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Academic literature on the topic 'Aphide'

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Published: 15 June 2024

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
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Journal articles on the topic "Aphide":

1

Cottrell, Ted E. "Black Pecan Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Management on Pecan When Gibberellic Acid Is Applied Concurrently With Broad-Spectrum Insecticides." Journal of Economic Entomology 115, no. 2 (March 4, 2022): 611–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toac009.

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Abstract Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) are serious pests of pecan foliage (Carya illinoinensis [Wangenh.] K. Koch). The black pecan aphid, Melanocallis caryaefoliae (Davis) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), feeds on pecan foliage and elicits leaf chlorosis that can cause defoliation. In contrast, the blackmargined aphid, Monellia caryella (Fitch) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), and yellow pecan aphid, Monelliopsis pecanis Bissell (Hemiptera: Aphididae), feed on pecan foliage but do not elicit chlorotic feeding injury. Application of gibberellic acid (GA3) to pecan foliage reduces chlorotic foliar injury and nymphal populations of the black pecan aphid. GA3 has potential to manage black pecan aphid later in the season when broad-spectrum insecticides are used to control direct pests of pecan nuts but also inadvertently induce aphid outbreaks. Here, broad-spectrum insecticides were used with GA3 or aphicides in orchard trials for 2 yr. Populations of aphids and natural enemies along with chlorotic feeding injury on foliage were assessed. When used concurrently with GA3 or aphicides, broad-spectrum insecticides did not flare black pecan aphid populations. However, combined populations blackmargined aphids and yellow pecan aphids were higher in treatments with GA3 than with an aphicide or in the control treatment during one of two years. Application of GA3 or the aphicide often led to significantly less chlorotic injury than observed in the control. Surprisingly, natural enemies were not significantly affected by broad-spectrum insecticides when applied concurrently with GA3. These results show that GA3 can be used as part of a late-season IPM strategy to protect foliage from localized chlorotic leaf injury elicited by the black pecan aphid.
2

Samia, Ait Amar-Berras, Benoufella-Kitous Karima, and Medjdoub-Bensaad Ferroudja. "Evaluation and Diversity of Aphids on Two Tomato Crops in Tizi-Ouzou (North Algeria), and First Report of Semiaphis Dauci (Fabricius, 1775) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Algeria." Journal of Advanced Zoology 45, no. 1 (September 23, 2023): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/jaz.v45i1.379.

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Aphids are among the phytophagous insects causing the greatest economic losses. This study was carried out to evaluate the diversity and abundance of aphids in two tomato crops grown in an open field in two localities situated at Tizi-Ouzou (North Algeria). The aphid’s inventory was carried out using yellow traps. 926 winged aphids were trapped, representing 55 species. The aphid fauna recorded was divided into 4 subfamilies, 6 tribes and 31 genera. The aphid’s diversity trapped in Zahra variety field was higher with 41 species, compared to 29 species in Zin 45 variety field, with one species recorded for the first time in Algeria, namely Semiaphis dauci (Fabricius, 1775). The density and diversity of aphids differed from one field to another depending on climatic factors and the availability of host plants. Direct observations on plants allowed the identification of three aphid species, namely Aphis fabae Scopoli, 1763 Aphis gossypii Glover, 1877 and Myzus persicae (Sulzer, 1776).
3

Brown, M. W., J. J. Jaegers, A. E. Pye, and J. J. Schmitt. "Control of Edaphic Populations of Woolly Apple Aphid using Entomopathogenic Nematodes and a Systemic Aphicide." Journal of Entomological Science 27, no. 3 (July 1, 1992): 224–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-27.3.224.

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The effects of an entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser), and an experimental systemic aphicide, RH-7988, on edaphic populations of the woolly apple aphid, Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann), were investigated. Laboratory experiments showed that presence of the nematode in a culture of woolly apple aphids increased the mortality rate. Nematodes were found inside the body cavity of several aphids with entry possibly being through the anus via a droplet of honeydew. Field trials in an unsprayed six-year-old and four-year-old apple orchard tested the efficacy of broadcast spray and topdressing applications, respectively, of nematodes at a rate of 376,600 nematodes/m2. The broadcast spray trees had fewer aphid colonies on roots than the untreated controls (P = 0.10), but the topdressing treatment had no effect. The systemic aphicide, RH-7988, was tested in a two-year-old apple orchard. Two rates of foliar and soil application were tested, with all treatments significantly reducing arboreal woolly apple aphid populations. Edaphic populations were also significantly reduced one month after treatment, but no difference was found four months after treatment. Both control methods show promise as potential management options for edaphic woolly apple aphid populations.
4

Umoru, P. A., W. Powell, and S. J. Clark. "Effect of pirimicarb on the foraging behaviour of Diaeretiella rapae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on host-free and infested oilseed rape plants." Bulletin of Entomological Research 86, no. 2 (April 1996): 193–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300052445.

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AbstractThe effects of the aphicide pirimicarb on the foraging behaviour of the aphid parasitoid Diaeretiella rapae were investigated in the laboratory, using aphid-infested and uninfested, young oilseed rape plants. Female parasitoids spent significantly less time foraging on plants sprayed with pirimicarb within the previous 24 h than on untreated plants, regardless of the presence of aphid hosts. Whilst foraging on sprayed plants, parasitoids spent relatively more time walking than they did when foraging on untreated plants. On sprayed plants foraging parasitoids tended to avoid leaf surfaces, thereby reducing the chances of encountering aphid hosts whilst on the plant. These sublethal effects of the aphicide on foraging parasitoids would considerably reduce their impact on aphid populations which survived in a crop after spraying. This has important implications for the control of aphids, such as Myzus persicae, which have developed pesticide resistant strains.
5

Mackauer, M., J. P. Michaud, and W. Völkl. "INVITATION PAPER: C.P. Alexander Fund: HOST CHOICE BY APHIDIID PARASITOIDS (HYMENOPTERA: APHIDIIDAE): HOST RECOGNITION, HOST QUALITY, AND HOST VALUE." Canadian Entomologist 128, no. 6 (December 1996): 959–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent128959-6.

