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MESQUITA, ANTONIO. "Interactions entre l'hyphomycete entomopathogene paecilomyces fumosoroseus (wise) brown et smith, le puceron russe du ble diuraphis noxia (mordvilko) (hom. Aphiddiae) et le parasitoide primaire du ravageur aphelinus asychis (walker) (hym. Aphelinidae)." Montpellier, ENSA, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ENSA0013.
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A la suite de l'introduction accidentelle du puceron russe du ble diuraphis noxia (mordvilko, 1913) aux etats-unis en 1986, un programme de lutte biologique contre ce ravageur a ete mis en place. Les recherches ont ete realisees dans divers domaines pour mettre au point des strategies de lutte, telles que la selection et l'introduction de parasitoides, de predateurs et d'organismes pathogenes. L'etude presentee ici a ete realisee dans le but d'evaluer la pathogenicite de l'hyphomycete paecilomyces fumosoroseus (wise) brown & smith sur le puceron russe du ble, ainsi que les effets directs et indirects du champignon sur aphelinus asychis (walker), un endoparasitoide primaire du ravageur. Cette etude a ete conduite dans diverses conditions environnementales, en laboratoire et au champ. L'activite pathogene, basee sur une forte mortalite pendant les trois premiers jours apres l'application du champignon ainsi que sur le pourcentage eleve d'insectes mycoses, montre pour la premiere fois le potentiel represseur de p. Fumosoroseus contre d. Noxia. Les resultats de l'interaction hote-pathogene-parasitoide montrent que le comportement discriminatoire d'a. Asychis vis-a-vis de d. Noxia infecte par p. Fumosoroseus apres le sondage de l'hote reduit la possibilite de ponte dans les pucerons malades et augmente les chances de transmission du champignon. Par ailleurs, aucun effet negatif n'a ete observe, sur la longevite, la fecondite et la taille des femelles de la generation f1 emergees de d. Noxia, quel que soit l'intervalle de temps note entre l'application fongique et le parasitisme par a. Asychis. Ces constatations montrent bien l'effet combine entre p. Fumosoroseus et a. Asychis. Cependant, dans les conditions les plus favorables au champignon, p. Fumosoroseus provoque une forte mortalite des adultes d'a. Asychis et reduit la vitesse de marche et la distance parcourue des femelles survivantes traitees, ce qui pourraient entrainer dans les conditions naturelles une reduction du taux de parasitisme et/ou de predation du parasitoide. Contrairement a ce que l'on observe au laboratoire, le champignon n'a eu aucun effet defavorable sur le parasitoide quand les deux agents ont ete associes au champ. Ces nouvelles connaissances sur les interactions entre a. Asychis et les champignons entomopathogenes de d. Noxia pourront permettre de definir une meilleure strategie pour les programmes de lutte integree
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Schirmer, Stefanie Ruth. "Untersuchungen zur Biologie und Ökologie des Parasitoiden Aphelinus asychis (Walker) (Hym., Aphelinidae) und Möglichkeiten zur biologischen Bekämpfung von Aphis gossypii Glover (Hom., Aphididae) in Kombination mit der Raubwanze Dicyphus tamaninii Wagner (Het., Miridae)." Göttingen Cuvillier, 2007.
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Fitzgibbon, Frances. "Woolly apple aphid : interactions within an orchad system /." Title page, contents and summary only, 1996. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phf5542.pdf.
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Donnell, David M. "Early nutrition and development of the congeneric parasitoids, Encarsia formosa and Encarsia pergandiella (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae)." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/280125.
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The congeneric wasps, Encarsia formosa and E. pergandiella (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) are solitary endoparasitoids with an overlapping host range. Despite their similarities these wasps produce eggs that differ markedly in size. This dissertation details research conducted to determine differences in the egg provisioning strategies of these two wasp species and to understand how these differences correlate with differences in their early development. The use of the yolk protein, vitellogenin, was examined in the two wasps. A vitellogenin gene was isolated from E. formosa and the mature gene product observed in ovary extracts. Evidence for the use of vitellogenin was not found in an analysis of ovary extracts from E. pergandiella and a gene for vitellogenin was not detected in the genome of this wasp. Embryonic development times for the two parasitoids were studied in hosts of different ages. The embryonic development time of E. formosa is significantly shorter than that of E. pergandiella regardless of the host stage parasitized. This suggests that the rate of embryonic development of E. pergandiella is much more closely linked to that of the host than the development rate of E. formosa. The quantity and composition of amino acids in the eggs of the two wasps was followed over the course of embryonic development. The quantity of amino acid in the eggs of E. formosa does not increase during embryonic development while the eggs of E. pergandiella absorb more than 30 times the quantity of amino acids from the host hemolymph during embryonic development than is present in the eggs at the time oviposition. Only E. pergandiella appeared capable of absorbing and utilizing [¹⁴C]-labeled lysine in an in vitro system. The capacity of E. pergandiella eggs to absorb host nutrients is correlated with the development of a multinucleate extraembryonic membrane that grows to completely encompass the embryo at a very early stage of development. Evidence was found for pinocytosis of material by the embryo from the space bounded by the extraembryonic membrane. A similarly developed extraembryonic membrane was not observed in the eggs of E. formosa .
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MAIGNET, PASCAL. "Modalites du controle biologique de bemisia tabaci (gennadius, 1889) (homoptera, aleyrodidae) a l'aide de parasitoides (hymenoptera, aphelinidae)." Paris 11, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA112343.
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Avec l'arrivee recente en europe d'un nouveau ravageur, bemisia tabaci (gennadius) (homoptera, aleyrodidae), des etudes ont ete entreprises afin de controler ses populations en melange ou non avec trialeurodes vaporariorum (westwood) (homoptera, aleyrodidae) a l'aide de parasitoides (hymenoptera, aphelinidae). Des travaux ont ete realises sur les caracteristiques biologiques de b. Tabaci sur ageratum conyzoides, issu de populations du sud-est de la france. Cette espece s'est averee mieux adaptee a des temperatures plus hautes que t. Vaporariorum. A 22c, la duree de developpement de b. Tabaci est de 25 jours, la longevite de 33 jours avec une fecondite de 164 ufs. Sa strategie de colonisation verticale des plants de tomate en serre est egalement originale par l'emplacement de ses populations dans les parties basse et mediane. Les modalites d'elevage des aleurodes et des parasitoides ont ete definies pour standardiser les conditions experimentales. Afin d'etudier les caracteristiques biologiques des adultes de parasitoides, des experimentations ont ete menees sur encarsia formosa gahan, pour determiner un modele de pondoir et les facteurs influant sur la biologie. Dans les conditions les plus favorables, la longevite des femelles est de 39 jours, la fecondite de 264 ufs et la predation de 67 larves. Des resultats interessants ont ete obtenus en serre sur les populations de b. Tabaci en melange avec t. Vaporariorum avec des lachers d'e. Formosa eleves pendant plusieurs generations sur b. Tabaci. Des resultats encourageants ont egalement ete obtenus avec eretmocerus mundus haldeman, espece qui ne parasite que b. Tabaci. Enfin, e. Pergandiella howard montre sa capacite de controler des la premiere generation de l'hote les populations d'aleurodes ; cependant, son comportement d'hyperparasitoide tend a diminuer son efficacite dans le temps. L'ensemble de ces resultats laisse entrevoir la possibilite de controler les populations de b. Tabaci en serre sous forme de traitements inondatifs de parasitoides
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Avila, Aristobulo Lopez. "A comparative study of four species of Encarsia (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) as potential control agents for Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae)." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/7478.
