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Journal articles on the topic 'Aphanizomenon and Cylindrospermopsis'

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Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 19 February 2023

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1

Costa, I. A. S., S. M. F. O. Azevedo, P. A. C. Senna, R. R. Bernardo, S. M. Costa, and N. T. Chellappa. "Occurrence of toxin-producing cyanobacteria blooms in a Brazilian semiarid reservoir." Brazilian Journal of Biology 66, no. 1b (February 2006): 211–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842006000200005.

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We report the occurrence of cyanobacterial blooms and the presence of cyanotoxins in water samples from the Armando Ribeiro Gonçalves reservoir (06° 08’ S and 37° 07’ W), located in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, in the semiarid region of northeastern Brazil. The cyanobacterial species were identified and quantified during the rainy and dry seasons in the year 2000. Cyanotoxins such as microcystins, saxitoxins and cylindrospermopsins were analyzed and quantified using HPLC and ELISA methods. The mixed toxic blooms of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, Microcystis spp (M. panniformis, M. protocystis, M. novacekii) and Aphanizomenon spp (Aphanizomenon gracile, A. cf. manguinii, A. cf. issastschenkoi) were persistent and represented 90-100% of the total phytoplankton species. Toxic cyanobacterial blooms from the Armando Ribeiro Gonçalves reservoir were analyzed and found to have three phases in relation to the annual cycle. During the rainy season, an intense toxic bloom of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii was recorded along with saxitoxins (3.14 µg.L-1). During the transition period, between the rainy and dry seasons, different species of Microscytis occurred and microcystin as high as 8.8 µg.L-1 was recorded. In the dry season, co-dominance of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, Microcystis spp and Aphanizomenon spp occurred and the concentrations of saxitoxin remained very low. Our results indicate the presence of microcystins (8.8 µg.L-1) and saxitoxins (3.14 µg.L-1) into the crude water, with increasing concentrations from the second fortnight of April to late May 2000. The occurrence of toxic blooms in this reservoir points to a permanent risk of cyanotoxins in supply waters, indicating the need for the implementation of bloom control measures to improve the water quality. Exposure of the local population to cyanotoxins through their potential accumulation in fish muscle must also be considered.
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2

Stüken, Anke, and Kjetill S. Jakobsen. "The cylindrospermopsin gene cluster of Aphanizomenon sp. strain 10E6: organization and recombination." Microbiology 156, no. 8 (August 1, 2010): 2438–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.036988-0.

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Cylindrospermopsin (CYN), a potent hepatoxin, occurs in freshwaters worldwide. Several cyanobacterial species produce the toxin, but the producing species vary between geographical regions. Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, a common algae species in temperate fresh and brackish waters, is one of the three well-documented CYN producers in European waters. So far, no genetic information on the CYN genes of this species has been available. Here, we describe the complete CYN gene cluster, including flanking regions from the German Aphanizomenon sp. strain 10E6 using a full genome sequencing approach by 454 pyrosequencing and bioinformatic identification of the gene cluster. In addition, we have sequenced a ∼7 kb fragment covering the genes cyrC (partially), cyrA and cyrB (partially) of the same gene cluster in the CYN-producing Aphanizomenon sp. strains 10E9 and 22D11. Comparisons with the orthologous gene clusters of the Australian Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii strains AWT205 and CS505 and the partial gene cluster of the Israeli Aphanizomenon ovalisporum strain ILC-146 revealed a high gene sequence similarity, but also extensive rearrangements of gene order. The high sequence similarity (generally higher than that of 16S rRNA gene fragments from the same strains), atypical GC-content and signs of transposase activities support the suggestion that the CYN genes have been horizontally transferred.
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3

Yılmaz, Mete, Edward J. Phlips, Nancy J. Szabo, and Susan Badylak. "A comparative study of Florida strains of Cylindrospermopsis and Aphanizomenon for cylindrospermopsin production." Toxicon 51, no. 1 (January 2008): 130–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.08.013.

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4

Ballot, Andreas, Jutta Fastner, and Claudia Wiedner. "Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Toxin-Producing Cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon gracile in Northeast Germany." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76, no. 4 (January 4, 2010): 1173–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02285-09.