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AbstractSpecies in the family Aphidiidae (Hymenoptera) parasitize exclusively ovoviviparous aphids. Females use a variety of information to detect and evaluate suitable hosts. Olfactory cues associated with aphids, or the aphids’ host plant, are important for host location. Visual cues including aphid colour, shape, and movement can be evaluated from a distance without physical contact; aphid movement may act as a releasing stimulus for attack. Contact chemosensory cues (gustatory cues) are evaluated by antennation of the host cuticle and during ovipositor probing. A potential host must conform to the wasp’s response profile and satisfy minimum physiological and dietary requirements for immature development and growth. Host quality is determined in part by attributes specific to each aphid species and in part by each aphid’s individual-specific growth potential. Host quality for male and female progeny may vary as a result of different patterns of resource allocation and sexual size dimorphism. For an encountered aphid to be accepted as a host, its perceived value must exceed the wasp’s response threshold for oviposition. Host value, as opposed to host quality, varies dynamically with parasitoid state variables such as age, egg load, and prior experience. A conceptual model of host choice by aphidiid wasps is presented.
6

Fernández-Grandon, G. Mandela, Christine M. Woodcock, and Guy M. Poppy. "Do asexual morphs of the peach-potato aphid, Myzus persicae, utilise the aphid sex pheromone? Behavioural and electrophysiological responses of M. persicae virginoparae to (4aS,7S,7aR)-nepetalactone and its effect on aphid performance." Bulletin of Entomological Research 103, no. 4 (March 13, 2013): 466–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485313000126.

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AbstractThe aphid sex pheromone component (4aS,7S,7aR)-nepetalactone is considered to be a potential tool for enhancing biological control of aphids. Studies have confirmed its potential to attract parasitoids, increase parasitism rates in the field and also alter the spatial distribution of parasitoids. An important aspect that has been overlooked is the impact that the introduction of nepetalactone may have on aphid populations already present in field or glasshouse environments. The most prevalent pest aphid populations in glasshouse and field environments are the asexual morphs, which are capable of exponential growth if populations are not controlled. The short-term implications of the sex pheromone on asexual aphids were observed through their behavioural response. Using Y-tube olfactometry, it is shown that virginoparae of the peach-potato aphid, Myzus persicae, are repelled by high concentrations of nepetalactone. Long-term effects of the pheromone which may span the aphid's life, or even generations, were assessed via mean relative growth rate (MRGR) and the intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm). Electroantennography also demonstrated that asexual female aphids are able to detect aphid sex pheromone components. To our knowledge, this is the first time it has been reported that M. persicae virginoparae are able to detect aphid sex pheromone components or that their behavioural response and/or performance has been studied. The implications of these results and their significance in understanding semiochemical communication are discussed.
7

Mkenda, Ndakidemi, Stevenson, Arnold, Belmain, Chidege, Gurr, and Woolley. "Characterization of Hymenopteran Parasitoids of Aphis fabae in an African Smallholder Bean Farming System through Sequencing of COI ‘Mini-Barcodes’." Insects 10, no. 10 (October 2, 2019): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10100331.

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Parasitoids are among the most frequently reported natural enemies of insect pests, particularly aphids. The efficacy of parasitoids as biocontrol agents is influenced by biotic and abiotic factors. For example, hyperparasitoids can reduce the abundance of the primary parasitoids as well as modify their behavior. A field study was conducted at three contrasting elevations on Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanzania, to identify the parasitoids of aphids in smallholder bean farming agroecosystems. Sentinel aphids (Aphis fabae) on potted bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris) were exposed in 15 bean fields at three elevations for 2 days. The sentinel aphids were then kept in cages in a greenhouse until emergence of the parasitoids, which were collected and preserved in 98% ethanol for identification. Of the 214 parasitoids that emerged from sentinel aphids, the greatest abundance (44.86%) were from those placed at intermediate elevations (1000–1500 m a.s.l), compared to 42.52% from the lowest elevations and only 12.62% from the highest elevation farms. Morphological identification of the parasitoids that emerged from parasitized aphids showed that 90% were Aphidius species (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae). Further characterization by sequencing DNA ‘mini-barcodes’ identified parasitoids with ≥99% sequence similarity to Aphidius colemani, 94–95% sequence similarity to Pachyneuron aphidis and 90% similarity to a Charipinae sp. in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database. These results confidently identified A. colemani as the dominant primary aphid parasitoid of A. fabae in the study area. A Pachyneuron sp., which was most closely related to P. aphidis, and a Charipinae sp. occurred as hyperparasitoids. Thus, interventions to improve landscapes and farming practice should monitor specifically how to augment populations of A. colemani, to ensure any changes enhance the delivery of natural pest regulation. Further studies are needed for continuous monitoring of the hyperparasitism levels and the dynamics of aphids, primary parasitoids, and secondary parasitoids in different cropping seasons and their implications in aphid control.
8

Febvay, G., Y. Rahbe, M. Rynkiewicz, J. Guillaud, and G. Bonnot. "Fate of dietary sucrose and neosynthesis of amino acids in the pea aphid, acyrthosiphon pisum, reared on different diets." Journal of Experimental Biology 202, no. 19 (October 1, 1999): 2639–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.202.19.2639.

