Oliveira, Marcelo Santos Coelho, Hugo Victor Dantas, Frederico Barbosa de Sousa, Aline Cristine Gomes Matta, Adriana de Jesus Soares, and Marcos Roberto dos Santos Frozoni. "Influence of different working lengths on the shaping ability of Reciproc Blue in the apical third and apical foramen." Brazilian Journal of Oral Sciences 22 (December 19, 2023): e231400. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/bjos.v22i00.8671400.
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Aim: This study aimed to assess the shaping ability of Reciproc Blue in the apical third and apical foramen of moderately curved canals at different working lengths (WLs), by micro-computed tomography. Methods: Thirty-six mesial roots (mesiobuccal and mesiolingual canals) were included, each with 2 separate root canals and independent apical foramina, according to type IV of Vertucci’s classification of first and second mandibular molars. The canals were instrumented at three different WLs: G-1, 1mm short of the major apical foramen; G0, at the major apical foramen; G+1, 1mm beyond the major apical foramen. The groups were assessed for changes in root canal volume and untouched wall area in the apical third. Groups G0 and G+1 were also compared for percentage of untouched walls at the apical foramen. One-way ANOVA (post hoc Tukey test) and Student’s t-test adopted a 5% level of significance. Results: Root canal volumes (mm3) in the apical third were 22.86±10.46, 44.48±24.91, and 55.71±21.32 in G-1, G0 and G+1, respectively. G-1 volume following instrumentation increased significantly less than that of G0 or G+1 (P>.05); G0 did not differ from G+1. The percentage of untouched wall area in the apical third did not differ among the three groups (P>.05). G0 and G+1 did not differ regarding untouched walls in the major apical foramem walls. Conclusion: Extending the WL from 1mm short of the apical foramen to a point at and beyond the WL increases the apical third volume without increasing the prepared area. Untouched surface areas of the apical foramen were not modified by instrumentation at or beyond the foramen.
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Kaur, H., S. Chaudhary, and P. Tangde. "MTA : Boon to Apexification." Journal of Oral Health and Community Dentistry 7, no. 2 (2013): 114–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/johcd-7-2-114.
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ABSTRACT A significant problem associated with the endodontic treatment of necrotic teeth with open apices is achieving an acceptable seal in the apical area to allow compaction of root filling material. The procedure to create an apical barrier with a hard tissue at the root end is termed as Apexification. Calcium hydroxide is currently the most accepted material for the same. Because of the certain inadequacies associated with Calcium hydroxide Apexification, employing of an apical plug using MTA (Mineral Trioxide aggregate) has gained popularity in recent years. This article is thus an insight to the evolution and recent trends in Apexification.
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Hillary, Natasya, Citra Kusumasari, and Ahmed Abdou. "Bioceramic cement as a reparative material in apexification of immature permanent tooth: a case report." Jurnal Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Padjadjaran 36, no. 4 (January 31, 2024): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/jkg.v36i4.49880.
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ABSTRACTIntroduction: Bioceramic cement is the latest material of choice that can be used in apexification, resorption case, perforation repair, and known as high-quality sealing material in regenerative endodontics. The treatment of apexification in immature teeth poses a considerable challenge due to the wide root canal, the absence of apical constriction, and thin dentin walls, thus requiring specialized techniques and materials for managing teeth with an open apex. The objective of this case report is to delineate the treatment of apexification in teeth with open apices using the latest bioceramic material (Bio-C® Repair). Case report: An 11-year-old female patient with chief complaints of swollen gums covering the cervical third of the crown after her front tooth was broken due to a fall two years ago. Radiographic examination showed a wide root canal with an open apex and radiolucency in the apical area. The apexification procedure with an apical plug was performed with Bio-C® Repair, followed by anatomical fiber post and direct composite restoration for the final restoration. In the 2-month and 4-month control, the periapical lesion showed signs of healing on radiographs. Bioceramic materials act as an artificial barrier in open apex management and provide various advantages, such as shortening treatment time, strengthening dentin structure, and possessing bioactive properties that can induce healing. The orthograde placement of bioceramic material is challenging in terms of length control. Using bioactive materials can reduce the risk of adverse impacts from material extrusion. Conclusion: A new bioceramic material (Bio-C® Repair) is recommended for the apexification procedure because it can overcome the limitations of MTA (e.g., tooth discoloration, handling difficulties, prolonged setting time, and the release of heavy metals.Keyword open apices, immature permanent tooth, apexification, bioceramic, apical barrier techniqueSemen biokeramik sebagai material apeksifikasi gigi permanen imatur: laporan kasusABSTRAKPendahuluan: Material biokeramik merupakan material pilihan yang digunakan untuk menangani prosedur apeksifikasi, resorpsi, perforasi, dan sebagai material regeneratif endodontik. Perawatan apeksifikasi pada gigi yang belum matang menimbulkan tantangan besar karena saluran akar yang lebar, tidak adanya konstriksi apikal, dan dinding dentin yang tipis, sehingga memerlukan teknik dan material khusus untuk merawat gigi dengan apeks terbuka. Tujuan laporan kasus ini adalah untuk menjelaskan perawatan apeksifikasi pada gigi dengan apeks terbuka menggunakan material biokeramik terbaru (Bio-C® Repair). Laporan kasus: Pasien perempuan 11 tahun datang dengan keluhan pembengkakan pada gusi yang menutupi sepertiga servikal mahkota gigi, setelah gigi tersebut patah karena terjatuh dua tahun yang lalu. Pemeriksaan radiografis menunjukkan saluran akar yang lebar dengan apeks terbuka serta radiolusensi pada area apikal. Prosedur apeksifikasi dilakukan dengan pembuatan penutupan apikal (apical plug) menggunakan material biokeramik Bio-C® Repair, yang diikuti pemasangan pasak fiber anatomis dan tumpatan resin komposit sebagai restorasi akhirnya. Pada kontrol 4 bulan, lesi periapikal menunjukkan tanda kesembuhan secara radiograf. Material biokeramik berperan sebagai penutupan apikal artifisial pada manajemen apeks terbuka dan memberikan berbagai keuntungan seperti mempersingkat waktu perawatan, menguatkan struktur dentin, dan memiliki sifat bioaktif sehingga dapat menginduksi penyembuhan. Penempatan material biokeramik pada ujung apeks secara orthograde merupakan prosedur yang cukup sulit terutama saat mengontrol panjang kerja. Penggunaan material bioaktif dapat menurunkan risiko dampak negatif dari ekstrusi material. Simpulan: Material biokeramik baru seperti Bio-C® Repair menjadi rekomendasi untuk tatalaksana prosedur apeksifikasi karena dapat mengatasi berbagai keterbatasan MTA seperti diskolorasi gigi, kesulitan handling, waktu pengerasan yang lama, dan pelepasan kandungan metal berat yang toksik.Kata Kunciapeks terbuka, gigi permanen imatur, apeksifikasi, biokeramik, teknik penutupan apikal
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Souza, Ronaldo Araújo, Yara T. Corrêa Silva Sousa, José Antônio Poli de Figueiredo, João Da Costa Pinto Dantas, Suely Colombo, and Jesus Djalma Pécora. "Relationship between files that bind at the apical foramen and foramen openings in maxillary central incisors - a SEM study." Brazilian Dental Journal 22, no. 6 (2011): 455–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-64402011000600003.
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Considering that instrumentation of the apical foramen has been suggested for root canal infection control, this study analyzed the relationship between the files that bind at the apical foramen and the foraminal openings in 50 maxillary central incisors. After preparation of the pulp chamber, access to the canal was obtained with #1 and 2 LA Axxess and K-files with tip cut were inserted up to the apical foramen until binding was felt. The files were fixed with methyl cyanoacrylate and the tooth-file sets were cross-sectioned 10 mm short of the apex. Scanning electron microscopic analysis was carried out and files and foraminal areas were measured using Image Tool software. Statistically significant difference (p<0.0001) was found between files and the apical foraminal areas. The mean foraminal area was 3.8 times larger than the mean file area. The results of this study suggest that it would require 4 files of greater size beyond the one that bound to the foramen in order to allow a better relationship between files and apical openings of maxillary central incisors.
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Adamyan, K. G., A. L. Chilingaryan, N. G. Mkrtchyan, and L. G. Tunyan. "Mechanisms and predictors of ischemic mitral regurgitation at rest and on exertion in patients at early stage of myocardial infarction." Russian Journal of Cardiology 25, no. 2 (March 11, 2020): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.15829/1560-4071-2020-2-3098.