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Manzari, Shahab. "Systematics of Aleyrodine whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), and their parasitoids belonging to the inaron and luteola groups of Encarsia (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae)." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/8847.
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Berkani, Abdallah. "Possibilités de régulation des populations d'Aleurothrixus floccosus Mask. (Homopt. , Aleurodidae) sur agrumes par Cales noacki How. (Hymenopt. , Aphelinidae) en Algèrie." Aix-Marseille 3, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989AIX30023.
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A. F. Est un ravageur des orangers, recemment introduit en algerie. La densite de population du ravageur atteint des niveaux eleves. Les facteurs de mortalite abiotiques sont determinants, en particulier la temperature et l'hygrometrie. C. N. Parasite les 3 derniers stades larvaires et est le principal facteur de regulation de a. F. L'equilibre biologique est atteint la derniere annee des observations avec une autoregulation: tout accroissement de la population de a. F. Entraine une reponse similaire de c. N.
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Zhao, Jing-wei. "The biology and ecology of California Red Scale, Aonidiella aurantii (Mask) (Hemiptera : Diaspididae), and its natural enemy, Aphytis melinus DeBach (Hymenoptera : Aphelinidae)." Adelaide, 1987. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phz63.pdf.
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Bull, Fernández María Luisa Milagros. "Ciclo biológico y capacidad de parasitación de Coccophagus rusti (Compere, 1928) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) sobre Saissetia coffeae (Walker, 1852) “Queresa hemisférica” (Hemiptera: Coccidae)." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2015. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/9251.
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Publicación a texto completo no autorizada por el autorCoccophagus rusti Compere, 1928 es un hymenóptero perteneciente a la familia Aphelinidae, que actúa como parasitoide de queresas. Esta especie fue introducida al Perú por Flanders en 1968 para el control biológico de Saissetia spp. (Hemiptera: Coccidae) en plantaciones de olivo. A pesar de su efectividad como parte del conjunto de controladores introducidos para el control de dicha plaga durante la década de 1970, en el Perú no se han realizado estudios sobre el ciclo biológico o la crianza de este parasitoide, bajo condiciones de laboratorio ni de campo, lo cual limita su empleo en el control biológico de plagas de cóccidos en nuestro país. Por tal razón el presente trabajo de investigación realizado durante las estaciones de primavera y verano de los años 2007 y 2008 en las instalaciones del Laboratorio del área de la Unidad de Producción de Insectos Benéficos de la Subdirección de Control Biológico (SCB) – Servicio Nacional de Sanidad Agraria en Vitarte, tuvo como objetivo determinar el ciclo biológico y la capacidad de parasitación de C. rusti bajo condiciones de laboratorio, como punto de partida para subsecuentes estudios e investigaciones. Los resultados sugieren que bajo condiciones controladas, el parasitoide es un eficiente controlador de la queresa S. coffeae.
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Pina, Desfilis Mª Tatiana. "Control biológico del piojo rojo de California, Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) y estrategias reproductivas de su principal enemigo natural Aphytis chrysomphali (Mercet) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de València, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/10351.
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Esta tesis describe la situación del control biológico del piojo rojo de California, Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), por parasitoides en la Comunidad ValencianaEl piojo rojo de California es una de las plagas más importantes de cítricos en España. Esta plaga, a pesar de todos los tratamientos químicos que se realizan para su control, se encuentra por encima del umbral económico de daños.En este trabajo se constata, tras un muestreo realizado a lo largo de un año, que Aphytis chrysomphali (Mercet) (Hymenoptera; Aphelinidae) es el parasitoide mayoritario de esta cochinilla en la Comunidad Valenciana, a pesar de todas las sueltas realizadas desde los años 70 de la especie Aphytis melinus DeBach, parasitoide más eficaz en otros países. Junto a estas dos especies se ha verificado el establecimiento de Aphytis lingnanensis Compere en Castellón, tras repetidas sueltas, así como se ha descrito la presencia de dos nuevas especies de parasitoides sobre A. aurantii: Aphytis hispanicus (Mercet), parasitoide habitual de Parlatoria pergandii (Comstock) (Hem.; Diaspidadae) pero no de A. aurantii en España; y una especie que podría tratarse de un nuevo taxón para la ciencia y que hasta el momento de su próxima descripción se ha denominado Aphytis sp. grupo lingnanensis. De esta especie destacan como características principales la pigmentación casi absoluta de la pupa (fundamentalmente cabeza y tórax), la exuvia también oscura y la crénula solapada en el adulto. Junto a este grupo de ectoparasitoides, también se ha realizado la introducción de dos nuevos endoparasitoides del piojo rojo de California en la península Ibérica, dentro de un programa de control biológico clásico: Comperiella bifasciata (Howard) (Hym.; Encyrtidae) y Encarsia perniciosi (Tower) (Hym.; Aphelindae). Sólo se ha establecido la segunda especie en Castellón, tras ser transferida su cría al insectario de Sanidad Vegetal de Almazora (Castellón) y en colaboración con la unidad de entomología del Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias. Durante el periodo de estudio también se ha localizado a Comperiella lemniscata Compere y Annecke (Hym.; Encyrtidae), nueva especie de endoparasitoide de Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Morgan) (Hem.; Diaspididae) en España.Se ha verificado que A. chrysomphali en campo parasita fundamentalmente cochinillas macho, lo cual --y tal y como se demuestra en la tesis-- afecta negativamente al tamaño del parasitoide, a su longevidad y fecundidad. Sin embargo, en condiciones de laboratorio, esta especie prefiere un hospedador de mayor tamaño como la hembra joven, y por tanto la elección en campo de un hospedador de menor calidad obedece a cuestiones de tipo ecológico. Entre estas variables, podrían ser determinantes aspectos como la estructura de la población de la cochinilla en campo donde predominan estados inmaduros, hecho que a su vez podría ser responsable de la baja densidad de la población de A. melinus que requiere estados más avanzados para su correcto funcionamiento.Por otro lado, se ha observado que A. chrysomphali está infectada por la bacteria endosimbionte Wolbachia. En este trabajo se demuestra como esta bacteria en A. chrysomphali induce la partenogénesis telitoca, de tal modo que si se elimina la bacteria mediante tratamientos antibióticos se revierte el porcentaje de sexos hacia la producción de una descendencia formada exclusivamente por machos. Además, a medida que disminuye la densidad de la bacteria en los progenitores, su fecundidad, y la supervivencia de los estados inmaduros, se ve reducida. Por otro lado, los machos obtenidos presentan un comportamiento de cópula normal a diferencia de las hembras, infectadas o curadas, que no se muestran receptivas e impiden la cópula, concluyendo que la reproducción partenogenética telitoca exhibida por la hembra es de tipo irreversible.
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Takahashi, Karina Manami. "Aspectos bioecológicos e potencial de parasitismo de Encarsia formosa (Gahan) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) sobre Bemisia tabaci biótipo B(Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) em couve tomate e soja." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11146/tde-21062005-135251/.