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The fate of sucrose, the major nutrient of an aphid's natural food, was explored by radiolabeling in the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum. To investigate the influence of nitrogen quality of food on amino acid neosynthesis, pea aphids were reared on two artificial diets differing in their amino acid composition. The first (diet A) had an equilibrated amino acid balance, similar to that derived from analysis of aphid carcass, and the other (diet B) had an unbalanced amino acid composition similar to that of legume phloem sap. Aphids grown on either diet expired the same quantity of sucrose carbon as CO(2), amounting to 25–30 % of the ingested sucrose catabolized in oxidation pathways. On diet A, the aphids excreted through honeydew about twice as much sucrose carbon as on diet B (amounting to 12.6 % of the ingested sucrose for diet A and 8.4 % for diet B), while amounts of sucrose carbons incorporated into exuviae were almost identical (1.9 % of the ingested sucrose on diet A and 2.7 % on diet B). There was also no difference in the amounts of sucrose carbon incorporated into the aphid tissues, which represented close to 50 % of the ingested sucrose. Sucrose carbons in the aphid tissues were mainly incorporated into lipids and the quantities involved were the same in aphids reared on either diet. On diet B, we observed neosynthesis of all protein amino acids from sucrose carbons and, for the first time in an aphid, we directly demonstrated the synthesis of the essential amino acids leucine, valine and phenylalanine. Amino acid neosynthesis from sucrose was significantly higher on diet B (11.5 % of ingested sucrose carbons) than on diet A (5.4 %). On diet A, neosynthesis of most of the amino acids was significantly diminished, and synthesis of two of them (histidine and arginine) was completely suppressed. The origin of amino acids egested through honeydew was determined from the specific activity of the free amino acid pool in the aphid. Aphids are able to adjust to variation in dietary amino acids by independent egestion of each amino acid. While more than 80 % of excreted nitrogen was from food amino acids, different amino acids were excreted in honeydew of aphids reared on the two diets. The conversion yields of dietary sucrose into aphid amino acids determined in this study were combined with those obtained previously by studying the fate of amino acids in pea aphids reared on diet A. The origin of all the amino acid carbons in aphid tissues was thus computed, and the metabolic abilities of aphid are discussed from an adaptive point of view, with respect to their symbiotic status.
9

Roy, Somnath, Ananda Mukhopadhyay, Soma Das, and G. Gurusubramanian. "BIOEFFICACY OF COCCINELLID PREDATORS ON MAJOR TEA PESTS." Journal of Biopesticides 03, no. 01 (June 1, 2010): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.3.1.33-36.

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ABSTRACT Twenty species of coccinellid predators were observed in Sub-Himalayan tea plantation of North Bengal during 2004 to 2006. Of these, Micraspis discolor (F) was dominant (42.5%) in the conventionally managed tea plantations. The abundance of M. discolor populations was positively correlated with the abundance of red spider mites (Oligonychus coffeae Neitner, Acarina: Tetranychidae) (R2 =0.705) and tea aphid (Toxoptera aurantii Boyer de Fons, Homoptera: Aphidae) (R2 = 0.893). Both the pests and their predator (M. discolor) populations showed similar patterns of abundance that reached peaks during January to March. In choice test, the mixed population the grub and adult of M. discolor showed a clear choice for the tea aphid. The life cycle studies also suggested that the tea aphid was the preferred prey for M. discolors, but the predator can survive on red spider mite also. The studies on feeding potential indicated that the grubs of M. discolor consumed on an average 280.30 red spider mites and 188.66 tea aphids during its larval period of development, which were 24.10 + 0.77 and 21.70 + 0.72 days, respectively. The regression between the age of grub and rate of consumption showed that the consumption by the predator at larval stage is highly correlated to its age. An adult predator consumed on an average of 20.32 + 11.79 red spider mites per day and 35.9 + 4.95 tea aphids per day. In both case, male individual consumed significantly less number of aphids as compared to the female.
10

Stella, Amongi Evaline, Murongo Marius Flarian, and Mwine Julius Tedson. "Efficacy of Neem Tree (Azadirachta indica A. Jusieu) Extract on White Cabbage Aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae L. (Hem: Aphididae) Control in the Field." Journal of Agricultural Science 10, no. 3 (February 9, 2018): 370. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n3p370.

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Neem tree extracts from root, bark and leaves have generally been used in the control of pests. The extracts’ efficacy in the control of aphids in cabbages under smallholder farming systems formed the subject of the study. The dose of the admixture of the extract that effectively controlled aphids was determined through experimental methods that involved harvesting and crashing 0.1 × 10-4 of Neem tree parts. The extract was fermented for 18-48 hours.Treatment tests solutions varied were 20 mL, 30 mL and 40 mL of the extract respectively in 10litres of water and applied to cabbage in the field at intervals of once a week, twice a week and once in 2 weeks in a triplicated completely Randomized Block Design. The treated plants were observed for average number of live aphids, number of dead aphids, degree of leaf perforation, leaf curls, stunting, and finally the yield of the cabbage visa vis treatments. Aphid counts at the concentration of 30mL in 10L of water were significantly lower for live aphids and higher for dead aphids (P < 0.05), Although all treatments revealed significant differences from the control in terms of Aphid mortality, overall mean aphid counts showed a reduction in number (implying high mortality) with an increase in the concentration of Neem extract applied and cabbage vigour increased with increase in the frequency of admixture application, with a bi-weekly application producing significant results (P < 0.05). High concentration (40 mL) more effectively controlled aphids but resulted in mild scorched leaves. Smallholder farmers should take advantage of the naturally available Neem tree concoctions of 30 mLs in 10litres of water twice a week to keep aphid’s population below the economic injury level.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Aphide":

1

Rouil, Jeff. "Évolution et dynamique du système di-symbiotique chez les pucerons du genre Cinara." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Montpellier, SupAgro, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023NSAM0004.