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ABSTRACT Neurotoxic paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins, anatoxin-a (ATX), and hepatotoxic cylindrospermopsin (CYN) have been detected in several lakes in northeast Germany during the last 2 decades. They are produced worldwide by members of the nostocalean genera Anabaena, Cylindrospermopsis, and Aphanizomenon. Although no additional sources of PSP toxins and ATX have been identified in German water bodies to date, the observed CYN concentrations cannot be produced solely by Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, the only known CYN producer in Germany. Therefore, we attempted to identify PSP toxin, ATX, and CYN producers by isolating and characterizing 92 Anabaena, Aphanizomenon, and Anabaenopsis strains from five lakes in northeast Germany. In a polyphasic approach, all strains were morphologically and phylogenetically classified and then tested for PSP toxins, ATX, and CYN by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and screened for the presence of PSP toxin- and CYN-encoding gene fragments. As demonstrated by ELISA and LC-MS, 14 Aphanizomenon gracile strains from Lakes Melang and Scharmützel produced four PSP toxin variants (gonyautoxin 5 [GTX5], decarbamoylsaxitoxin [dcSTX], saxitoxin [STX], and neosaxitoxin [NEO]). GTX5 was the most prevalent PSP toxin variant among the seven strains from Lake Scharmützel, and NEO was the most prevalent among the seven strains from Lake Melang. The sxtA gene, which is part of the saxitoxin gene cluster, was found in the 14 PSP toxin-producing A. gracile strains and in 11 non-PSP toxin-producing Aphanizomenon issatschenkoi, A. flos-aquae, Anabaena planktonica, and Anabaenopsis elenkinii strains. ATX and CYN were not detected in any of the isolated strains. This study is the first confirming the role of A. gracile as a PSP toxin producer in German water bodies.
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5

Kim, Yong-Jin, Hae-Kyung Park, and In-Soo Kim. "Assessment of the Appearance and Toxin Production Potential of Invasive Nostocalean Cyanobacteria Using Quantitative Gene Analysis in Nakdong River, Korea." Toxins 14, no. 5 (April 21, 2022): 294. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins14050294.

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Invasive nostocalean cyanobacteria (INC) were first reported in tropical regions and are now globally spreading rapidly due to climate change, appearing in temperate regions. INC require continuous monitoring for water resource management because of their high toxin production potential. However, it is difficult to analyze INC under a microscope because of their morphological similarity to nostocalean cyanobacteria such as the genus Aphanizomenon. This study calculates the gene copy number per cell for each target gene through quantitative gene analysis on the basis of genus-specific primers of genera Cylindrospermopsis, Sphaerospermopsis, and Cuspidothrix, and the toxin primers of anatoxin-a, saxitoxin, and cylindrospermopsin. In addition, quantitative gene analysis was performed at eight sites in the Nakdong River to assess the appearance of INC and their toxin production potential. Genera Cylindrospermopsis and Sphaerospermopsis did not exceed 100 cells mL−1 at the maximum, with a low likelihood of related toxin occurrence. The genus Cuspidothrix showed the highest cell density (1759 cells mL−1) among the INC. Nakdong River has potential for the occurrence of anatoxin-a through biosynthesis by genus Cuspidothrix because the appearance of this genus coincided with that of the anatoxin-a synthesis gene (anaF) and the detection of the toxin by ELISA.
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6

Cirés, Samuel, Lars Wörmer, Andreas Ballot, Ramsy Agha, Claudia Wiedner, David Velázquez, María Cristina Casero, and Antonio Quesada. "Phylogeography of Cylindrospermopsin and Paralytic Shellfish Toxin-Producing Nostocales Cyanobacteria from Mediterranean Europe (Spain)." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 80, no. 4 (December 13, 2013): 1359–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.03002-13.