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Aim. Determination of the mechanisms and predictors of ischemic mitral regurgitation (IMR) at rest and on exertion in patients at early stage of myocardial infarction (MI).Material and methods. Seventy-seven patients with inferoposterior MI and 79 patients with anteroseptal apical MI were examined on the 7th day at rest and after exertion. We determined the degree of IMR (according to the PISA method), posteromedial and anterolateral papillary muscle (PM) displacement, closure height of the mitral valve (MV), systolic and diastolic mitral valve orifice area, volume of the left ventricle (LV), LV contractility index, deformation of the infarction regions, general LV deformation, deformation and systolic dyssinchrony of the PM.Results. IMR was more common in inferior MI (42% vs 28%). LV volumes in cases with anteroseptal apical MI and IMR were greater and LV deformation was less than in patients without IMR. In inferoposterior MI and IMR, differences were observed in the index of local contractility and function of the posteromedial PM. The differences in MI of both localizations and IMR compared with MI without IMR were the areas of the mitral orifice and dyssinchrony of the PM. The degree of IMR after exertion did not depend on the degree of IMR at rest. Predictors of IMR at rest in MI of both localizations were the apical displacement of MV closure and the area of the mitral orifice. In inferoposterior, posteromedial PM displacement, deformation of the infarcted areas, PM dyssinchrony were also predictors. In anteroseptal apical MI, the area of the mitral orifice was the predictor of IMR. Predictors of anteroseptal apical MI after physical exertion after inferior MI were mitral orifice areas, contractility index, displacement and deformation of the posteromedial PM. In anteroseptal apical MI, the IMR predictors were MV closure height and systolic area of mitral orifice.Conclusion. The study confirms the significance of changing the spatial orientation of the MV structures in MI of both localizations, impaired regional contractility in inferoposterior MI and LV volume in anteroseptal apical MI at early stage of the disease.
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Stetson, D. L. "Turtle urinary bladder: regulation of ion transport by dynamic changes in plasma membrane area." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 257, no. 5 (November 1, 1989): R973—R981. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1989.257.5.r973.
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Turtle urinary bladder possesses four ion transport processes: Na+ absorption, H+ secretion, and HCO3- secretion-Cl- absorption. Each transport process is performed by a specific epithelial cell type. Granular cells absorb Na+ but they are not sensitive to antidiuretic hormone (ADH), unlike toad bladder granular cells. alpha-Carbonic anhydrase-rich (CA) cells secrete H+ via an apical H+-adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase). Under conditions of low CO2 tension, this active pump is contained in the limiting membranes of certain cytoplasmic vesicles. The vesicles fuse with the apical membrane, and H+ pumps are incorporated into that membrane, as physiological conditions demand increased H+ secretion. The stimulus for fusion of these vesicles with the apical membrane appears to be intracellular acidification. beta-CA cells secrete HCO3- and reabsorb Cl-, both processes driven by H+-ATPase in the basolateral membrane in series with an apical Cl- -HCO3- exchanger. Increased intracellular adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate concentration in beta-cells stimulates net HCO3- secretion and induces an electrogenic component of this flux by activating an apical Cl- channel. This activation accompanies the fusion of an intracellular tubulovesicular network with the apical membrane. The membrane of this network may contain Cl- channels.
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Ishiuchi, Takashi, Kazuyo Misaki, Shigenobu Yonemura, Masatoshi Takeichi, and Takuji Tanoue. "Mammalian Fat and Dachsous cadherins regulate apical membrane organization in the embryonic cerebral cortex." Journal of Cell Biology 185, no. 6 (June 8, 2009): 959–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200811030.
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Compartmentalization of the plasma membrane in a cell is fundamental for its proper functions. In this study, we present evidence that mammalian Fat4 and Dachsous1 cadherins regulate the apical plasma membrane organization in the embryonic cerebral cortex. In neural progenitor cells of the cortex, Fat4 and Dachsous1 were concentrated together in a cell–cell contact area positioned more apically than the adherens junction (AJ). These molecules interacted in a heterophilic fashion, affecting their respective protein levels. We further found that Fat4 associated and colocalized with the Pals1 complex. Ultrastructurally, the apical junctions of the progenitor cells comprised the AJ and a stretch of plasma membrane apposition extending apically from the AJ, which positionally corresponded to the Fat4–Dachsous1-positive zone. Depletion of Fat4 or Pals1 abolished this membrane apposition. These results highlight the importance of the Fat4–Dachsous1–Pals1 complex in organizing the apical membrane architecture of neural progenitor cells.
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Sheikh, Md Abdul Hannan, Abdul Kader Shaikh, Kamrunnahar, and Sultana Parveen. "Management of Non-vital Maxillary Central Incisors with Open Apices by MTA Plugging." Journal of Bangladesh College of Physicians and Surgeons 35, no. 4 (November 30, 2017): 196–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbcps.v35i4.34741.
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The major challenge of performing root canal treatment in an open apex pulp-less tooth is to obtain a good apical seal. An 11 year old boy was presented with pain in his upper anterior teeth. On clinical examination both the maxillary central incisors revealed slight discoloration and fracture of the crown. Radiographic evaluation revealed radiolucency and open apices of both central incisors. Apexification with MTA apical plug was carried out before obturation with gutta-percha and sealer and the treatment was completed within 3 consecutive appointments. In twelve months follow up both the teeth were clinically and radiographically asymptomatic and the healing of the apical area was continued. The positive clinical outcome may encourage the future use of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) as an apical plug material in case of non-vital open apex teeth.J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2017; 35(4): 196-199
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IJzendoorn, Sven C. D. van, Mirjam M. P. Zegers, Jan Willem Kok, and Dick Hoekstra. "Segregation of Glucosylceramide and Sphingomyelin Occurs in the Apical to Basolateral Transcytotic Route in HepG2 Cells." Journal of Cell Biology 137, no. 2 (April 21, 1997): 347–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.137.2.347.
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HepG2 cells are highly differentiated hepatoma cells that have retained an apical, bile canalicular (BC) plasma membrane polarity. We investigated the dynamics of two BC-associated sphingolipids, glucosylceramide (GlcCer) and sphingomyelin (SM). For this, the cells were labeled with fluorescent acyl chainlabeled 6-[N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)- amino]hexanoic acid (C6-NBD) derivatives of either GlcCer (C6-NBD-GlcCer) or SM (C6-NBD-SM). The pool of the fluorescent lipid analogues present in the basolateral plasma membrane domain was subsequently depleted and the apically located C6-NBD-lipid was chased at 37°C. By using fluorescence microscopical analysis and a new assay that allows an accurate estimation of the fluorescent lipid pool in the apical membrane, qualitative and quantitative insight was obtained concerning kinetics, extent and (intra)cellular sites of the redistribution of apically located C6-NBD-GlcCer and C6-NBD-SM. It is demonstrated that both lipids display a preferential localization, C6-NBD-GlcCer in the apical and C6-NBD-SM in the basolateral area. Such a preference is expressed during transcytosis of both sphingolipids from the apical to the basolateral plasma membrane domain, a novel lipid trafficking route in HepG2 cells. Whereas the vast majority of the apically derived C6-NBD-SM was rapidly transcytosed to the basolateral surface, most of the apically internalized C6-NBD-GlcCer was efficiently redirected to the BC. The redirection of C6-NBD-GlcCer did not involve trafficking via the Golgi apparatus. Evidence is provided which suggests the involvement of vesicular compartments, located subjacent to the apical plasma membrane. Interestingly, the observed difference in preferential localization of C6-NBD-GlcCer and C6NBD-SM was perturbed by treatment of the cells with dibutyryl cAMP, a stable cAMP analogue. While the preferential apical localization of C6-NBD-GlcCer was amplified, dibutyryl cAMP-treatment caused apically retrieved C6-NBD-SM to be processed via a similar pathway as that of C6-NBD-GlcCer. The data unambiguously demonstrate that segregation of GlcCer and SM occurs in the reverse transcytotic route, i.e., during apical to basolateral transport, which results in the preferential localization of GlcCer and SM in the apical and basolateral region of the cells, respectively. A role for non-Golgi–related, sub-apical vesicular compartments in the sorting of GlcCer and SM is proposed.
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Lo Giudice, Giuseppe, Giuseppina Cutroneo, Antonio Centofanti, Alessandro Artemisia, Ennio Bramanti, Angela Militi, Giuseppina Rizzo, et al. "Dentin Morphology of Root Canal Surface: A Quantitative Evaluation Based on a Scanning Electronic Microscopy Study." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/164065.
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Dentin is a vital, hydrated composite tissue with structural components and properties that vary in the different topographic portions of the teeth. These variations have a significant implication for biomechanical teeth properties and for the adhesive systems utilized in conservative dentistry. The aim of this study is to analyse the root canal dentin going from coronal to apical zone to find the ratio between the intertubular dentin area and the surface occupied by dentin tubules varies. Observations were conducted on 30 healthy premolar teeth extracted for orthodontic reasons in patients aged between 10 and 14. A SEM analysis of the data obtained in different canal portions showed that, in the coronal zone, dentinal tubules had a greater diameter (4.32 μm) than the middle zone (3.74 μm) and the apical zone (1.73 μm). The average number of dentinal tubules (in an area of 1 mm2) was similar in coronal zone (46,798±10,644) and apical zone (45,192±10,888), while in the middle zone they were lower in number (30,940±7,651). However, intertubular dentin area was bigger going from apical to coronal portion. The differences between the analysed areas must be considered for the choice of the adhesive system.