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Des systèmes pluri-symbiotiques ont été mis en évidence chez plusieurs espèces de pucerons (Hemiptera : Aphididae) et plus particulièrement chez les espèces du genre Cinara. La caractérisation taxonomique des symbiontes présents chez une soixantaine d'espèces de Cinara a permis de déterminer que Serratia symbiotica est la bactérie la plus fréquemment retrouvée comme symbionte secondaire obligatoire. De plus, la reconstruction de l'histoire évolutive des associations symbiotiques chez Cinara semble indiquer une acquisition ancestrale de Serratia symbiotica comme co-symbionte obligatoire, même si la présence d'autres bactéries chez certaines espèces indique que des évènements de remplacement ont eu lieu. L''analyse des génomes de souches de Serratia symbiotica ont montré que ces symbiontes possèdent des caractéristiques génomiques différentes et des variations de leur forme et de leur localisation dans des bactériocytes. Ces données semblent montrer un gradient de modifications dans le passage d'une bactérie facultative à une bactérie endosymbionte fixée sur lequel se trouve l'ensemble des co-symbiontes obligatoires des Cinara. Au cours de cette thèse, à l'aide d'approches de phylogénomique, nous avons décrit l'histoire évolutive de Serratia symbiotica et mis en évidence de multiples acquisitions indépendantes de cette bactérie comme co-symbionte obligatoire des Cinara. Ces transitions d'un mode de vie facultatif à obligatoire sont associées à des réductions de génome et de taux de G-C plus ou moins importantes selon les lignées, révélant l'ancienneté relative de l'association. Parmi les évènements d'acquisitions, nous avons montré que l'un d'entre eux avait conduit à une co-spéciation durant environ 20Ma des trois partenaires de la symbiose nutritionnelle (Cinara, Buchnera et Serratia). Dans ce clade, nous avons observé des structures cellulaires et des caractéristiques génomiques stables pour les deux co-symbiontes. De plus, l'analyse des taux de substitutions de chacun des partenaires a permis de décrire pour la première fois une évolution parallèle entre les deux symbiontes et leur hôte. L'analyse détaillée de la composition en gènes des bactéries co-symbiotiques de ce clade a mis en évidence une complémentation forte pour la production des nutriments nécessaires à l'hôte. De plus, l'analyse de l'ensemble de leurs gènes a révélé qu'une forte sélection purifiante s'exerce sur eux. Dans une autre partie, une approche expérimentale de quantification des symbiontes au cours de développement sur trois espèces de Cinara suggère une différence de capacité de régulation du co-symbionte Serratia. Cette différence est observée entre deux espèces de Cinara pour lesquelles les Serratia sont issues d'acquisition indépendantes et dans lesquelles sa localisation est différente. Finalement, une analyse de comparaison génomique sur des phages APSE (bactériophage intégré) présents dans les co-symbiontes de Cinara et procurant une défense contre les parasitoïdes a permis de décrire la diversité des APSE et de l'évolution de leur génome chez les pucerons. Cette analyse a aussi montré que les éléments mobiles pourraient jouer un rôle dans l'acquisition de nouveaux gènes dans la cassette de la toxine défensive. L'ensemble de ces travaux révèle un système pluri-symbiotique dynamique dans lequel le nouveau partenaire bactérien est régulièrement remplacé au cours de l'évolution
The existence of multi-symbiotic systems has been demonstrated in several aphid species (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and more particularly in species of the genus Cinara. The taxonomic caracterisation of the symbionts present in about sixty species of Cinara has made it possible to determine that Serratia symbiotica is the most frequently found bacterium as an obligatory secondary symbiont. Furthermore, the reconstruction of the evolutionary history of symbiotic associations in Cinara species suggests an ancestral acquisition of Serratia symbiotica as an obligate co-symbiont, although the presence of other bacteria in some species indicates that replacement events have occurred. More recently, genome analysis of Serratia symbiotica strains associated have shown that these symbionts exhibit different genomic characteristics ranging and variations in their shape and localisation in bacteriocytes. These data seem to show a gradient of changes in the transition from a facultative life-style to obligate endosymbiont in which we observe all of the (now obligate) co-symbionts of Cinara. During this phd, using phylogenomics, we inferred the evolutionary history of Serratia symbiotica within Cinara and highlighted multiple independent acquisitions of this bacterium as a co-obligate symbiont of Cinara. These transitions from facultative to obligate life-style are associated with genome reductions and low G-C content that are more or less important depending on the lineage, revealing the relative age of the symbiotic association with Serratia. Among the inferred acquisition events, one in particular led to co-speciation over about 20 Ma of the three partners of the nutritional symbiosis (Cinara, Buchnera and Serratia). In this clade, we observed stable cellular and genomic structures with highly reduced genomes and low G-C content for both co-symbionts. Furthermore, the analysis of the substitution rates of each partner allowed us to describe for the first time a parallel evolution between the two symbionts and their host. Further analysis of the gene composition of the co-symbiotic bacteria in this clade revealed strong complementation for the production of nutrients required by the host. Furthermore, the analysis of their set of genes revealed that they are under strong purifying selection. In addition an experimental approach aimed at quantifying the symbionts during development on three Cinara species suggest that aphid species differ in their capacity to regulate the co-symbiont Serratia. This difference is observed between two Cinara species for which the Serratia originated from independent acquisitions and in which its localisation is different. Finally, a genomic comparison analysis on APSE phages (integrated bacteriophage) present in Cinara co-symbionts and providing defence against parasitoids allowed a description the diversity of APSEs and their genome evolution in aphids. This analysis also showed that mobile elements could play a role in the acquisition of new genes in the defensive toxin cassette. Altogether, this study reveals a dynamic multi-partner endosymbiosis where the new partner is recurrently replace
2

GUO, JING QUAN. "Transmission par pucerons des luteovirus de la jaunisse nanisante de l'orge (jno) : de l'etude de l'interaction virus-aphide a l'estimation du risque epidemique." Paris 11, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA112453.