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ABSTRACTPlanktonicNostocalescyanobacteria represent a challenge for microbiological research because of the wide range of cyanotoxins that they synthesize and their invasive behavior, which is presumably enhanced by global warming. To gain insight into the phylogeography of potentially toxicNostocalesfrom Mediterranean Europe, 31 strains ofAnabaena(Anabaena crassa,A. lemmermannii,A. mendotae, andA. planctonica),Aphanizomenon(Aphanizomenon gracile,A. ovalisporum), andCylindrospermopsis raciborskiiwere isolated from 14 freshwater bodies in Spain and polyphasically analyzed for their phylogeography, cyanotoxin production, and the presence of cyanotoxin biosynthesis genes. The potent cytotoxin cylindrospermopsin (CYN) was produced by all 6Aphanizomenon ovalisporumstrains at high levels (5.7 to 9.1 μg CYN mg−1[dry weight]) with low variation between strains (1.5 to 3.9-fold) and a marked extracellular release (19 to 41% dissolved CYN) during exponential growth. Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) neurotoxins (saxitoxin, neosaxitoxin, and decarbamoylsaxitoxin) were detected in 2Aphanizomenon gracilestrains, both containing thesxtAgene. This gene was also amplified in non-PSP toxin-producingAphanizomenon gracileandAphanizomenon ovalisporum. Phylogenetic analyses supported the species identification and confirmed the high similarity of SpanishAnabaenaandAphanizomenonstrains with other European strains. In contrast,Cylindrospermopsis raciborskiifrom Spain grouped together with American strains and was clearly separate from the rest of the European strains, raising questions about the current assumptions of the phylogeography and spreading routes ofC. raciborskii. The present study confirms that the nostocalean genusAphanizomenonis a major source of CYN and PSP toxins in Europe and demonstrates the presence of thesxtAgene in CYN-producingAphanizomenon ovalisporum.
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7

Everson, Sally, Larelle Fabbro, Susan Kinnear, Geoff Eaglesham, and Paul Wright. "Distribution of the cyanobacterial toxins cylindrospermopsin and deoxycylindrospermopsin in a stratified lake in north-eastern New South Wales, Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 60, no. 1 (2009): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf08115.

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This paper describes the vertical water column distribution of the cyanobacterial toxins cylindrospermopsin and deoxycylindrospermopsin in a water body containing the cyanobacteria Aphanizomenon ovalisporum and Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii. The study site was Cobaki Village Lake, a small stratified anthropogenic lake in north-eastern New South Wales, Australia. Water quality analysis indicated that stratification and oxygenation of the water column were significant in both the distribution of the cyanobacterial populations and their associated toxin concentrations. Toxin was distributed throughout the entire water column, but the highest concentrations were recorded in the hypolimnion. Maximum toxin concentrations were detected in February 2007 (38.2 μg L–1 cylindrospermopsin (CYN) and 42.2 μg L–1 deoxy-CYN). The relative distribution of CYN and deoxy-CYN paralleled the distribution of NH3H and NOX within the water column, with oxygenated chemical species dominating above 15 m and de-oxygenated chemical species dominating below 15 m. Cyanobacterial cell concentrations were highest in the oxic, warm and low conductivity waters of the epilimnion and cyanobacterial species succession was associated with nutrient and trace-metal depletion in this surface layer. These research findings are directly relevant to the management of water supplies affected by toxic blue-green algal blooms, particularly with respect to the considered placement of off-take devices to avoid layers of cyanobacterial cell and toxin concentrations.
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8

Rzymski, Piotr, Barbara Poniedziałek, Joanna Mankiewicz-Boczek, Elisabeth J. Faassen, Tomasz Jurczak, Ilona Gągała-Borowska, Andreas Ballot, Miquel Lürling, and Mikołaj Kokociński. "Polyphasic toxicological screening of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii and Aphanizomenon gracile isolated in Poland." Algal Research 24 (June 2017): 72–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2017.02.011.

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9

Berry, John P., Patrick D. L. Gibbs, Michael C. Schmale, and Martin L. Saker. "Toxicity of cylindrospermopsin, and other apparent metabolites from Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii and Aphanizomenon ovalisporum, to the zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo." Toxicon 53, no. 2 (February 2009): 289–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.11.016.

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10

Yılmaz, Mete, Edward J. Phlips, Nancy J. Szabo, and Susan Badylak. "Erratum to “A comparative study of Florida strains of Cylindrospermopsis and Aphanizomenon for cylindrospermopsin production” [Toxicon 51 (2008) 130–139]." Toxicon 52, no. 4 (September 2008): 594–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.07.005.

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11

Houliez, Emilie, Enora Briand, Florent Malo, Georges-Augustin Rovillon, Fabienne Hervé, Elise Robert, Laetitia Marchand, Agata Zykwinska, and Amandine M. N. Caruana. "Physiological changes induced by sodium chloride stress in Aphanizomenon gracile, Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii and Dolichospermum sp." Harmful Algae 103 (March 2021): 102028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2021.102028.