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Araki, Ângela Toshie, Yuji Ibraki, Tomofumi Kawakami, and José Luiz Lage-Marques. "Er:Yag laser irradiation of the microbiological apical biofilm." Brazilian Dental Journal 17, no. 4 (2006): 296–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-64402006000400006.
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One problem in cases of healing-resistant periapical lesions is to eradicate the contamination at the periapical area. This contamination is due to the microbiological biofilm formed by microorganisms and their subproducts lodged in apical third of the root, on both cementum and dentin surface. Paraendodontic surgery consists of the mechanical removal of harmful agents to promote healing and periapical health. The purpose of this study was to assess the results of Er:YAG laser irradiation on the apical root third of newly extracted teeth to eliminate microbial contamination on root apex surface. Apical irradiation was performed with an Er:YAG laser device using an experimental contact tip, at 100 mJ, 10 Hz, 1 W, 39 J/cm², 3 times on the target area. SEM analysis showed the elimination of part of the irradiated cementum and the formation of small roughened without exposing the subjacent dentin. Vaporization of the remaining periodontal tissue and removal of microbiological apical biofilm (MAB) were also observed on the irradiated areas. Under the tested conditions and based on the findings of this study, Er:YAG laser may be considered effective for removal of microbiological apical biofilm.
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Chieruzzi, Manila, Stefano Pagano, Carlo De Carolis, Stefano Eramo, and José M. Kenny. "Scanning Electron Microscopy Evaluation of Dental Root Resorption Associated With Granuloma." Microscopy and Microanalysis 21, no. 5 (August 3, 2015): 1264–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927615014713.
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AbstractThe inflammatory resorption of dental root apex (i.e., the process of removal of cementum and/or dentine through the activity of resorbing cells) may show different configurations and damage the apical root structure. As knowing the morphology of resorption areas of human teeth is essential for the success of endodontic treatments, we investigated the apical resorption by scanning electron microscopy, focusing on roots with granulomas. A total of 30 teeth (with penetrating carious lesions and chronic periapical lesions) were examined, the apical third of the roots were removed and analyzed to estimate periforaminal and foraminal resorption, shape and morphology of foramen resorption, centering of the periforaminal resorption area, and diameters of each apical foramen. Periforaminal resorption was present in all samples, whereas foraminal resorption was present in 92% of cases (mainly funnel shaped). Lacunae were observed in the foraminal resorption area with an average diameter of 35±14 μm. The major and minor diameters of the foramina in teeth with resorption were 443 and 313 μm, respectively (higher than in healthy teeth). This result indicates an expansion of the apical diameters caused by the pathology, which could encourage a different clinical instrumentation for these teeth.
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De Assis Dansa, Claudia Valeria, Carlos Frederico, and Duarte Rocha. "An ant-membracid-plant interaction in a cerrado area of Brazil." Journal of Tropical Ecology 8, no. 3 (August 1992): 339–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400006635.
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ABSTRACTIn the Cerrado of Itirapina, Brazil, 34% of the shrubs of Didymopanax vinosum (Araliaceae) were colonized by the honeydew-producing homopteran Aconophora teligera (Membracidae) which was found exclusively on this species of plant. Correlations were made between membracid density and ant frequency, as well as between these parameters and plant damage. We found that: (1) ant frequency was higher on branches with membracids and both were more frequently found near apical meristems; (2) herbivore damage was lower on apical meristems where the membracids concentrate than on ones where they are absent; (3) the presence of membracids on the plant was correlated with a reduction in the occurrence of other potential herbivores, especially on the branches housing membracids; (4) plants with more tillers tended to have a larger number of membracids. The data suggest that the presence of A. teligera and associated ants probably reduce herbivory on apical meristems of D. vinosum.
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Darmawanti, Miranti Putri, Ade Prijanti Dwisaptarini, and Dina Ratnasari. "Mineral Trioxide Aggregate Apical Plug and Intracoronal Bleaching on Dental Trauma: Report of Cases." Jurnal Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Padjadjaran 36, no. 4 (February 1, 2024): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/jkg.v36i4.49869.
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ABSTRAKPendahuluan: Trauma dapat menyebabkan nekrosis pulpa, resorpsi eksternal, gangguan proses penutupan bagian apikal, dan perubahan warna gigi. MTA memiliki aktivitas antimikroba, biokompatibilitas yang sangat baik, dan kemampuan sealing yang unggul. Bleaching intrakoronal dapat digunakan untuk mengembalikan warna gigi setelah perawatan endodontik. Perawatan apikal yang terbuka dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan MTA sebagai apical plug. Kasus trauma gigi yang disertai dengan diskolorasi dapat dilakukan bleaching intrakoronal serta MTA sebagai apical plug. Laporan kasus ini bertujuan untuk melaporkan penatalaksanaan bleaching intrakoronal serta MTA sebagai apical plug. Laporan kasus: Seorang wanita 46 tahun mengeluhkan adanya fraktur dan perubahan warna pada gigi insisivus sentralis kanan rahang atas. Pemeriksaan klinis gigi 11 tidak responsif terhadap tes vitalitas, positif terhadap tes perkusi. Pemeriksaan radiografi terdapat radiolusensi di daerah periapikal. Diagnosis kasus ini nekrosis pulpa disertai periodontitis apikali simptomatik. Setelah perawatan saluran akar dan medikamen intrakanal menggunakan Ca(OH)2, MTA digunakan sebagai apical plug dan diikuti dengan obturasi dengan teknik warm vertical compaction. Bleaching intrakoronal dilakukan dan resin komposit digunakan untuk restorasi akhir. Setelah dua bulan follow up, prognosisnya baik dengan tidak ada perubahan warna gigi. MTA sebagai barrier di ujung saluran akar (apical plug) pada gigi dengan pulpa nekrotik dan apeks yang terbuka. Bleaching intrakoronal dengan hidrogen peroksida memberikan hasil estetika yang baik dalam waktu singkat dan tanpa efek samping. Simpulan: MTA apical plug dan bleaching intrakoronal efektif sebagai perawatan pada perubahan warna gigi non vital dengan apeks terbuka.Kata kunci: apeksifikasi, penutupan apikal, pemutihan, intra koronal, mineral trioksida agregat, apeks terbukaMineral trioxide aggregate apical plug and intracoronal bleaching on dental trauma: a case reportABSTRACTIntroduction: Trauma can cause pulp necrosis, external resorption, interference with the apical closure process, and tooth discoloration. MTA has antimicrobial activity, excellent biocompatibility, and superior sealing abilities. Internal bleaching can be used to restore tooth color after endodontic treatment. Management of open apex can be done using MTA as an apical plug. In cases of dental trauma accompanied by discoloration, intracoronal bleaching and MTA as an apical plug can be performed. This case report aims to report the management of intracoronal bleaching and MTA as an apical plug. Case report: A 46-year-old woman complained of fractured and discolored on her maxillary right central incisor. On clinical examination, tooth 11 was non responsive to vitality tests, positive to percussion test. A 46 year old woman complained of a fracture and discoloration of the maxillary right central incisor. Clinical examination of tooth 11 was unresponsive to vitality tests, positive to percussion tests. Radiographic examination showed radiolucency in the periapical area. After root canal treatment and intracanal medicament using Ca(OH)2, MTA was used as an apical plug and followed with warm vertical compaction obturation. Intracoronal bleaching was performed and resin composite was used for the final restoration. After 2 months follow up, the prognosis was good with no reversal of tooth discoloration. MTA offers a barrier at the end of root canal (apical plug) in teeth with necrotic pulps and open apex. Intracoronal bleaching with hydrogen peroxide provides superior aesthetic results in a short period of time with no adverse effects. Conclusion: MTA apical plug and intracoronal bleaching were effective as management for discolored non-vital teeth with an open apex.Keyword: apexification, apical plug, intracoronal, bleaching, mineral trioxide aggregate, open apex.
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Baraldi, Carlos Eduardo, and Edela Puricelli. "Estudo in vitro das alterações morfológicas da superfície de raízes submetidas à apicectomia e írradiadas com laser de Nd:YAG." Revista da Faculdade de Odontologia de Porto Alegre 40, no. 2 (October 28, 2021): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/2177-0018.110988.
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Introduction: success rates of apical surgery are variable, and there are several causes of failure related in the literature. Among them, permeability of exposed dentin at the apical surface after apicoectomies has been receiving much attention, Nd: YAG laser irradiation can decrease this permeability, but its effects on root surface are not completely known. Objectives: evaluate morphological alterations of apical surface, specially surface smoothness, after Nd: YAG non contact laser irradiation, in different powers, in vitro. Material and Methods: thirty extracted human cuspids, maintained in distilled water had its crowns removed, and were endodontically treated in standard technique. Apicoectomy performed, removing 4 mm most apical of roots, using handpiece. Teeth were divided in three groups of 10 each. Half of the area of each apical surface was irradiated with Nd:YAG laser in non contact mode, for 30 seconds. Three different powers were used- three groups of 10 each. Half of the area of each apical surface was irradiated.