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Le present travail a pour objet l'etude de l'interaction virus-aphide afin de mieux apprecier le lien entre puceron porteur (virulifere) et la transmission des virus (pav, mav, rpv) de la jno. Les outils mis au point nous permettent de preciser le comportement de differentes biotypes et especes d'aphides vis-a-vis de ces virus et l'analyse des donnees fournies par les tours agraphid et les pots pieges ; elements actuels d'estimation du risque jno en europe. La methode immuno-pcr a ete adaptee pour amplifier les 3 luteovirus dans les pucerons. La sensibilite de cette rt-pcr permet de detecter le pav dans l'extrait d'un puceron de r. Padi dilue 128 fois. Ces luteovirus peuvent etre detectes par immuno-pcr dans l'hemolymphe de 3 especes vectrices et 4 especes non-vectrices. Ces resultats montrent que la paroi intestinale de ces pucerons ne constitue pas une barriere selective. Lors de l'analyse de transmission sequentielle, le devenir quantitatif et qualitatif des virus chez les pucerons a ete etudie par elisa ameliore et immuno-pcr. Dans la plupart des cas, la concentration virale decroit suivant trois phases. Ce schema s'applique aussi bien pour les pucerons vecteurs que pour les pucerons non-vecteurs. Cependant la reduction de la concentration virale chez les pucerons est associee a la baisse de l'efficacite vectrice. On constate des variations biotypiques dans l'efficacite vectrice chez r. Padi et s. Avenae. Une faible efficacite des biotypes rp-ch et sa-v a transmettre leur virus specifique est associee a une diminution plus rapide de la concentration virale chez les pucerons. Cependant, chez un autre biotype (sa-r5), sa faible efficience n'est pas reliee a une reduction de la concentration virale. Les variations biotypiques observees peuvent donc etre liees a deux etapes de cycle du virus: (1) installation des virions dans la cavite generale ; (2) transfert des virions dans les gsa. On observe que la proportion des ailes viruliferes (determines par immuno-pcr ou elisa) captures par le piege a succion est nettement correlee avec les niveaux d'infection des pots pieges en region parisienne durant les automnes 1992-1994. Bien qu'il existe des variants de capacite vectrice chez r. Padi, la detection par immuno-pcr des ailes viruliferes de cette espece peut etre utilisee pour determiner la taille de l'inoculum primaire
3

Moores, Graham David. "Biochemistry of resistance in Myzus persicae and Aphis gossypii." Thesis, University of Bedfordshire, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10547/621850.

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The insecticide resistance mechanisms present in the aphids Myzus persicae and Aphis gossypii have been characterised and sensitive biochemical assays have been developed to monitor their presence in individual aphids. It was found that enhanced esterase activity is present in both aphid species, and that this enhanced activity results from the presence of larger amounts of the same enzyme rather than the presence of a more efficient enzyme. In Myzus persicae this mechanism alone is sufficient to confer high levels of insecticide resistance. In Aphis gossypii, it appears that the presence of insensitive acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is necessary for measurable levels of resistance to occur. During the course of this work, insensitive AChE was detected in Myzus persicae for the first time. This additional resistance mechanism, when combined with the enhanced esterase activity, was found to confer extremely high levels of tolerance against specific insecticides. This additional mechanism is rare in the UK at present but the use of sensitive assays to monitor its existence is of increasing importance. When the AChE mechanism becomes more prevalent in the UK, as it almost certainly will, new strategies for aphid control will be needed. Further examples of insensitive AChE conferring insensitivity not only to carbamates, but also to organophosphates, have also been detected in Aphis gossypii. The inter-relationships of the two mechanisms in this species have been resolved and new monitoring methods made available.
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Stewart, Ashley. "Molecular interactions among soybean aphids and aphid-resistant soybean." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1574777162373585.

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Wadleigh, Richard Walter. "Reduced oxidative metabolism as a resistance mechanism in parathion-resistant strains of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulz.) (Aphidae: Hemiptera) from Ohio /." The Ohio State University, 1985. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487262513410293.

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Hopkins, Graham Wyn. "Rarity of tree aphids with particular reference to the birch aphid Monaphis antennata (Kaltenbach)." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.338048.

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Blande, James D. "Differential signalling from specialist and generalist Brassica feeding aphids to differentially adapted aphid parasitoids." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.402402.

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Peng, Zhongkui. "Feeding determinants in aphids with special reference to the Rose Aphid Macrosiphum rosae (L.)." Title page, table of contents and introduction only, 1991. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09php398.pdf.

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Bibliography: leaves 170-189. This thesis looks at aphid feeding determinants by type and location. It examines the role of leaf surface chemicals in the discrimination of host plants and the deterrent effect of catechin and its oxidative condensation products.
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Tosh, Colin Robert. "Host plant specialisation in the black bean aphid, Aphis fabae." Thesis, University of York, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.298436.

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Diaz-Montano, John. "Components of soybean resistance to the soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura." Thesis, Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/185.

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Books on the topic "Aphide":

1

Heymann, Georgianne. Aphids. Milwaukee: Raintree Publishers, 1987.

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Sexton, Colleen A. Aphids. Minneapolis, MN: Bellwether Media, 2008.

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Youngs, Lorna C. Aphids in apples. [Pullman]: Cooperative Extension, College of Agriculture & Home Economics, Washington State University, 1989.

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Youngs, Lorna C. Aphids in apples. [Pullman]: Cooperative Extension, Washington State University, 1991.

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United States. Forest Service. Alaska Region. and United States. Dept. of Agriculture., eds. Birch aphids. [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 2001.

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United States. Forest Service. Alaska Region and United States. Dept. of Agriculture, eds. Birch aphids. [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 2001.

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Holsten, Edward H. Birch aphids. [Juneau, Alaska?]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 2001.