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12

Bittner, Michal, Alja Štern, Marie Smutná, Klára Hilscherová, and Bojana Žegura. "Cytotoxic and Genotoxic Effects of Cyanobacterial and Algal Extracts—Microcystin and Retinoic Acid Content." Toxins 13, no. 2 (February 2, 2021): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13020107.

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In the last decade, it has become evident that complex mixtures of cyanobacterial bioactive substances, simultaneously present in blooms, often exert adverse effects that are different from those of pure cyanotoxins, and awareness has been raised on the importance of studying complex mixtures and chemical interactions. We aimed to investigate cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of complex extracts from laboratory cultures of cyanobacterial species from different orders (Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, Aphanizomenon gracile, Microcystis aeruginosa, M. viridis, M. ichtyoblabe, Planktothrix agardhii, Limnothrix redekei) and algae (Desmodesmus quadricauda), and examine possible relationships between the observed effects and toxin and retinoic acid (RA) content in the extracts. The cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of the extracts were studied in the human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cell line, using the MTT assay, and the comet and cytokinesis-block micronucleus (cytome) assays, respectively. Liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS) was used to detect toxins (microcystins (MC-LR, MC-RR, MC-YR) and cylindrospermopsin) and RAs (ATRA and 9cis-RA) in the extracts. Six out of eight extracts were cytotoxic (0.04–2 mgDM/mL), and five induced DNA strand breaks at non-cytotoxic concentrations (0.2–2 mgDM/mL). The extracts with genotoxic activity also had the highest content of RAs and there was a linear association between RA content and genotoxicity, indicating their possible involvement; however further research is needed to identify and confirm the compounds involved and to elucidate possible genotoxic effects of RAs.
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13

Rzymski, Piotr, Daniel M. Evans, Patrick J. Murphy, and Mikołaj Kokociński. "A study of polymethoxy-1-alkenes in Raphidiopsis (Cylindrospermopsis) raciborskii and Aphanizomenon gracile isolated in Poland." Toxicon 171 (December 2019): 51–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.10.002.

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14

Sousa, Eliane Brabo de, Aline Lemos Gomes, Celly Jenniffer da Silva Cunha, Paola Vitória Brito Pires, Samara Cristina Campelo Pinheiro, and Vanessa Bandeira Costa-Tavares. "Phytoplankton, with emphasis on potentially toxic cyanobacteria, from Amor Island, Alter do Chão (Santarém, Pará, Brazil)." Research, Society and Development 11, no. 5 (April 9, 2022): e35411528227. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i5.28227.

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Amor Island (Alter do Chão, Santarém, Pará, Brazil) is considered a region of great natural beauty and a national and international tourist attraction. The aim of this study was to determine the composition and density of the phytoplankton of the Amor Island, with emphasis on heterocytous cyanobacteria. Water samples for phytoplankton were collected and analyzed at seven points in October 2021. Filaments of heterocytous cyanobacteria were cultured and analyzed, measuring the cells of the first 30 trichomes. The abundance, diversity and evenness of phytoplankton species were calculated and balneability of beach in relation to algal blooms was evaluated. 106 generic and infrageneric taxa were identified, highlighting the Chlorophyta. Phytoplankton density was higher at Verde Lake (145.6 ± 22.0 org.L-1), diversity and evenness were higher at point 03 (Lake Verde) with 3.0 bits.cell-1 and 0.47, respectively. The most abundant species were: Aphanothece minutissima, Ankistrodesmus sp., Aphanothece sp., Aphanizomenon sp., Mougeotia sp., Merismopedia sp. and Quadrigula sp. The average density of cyanobacteria was higher in the Tapajós River (517.0 cell.mL-1). No algal and cyanobacterial blooms were identified, indicating water appropriate for bathing. Through morphological and morphometric description, the cultivated species were identified as Aphanizomenon gracile and Cylindrospermopsis/Raphidiopsis raciborskii, cited among the cyanobacteria with the highest occurrence of toxic blooms in the world. The region deserves phytoplankton monitoring studies, due to reports of cyanobacterial blooms, and greater knowledge of its planktonic biodiversity, since it is a threatened region.
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15

Iteman, Isabelle, Rosmarie Rippka, Nicole Tandeau de Marsac, and Michael Herdman. "rDNA analyses of planktonic heterocystous cyanobacteria, including members of the genera Anabaenopsis and Cyanospira The GenBank accession numbers of the 16S rDNA gene sequences reported in this paper are AY038032–AY038037." Microbiology 148, no. 2 (February 1, 2002): 481–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/00221287-148-2-481.