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O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o potencial de parasitismo e eficiência de E. formosa sobre B. tabaci biótipo B em couve, tomate e soja. O tempo de desenvolvimento de ovo a adulto e o número de ninfas de B. tabaci biótipo B foram avaliados em soja, tomate e couve. O número de ninfas parasitadas diariamente e o número total de ninfas parasitadas por fêmeas de E. formosa até sua morte foram avaliados para determinar a capacidade de parasitismo do parasitóide. Foram realizadas liberações de números variáveis de E. formosa para um número fixo de ninfas de B. tabaci biótipo B para avaliar o número ideal de parasitóides por planta. Através dos resultados obtidos, observou-se que a duração de ovo a adulto de B. tabaci biótipo B em tomate (22,03 dias) foi estatisticamente superior a de soja (21,17 dias) e esta última significativamente superior que em couve (19,8 dias) sob as mesmas condições ambientais. O parasitóide E. formosa apresentou preferência por ovipositar no terceiro e quarto ínstares de seus hospedeiros. Comparando-se as três culturas avaliadas verifica-se que a couve apresentou número médio total de ninfas parasitadas superior aos valores obtidos para soja e tomate, que por sua vez não apresentaram diferença entre si. O parasitóide não apresentou diferença em relação à longevidade quando foram oferecidas ninfas de terceiro ou quarto ínstares nas culturas estudadas. Entretanto, verificou-se que para os dois estádios ninfais houve diferença significativa entre as culturas avaliadas. Na couve, a densidade de oito parasitóides por planta resultou em bom controle da praga.The potencial of parasitism and the efficiency of Encarsia formosa on Bemisia tabaci were evaluated on collard green, tomato and soybean plants. The period of developmentof B. tabaci biotype B from egg to adult and the number of nymphs were evaluated on those plants. The ability of parasitism was evaluated by the number of daily parasitized nymphs and the total number of parasitized nymphs per female of E. formosa. The ideal number of parasitoids per plant was evaluated by releasing variable numbers of E. formosa on a fixed number of B. tabaci biotype B nymphs. The results were as follows: the duration of the egg to adult period of B. tabaci biotype B on tomato (22,03 days) was statistically superior to that on soybean (21,17 days), while this last one was significantly superior to that on collard green (19,8 days), under the same environmental conditions; the parasitoid showed preference to oviposit on the third and fourth instars of B. tabaci biotype B nymphs; the number of parasitized nymphs on collard green was higher than those observed on soybean and tomato, whereas the numbers on these last one did not differ; no difference was observed as to the parasitoid longevity when third and fourth instar nymphs were offered on the tested plants; however one observe a significant difference in the mean number of parasitized nymphs; on collard green plants eight parasitoids per plant resulted in a good control of this insect pest.
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Pessoa, Roseli [UNESP]. "Infestação e parasitismo natural de ninfas de Bemisia tabaci biótipo b (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) em soja-hortaliça e elaboração de chave de identificação de Encarsia spp. (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae)." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/91388.
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pessoa_r_me_jabo.pdf: 7575464 bytes, checksum: bfd8798495b474e388b7b64cc038a277 (MD5)Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
A soja-hortaliça ou edamame é de linhagem da soja comum Glycine max (L.) Merril, com sabor mais suave ao paladar humano, pode ser consumida “in natura” quando os grãos ainda estão verdes. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a infestação de ovos e ninfas Bemisia tabaci (Genn) biótipo B, e o parasitismo natural de ninfas por Encarsia spp. nos genótipos de soja-hortaliça JLM-003, JLM-004, JLM-010, JLM-018, JLM-019, JLM-020, JLM-024, JLM-030, BRS-36 e BRS-155 e elaborar chave de identificação para espécies de Encarsia que ocorrem na cultura da soja-hortaliça. O experimento foi conduzido na FCAV/UNESP- Câmpus de Jaboticabal-SP, na área experimental do Departamento de Produção Vegetal Setor de Olericultura e Plantas Aromático-Medicinais, O delineamento experimental foi em Blocos Casualizados, com 10 tratamentos (genótipos) e cinco repetições, com parcelas de quatro linhas de plantio com de 5 metros de comprimento no espaçamento de um metro entre linhas. As amostragens da infestação de mosca-branca foram realizadas semanalmente, até a fase de frutificação estádio (R6). Para avaliação foi coletado um folíolo central do terço médio de três plantas ao acaso de cada parcela. Foram contados ovos e as ninfas de moscabranca em todo limbo foliar, assim como as ninfas parasitadas por Encarsia spp. Nas avaliações dos principais genótipos com potencial de mercado para soja-hortaliça, conclui-se que os genótipos JLM-030 e JLM-010 apresentaram menor infestação pela mosca-branca e maiores índices de porcentagem de ninfas parasitadas por Encarsia spp. Foram identificadas três espécies Encarsia lutea (Masi), Encarsia nigricephala Dozier e Encarsia porteri (Mercet). Na elaboração da chave de identificação foram utilizadas exemplares machos e fêmeas de Encarsia das espécies acima citadas
The vegetable soybean, called edamame, comes from the common soybean Glycine max (L.) Merril, having a softer taste to the human palate, can be consumed “in natura” when the greens are still fresh. This research aim was evaluate the Bemisia tabaci (Genn) biotype B eggs and nymphs’ infestation and the Encarsia spp. natural nymphs’ parasitism in the JLM-003, JLM-004, JLM-010, JLM-018, JLM-019, JLM- 020, JLM-024, JLM-030, BRS-36, and BRS-155 edamame genotypes, as well elaborate identification keys to Encarsia species that occurs in the edamame. The experiment was carried out at FCAV/UNESP, Jaboticabal Campus, in the experimental area of the Departamento de Produção Vegetal, Setor de Olericultura e Plantas Aromático- Medicinais (Vegetal Production Department, Horticulture and Aromatic-Medicinal Plants Sector). The Experimental design used was the randomized blocks, with 10 treatments (genotypes) and five replications; four-lines planting parcel five meters length and one meter between lines. Whitefly infestation samplings were done weekly, until the R6 stage (fructification phase). To the evaluation, a central leaflet was collected from the thirdmedium of the three plants collected randomly of each parcel. Whitefly eggs and nymphs were counted in all limbo foliar, as well as nymphs parasited by Encarsia spp. The main edamame market-chance genotypes evaluated could be concluded that the genotypes JLM-030 and JLM-010 presented lower whitefly infestation and higher percentage of parasited nymphs by Encarsia spp. Three species were identified: Encarsia lutea (Masi), Encarsia nigricephala Dozier, and Encarsia porteri (Mercet). During the identification key elaboration, Encarsia male and female specimens of the three species above cited were used
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Pessoa, Roseli. "Infestação e parasitismo natural de ninfas de Bemisia tabaci biótipo b (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) em soja-hortaliça e elaboração de chave de identificação de Encarsia spp. (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) /." Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/91388.