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Branch, British Columbia Horticultural, ed. Apple-aphides. Victoria, B.C: W.H. Cullin, 1997.

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United States. Forest Service. Alaska Region. and United States. Dept. of Agriculture., eds. Birch aphids. [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 2001.

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Davidson, E. Roy. Spruce aphid. Pullman: Cooperative Extension, College of Agriculture, Washington State University, 1985.

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Book chapters on the topic "Aphide":

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Adams, D., T. L. Wilkinson, and A. E. Douglas. "The aphid-bacterial symbiosis: a comparison between pea aphids and black bean aphids." In Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Insect-Plant Relationships, 275–78. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1720-0_62.

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Hangay, George, Susan V. Gruner, F. W. Howard, John L. Capinera, Eugene J. Gerberg, Susan E. Halbert, John B. Heppner, et al. "Melon Aphid, Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae)." In Encyclopedia of Entomology, 2327–32. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_4541.

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Heppner, John B., David B. Richman, Steven E. Naranjo, Dale Habeck, Christopher Asaro, Jean-Luc Boevé, Johann Baumgärtner, et al. "Soybean Aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae)." In Encyclopedia of Entomology, 3473–77. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_4284.

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Heppner, John B., David B. Richman, Steven E. Naranjo, Dale Habeck, Christopher Asaro, Jean-Luc Boevé, Johann Baumgärtner, et al. "Spirea Aphid, Aphis spiraecola Patch (Hemiptera: Aphididae)." In Encyclopedia of Entomology, 3512. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_4340.

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Singh, Rajendra, and Garima Singh. "Aphids." In Polyphagous Pests of Crops, 105–82. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8075-8_3.

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Chakrabarti, S. "Aphids." In Pests and Their Management, 871–908. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8687-8_24.

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Butter, N. S. "Aphids." In Insect Vectors and Plant Pathogens, 101–41. Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, [2018]: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429503641-4.

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Berry, Colin, Jason M. Meyer, Marjorie A. Hoy, John B. Heppner, William Tinzaara, Clifford S. Gold, Clifford S. Gold, et al. "Black Bean Aphid, Aphis fabae Scopoli (Hemiptera: Aphididae)." In Encyclopedia of Entomology, 519. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_353.

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Gabrys, Beata, John L. Capinera, Jesusa C. Legaspi, Benjamin C. Legaspi, Lewis S. Long, John L. Capinera, Jamie Ellis, et al. "Cotton or Melon Aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae)." In Encyclopedia of Entomology, 1093. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_10056.

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Chow, Y. S., Virendra K. Gupta, Sue W. Nicolson, Harley P. Brown, Vincent H. Resh, David M. Rosenberg, Edward S. Ross, et al. "Woolly Aphids." In Encyclopedia of Entomology, 4293. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_2708.

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Conference papers on the topic "Aphide":

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Grozea, Ioana, Codruta Chis, Adrian Grozea, Ramona Stef, and Ana Maria Virteiu. "CONTROL OF PHYTOPHAGOUS APHIDS IN URBAN GREEN SPACES THROUGH ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY WAYS." In 23rd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2023. STEF92 Technology, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2023v/6.2/s25.12.

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Aphids have grown significantly both in number of species and in number of individuals in populations, especially in green spaces in urban environments. By feeding, they affect the plants in the structure of the ecosystem at the foliar and floral level, therefore it is necessary to manage them so that they are numerically reduced but at the same time to avoid the application of pesticides. Through this work, 2 ways of management were tried for 5 months (April-August): by exploiting existing natural enemies and by using sticky traps. The 4 study sites in western Romania (Timi?oara city) consisted of green spaces composed of various mixtures of ornamental plants, usually shrubs and trees of different species. As a result, 4 aphid species (Macrosiphum rosae, Aphis gossypii, Aphis pomi and Myzus cerasi) were identified whose populations had high values (x= 468.7-1246.5) and which were considered as the target organism in the study. The effectiveness of the most common natural enemies (beetles, syrphids and parasitic wasps) was analyzed and yellow sticky traps were placed for dual-role capture (aphid detection and their immortalization). It was found that both methods are effective, the harmful insects being visibly reduced compared to the initial value. Natural enemies vs. phytophagous aphids had a good effectiveness ratio (1:18.25), while colored sticky traps retained and killed 78% of captured aphids. The management of aphids in the agro-horticultural spaces between people's homes, although it seems difficult to achieve, we consider that it can be done within reasonable limits through non-pheromonal traps and existing natural enemies, somehow keeping the harmful populations under control and not affecting humans and the environment.
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Tretiacova, Tatiana, Vladimir Todiras, and Ana Gusan. "Produs nou biorațional pentru combaterea dăunătorilor în spaţii protejate." In VIIth International Scientific Conference “Genetics, Physiology and Plant Breeding”. Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection, Republic of Moldova, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53040/gppb7.2021.94.

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The article presents the results of pesticidal activity study of product elaborated on the neem oil base. Bioassays were performed on aphids and spider mites in order to compare the pesticidal activity of new preparative form NEEM-01 with that of the commercial biorational products Pelecol and MatrinBio. The product NEEM- 01at a dose of 10 l/ ha has potential as aphicide and acaricide, although in terms of efficacy in controlling aphids and mites it is different. NEEM-01 was quite effective against the aphid population compared to spider mites, which are more mobile, ceasing to feed on the treated leaf. A higher mortality of pests with higher biological efficacy of NEEM- 01 was achieved after two treat-ments with an interval of 10 days between them. The results are preliminary, the research continues.
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Pantelei, Vition. "Particularităţile agroecologice a dinamicii afidelor (Homoptera: Aphidae) la cultura de triticale." In Scientific International Symposium "Plant Protection – Achievements and Perspectives". Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection, Republic of Moldova, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53040/ppap2023.14.