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Bassvanna, R. S., and Chitra Gohil. "APEXIFICATION WITH BIODENTINE - A CASE REPORT." CODS Journal of Dentistry 5, no. 2 (2013): 3–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/cods-5-2-3.
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ABSTRACT Management of non vital teeth with open apices isa challenge to the dental practitioners. In this clinical scenario, it is difficult to maintain the obturating material confine within the root canal without encroaching into periapical area. These kinds of cases cannot be managed by conventional endodontic treatment, and treatment of such cases with calcium hydroxide may take longer time for apical closure. But with this new material called BIODENTINE (Septodont) same treatment can be done in single visit with predictable result. Hence this case report present the use ofbiodentine to form an apical plug in open apex followed by complete root canal obturation using thermoplasticized guttapercha.
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Shakir Amory, Zainab, Hashim Mueen Hussein, Aya Nashwan Naji, and Mustafa Tariq Mutar. "Effect of academic-environmental stress on apical periodontitis of non-endodontic teeth." Medical Journal of Babylon 21, no. 1 (January 2024): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/mjbl.mjbl_103_23.
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Abstract Background: The periapical area of a tooth was diagnosed using radiography; many types of risk factors can affect the health of the apical area which is the stress during life. Objective: To analyze the prevalence of academic-environmental stress and apical periodontitis in non-endodontic teeth of dental students using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) X-ray, and to demonstrate the association between stress and the prevalence of apical periodontitis. Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional study was done on the 103 recruited dental students aged 22–24 years during the final examination year of study in dentistry college. The academic-environmental stress scale was used to measure the level of stress in each student. The CBCT X-ray was taken for each student. The apical area was measured only for non-root canal-treated teeth using the CBCT periapical radiography index. Chi-square (χ 2) test was used to show the percentages of stress and the relationship between apical periodontitis and stress in students. Results: 53 students (51.5%) had a stressed state, whereas 50 students (48.5%) had a non-stressful state. The prevalence of apical periodontitis was greater among stressed than that of non-stressed students in non-endodontic teeth. Statistically, there was a significant relationship between academic-environmental stress and apical periodontitis in non-endodontic teeth. Conclusion: There was a negative effect of examination stress on the apical healthy of teeth that can be increased with the presence of any additional factors such as problems of life.
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T D, Geo, Saurabh Gupta, and Payal Saxena. "Non-Surgical Management of Apical Root Resorption of Maxillary Lateral Incisor with Dens in Dente - A Case Report." International Journal of Health Sciences and Research 13, no. 2 (February 11, 2023): 80–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijhsr.20230213.
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Dens in dente is a developmental anomaly which occurs as a consequence of invagination of external tooth surface of crown before the calcification is complete. Complexity of dens in dente ranges from invagination within the limit of cement-enamel junction to that penetrates through the root perforating at the apical area showing a ‘second foramen’ in the apical or periodontal area. Because of the bizarre root canal anatomy and associated peri apical pathology; the management of such teeth might end up with combination of endodontic-surgical intervention or extraction. This article describes the non surgical endodontic management of maxillary left lateral incisor with dens in dente, apical root resorption and periapical cyst. Key words: Dens in dente, Dens invagination, Root resorption, Biodentine
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Alkhalidi, Emad Farhan, and Zena A. Ahmad. "Bond Strength of New Fiber Post-system (Rebilda GT)." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 10, no. D (July 15, 2022): 347–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2022.10174.
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AIM: The aim of this in vitro study is to determine the push-out bond strength of bundle glass fiber post (Rebilda GT) and tapered glass fiber post (Rebilda fiber post). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty freshly extracted human single rooted premolar teeth were used, all teeth were endodontically treated, after 24 h from obturation the gutta-percha removed leaving 5 mm apically to ensure clinically acceptable apical seal. Finally, all canals were flushed with 2 ml NaOcl 5.25% and 2 ml distilled water, respectively, then the canals were dried using paper points. The roots were divided randomly into two sets with ten roots for each group according to post-type. Group A: Rebilda fiber posts were used. Group B: Rebilda GT bundle fiber posts were used. The posts were inserted into the canals according to the manufacturer instructions. All specimens were stored for 72 h in an incubator. Slices of 2 mm thickness were cut from the roots at different levels (cervical, middle, and apical thirds), bond strength was determined using universal testing machine at a speed of 0.5 mm/min. RESULTS: One-way analysis of variance and Tukey HSD tests showed that the (bundle fiber) Rebilda GT fiber post had bond strength higher than that of the Rebilda fiber post in all regions. (p < 0.05), also the cervical area showed higher bond strength in both groups than the middle and the apical areas, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The bundle glass fiber post (Rebilda GT) showed bond strength higher than the taper glass fiber (Rebilda fiber) post in all regions (apical, middle, and cervical). The cervical region showed higher bond strength than the middle and the apical thirds.
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Nemes, A., Z. Kovács, Á. Kormányos, P. Domsik, A. Kalapos, Z. Ajtay, and C. Lengyel. "Left ventricular apical rotation is associated with mitral annular function in healthy subjects. Results from the three-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiographic MAGYAR-Healthy Study." Physiology International 107, no. 1 (March 2020): 145–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/2060.2020.00002.
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AbstractIntroductionLeft ventricular (LV) twist is considered an essential part of LV function due to oppositely directed LV basal and apical rotations. Several factors could play a role in determining LV rotational mechanics in normal circumstances. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between LV rotational mechanics and mitral annular (MA) size and function in healthy subjects.MethodsThe study comprised 118 healthy adult volunteers (mean age: 31.5 ± 11.8 years, 50 males). All subjects had undergone complete two-dimensional (2D) Doppler echocardiography and three-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography (3DSTE) at the same time by the same echocardiography equipment.ResultsThe normal mean LV apical and basal rotations proved to be 9.57 ± 3.33 and −3.75 ± 1.98°, respectively. LV apical rotation correlated with end-systolic MA diameter, area, perimeter, fractional area change, and fractional shortening, but did not correlate with any end-diastolic mitral annular morphologic parameters. The logistic regression model identified MA fractional area change as an independent predictor of ≤6° left ventricular apical rotation (P < 0.003).ConclusionsCorrelations could be detected between apical LV rotation and end-systolic MA size and function, suggesting relationships between MA dimensions and function and LV rotational mechanics.
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Grob, J. A., and J. N. Owens. "Techniques to study the cell cycle in conifer shoot apical meristems." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 24, no. 3 (March 1, 1994): 472–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x94-064.
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A method is presented to determine the mitotic index of conifer shoot apical meristems in a rapid and standardized manner using permanent Feulgen-stained squash preparations observed with a series of horizontal scans at fixed vertical intervals. Interpretation and application of mitotic index and its relationship to the cell cycle are discussed. Methods used to label nuclei within conifer apical meristems with tritiated thymidine and procedures that may improve incorporation of label and decrease cellular damage are discussed. The percentage of cells in S stage was determined using autoradiography after apices were immersed in a solution containing 203.5 kBq/mL tritiated thymidine in 1% DMSO for 2 h. With nuclei in S stage identified by autoradiography, G1 and G2 nuclei were visually identified based on Feulgen staining intensity and nuclear area. Using these techniques it was determined that loblolly pine (Pinustaeda L.) apical meristems in rapid neoformed needle initiation had 75% of their cells in G1, 14.8% in S, 4.7% in G2, and 4.6% in mitosis. The relationships between the size of nuclei, the initiation of DNA synthesis, and zonation in the apical dome are discussed.
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Martínez, María-Carmen, and José Luis González Mantilla. "Behaviour of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Albariño plants, produced by propagation in vitro, when using single bud cuttings." OENO One 27, no. 3 (September 30, 1993): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.1993.27.3.1167.
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<p style="text-align: justify;">Single bud cuttings were produced from cane taken from vines propagated <em>in vitro</em> which had been held for a year in pots. During this period we had observed, in the mother plants, that three areas appeared which showed a clearly different morphology. In the basal area the leaves were cordiform or pentagonal without sinuses, with high density of erect hairs, a low density or absence of horizontal hairs and a strong anthocyanic pigmentation. In the intermediate area the leaves were pentagonal, with deep sinuses, a high density of erect hairs and a strong anthocyanic pigmentation in the principal nerves. In the apical area the leaves were pentagonal, without sinuses, with a high density of horizontal hairs, total absence of erect hairs and absence of anthocyanic pigmentation in the principal nerves (typical of adult Albariño). The single bud cuttings were planted in pots and it was observed that during the first year all the plants, as much those taken from the basal area as those from the intermediate and apical areas, produced leaves having very deep sinuses (juvenile character). Three years more were allowed to pass, they were subjected to pruning as low down as possible on same year wood and then were restudied. It was seen that the vine produced from single bud cuttings taken from the basal area showed very juvenile characters, those taken from the intermediate area showed characters somewhere between the juvenile and adult stages, and those taken from the apical area showed adult characters.</p>
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Chandhoke, P. S., R. K. Packer, and M. A. Knepper. "Apical acidification by rabbit papillary surface epithelium." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 258, no. 4 (April 1, 1990): F893—F899. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1990.258.4.f893.