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Orientadora: Nilza Maria MartinelliBanca: Arlindo Leal Boiça Junior
Banca: Valmir Antonio Costa
Resumo: A soja-hortaliça ou edamame é de linhagem da soja comum Glycine max (L.) Merril, com sabor mais suave ao paladar humano, pode ser consumida "in natura" quando os grãos ainda estão verdes. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a infestação de ovos e ninfas Bemisia tabaci (Genn) biótipo B, e o parasitismo natural de ninfas por Encarsia spp. nos genótipos de soja-hortaliça JLM-003, JLM-004, JLM-010, JLM-018, JLM-019, JLM-020, JLM-024, JLM-030, BRS-36 e BRS-155 e elaborar chave de identificação para espécies de Encarsia que ocorrem na cultura da soja-hortaliça. O experimento foi conduzido na FCAV/UNESP- Câmpus de Jaboticabal-SP, na área experimental do Departamento de Produção Vegetal Setor de Olericultura e Plantas Aromático-Medicinais, O delineamento experimental foi em Blocos Casualizados, com 10 tratamentos (genótipos) e cinco repetições, com parcelas de quatro linhas de plantio com de 5 metros de comprimento no espaçamento de um metro entre linhas. As amostragens da infestação de mosca-branca foram realizadas semanalmente, até a fase de frutificação estádio (R6). Para avaliação foi coletado um folíolo central do terço médio de três plantas ao acaso de cada parcela. Foram contados ovos e as ninfas de moscabranca em todo limbo foliar, assim como as ninfas parasitadas por Encarsia spp. Nas avaliações dos principais genótipos com potencial de mercado para soja-hortaliça, conclui-se que os genótipos JLM-030 e JLM-010 apresentaram menor infestação pela mosca-branca e maiores índices de porcentagem de ninfas parasitadas por Encarsia spp. Foram identificadas três espécies Encarsia lutea (Masi), Encarsia nigricephala Dozier e Encarsia porteri (Mercet). Na elaboração da chave de identificação foram utilizadas exemplares machos e fêmeas de Encarsia das espécies acima citadas
Abstract: The vegetable soybean, called edamame, comes from the common soybean Glycine max (L.) Merril, having a softer taste to the human palate, can be consumed "in natura" when the greens are still fresh. This research aim was evaluate the Bemisia tabaci (Genn) biotype B eggs and nymphs' infestation and the Encarsia spp. natural nymphs' parasitism in the JLM-003, JLM-004, JLM-010, JLM-018, JLM-019, JLM- 020, JLM-024, JLM-030, BRS-36, and BRS-155 edamame genotypes, as well elaborate identification keys to Encarsia species that occurs in the edamame. The experiment was carried out at FCAV/UNESP, Jaboticabal Campus, in the experimental area of the Departamento de Produção Vegetal, Setor de Olericultura e Plantas Aromático- Medicinais (Vegetal Production Department, Horticulture and Aromatic-Medicinal Plants Sector). The Experimental design used was the randomized blocks, with 10 treatments (genotypes) and five replications; four-lines planting parcel five meters length and one meter between lines. Whitefly infestation samplings were done weekly, until the R6 stage (fructification phase). To the evaluation, a central leaflet was collected from the thirdmedium of the three plants collected randomly of each parcel. Whitefly eggs and nymphs were counted in all limbo foliar, as well as nymphs parasited by Encarsia spp. The main edamame market-chance genotypes evaluated could be concluded that the genotypes JLM-030 and JLM-010 presented lower whitefly infestation and higher percentage of parasited nymphs by Encarsia spp. Three species were identified: Encarsia lutea (Masi), Encarsia nigricephala Dozier, and Encarsia porteri (Mercet). During the identification key elaboration, Encarsia male and female specimens of the three species above cited were used
Mestre
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Pekas, Apostolos. "Factors affecting the biological control of California red scale Aonidiella aurantii (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) by Aphytis (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) in eastern Spain citrus: host size, ant activity, and adult parasitoid food sources." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/10293.
Full textAbstract:
California red scale (CRS), Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), one of the most important pests of citrus worldwide, began to cause damages in eastern Spain in 1986. The main biological control agents of A. aurantii in this zone are the native parasitoid A. chrysomphali (Mercet) and the introduced A. melinus DeBach (both Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Nevertheless, the control they exert is insufficient. In order to improve the biological control of A. aurantii we studied several biotic factors that may affect the efficiency of A. chrysomphali and A. melinus in the field. More concretely, we studied the spatial and temporal variation in the scale size, the host sizes used by A. chrysomphali and A. melinus as well as the influence of host size on various parasitoid traits. Moreover, we studied the foraging ecology and the effect of the ants native to the Mediterranean on the populations of the scale and, finally, the nutritional state and food sources used by adult A. melinus in the field.
In the field, the body size of A. aurantii varied with plant substrate, locality, time of the year, and probably, with the nutritional state of the host plant. Plant substrate was found to substantially influence the body size of A. aurantii with scales being significantly larger on fruits that on leaves or twigs. Another important source of variation for A. aurantii size was geographic location since significant differences were found among orchards. Moreover, significant seasonal variation in the body size of A. aurantii was observed; body sizes were smaller during summer and autumn, apparently due to the effect of temperature. Finally, a positive relationship between the content of potassium in leaves and scale size was observed. From all the above factors, temperature related seasonal variation had the most profound effect on A. aurantii size.
Aphytis chrysomphali and A. melinus used different sizes of A. aurantii in the field.Pekas, A. (2011). Factors affecting the biological control of California red scale Aonidiella aurantii (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) by Aphytis (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) in eastern Spain citrus: host size, ant activity, and adult parasitoid food sources [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/10293
Palancia
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Wang, Tao. "Effects of temperature on the parasitoid Eretmocerus warrae." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/119082.