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Bagrov, R. A., and V. I. Leunov. "Green peach aphid and potato leafroll virus: transmission and control." In Растениеводство и луговодство. Тимирязевская сельскохозяйственная академия, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/978-5-9675-1762-4-2020-178.

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The mechanisms of transmission of potato viruses from plants to aphid vectors and from aphids to uninfected plants are described, including the example of the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae, GPA). Factors affecting the spreading of tuber necrosis and its manifestation on plants infected with potato leafroll virus (PLRV) are discussed. Recommendations for PLRV and GPA control in the field are given.
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Gandrabur, E. S., and A. B. Vereschagina. "Patterns of coordination of the development of Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) (Hemiptera, Sternorrhyncha, Aphididae) and its primary and secondary host plants." In Problems of studying the vegetation cover of Siberia. TSU Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/978-5-94621-927-3-2020-10.

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For example of the bird cherry-oat aphid, the analysis of the timing of development in the “plant-phytophage” system in heterocyclic aphids with alternation of the primary (winter, arboreal) host plant to the secondary (summer, herbaceous) ones was done. The similarity in the phenology of colonization by aphids of primary and secondary hosts was shown. The features of the stages of plant organogenesis and the formation of the number of aphids in connection with their harmfulness are noted. Modeling shifts in the synchronization of the work of this trophic system contributes to its destabilization.
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Гунчак, М., and М. Соломийчук. "Биологическая защита яболни от зеленой яблонной тли в условиях заподной лесостепи УКРАИНИ." In International Scientific Symposium "Plant Protection – Achievements and Prospects". Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection, Republic of Moldova, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.53040/9789975347204.53.

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The effectiveness of biological preparations for the protection of apple orchard from green apple aphids was studied in comparison with a chemical standard. It has been established that preparations of biological origin Aсtofit, с.e .; Coloradocid, p. against green apple aphid showed high efficiency of action - from 64.7 to 90.9%. In addition, the high efficiency (67.4-75.0%) of action and a synergetic effect was shown by a mixture of biological products Coloradocid, p. and Gaubsin, p.
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Tretiacova, Tatiana, Vladimir Todiras, and Ana Gusan. "Eficacitatea produsului NEEM01 în combaterea păduchilor în livezi și spaţii protejate." In International Scientific Symposium "Plant Protection – Achievements and Prospects". Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection, Republic of Moldova, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.53040/9789975347204.49.

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Considering the growing demand for organic production of food and registration-related problems, the number of pest management products that can be used in this sort of production is limited. In this study the efforts have been made to formulate the Neem oil emulsions which would be used as agrochemicals. Bioassays were performed on aphids (Myzodes persicae Sulz., Aphis gossypii Glow , Aphis pomi Deg.) in order to compare the insecticidal activity of the neem oil new preparative form NEEM-01 with that of the commercial biorational product Pelecol EO. The bioassays conducted on the aphids demonstrated that the NEEM-01 aplicated at the doze 8,0 l/ha was not effective as the commercial product Pelecol EO. But at the doze 10,0 l/ha new preparative form of neem oil has demonstrated a good biological effectiveness during 7 days after two treatments.
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"Plant cell wall and Homogalacturonan status modulation through PME/PMEI13 are central components of Arabidopsis defense during the early stage of infestation by aphids." In IS-MPMI Congress. IS-MPMI, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/ismpmi-2023-11.

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Aphids are phloem-feeding insects that represent a major threat to world agriculture. The feeding strategy involves a slender stylet that probes the host tissues using intercellular spaces as the main pathways to reach the phloem. It is thought that pectin degradation facilitates stylet penetration through the cell walls. However, host plants may use this feeding mechanism since they have evolved to sense the byproducts of pectin degradation called oligogalacturonides (OGs) and trigger a defense response. OGs are well-known damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPS) that enhance plant resistance. However, whether plants use this defense mechanism against aphids is unknown yet. We show that pectin and pectin-modifying enzymes were significantly altered during the plant-aphid interaction. As a result, M. persicae infestation induced a significant increase in total PME and PL activities, and a decrease in the methyl-esterification degree of pectin. In addition, OGs treatments in Arabidopsis increase the resistance to M. persicae infestation by reducing their offspring number, settling preference, and feeding performance. This enhanced resistance was related to a high accumulation of ROS and callose deposits, an increase in the transcript level related to salicylic acid (SA) pathway genes, and the activation of the SA signaling pathway.
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Hallett, Rebecca H. "Global risk of the invasive soybean aphid,Aphis glycines." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.114891.

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Wuryantini, Susi, and Harwanto. "The Prospect of Nanoinsecticide in Controlling Citrus Aphids Aphis gossypii." In International Conference and the 10th Congress of the Entomological Society of Indonesia (ICCESI 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/absr.k.200513.032.

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Reports on the topic "Aphide":

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Pirone, Thomas P., Benjamin Raccah, and Nor Chejanovsky. Vector Specificity in Potyvirus Transmission: Role of the Helper Component. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586456.bard.