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The rabbit papillary surface epithelium (PSE) is a simple cuboidal epithelium that covers the outer surface of the renal papilla and has an apical surface that faces the urinary space. We studied acid-base transport in this epithelium by dissecting it from the papilla, mounting it in a modified Ussing chamber, and following pH changes in the apical bathing solution. The experiments demonstrated that the PSE is capable of acidifying the apical solution at a substantial rate. The acidification rate was similar with 100% nitrogen and 100% oxygen (with and without 10 microM antimycin A), ruling out a dependence on oxidative metabolism. Addition of 1 mM iodoacetate decreased apical acidification by 55%, suggesting a dependence on glycolysis. The net rate of lactate secretion was only 17% of the total acid secretion rate, indicating that apical acidification was not directly caused by secretion of lactic acid alone. Removal of sodium or potassium from the apical solutions or the addition of 1 mM N-ethylmaleimide failed to eliminate the apical acidification. Although the rate of PSE apical acidification is comparable to that of the rabbit outer medullary collecting duct (on a unit surface area basis), its contribution to urinary net acid excretion is likely to be small, owing to the small relative surface area of the PSE. However, by altering the pH of urine locally within the pelvic recesses, the PSE has the potential of modifying the formation of renal stones within the pelvic recesses.
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Estrela, Carlos, Fábio Heredia Seixas, Mike Reis Bueno, Manoel Damião Sousa-Neto, and Jesus Djalma Pécora. "Determination of Root Canal Cleanliness by Different Irrigation Methods and Morphometric Analysis of Apical Third." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 16, no. 6 (2015): 442–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1704.
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ABSTRACT Aim The aim of this study was to determine the root canal area before and after the instrumentation 1 mm short of the apical foramen by clinical and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) methods, and to evaluate the cleanliness of the apical region in mesiodistal flattened teeth by using optical microscopy. Materials and methods Forty-two human single-canal mandibular incisors were instrumented using the Free Tip Preparation technique up to three, four or five instruments from the initial. Cone beam computed tomography scans were acquired of the samples before and after root canal preparation (RCP). Irrigation was performed by conventional or hydrodynamic means, using 2.5% sodium hypochlorite. The samples were prepared for observation under an optical microscope. Images were digitally obtained, analyzed and the results were submitted to statistical analysis (two-way ANOVA complemented by Bonferroni's post-test). Results There was no significant difference between the studied anatomical areas with both CBCT and clinical methods. There were no differences between irrigation methods. It was verified differences between instrumentation techniques. Instrumentation with four instruments from the initial instrument determined a significant increase in the contact area when compared to preparation with three instruments, but RCP with 5 instruments did not result in a better cleanliness. Conclusion The analysis with CBCT was not capable to determine the precise shape of surgical apical area comparing to the clinical method. Clinical significance Both the conventional and hydrodynamic irrigation techniques were not able to promote root canals debris-free. The instruments action in root canal walls was proportional to the number of instruments used from the initial apical instrument. How to cite this article Seixas FH, Estrela C, Bueno MR, Sousa-Neto MD, Pécora JD. Determination of Root Canal Cleanliness by Different Irrigation Methods and Morphometric Analysis of Apical Third. J Contemp Dent Pract 2015;16(6):442-450.
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Sugiaman, Lestari Hardianti, and Nurhayaty Natsir. "Apexification with apical plug in immature permanent maxillary incisor teeth: case report." Makassar Dental Journal 11, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 80–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.35856/mdj.v11i1.515.
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This article describes about the apexification of open apex with apical plug in immature permanent maxillary incisor teeth. A 12-year-old girl came to the Dental Hospital Hasanuddin University with a complaint of cavities in her upper front teeth. The teeth were filled one year ago, and it fell out about six months later. The right upper tooth had been swollen and sore a few days be-fore. There is a history of colliding at the age of 8 years. Radiographic examination showed a wide root canal on tooth 11 and an open apex with radiolucency in the apical area on teeth 11 and 21. So the diagnosis of these teeth was chronic apical abscess and asymptomatic apical periodontitis, respectively. After performing open access, the root canal was prepared using conventional cir-cumferential techniques, then dressing using calcium hydroxide was given for 2 weeks. Next, the apical plug procedure was per-formed using MTA. The patient showed no complaints of pain after treatment, and the size of the radiolucency image in the pe-riapical area of the tooth was reduced. So, it is concluded that apexification treatment with apical plug is one of the effective treatment methods to overcome the problem of open apex in immature permanent teeth.
Keywords: apexification, apical plug, mineral trioxide aggregate, open apex
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Hemery, I., A. M. Durand-Schneider, G. Feldmann, J. P. Vaerman, and M. Maurice. "The transcytotic pathway of an apical plasma membrane protein (B10) in hepatocytes is similar to that of IgA and occurs via a tubular pericentriolar compartment." Journal of Cell Science 109, no. 6 (June 1, 1996): 1215–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.109.6.1215.
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In hepatocytes, newly synthesized apical plasma membrane proteins are first delivered to the basolateral surface and are supposed to reach the apical surface by transcytosis. The transcytotic pathway of apical membrane proteins and its relationship with other endosomal pathways has not been demonstrated morphologically. We compared the intracellular route of an apical plasma membrane protein, B10, with that of polymeric IgA (pIgA), which is transcytosed, transferrin (Tf) which is recycled, and asialoorosomucoid (ASOR) which is delivered to lysosomes. Ligands and anti-B10 monoclonal IgG were linked to fluorochromes or with peroxidase. The fate of each ligand was followed by confocal and electron microscopy in polarized primary monolayers of rat hepatocytes. When fluorescent anti-B10 IgG and fluorescent pIgA were simultaneously endocytosed for 15–30 minutes, they both uniformly labelled a juxtanuclear compartment. By 30–60 minutes, they reached the bile canaliculi. Tf and ASOR were also routed to the juxtanuclear area, but their fluorescence patterns were more punctate. Microtubule disruption prevented all ligands from reaching the juxtanuclear area. This area corresponded, at least partially, to the localization of the mannose 6-phosphate receptor, an endosomal marker. By electron microscopy, the juxtanuclear compartment was made up of anastomosing tubules connected to vacuoles, and was organized around the centrioles. B10 and pIgA were mainly found in the tubules, whereas ASOR was segregated inside the vacuolar elements and Tf within thinner, recycling tubules. In conclusion, transcytosis of the apical membrane protein B10 occurs inside tubules similar to those carrying pIgA, and involves passage via the pericentriolar area. In the pericentriolar area, the transcytotic tubules appear to maintain connections with other endosomal elements where sorting between recycled and degraded ligands occurs.
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Albino Souza, Matheus, João Paulo De Carli, Fernando Tolfo Rodrigues, Larissa Piuco, Karolina Frick Bischoff, Juliane Bervian, Julia Zandoná, Estela Marta Doffo Winocur, and Adriana De Jesus Soares. "Evaluation of apical transportation and apical root sealing in root canals prepared with mtwo rotary system with and without apical enlargement – an in vitro study." Bioscience Journal 37 (January 12, 2021): e37004. http://dx.doi.org/10.14393/bj-v37n0a2021-56141.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate apical transportation and apical root canal sealing after root canal filling in human teeth prepared with MTwo® Rotary System with and without apical foramen enlargement. Twenty mandibular premolars were divided into two groups (n=10). Group 1 had root canals prepared 1mm beyond the apical foramen. Group 2 had root canals prepared 1mm below the root canal length. After chemo-mechanical preparation, samples were submitted to scanning electronic microscopy. Apical foramen images had 75x magnification at standardized positions, allowing measurements from the apical foramen area before and after root canal preparation, and after root canal filling. Apical foramen shape and apical transportation, as well as its level of circumferential filling after root canal preparation were accessed using the Image Subtraction System. Scanning electronic microscopy analysis demonstrated that samples of Group 1 showed larger foraminal diameter than samples of Group 2 (p<0.05). Apical foramen transportation was statistically different between Groups 1 and 2 (p=0.0108). Furthermore, the apical foramen sealing also differed statistically between groups 1 and 2 (p=0.0007) and 100% of samples of Group 1 showed apical root canal sealing. Apical root canal sealing was more effective when the root canal was prepared with apical foramen enlargement, even when the apical transportation was detected.