Full textAbstract:
Eretmocerus warrae (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) is a parasitoid of the greenhouse whitefly，Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). It is suspected to be a better biological control agent at high temperatures than Encarsia formosa (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), a wasp which is widely sold for control of T. vaporariorum. Experiments were conducted to investigate how temperature affects the development and behaviour of E. warrae. It attained the highest estimated developmental rate at 31.5 °C and the optimum temperature for oviposition was 30.5 °C. Developmental times of E. warrae at fluctuating temperatures that simulate night-day patterns were similar to those predicted based on constant temperatures. Above the optimum temperature, E. warrae tolerated higher temperatures than En. formosa during development and as adults. Using a ramping temperature approach, the critical thermal maxima of E. warrae was 42.7 ± 0.5 °C, 0.6 °C higher than that of En. formosa. Thus, E. warrae is better adapted to high temperatures than En. formosa, and it could be a complementary or superior biological control agent during summer months in hot regions. The fitness of parasitoids are substantially been influenced by temperature. Although the body-size of both this parasitoid and its host were influenced by temperature, E. warrae gained relatively more fitness in body-size at 20 °C. The predicted body volume index increment of body size from 32 to 20 °C of the parasitoids was 274.1 %, compared with its host at 91.1 %. The life-time oviposition of female adult of E. warrae that grew at immature developmental temperature of 20 °C was 86 ± 22, more than that of 26 and 32 °C at 66 ± 11 and 65 ± 23. Besides the influence on fecundity, temperature also influences the oviposition behaviour at the adult stage, more eggs were oviposited at 20 and 26 °C than those parasitoids at 32 °C. The relationship of life-time oviposition with immature and adult temperature was modelled, both immature and adult temperature play a role on life-time oviposition. Temperature negatively affected longevity in both adult stage and immature developmental stages. An adult female could live 8.9 ± 1.8 days at 20 °C, compared with 5.7 ± 1.7 days at 32 °C. Moreover, E. warrae conducts a quicker oviposition at 26 °C than at 20 °C. More eggs were laid in the first two days at 26 °C, while after two days, females oviposited more eggs at 20 °C. The body-size has a positive effect on both the life-time oviposition and longevity. Experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of (1) host stage on the behaviour and development of parasitoids, and (2) the relative body-size of parasitoids on the host stage choice. In both no choice and choice tests, the parasitoid E. warrae preferred the second instar of T. vaporariorum for parasitism. The behavioural patterns of the parasitoid were observed when handling different instars of hosts. A significantly larger proportion of behaviour was devoted to stinging (40.7 %) when the second instar hosts were provided to parasitoids. The acceptance (84.1 ± 8.9 %) and emergence rates (83.2 ± 7.8 %) from second instar hosts were also the highest, which indicated that second instars are the preferred stage to attack. The body size of E. warrae is affected by temperature during immature development. Wasps that develop at 20 oC are larger than those that develop at 32 oC. The relative bodysize of the parasitoid compared to its host was shown to affect the host stage choice of the parasitoids. Smaller wasps preferred younger host instars while third instar hosts appeared to be too large to be parasitised by them. Larger wasps preferred older instars, while the relatively small first instar hosts were not attacked by larger wasps. However, both small and large wasps preferred second instar hosts. The behavioural patterns of small and large wasps handling second instar hosts were compared. Smaller wasps spent longer periods on antennating hosts than larger ones. Despite displaying similar proportions of the sting behaviour, the frequencies of stinging behaviour of larger parasitoids (35.4 ± 4.1 / h) were much higher than those of smaller ones (17.4 ± 6.0 / h), which reflected the greater fecundity and oviposition activity of larger wasps. In addition, experience was shown to affect the efficiency stinging behaviour of E. warrae.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, 2017
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Perng, Jen-jiun, and 彭仁君. "Host-parasitoid interaction of Aphis gossypii Glover Homoptera: Aphididae) and Aphelinus mali Haldemanymenoptera: Aphelinidae)." Thesis, 1994. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/35466585716544554208.
Full textAbstract:
博士國立中興大學
昆蟲學系
82
The systematic analyses and studies of host-parasitoid inter -actions of ~u2;Aphis~u1; ~u2;gossypii~u1; andAphelinus~u1; ~u2; mali~u1; were under- taken in this study by using the concepts and methods of Systems analysis. A series of experiments were conducted to determine the effect of parasitization by parasitoid ~u2;A.~u1;u2;mali~u1; on the demographic processes for host popu -lation of ~u2;A.~u1;u2; gossypii~u1;. The development and re- production of aphids after being parasitizedin different age intervals were compared with unpara- sitized aphids. The parasitizing effect of ~u2;A. ~u1;u2;mali~u1; become distinct at day 3 after parasitization. The effects of parasiti- zation on the development and reproduction of host aphids were related to the aphid age attacked: when the first and 2nd day old young nymphs had been parasitized by the parasitoid, the parasitized- aphids were killed by mummification before reached adult stage, however, the nymphs could develop to adult stage and to produce offsprings when had being parasitized in the older 3rd and 4th day old ages.
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Mölck, Gunnar. "Die Bedeutung von Infochemikalien für die olfaktorische Orientierung des Blattlausparasitoiden Aphelinus abdominalis (Hymenoptera : Aphelinidae) bei der Wirtssuche /." 2001. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=009572489&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Chou, Hui-Chun, and 周惠君. "Developmental Time, Functional Responses and Population Fluctuations of Aphelinus gossypii Timberlake (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) on three Host Plants of the Cotton Aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera: Aphididae)." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/66071408395647386919.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立屏東科技大學
熱帶農業研究所
90
The parasitoid, Aphelinus gossypii, can both parasitize and feed on its host aphids. It is an important natural enemy in regulating cotton aphid population. In this study, we investigated the population fluctuations of aphid parasitoids on three different plants (Psidium guajava L., Ageratum houstonianum Mill., Bidens pilosa L.), and compared the developmental time and functional responses of A. gossypii among the three different plants. The species composition and population densities of parasitoids were distinctively different among the three different plants. There were 5 species of primary parasitoids collected on P. guajava, among them, A. gossypii was the most abundant. Its population density reached the highest level in November, and then dropped to the lowest level from May to September. A positive correlation was detected in the density fluctuations between A. gossypii and the cotton aphid on P. guajava（R2=0.2951，p=0.0184）. Three species of primary parasitoids were found on A. houstonianum, of which, Aphelinus sp. was the most abundant. Its population density reached the highest level from January to March. Temperature showed a positive correlation in the density fluctuation of Aphelinus sp. on A. houstonianum（r=-0.8722，P=0.0002）. On Bidens pilosa, two primary parasitoids, Aphelinus spp. were detected, but bolt were present at a very low level with only 14 individuals collected. There were significant differences in developmental time of A. gossypii on the three different host plants. The developmental time from parasitization to mummification was the shortest on P. guajava at 5.63 days, and the longest on B. pilosa at 6.8 days. The developmental time from mummification to adult emergence was the shortest on A. houstonianum at 6.4 days, and the longest on B. pilosa at 6.8 days. The total developmental time from parasitization to adult emergence was the shortest on P. guajava at 12.3 days, and the longest on B. pilosa at 13.7 days. At 25℃, a single female of A. gossypii was exposed to the cotton aphid at eight different densities (2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 160 per leaf disk) on three different plants for 24 hours, to determined its effectiveness in host feeding . The number of the cotton aphids fed by A. gossypii increased with the increase of aphid density. A. gossypii showed a Type Ⅱ functional response. The host-feeding number reached the upper limit when aphid density at 160 aphids per leave (5.75 aphids fed on A. houstonianum, 8.75 on B. pilosa, and 6.88 on P. guajava). The parasitized aphid number reached the upper limit at aphid density of 128 aphid per leave (25.13 aphids parasitized on A. houstonianum, and 38.13 on P. guajava). The aphids parasitized on B. pilosa reached the upper limit (25.5 aphid per leaf) when aphid density increased to 160 aphids per leaf. The parasitized aphids by A. gossypii also showed a Type Ⅱ functional response type. The number of aphids consumed reached the upper limit when the aphid density at 128, 160 and 128 aphids per leaf (29.88 aphids consumed on A. houstonianum, 34.25 on B. pilosa, and 44.38 on P. guajava). The curve of consumed aphids by A. gossypii showed a Type Ⅱ functional response. Although A. gossypii showed a better performance both in predation and parasitism to cotton aphid on P. guajava, the parasitoid also has a high potential controlling the cotton aphids on the two different weeds.
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Tung, Shih Yuan, and 施圓通. "Taxonomy of Aphelinidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) from Taiwan." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/86596503592945051184.