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Objectives: The overall objective of this research was to gain a better understanding of how potyviruses interact with their aphid vectors. The aim was to design new approaches for prevention of potyvirus spread by aphids. The sub-objectives included: (1). Determination of which of the HCs of different potyviruses effect efficient transmission by specific aphid vectors; (2). Determine regions in the HC that play a role in their compatibility with the vector; (3). Determine the factors within the aphid stylets that modify HC activity in transmission. Background of the topic: Background to the topic: Potyviruses are typical non persistent viruses. They are retained within the vector’s stylets and rapidly lost by the vector. Some potyviruses greatly differ in their ability to be transmitted by different aphid species. The present work centered on analyzing factors that may modify the interactions between the "helper component"(HC), the virions and the aphid species involved. Major conclusions, solutions and achievements: It was established that specificity of transmission may depend on aphid species used. It was also shown that specificity may depend on the affinity between HC and virion. However, the attempts to create activechimericTEV/TuMVHCs or ZYMV/TuMVHCs to identify the regions that determine interaction with a specific vector(s), were not successful. More progress was attained in objective 3: In Kentucky, tests were conducted to ascertain retention tobacco vein mottling virus (TVMV) HC in the stylets of L. erysimicompared to that in M. persicae. Ultra-thin section of stylets of aphids that fed on either TuMVHC or TVMVHC antibodies were treated with gold-labeled goat anti-rabbit antibodies.TuMV was seen in 25% the stylets of L. erysimi when they acquired TuMVHC but not when they acquired TVMVHC. In M. persicae, TVMVHC was present in 30% of the stylets. . Transmission with TuMVHC was not affected by treatment with L. erysimi saliva whereas transmission with PVYHC (which also is not functional in L. erysimi) was consistently reduced by about half. Saliva from M. persicaehad essentially no effect on either HC. The possible role aphid cuticle proteins (which are found on the stylets surface) in the association with the potyviralHC was investigated in Israel. This was done adopting two approaches: (a) isolation of cuticular proteins from aphid cuticle; (b) screening for genes encoding cuticular proteins. In the first approach, we succeeded in extracting proteins from whole homogenized M. persicaeusing concentrated urea. The extracted protein served for preparation of anti cuticular antibodies. In overlay experiments it was found that cuticular proteins specifically bind to ZYMVHC. In addition, a cDNA library of M. persicae has been prepared. Genes encoding for cuticular proteins were ascertained using antibodies to cuticular proteins. This allowed reporting the sequence of the first cuticular gene of aphids and comparing it in six aphid species. Implications, scientific and agricultural: Achievements: (1) Proofs were provided for the role of the specificity of the aphid species to the HC of certain potyviruses; (2) aphid’s saliva was found to affects transmission efficiency; (3) cuticle protein genes were isolated for the first time from aphid species and an association of cuticle protein with the potyviralHC was discerned. Agricultural and/or economic impact of the research findings: At this stage of research, our finding do not bear an agricultural or economic impact.
2

Johnson, Kevin D. Scouting Recommendations for Soybean Aphid Aphis glycines Management. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-1859.

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Johnson, Kevin D., and Matthew E. O'Neal. Soybean Aphid Aphis glycines Populations in Central Iowa, 2004. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-1882.

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Johnson, Kevin D. Soybean Aphid Aphis glycines Populations in Northeast Iowa, 2004. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-2535.

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Johnson, Kevin D. Soybean Aphid Aphis glycines Matsumura (Homoptera: Aphididae) Insecticide Performance in Floyd County, Iowa. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-1299.

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Johnson, Kevin D., and Matthew E. O'Neal. Soybean Aphid Aphis glycines Matsumura (Homoptera: Aphididae) Insecticide Performance in O’Brien County, Iowa. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-2483.

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Johnson, Kevin D., and Matthew E. O'Neal. Soybean Aphid Aphis glycines Matsumura (Homoptera: Aphididae) Insecticide Performance in Floyd County, Iowa. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-2534.

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O'Neal, Matthew E. Soybean Aphid Aphis glycines Matsumura (Homoptera: Aphididae) Suction Trap Monitoring Network in Iowa. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-2591.

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Lundgren, Jonathan, Moshe Coll, and James Harwood. Biological control of cereal aphids in wheat: Implications of alternative foods and intraguild predation. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7699858.bard.

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The overall objective of this proposal is to understand how realistic strategies for incorporating alternative foods into wheat fields affect the intraguild (IG) interactions of omnivorous and carnivorous predators and their efficacy as biological control agents. Cereal aphids are a primary pest of wheat throughout much of the world. Naturally occurring predator communities consume large quantities of cereal aphids in wheat, and are partitioned into aphid specialists and omnivores. Within wheat fields, the relative abilities of omnivorous and carnivorous predators to reduce cereal aphids depend heavily on the availability, distribution and type of alternative foods (alternative prey, sugar, and pollen), and on the intensity and direction of IG predation events within this community. A series of eight synergistic experiments, carefully crafted to accomplish objectives while accounting for regional production practices, will be conducted to explore how cover crops (US, where large fields preclude effective use of field margins) and field margins (IS, where cover crops are not feasible) as sources of alternative foods affect the IG interactions of predators and their efficacy as biological control agents. These objectives are: 1. Determine the mechanisms whereby the availability of alternative prey and plant-provided resources affect pest suppression by omnivorous and carnivorous generalist predators; 2. Characterize the intensity of IGP within generalist predator communities of wheat systems and assess the impact of these interactions on cereal aphid predation; and 3. Evaluate how spatial patterns in the availability of non-prey resources and IGP affect predation on cereal aphids by generalist predator communities. To accomplish these goals, novel tools, including molecular and biochemical gut content analysis and geospatial analysis, will be coupled with traditional techniques used to monitor and manipulate insect populations and predator efficacy. Our approach will manipulate key alternative foods and IG prey to determine how these individual interactions contribute to the ability of predators to suppress cereal aphids within systems where cover crop and field margin management strategies are evaluated in production scale plots. Using these strategies, the proposed project will not only provide cost-effective and realistic solutions for pest management issues faced by IS and US producers, but also will provide a better understanding of how spatial dispersion, IG predation, and the availability of alternative foods contribute to biological control by omnivores and carnivores within agroecosystems. By reducing the reliance of wheat producers on insecticides, this proposal will address the BARD priorities of increasing the efficiency of agricultural production and protecting plants against biotic sources of stress in an environmentally friendly and sustainable manner.
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Johnson, Kevin D. Soybean Aphid Aphis glycines Population Responses to Bean Leaf Beetle Certoma trifurcata Management, 2004. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-1855.

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