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Ayoub, AA, and GSP Cheung. "Management of C-shaped canals using “Membrane-Barrier Technique”: A Case report." Compendium of Oral Science 9, no. 1 (January 13, 2022): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/cos.v9i1.16912.
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A 61-year old Chinese female was referred from a general private practitioner for persistent buccal abscess after completion of root canal treatment of tooth 37. On clinical examination, tooth 37 presented with a metal-ceramic crown (CMC) with 2mm of gingival recession noted at the buccal region. The overlying amalgam core was overhanging on distal and grade 2 mobility. The 37 CMC have no contact point at the distal. Tooth 37 was not tender to palpation but tender to percussion. No periodontal pocketing was detected. The periapical radiograph revealed a periapical radiolucent area associated end of its root. These 37 apices were resorbed, probably a result of the apical periodontitis there. Widening of periodontal space was noted with this 37. A diagnosis of chronic apical periodontitis with external resorption of root apices with a C-shaped canal was made for the tooth 37.Membrane barrier technique with MTA was used for obturation. A bonded amalgam core was placed in this tooth.
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B. Al-Saffar, Farah, and Hikmet A. Al-Gharrawi. "The Influence of NiTi File Design Features on the Apically Extruded Debris During Endodontic Treatment A concise reviews." Mustansiria Dental Journal 19, no. 2 (December 30, 2023): 290–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.32828/mdj.v19i2.985.
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Expelling debris and irrigating solution during cleaning and shaping is an inevitable incidence during endodontic treatment. Any irritation of the periapical area can initiate a flareup situation which can affect the prognosis of endodontic treatment. Thus, Controlling the amount of apically extruded debris increases the success rate of endodontic treatment. Furthermore, the incidence of flare-ups during endodontic treatment can be reduced by selecting the NiTi file system with the lowest apically extruded debris. Despite the advances in endodontic file design that aims to conservatively prepare the apical third of root canals, extruding debris toward the apex is still a non-eliminated issue with all instrumentation systems. The purpose of this review is to identify the effect of each design characteristic on the amount of debris expelled beyond the apical foramen. The strategy of this review focused on reviewing specific electronic databases, time, keywords, and standardized methods. Literature reviewing included studies from almost 20 years ago and up to 2022. In conclusion, the design of the NiTi endodontic file has a significant impact on the amount of apically extruded debris.
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Jawami, Afiq Azizi, Eason Soo, Dalia Abdullah, and Wong Lishen. "Surgical Management of Extruded Fractured Instrument Beyond the Periapical Area: A Case Report with Two-year Follow-up." Archives of Orofacial Sciences 18, no. 2 (December 20, 2023): 167–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21315/aos2023.1802.cr01.
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A fractured instrument is an undesirable endodontic mishap that can prevent complete root canal disinfection, thereby affecting the root canal treatment outcome. The present case discussed the surgical management of an extruded fractured barbed broach at the apical third of maxillary right first premolar. A 28-year-old female presented with an endodontic failure on tooth 14 and was diagnosed as previously root canal treated with symptomatic apical periodontitis. Radiographic examination revealed a straightline radiopacity structure that was 2 mm in length extruded from the apical root-end, suggesting a fractured instrument. The case was successfully managed through endodontic microsurgery. The present case emphasises the significance of cone-beam computed tomography as a valuable tool for diagnosis and investigation, while also offering supplementary information for the planning of surgical treatment.
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Lysokon, Ju Y., M. O. Iskiv, and M. A. Luchinsky. "Dynamics of X-Ray Indicators in Patients with Destructive Forms of Apical Periodontitis in Long-Term Treatment." Ukraïnsʹkij žurnal medicini, bìologìï ta sportu 6, no. 3 (June 26, 2021): 277–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.26693/jmbs06.03.277.
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The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed treatment based on changes in radiological parameters in patients with destructive forms of apical periodontitis in the long term. Materials and methods. During the study, 185 patients with destructive forms of apical periodontitis were examined and treated. They were divided into 4 groups. Measurements of the size of the lesion in the bone tissue (for lesions of round shape) were performed by the formula: S = πr2; for lesions of elliptical shape: S = π ab, where π = 3.14; r – the radius of the circle; a – the value of the major half-axis of the ellipse; b – the length of the small half-axis of the ellipse. Results and discussion. When evaluating X-rays pictures in the treating group IV, where ("Platelet-Rich Plasma + mp3 OsteoBiol") was used for root canal obturation, after 6 months of observation, in 19 people (40.43%) foci of destruction of the bone tissue of the apical area of 1.5 mm2 and less were visualized. It was characteristic of this group of persons that there was a decrease in their number of bone tissue destruction area in sizes: 1.6 - 20 mm2 – by 1.7 times; 21 - 30 mm2 – by 2.0 times; 31 - 40 mm2 – by 2.5 times; 41 - 51 and more mm2 – by 1.3 times. It should be noted that this trend convincingly demonstrates a significant reduction in bone tissue of the periapical area in patients of group IV, and indicates in favor of the adequacy of the applied therapy using our proposed osteotropic composition. X-ray evaluation of the results of treatment of patients of group IV, in whom for the treatment of destructive forms of apical periodontitis our proposed composition ("Platelet-Rich Plasma + mp3 OsteoBiol") was used, after 12 months of research showed that in 29 patients (61.70%) foci of destruction of the apical area were not visualized; in 14 people (29.79%) the foci of osteoporosis bone tissue in the apical area were 1.5 mm2 or less. At the same time, no lesions ranging in size from 1.6 mm2 to 30 mm2 were identified in the treated group IV. At the same time, we determined a decrease in the number of treated with lesion areas: 31 - 40 mm2 – by 2.0 times; 41 - 50 mm2 – by 3.0 times and 51 mm2 and more – by 1.5 times. After 12 months of follow-up in patients of group IV, Rtg score of bone destruction was 4.27±0.61 points, which was probably higher than in patients of I, II, p, p1 <0,01, and III study groups, p2 <0.05. It was noted that at the areas of destruction of cell tissue of the periapical area from 1.6 mm2 to 30 mm2, Rtg score with a value of 5.0±0.71 points, indicated a complete restoration of bone structure; from 31 mm2 to 50 mm2 – for the reduction of the periapical process more than 1/2 and for the area of 51 mm2 and more – for the reduction of the periapical process from 1/3 to 1/2
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Crossley, Aaron M., Phillip M. Campbell, Larry P. Tadlock, Emet Schneiderman, and Peter H. Buschang. "Is there a relationship between dental crowding and the size of the maxillary or mandibular apical base?" Angle Orthodontist 90, no. 2 (September 24, 2019): 216–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/051019-324.1.
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ABSTRACT Objective: To determine whether apical base size is related to dental crowding. Materials and Methods: Digital scans of dental casts were taken of 75 untreated Class I adults to measure maxillary and mandibular tooth size, dental arch perimeters, intermolar widths, and intercanine widths. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images were used to measure the apical base of the maxilla and mandible, including the total cross-sectional area, five basal arch perimeters and five basal arch widths. Principal components factor analyses were performed to evaluate the relationships between the apical base size and tooth-size-arch-length discrepancies (TSALD). Results: The dental arch and maxillary apical base measures were significantly larger in males than females. There were only limited sex differences in mandibular apical base size. The dental arch measurements were smaller in subjects with greater upper and lower TSALD. Maxillary and mandibular apical base dimensions were positively interrelated. Low-to-moderate correlations were found between the size of the maxillary apical base and TSALD. The size of the mandibular apical base was not related to upper or lower TSALD. Tooth size showed little to no relationship with TSALD. Conclusions: Although maxillary apical base size is related to maxillary and mandibular crowding in subjects with Class I malocclusion, mandibular apical base size is not.
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Hill, Warren G., John C. Mathai, Rebekah H. Gensure, Joshua D. Zeidel, Gerard Apodaca, James P. Saenz, Evamaria Kinne-Saffran, Rolf Kinne, and Mark L. Zeidel. "Permeabilities of teleost and elasmobranch gill apical membranes: evidence that lipid bilayers alone do not account for barrier function." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 287, no. 1 (July 2004): C235—C242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00017.2004.