Full textAbstract:
博士國立臺灣大學
昆蟲學研究所
104
Chalcidoids are the most diverse group consisting of 22,000 described species in Hymenoptera. It is estimated that their total diversity could be from 60,000 to more than 500,000 species. Among them, the family Aphelinidae are smaller than average size (1.5 mm or less), containing 1,224 species in 32 genera. In spite of their small numbers, aphelinid parasitoids are major biocontrol agents of economically important pest species belonging to the hemipteran groups of coccoids, aphids and aleyrodids. However, the taxonomy of Taiwan aphelinids has not been established and poorly studied. Furthermore, since Dalman (1820) referred one Entedon species to the genus Aphelinus, no fewer than 102 genera were originally described in this family. Only since the middle of the 20th century did scientists begin vigorous attempts to study the types of described genera; this led to a drastic reduction in the number of genera to 32. However, the complex morphological features and complicated slide mounting make aphelinids as an extremely unpleasant and difficult group to study taxonomically. In this study, we provide a convenient, pellucid and permanent mounting method for aphelinids, and use plenty morphological drawings to make taxonomists feel easier to study these tiny insect groups. From 2008-2016, according to the collections and foreign academic exchanges, we provided a reliable key and revised Taiwan aphelinids, which currently include 108 species of 10 genera, including 7 new species and 25 new recorded species. The data shows a great biodiversity of Taiwan aphelinids because of the unique island with varied crops, plants and climate. We believe we can use these data to study the association between parasitoids, host insects and host plants in the future. This revision is just a beginning in that direction.
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Shih, Yuen-Tung, and 施圓通. "Taxonomy of Encarsia (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), parasitoids of Bemisia (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) from Taiwan." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/66501745198556735591.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣大學
昆蟲學研究所
94
A collection of whiteflies of Bemisia and their Encarsia parasitoids was made during 2005~2006 in Taiwan. All of the Encarsia materials belong to the subfamily Coccophaginae (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). In this study, 1233 parasitoids reared from different whiteflies and 400 slide-mounted specimens were preserved in the Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute (TARI). Based on an analysis of these specimens, 19 species belonging to Encarsia from Bemisia were described and illustrated along with data of whitefly hosts and distribution. They include 13 recorded species, namely E. aseta Hayat & Polaszek, E. azimi Hayat, E. cibensis Lopez-Avila, E. duorunga Hayat, E. inaron (Walker), E. japonica Viggiani, E. longifasciata Subba Rao, E. lutea (Masi), E. obtusiclava Hayat, E. protransvena Viggiani, E. sophia (Timberlake), E. strenua (Silvestri), and E. synaptrocera Huang & Polaszek; four new species, namely E. atricornis sp. nov., E. guangxina sp. nov., E. lineolata sp. nov., E. maglusalae sp. nov.; and two new records of species from Taiwan, namely E. fuzhouensis Huang & Polaszek and E. perniciosi (Tower). All specimens described are preserved at National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. Collecting methods depended on whether the whiteflies were collected in the field or were reared indoors. Furthermore, a key to species of Encarsia from Bemisia is provided along with detailed illustrated figures.
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Shih, Chih-Neng, and 施智能. "The Development, Reproduction, Longevity and Storage of phelinus mali (Hymenoptera, Aphelinidae )at Variousperatures." Thesis, 1993. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/43452806094140209200.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中興大學
昆蟲學系
81
When parasitized by the A. mali, the older the host aphid ageday old), the more the host offsprings reproduced. thevelopmental time of egg+larval stage of A. mali parasitized inferent ages host aphids at various temperature showed thatlongest (31.71 days) was at 10 ℃； and the shortest (5.12at 25℃ ；for pupal stage, the longest (67.35 days) atthe shortest (5.82 days) at 30℃. The low developmentalld temperatures varied with the different ages of host When supplied with 1 day old host aphids for food, the totalmount eaten by the female wasps at various temperatures was theghest at 30 ℃ (65.40 aphids) in her life. The survival ratefemale was as high as 100% in first 13 days after emergencearious temperatures, the longevity of females was thest at 20 ℃(30 days), and the shortest at 30 ℃ (16.80The numbers of offspring producted by the females per daythe highest peak in the second day after emergerce, andgradually, then dropped sharply after 16th day. Theers of offspring produced by single female were 376.14d only 67.20 at 15℃. The female sex ratiomale) of offspring produced at variousre 0.82~ 0.96 respectively, from the wasps in theer emergence, then the sex ratio was changed andes were produced after 17 days the parent wasps
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Harris, Leanne Rochelle. "The invasion and spread of the bacterial endosymbiont Cardinium in Encarsia pergandiella (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae)." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/2580.
Full textAbstract:
A large and extremely diverse number of insects harbour maternally transmitted bacterial symbionts. Some symbionts manipulate host reproduction in order to benefit their own fitness, and the most common of these reproductive manipulations is cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI). In CI, uninfected females produce few or no viable progeny when mated to infected males.
The bacterial endosymbiont Cardinium causes CI in its host, Encarsia pergandiella (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). I used population cages with varying initial infection frequencies to test a model of CI invasion. Cardinium was found to spread rapidly in all populations, even in cases where the initial infection frequency was well below the predicted invasion threshold frequency. Male age can also be an important factor in CI dynamics. I tested the effect of male age on the level of incompatibility induced by Cardinium in E. pergandiella. Male age was found to have a negligible effect on CI strength.
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Hoddle, Mark Stephen. "Evaluating parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) for biological control of Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) on poinsettia." 1997. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations/AAI9721458.
Full textAbstract:
Three aphelinid parasitoids were evaluated for the biological control of silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii Bellows and Perring (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) on poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch) in replicated experimental greenhouses at Cornell University, Ithaca NY. Life-tables for B. argentifolii in the presence and absence of parasitoids were constructed from bi-weekly photographs of whitefly nymphs on poinsettia leaves. Concurrent with photography, weekly population counts of whitefly lifestages on poinsettia plants were made in experimental greenhouses. A release rate of one Encarsia formosa Beltsville strain/plant/week produced 23% parasitism and 96% mortality of photographed nymphs. Releasing three E. formosa Beltsville strain/plant/week caused parasitism to decrease to 12% and whitefly mortality to increase to 99%. Releasing one Eretmocerus sp. nr. californicus (AZ)/plant/week produced 34% parasitism and 88% whitefly mortality. Releasing three E. sp. nr. californicus (AZ)/plant/week caused observed parasitism to decline to 10% and overall mortality of photographed nymphs to increase to 99.1%. The efficacy of these two parasitoids was compared to the commercially available strain of Encarsia formosa Gahan. The commercial strain of E. formosa achieved 23% parasitism and 92% whitefly mortality at a release rate of three females/plant/week. Releasing one female E. formosa/plant/week caused 13% parasitism and 95% whitefly mortality. In a commercial greenhouse, an average weekly release rate of six E. formosa/plant/week resulted in 39% parasitism and 86% mortality. Increasing levels of parasitism and decreasing mortality levels as release rates of commercial E. formosa increase may be due to mutual interference between searching females. Whitefly mortality on greenhouse grown poinsettia in the absence of parasitoids at Cornell University was 19%-25%. To suppress B. argentifolii population growth with inundative parasitoid releases, whitefly net reproductive rates $\rm(R\sb{o})$ have to be less than one. This was achieved when mortality of photographed nymphs exceeded 96%. Discovery and utilization of whitefly nymphs on single leaf poinsettia plants placed within the canopies of commercially grown poinsettia crops indicated that E. sp. nr. californicus (AZ) had a Type I functional response, while E. formosa Beltsville strain exhibited a Type II functional response. E. sp. nr. californicus (AZ) located a greater number of whitefly patches more quickly, and caused higher levels of whitefly mortality than E. formosa Beltsville strain. The observed results may have been affected by the density of whitefly nymphs on non-experimental plants and crop canopy size which differed between greenhouses; both of which were greater in E. formosa Beltsville strain greenhouses.
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Ali, Sajjad. "Exploring the interactions of bacterial secondary symbionts (BSS) in wheat aphids, Sitobion avenae F. with parasitoids." Doctoral thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0028-8637-2.
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Yu, Jih-Zu, and 余志儒. "Resistance to Aphis gossypii Glover among muskmelon cultivars ct on the development and fecundity of parasitoid, Aphelinus mali Haldman." Thesis, 1994. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/79527951256729909731.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中興大學
昆蟲學系
82
Resistance to cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover was compared among muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) cultivars, Tainan 8 (TN.8), Tainan 9 (TN.9) and Autumn favor (C.T.), to assess the possibility of controlling cotton aphid by using aphid- resistant cultivar and parasitoid, Aphelinus mali Haldeman. Results revealed that TN.8 was the most susceptible cultivar, while TN.9 and C.T. were resistant with antibiosis effect of the development and reproduction of cotton aphid by no choice test. In free choice test, the highest population score was found on TN.8 for each aphid colony, and the lowes was on TN.9 at 5 days after aphid released. Results from these two tests suggested that TN.9 was more resistant that C.T.. Both of them could delay the population increment of cotton aphid with antibiosis and antixenosis. The influence of preconditioning host cultivars showed significant difference among various aphid conlonies which tamed from three different mudkmelon cultivars, respectively. on the longevity and body weight of apterous adult when tested on C.T., number of progeny produced per adult on TN.8, and survival rate of progeny on all cultivars. Host conditioning influenced antixenosis of C.T. by exhibiting the same level as Tn.9 when tested with preconditioned aphid colony of TN.8. but was lower than TN.9 when tested with the other two colonies, and the odor preference to host plant cultivars. Population growth ofsypii in field showed the slowest on TN.9, may delay the population increment of the cotton aphid. Aphid-resistant muskmelon cultivars had no negative impact on A. mali. No matter the host aphids werer from aphid-resistant or suscceptible mudkmelon cultivars.Resistant cultivars may complement the activity of the parasitoid in reducing cotton aphid. The compatibility between aphid-resistant mudkmelon cultivars and parasitoid is good, therefore, it can be incorporated in the integrated pest management program for controllong the cotton aphid population on muskmelon.
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Gariépy, Véronique. "Évaluation du potentiel des parasitoïdes Binodoxys communis, Aphidius colemani et Aphelinus certus pour la lutte biologique au puceron du soya." Thèse, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/6895.
Full textAbstract:
Le puceron du soya (Aphis glycines) est le ravageur le plus important de la culture du soya en Amérique du Nord. Quoi qu’efficaces, les pesticides permettent le contrôle des ravageurs que pour une courte période et nécessitent plusieurs applications au cours de la saison. De plus, ils sont dommageables pour l’environnement et la santé humaine. La lutte biologique se présente comme une alternative crédible pour le contrôle des populations d’A. glycines en Amérique du Nord. Trois parasitoïdes (Binodoxys communis, Aphidius colemani, Aphelinus certus) du puceron semblent être des candidats prometteurs.
L’objectif de cette étude était d’examiner certains attributs biologiques de ces parasitoïdes au Québec. Dans le cas de B. communis et A. certus nous avons estimé leur synchronisme saisonnier ainsi que leur résistance au froid en laboratoire et en conditions naturelles. Dans le cas, d’A. colemani, nous avons évalué sa capacité à parasiter le puceron du soya et à se disperser dans un champ de soya.
Nos résultats démontrent que la souche utilisée de B. communis a perdu sa capacité à entrer en diapause, probablement à cause de la longue période d’élevage en laboratoire qui a suivi son échantillonnage en Asie. Aphelinus certus démontre un potentiel intéressant puisqu’il possède un synchronisme saisonnier tant en automne qu’au printemps avec son hôte ainsi qu’un bon potentiel de survie hivernale au Québec. Quant à A. colemani, les essais suggèrent qu’il se disperse rapidement hors des champs sans attaquer de manière significative A. glycines.The soybean aphid (Aphis glycines) has become the most important pest of soybean in North America. Despite their efficiency, insecticides do eliminate the pest only for short periods and several applications may be required during the growing season. Furthermore, they are detrimental for the environment and human health. Biological control appears as a promising alternative for the control of A. glycines populations in North America. Three parasitoid species (Binodoxys communis, Aphidius colemani, Aphelinus certus) have been identified as potential candidates. The objective of this study was to study some biological attributes of these parasitoids in Québec. For B. communis and A. certus we examined their seasonal activities and their cold hardiness in laboratory and natural conditions. For A. colemani, we evaluated its capacity to parasite the soybean aphid and to disperse in soybean fields. Our results revealed that the B. communis strain we used had lost its capacity to enter diapause, probably due to the long period of laboratory rearing following its sampling in Asia. Aphelinus certus showed an interesting potential because the species is synchronized with its host both in the fall and the spring and has the capacity to overwinter in Québec. For A. colemani, the essays suggest that it disperses rapidly out of the field without attacking significantly A. glycines.
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Feng-Chyi, Lin, and 林鳳琪. "The Function of Eretmocerus orientalis Silvertri (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) in the Integrated Control System of argentifolii Bellows et al (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae)." Thesis, 1995. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/34610379037230028944.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中興大學
昆蟲學系
83
The silberleaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii, was reared on poinsetiia under barious constant temperatures. The highest survival rate from egg to adult were observed at 25C and 28C The low temperature thresholds for the development of egg , 1st,2nd, 3rd, and 4th instar nymphs were 12.7, 14.8, 10.4, 10.6, and 17C,respectively. The parasitoid wasps, Eretmocerus orientalis, were reared on third instar nymph of this whitefly. Survival rates of immature stages increased with the raise of temperature from 20C to 30C. The development periods shortened from 20C to 33C. The low threshold temperature for the development of egg to adult was 10.8C. E. orietalis preferred to oviposit on the whitefly nymphs of the third instar and feed on those of the first instar. The population densities of B. argentifolii on potted poinsettia on green houses at TARI and pipe houses at puli from 1993 to 1995 were surbeyed.