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Teleosts and elasmobranchs faced with considerable osmotic challenges living in sea water, use compensatory mechanisms to survive the loss of water (teleosts) and urea (elasmobranchs) across epithelial surfaces. We hypothesized that the gill, with a high surface area for gas exchange must have an apical membrane of exceptionally low permeability to prevent equilibration between seawater and plasma. We isolated apical membrane vesicles from the gills of Pleuronectes americanus (winter flounder) and Squalus acanthias (dogfish shark) and demonstrated approximately sixfold enrichment of the apical marker, ADPase compared to homogenate. We also isolated basolateral membranes from shark gill (enriched 2.3-fold for Na-K-ATPase) and using stopped-flow fluorometry measured membrane permeabilities to water, urea, and NH3. Apical membrane water permeabilities were similar between species and quite low (7.4 ± 0.7 × 10−4 and 6.6 ± 0.8 × 10−4 cm/s for shark and flounder, respectively), whereas shark basolateral membranes showed twofold higher water permeability (14 ± 2 × 10−4 cm/s). Permeabilities to urea and NH3 were also low in apical membranes. Because of the much lower apical to basolateral surface area we conclude that the apical membrane represents an effective barrier. However, the values we obtained were not low enough to account for low water loss (teleosts) and urea loss (elasmobranchs) measured in vivo by others. We conclude that there are other mechanisms which permit gill epithelia to serve as effective barriers. This conclusion has implications for the function of other barrier epithelia, such as the gastric mucosa, mammalian bladder, and renal thick ascending limb.
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Barrington, Rupert. "The influence of artificial selection on wing spot sizes, and the relationship between forewing and hindwing spots in the Meadow Brown Butterfly Maniola jurtina (Linnaeus, 1758), ssp. cassiteridum Graves, 1930 ab. anticrassipuncta Leeds, 1950 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae)." Entomologist's Gazette 72, no. 3 (August 13, 2021): 163–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.31184/g00138894.723.1796.
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Four generations of butterflies were reared from two female Maniola jurtina (Linnaeus, 1758) with enlarged apical spots (ab. anticrassipuncta Leeds, 1950) captured on St Mary's, Isles of Scilly, UK in 2013. The aim was to see how far this character could be developed through inbreeding. Previous work by Brakefield & van Noordwijk (1985) has looked at the relationship between forewing and hindwing spotting. The specimens retained from this experiment offered an opportunity to assess the correlation between the forewing spot size, additional forewing spots and hindwing spot size and number. A correlation was found between the area of the forewing spot and the number of additional spots, on both forewings and hindwings. A correlation was also found between the area of the apical spot and the summed area of all hindwing spots. However, when apical spot size was tested against an individual hindwing spot, a correlation in size was found in the male, but this was of far lower value in the female.
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Panainte, Irinel, Claudia –. Georgeta Grancea, Valentina –. Tamara Zamfir – Buta, and Mariana Pacurar. "Apical Root Resorption After Orthodontic Treatment." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no. 24 (August 30, 2016): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n24p43.
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Aim of the studyː to find if apical root resorption is related to orthodontic treatment time, type of appliance used and which are the most susceptible teeth to develop this type of resorption. Material and methodsː 70 patients (27 males and 43 females) selected from patients reffered for an orthodontic treatment at the Orthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy from TirguMures. The mean age at the beginning of treatment was 15.11 years for males and 14.67 years for females subjects. At the end of treatment, on their panormaic radiographs it was measured apical root resorption on incisors, premolars and molars in the upper and lower arch. Resultsː Root resorption was significantly (p< 0.05) correlated with fixed appliance treatment (49 percent). Patients with the longest treatment periods presented with significantly (p<0.05) more grade 2 resorptionː 28 months (± 2.6 SD) in the upper arch and 30 months (± 3.2 SD) in the lower arch. In the patients with the lowest treatment period (16 months in the maxilla and 18 months in the mandible arch) it was found no resorption. In the upper arch most of the patients (22.22 % males and 18.6% females) showed a grade 2 resorption in the incisor area. Root resorption of the premolars was seen in 18.5% of the male patients (7.4% with grade 2 ) and in 16.26 % of the female patients (6.97 with grade 2). Conclusionsː There is a high correlation between the orthodontic treatment time and apical root resorption. Most exposed to this process are incisors from bot, upper and lower arch. Less resorption was noticed in the premolar area.
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Glinkin, V. V., and I. A. Voronov. "Regeneration of the apical region of the tooth after the treatment of destructive periodontitis with cement resorption." Endodontics Today 21, no. 4 (January 18, 2024): 268–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.36377/1683-2981-2023-21-4-268-275.
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Aim. Destructive changes in the tissues of the tooth and periodontium entail resorption of the hard tissues of the tooth in the apical region. The goal is to identify morphological changes in root tissues with destructive periodontitis and resorption phenomena after the treatment of the tooth with calcium-containing preparations using a scanning electron microscope. Materials and methods. Examination of teeth treated for destructive forms of periodontitis with apical resorption was performed using a JSM-6490LV scanning electron microscope (JEOL, Japan) with an energy-dispersive attachment INCA Penta FETx3 (OXFORD Instruments, England). Results. In the apical part of the root there is a cellular mixed layered cementum. The dentin and the dentin-cementum junction are highly calcified. On top of them is cellular cement with lacunae of cementoblasts. The relief of the zone of cell-free cement has a wavy structure, consists of dense collagen fibers with a high content of calcium. With external root resorption, we observe extensive destruction of the cementoblast layer. An area of newly formed cementum was found inside the apical foramen. On the apical surface, where the resorption covered the dentin layer, there was an area of newly formed cementum. Its cellular layer consisted of round-shaped cells rising above the tissue of a homogeneous structure, smoothly flowing into the spongy tissue denting the bone. Discussion. It can be assumed that prolonged use of calcium-containing drugs leads to calcification. The presence of dense connective tissue in the periodontium indicates regenerative processes. The control of cement formation remains uncertain. Conclusions. Perhaps we are seeing a reparative atypical regeneration of the cement of the apical part of the tooth root. Dentinal calcification. In the lateral parts of the apical region, there is an outer layer of cementum with no cementoblasts. An increase in the thickness of the cement was noted. It can be assumed that we observe the phenomenon of osteogenesis in the area of strong resorption.
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Todea, Carmen, Daliana Mocuta, Adrian Manescu, Gianfranco Semez, Alessandra Giuliani, Ruxandra Luca, and Alexandru Ogodescu. "Laser Use in Endodontic for Increase the Adhesion of Root Canal Filling. A synchrotron radiation micro tomography study." Revista de Chimie 69, no. 8 (September 15, 2018): 2144–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.18.8.6489.
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The aim of the present paper is to explore, through a high-resolution synchrotron radiation-based micro computed tomography experiment, the efficiency of the Er:YAG laser involvement in the debridement of the root canal of pathologic teeth, applied after the chemo-mechanical treatment of the canal. The adhesion quality of root canal filling is the consequence of the root canal cleaning and shaping, thus preventing the leakage. Twelve extracted single-rooted teeth were considered. The first 5 mm of the roots, corresponding to the apical region of the teeth, were initially investigated through high-resolution synchrotron radiation phase-contrast micro computed tomography. Afterwards, a chemo-mechanical endodontic treatment was performed and the same region of the teeth was imaged again. Finally, an Er:YAG laser with PIPS tip treatment was applied on the same teeth and a last tomographic scan was done. The chemo-mechanical treatment properly removed the necrotic tissue only in the upper part of the apical area of root canal, but tissue debris were found in the lower and partially also in the medium and upper part of the apical region, especially when the apical area exhibited a larger curvature. The laser treatment applied afterwards gave good results in terms of removing the debris from the apical area of root canal, mainly when they remained in the main canal. The present study proves the capability of Er:YAG with PIPS tips laser treatment to enhance the removing of tissue debris from the apical region of root canals after a chemo-mechanical treatment. The high-resolution synchrotron radiation-based phase contrast micro computed tomography is the most powerful tool for a non-destructive 3D investigation method of the root canal morphology analysis and a proper characterization technique for the assessment of the endodontic treatment.
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Islam, Mohammad Aminul, Tasnim Wakia, Shamima Afroz, and Md Ali Asgor Moral. "Management of an upper central incisor having periapical pathology with unusual presentation." Update Dental College Journal 3, no. 2 (February 18, 2014): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/updcj.v3i2.17998.
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The aim of this report is to discuss a case about a traumatized upper left central incisor presented with chronic periapical pathology with unusual presentation. In this case, the apical area of the tooth was exposed for a long period and the apex was open due to loss of affected tooth materials and its surrounding bone and soft tissue loss. The apical area was corrected with apical curettage and retrograde filling with Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) as well as soft tissue managed with pedicle flap design. The discolouration and mild shortening of the crown due to intrusive effect was managed by lamination of cosmetic restorative material. After 12 months follow up, the offending tooth was accepted both functionally and aesthetically. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/updcj.v3i2.17998 Update Dent. Coll. j: 2013; 3 (2): 39-42
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Asgary, Saeed, Mahta Fazlyab, and Ali Nosrat. "Regenerative Endodontic Treatment versus Apical Plug in Immature Teeth: Three-Year Follow-Up." Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 40, no. 5 (June 1, 2016): 356–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17796/1053-4628-40.5.356.