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鄒采芝. "Parasitism of Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring (homoptera: aleyrodidae) nymphal instars by Eretmocerus orientalis Silvertri and Encarsia transvena timberlake (hymenoptera: aphelinidae)." Thesis, 1999. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/21464090640665886681.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中興大學
昆蟲學系
87
The objective of this study was to observe the relationship between the silverleaf whitefly (Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring), and its two parasitoids, Eretmocerus orientalis Silverstri and Encarsia transvena Timberlake. Parasitism, host feeding, survival rate, development time, longevity and fecundity were recorded. The two aphelinids parasitized all instars of B. argentifolii; however, 3rd instars had the highest percentage of parasitism (55.84﹪) by E. orientalis, and 3rd instars had the highest percentage of parasitism (44.4﹪) by E. transvena. The two aphelinids can not complete development at 15℃. The survival rates of E. orientalis were above 80﹪at 20-30℃, and of E. transvena were above 82.4﹪at 25-30℃. The longest developmental periods of E. orientalis was 23.4 days at 20℃, the shortest was 13.2 days at 30℃. The longer developmental periods of E. transvena were at 20℃ (27.4 days) and 25℃ (25.5 days). At 30℃, E. orientalis and E. transvna had the fastest development rate. The highest longevity of E. orientalis and E. transvena were at 25℃ and 28℃. The highest fecundity of E. orientalis was at 28℃ (93.4 eggs), the smallest fecundity was at 15℃ (8.6 eggs). The highest fecundity of E. transvena were at 25℃ and 28℃, the lowest fecundity was at 15℃ (5.6 eggs). The higher amount of B. argentifolii 3rd instar nymphs killed by E. orientalis host feeding were at 20℃(31.0) and 25℃(36.4). The larger amount of B. argentifolii 3rd instar nymphs killed by E. transvena host feeding were at 25℃(54.2 ) and 28℃(57.0). When supplied with 40 whitefly 3rd instar nymphs, the wasps deposited more eggs, E. orientalis deposited 72.2 eggs and E. transvena deposited 59.6 eggs. The longest longevity of E. orientalis was 8.3 days at 40 nymphs, the shortest was at 10 nymphs. The longest longevity of E. transvena was10.1 days at 40 nymphs.
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Lin, Ying-Ming, and 林穎明. "Effects of Temperature on the Development and Parasitism of a parasitoid, Encarsia pergandiella Howard(Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), on Bemisia argentifolii Bellows ＆ Perring (Homopetra: Aleyrodidae)." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/87542129917391225598.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立屏東科技大學
熱帶農業研究所
90
Results of the effects of temperature on the development of Encarsia pergandiella Howard show that the developmental time from egg to adult was the shortest (11.8 days) at 32℃ and was the longest (26.45 days) at 16℃. Thermal summation from egg to adult was 333DD. E. pergandiella caused mortality to its host, Bemisia argentifolii Bellows ＆ Perring, through parasitization and host-feeding. The primary behavioral pathway for E. pergandiella to successfully oviposit and feed on B. argentifolii nymphs was searching, antennation (drumming), probing, host-feeding and grooming. At 24℃, the adult longevity of E. pergandiella was the longest, at 16.07 days, when provided with B. argentifolii nymphs and the shortest at 4.57 days when not provided any food. Fecundity of E. pergandiella female decreased with the increase of the oviposition time. The number of hosts fed by E. pergandiella females decreased with the increase of the host-feeding time. The total fecundity per female was 78.8 and the total number of hosts fed per female was 36.65. The functional responses of E. pergandiella females were examined at 5 temperatures (16、20、24、28 and 32℃), and each at 8 different host densities of 3rd instar nymphs B. argentifolii. The number of parasitization, host-feeding and consumption by E. pergandiella females were increased with the increase of the density of the host. When the host density was at 128, the maximum number of host parasitized was 2.5 at 16℃, 17.17 at 20℃, 25.83 at 24℃, 26.25 at 28℃ and 19.67 at 32℃. Under the same number of the host, the maximum number of hosts fed was 6.67 at 16℃, 8.50 at 20℃, 13.42 at 24℃, 15.33 at 28℃ and 12.33 at 32℃. Also under the same number of the host, the maximum number of hosts consumed was 9.17 at 16℃, 25.58 at 20℃, 39.24 at 24℃, 41.58 at 28℃ and 31.17 at 32℃. The type II functional response curves raised with the increase of temperature, except at 32℃. A higher proportion of E. pergandiella females left the leaf at lower host density, and the proportion increased with the increase of temperature. The studies showed that the developmental time and the functional responses varied significantly at each of the 5 temperatures tested.
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Fitzgibbon, Frances 1954. "Woolly apple aphid : interactions within an orchad system." 1996. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phf5542.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Errata and addenda attached. Bibliography: leaves 195-211. This thesis is concerned with the biology of Eriosoma lanigerum (WAA) and its parasitoid (Aphelinus mali), the impact of the pest on the crop and the effects of pesticides used routinely in South Australian orchards on both woolly apple aphid and the parasitic wasp. The study identifies current management practices of apple growers in South Australia. Aspects of the biology of WAA and A.mali are examined. Work is also done on the toxicity against WAA and A.mali of insecticides used in the control of codling moth and phytophagous mites. The effects of WAA infestation on the growth of young trees are investigated. The seasonal activity of WAA on mature trees is determined over a two season period.
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"Aspectos bioecológicos e potencial de parasitismo de Encarsia formosa (Gahan) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) sobre Bemisia tabaci biótipo B(Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) em couve tomate e soja." Tese, Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da USP, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11146/tde-21062005-135251/.
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Leblanc, Alexandre. "Estimation de l'impact des parasitoïdes sur les populations de pucerons en champ." Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/18828.
Full textAbstract:
À partir d'un modèle existant de dynamique de populations de pucerons, nous avons développé une méthode permettant de quantifier la contribution de parasitoïdes à la réduction du maximum de densité de pucerons. La méthode a été validée, sur deux ans en champ de soya, en utilisant le modèle biologique composé du puceron du soya (Aphis glycines Matsumura) et de Aphelinus certus Jasnosh, son parasitoïde le plus abondant au nord-est de l'Amérique du Nord. La méthode a estimé que les densités naturelles de A. certus n'avait réduit les pics de densités de pucerons que de 1-6%. La cause de cette faible régulation est associée à un établissement tardif des populations de A. certus en champ de soya, mais les mécanismes sous-jacents restent inconnus. À cet effet, les proportions d'hyperparasitisme sur A. certus, avant le pic de densité de pucerons, étaient trop faible pour que l'hyperparasitisme puisse en être tenu responsable.
Concernant la dynamique des populations de pucerons, nous avons proposé une re-paramétrisation du modèle mentionné précédemment afin de faciliter l'interprétation de ses paramètres lorsque la colonisation des champs par les pucerons n'était pas simultanée. Cette stratégie nous a permis d'établir que l'occurrence du pic de densité de puceron du soya est facilement prédictible de sa date de colonisation en champ. Nous recommandons l'utilisation de modèles afin de prédire les pics de densité de pucerons et d'utiliser la méthode d'estimation de l'impact afin d'incorporer des stratégies de relâchers augmentatifs de parasitoïdes aux programmes de lutte existants contre les pucerons.Building upon an existing aphid population dynamics model, we develop a method to quantify the contribution of parasitoids in reducing the maximum aphid density. We validated the method, over a two years study in soybean fields, using the biological model made of the soybean aphid (Aphis glycines Matsumura) and Aphelinus certus Jasnosh, its most abundant parasitoid in north-eastern North America. The method estimated that natural populations of A. certus reduced peak soybean aphid densities by only 1-6%. The cause of this low regulation is associated to the late establishment of A. certus population in soybean field, although the underlying mechanisms remains unknown. Proportion hyperparasitism on A. certus, before peak soybean aphid densities, were too low for hyperparasitism to be accounted for the poor efficacy of A. certus in regulating the soybean aphid. Regarding aphid population dynamics, we proposed a re-parameterisation of the aforementioned model to facilitate the interpretation of its parameters when field colonization by aphids is not simultaneous. This allowed us to identify a high predictability in peak aphid densities from colonization time for the soybean aphid. We recommend using models to forecast peak aphid densities and to use the impact assessment method to incorporate augmentative parasitoid release strategies into aphid management programmes.