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This report compares and evaluates the treatment outcomes of regenerative endodontic treatment and apical plug as two accepted treatment protocols in a pair of necrotic immature maxillary central incisors of a 12-year old female. The patient was referred complaining of a dull pain and swelling in her upper lip area. She had a history of trauma to the anterior maxilla two years earlier. Both teeth were clinically diagnosed with pulp necrosis and periapical radiographs revealed that separate periapical radiolucent lesions surrounded the immature apices of both teeth. The left and right incisors were treated with apical plug and regenerative endodontic treatment, respectively, using calcium-enriched mixture (CEM) cement. The patient was followed-up for three years. During this period, both teeth were clinically asymptomatic and showed complete radiographic healing of the periapical lesions. The right central incisor showed root development. No tooth discoloration was evident. Apexification by apical plug placement and pulp regeneration are both reliable treatments for immature non-vital teeth. In order to choose the right treatment the advantages of either technique should be weighed against its drawbacks. CEM cement can be successfully applied for both purposes. This biomaterial causes less discoloration of the tooth.
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Rom, Curt R., and Bruce Barritt. "Spur Development of `Delicious' Apple as Influenced by Position, Wood Age, Strain, and Pruning." HortScience 25, no. 12 (December 1990): 1578–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.12.1578.
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The role of spur leaves in bud and fruit development on two spur-type `Delicious' apple strains (Malus domestica Borkh.) and factors affecting spur development were studied. Reducing spur leaf area on vegetative spurs in August reduced the number of spurs that flowered the following year but did not affect flower size. On spurs that did flower, leaf area reduction the previous year did not influence leaf number or area, but the bourse shoot leaf area was reduced. Spur bud diameter, leaf area, size, specific leaf weight (SLW), and leaf dry weight were larger on 2-year-old vegetative spurs than on 1- or 3-year-old spurs. Within each age section of a limb, spur leaf number, area, size, SLW, and bud diameter decreased from the apical to basal positions on the limb. Flower number did not vary within a limb section, but fruit set was lower on the most apical and basal spurs compared to midshoot spurs. Fruit size was largest at the apical end of each limb section and was smallest at basal positions. These relationships were not affected by strain, tree age, or orchard location. Summer pruning at 30 days after bloom tended to increase leaf number, area, size, and spur length compared to unpruned trees or pruning later in the season but did not influence spur bud diameter.
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Balestreire, Elena M., and Gerard Apodaca. "Apical Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Signaling: Regulation of Stretch-dependent Exocytosis in Bladder Umbrella Cells." Molecular Biology of the Cell 18, no. 4 (April 2007): 1312–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e06-09-0842.
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The apical surface of polarized epithelial cells receives input from mediators, growth factors, and mechanical stimuli. How these stimuli are coordinated to regulate complex cellular functions such as polarized membrane traffic is not understood. We analyzed the requirement for growth factor signaling and mechanical stimuli in umbrella cells, which line the mucosal surface of the bladder and dynamically insert and remove apical membrane in response to stretch. We observed that stretch-stimulated exocytosis required apical epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor activation and that activation occurred in an autocrine manner downstream of heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor precursor cleavage. Long-term changes in apical exocytosis depended on protein synthesis, which occurred upon EGF receptor-dependent activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling. Our results indicate a novel physiological role for the EGF receptor that couples upstream mechanical stimuli to downstream apical EGF receptor activation that may regulate apical surface area changes during bladder filling.
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Tubbs, R. Shane, Paul Grabb, Alan Spooner, Wally Wilson, and W. Jerry Oakes. "The apical ligament: anatomy and functional significance." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 92, no. 2 (April 2000): 197–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/spi.2000.92.2.0197.
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Object. The authors conducted a study to describe the detailed anatomy of the apical ligament and to acknowledge or refute its historical description as a functionally significant contributor to craniocervical stability. Methods. In 20 adult human cadavers measurements of the apical ligament were obtained, and its detailed anatomy was observed. Ranges of motion were also assessed to discern the function of the apical ligament. Conclusions. Results of the study support the concept that the apical ligament is best described as a vestigial structure that offers no significant added stability to the craniocervical junction. In fact, this ligament was absent in 20% of the specimens examined. These data will aid physicians who frequently view images or manage clinical problems of the craniocervical junction because they may focus on other ligaments of this area and not the apical ligament.
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Langer, Rebecca C., Rhian E. Hayward, Takafumi Tsuboi, Mayumi Tachibana, Motomi Torii, and Joseph M. Vinetz. "Micronemal Transport of Plasmodium Ookinete Chitinases to the Electron-Dense Area of the Apical Complex for Extracellular Secretion." Infection and Immunity 68, no. 11 (November 1, 2000): 6461–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.68.11.6461-6465.2000.
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ABSTRACT Plasmodium ookinetes secrete chitinases to penetrate the acellular, chitin-containing peritrophic matrix of the mosquito midgut en route to invasion of the epithelium. Chitinases are potentially targets that can be used to block malaria transmission. We demonstrate here that chitinases of Plasmodium falciparumand P. gallinaceum are concentrated at the apical end of ookinetes. The chitinase PgCHT1 of P. gallinaceum is present within ookinete micronemes and subsequently becomes localized in the electron-dense area of the apical complex. These observations suggest a pathway by which ookinetes secrete proteins extracellularly.
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Wiguna, Stephanie, Risti Saptarini Primarti, and Iwan Ahmad Musnamirwan. "<p>Efektifitas quad-helix dalam perawatan defisiensi transversal maksila pada anak<p></p>Effectiveness of quad-helix for transverse maxillary deficiency treatment in children<p>." Jurnal Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Padjadjaran 33, no. 3 (December 27, 2021): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/jkg.v33i3.27967.
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Pendahuluan: Periodontitis apikalis adalah peradangan dan kerusakan jaringan pada daerah apikal jaringan periodonsium. Terjadi akibat pulpa nekrosis mengalami perluasan infeksi dari bakteri saluran akar menuju apeks gigi. Penelitian terdahulu membuktikan bahwa periodontitis apikalis dapat dikaitkan dengan peningkatan kadar interleukin-6. Interleukin-6 adalah salah satu sitokin pro-inflamatori yang mempunyai peran penting dalam respon inflamasi. Tujuan penelitian menganalisis perbedaan kadar interleukin-6 dalam darah vena antara pasien dengan periodontitis apikalis dan pasien tanpa periodontitis apikalis. Metode: Jenis penelitian observasional analitik dengan dua puluh sampel stok darah vena yang terdiri atas 10 sampel darah vena pasien dengan periodontitis apikalis dan 10 sampel darah vena pasien tanpa periodontitis apikalis. Serum darah yang telah dipisahkan dengan metode sentrifugasi dipakai sebagai sampel uji enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) sandwich untuk mengukur kadar IL-6 dengan membaca nilai absorbansi dan kurva standar. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis menggunakan uji Shapiro-Wilk, dilanjutkan dengan uji T tidak berpasangan. Hasil: Kadar IL-6 teridentifikasi pada semua sampel. Sampel darah vena pasien tanpa periodontitis apikalis memiliki kadar IL-6 berkisar antara 4,7-18,74 mg/L, sedangkan kadar IL-6 pada pasien dengan periodontitis apikalis 4,0-90,75 mg/L. Uji T tidak berpasangan menunjukan bahwa terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna (p=0.02). Simpulan: Kadar IL-6 pada darah vena dengan periodontitis apikalis lebih tinggi dibandingkan kadar IL-6 pada tanpa periodontitis apikalis.Kata kunci: periodontitis apikalis; interleukin-6; Enzim-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Sandwich ABSTRACT Introduction: Apical periodontitis is inflammation and tissue damage in the apical area of the periodontium. Occurs due to pulp necrosis experiencing an expansion of infection from root canal bacteria to the apex of the tooth. Previous studies have shown that apical periodontitis can be associated with elevated levels of interleukin-6. Interleukin-6 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that has a vital role in the inflammatory response. The study aimed to analyze differences in interleukin-6 levels in venous blood between patients with apical periodontitis and patients without apical periodontitis. Methods: This research was an analytic observational study with twenty venous blood samples consisting of 10 venous blood samples from patients with apical periodontitis and ten venous blood samples from patients without apical periodontitis. Blood serum that has been separated by centrifugation method was used as a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test sample to measure IL-6 levels by reading absorbance values and standard curves. The data obtained were analyzed using the Shapiro-Wilk test, followed by an unpaired T-test. Results: IL-6 levels were identified in all samples. Venous blood samples from patients without apical periodontitis had IL-6 levels ranging from 4.7-18.74 mg/L, while IL-6 levels in patients with apical periodontitis were 4.0-90.75 mg/L. The unpaired t-test showed that there was a significant difference (p=0.02). Conclusion: IL-6 levels in venous blood with apical periodontitis were higher than IL-6 levels in those without apical periodontitis.Keywords: apical periodontitis; interleukin-6; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Sandwich
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JAMEEL, Nazar, and Manar AL-NEMA. "Assessment of the morphology of apical area in Iraqi Arabic first molars." Al-Rafidain Dental Journal 2, no. 2 (August 25, 2002): 243–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.33899/rden.2002.166160.
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