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The taxonomic coherence and phylogenetic relationships of 11 planktonic heterocystous cyanobacterial isolates were examined by investigating two areas of the rRNA operon, the 16S rRNA gene (rrnS) and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) located between the 16S rRNA and 23S rRNA genes. The rrnS sequences were determined for five strains, including representatives of Anabaena flos-aquae, Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, Nodularia sp. and two alkaliphilic planktonic members of the genera Anabaenopsis and Cyanospira, whose phylogenetic position was previously unknown. Comparison of the data with those previously published for individual groups of planktonic heterocystous cyanobacteria showed that, with the exception of members assigned to the genus Cylindrospermopsis, all the planktonic strains form a distinct subclade within the monophyletic clade of heterocystous cyanobacteria. Within this subclade five different phylogenetic clusters were distinguished. The phylogenetic groupings of Anabaena and Aphanizomenon strains within three of these clusters were not always consistent with their generic or specific assignments based on classical morphological definitions, and the high degree of sequence similarity between strains of Anabaenopsis and Cyanospira suggests that they may be assignable to a single genus. Ribotyping and additional studies performed on PCR amplicons of the 16S rDNA or the ITS for the 11 planktonic heterocystous strains demonstrated that they all contain multiple rrn operons and ITS regions of variable size. Finally, evidence is provided for intra-genomic sequence heterogeneity of the 16S rRNA genes within most of the individual isolates.
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16

Bowling, L. "Occurrence and possible causes of a severe cyanobacterial bloom in Lake Cargelligo, New South Wales." Marine and Freshwater Research 45, no. 5 (1994): 737. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9940737.

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Although smaller cyanobacterial blooms had occurred in Lake Cargelligo in previous summers, a severe bloom of Anabaena circinalis occurred in the lake in November 1990. Cell numbers exceeded 100 000 cells m L -1 , and toxicity tests revealed the bloom to be highly hepatotoxic. This resulted in the first known closure of a town water supply due to cyanobacteria in New South Wales. Blooms of Microcystis aeruginosa, Aphanizomenon issatschenkoi, Oscillatoria rnougeotii and Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii also occurred in the lake at similar very high cell numbers during the summer and autumn of 1990-91. All five species persisted until May 1991, although there was no detectable toxicity from January onwards. Severe flooding in the Lachlan River valley upstream of Lake Cargelligo during the winter of 1990 led to nutrient enrlched inflows to the lake. These elevated nutrient concentrations would have been a major factor contributing to the bloom. However, other physico-chemical factors were also suitable for cyanobacterial growth.
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17

Stüken, Anke, Jacqueline Rücker, Tina Endrulat, Karina Preussel, Mike Hemm, Brigitte Nixdorf, Ulf Karsten, and Claudia Wiedner. "Distribution of three alien cyanobacterial species (Nostocales) in northeast Germany: Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, Anabaena bergii and Aphanizomenon aphanizomenoides." Phycologia 45, no. 6 (November 2006): 696–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.2216/05-58.1.

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18

Nogueira, Isabel C. G., Alexandre Lobo-da-Cunha, and Vítor M. Vasconcelos. "Effects of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii and Aphanizomenon ovalisporum (cyanobacteria) ingestion on Daphnia magna midgut and associated diverticula epithelium." Aquatic Toxicology 80, no. 2 (November 16, 2006): 194–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2006.08.008.

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19

Wu, Zhongxing, Junqiong Shi, and Renhui Li. "Comparative studies on photosynthesis and phosphate metabolism of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii with Microcystis aeruginosa and Aphanizomenon flos-aquae." Harmful Algae 8, no. 6 (September 2009): 910–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2009.05.002.

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20

Grasso, Christopher R., Kaytee L. Pokrzywinski, Christopher Waechter, Taylor Rycroft, Yanyan Zhang, Alyssa Aligata, Michael Kramer, and Anisha Lamsal. "A Review of Cyanophage–Host Relationships: Highlighting Cyanophages as a Potential Cyanobacteria Control Strategy." Toxins 14, no. 6 (May 31, 2022): 385. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins14060385.

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Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are naturally occurring phenomena, and cyanobacteria are the most commonly occurring HABs in freshwater systems. Cyanobacteria HABs (cyanoHABs) negatively affect ecosystems and drinking water resources through the production of potent toxins. Furthermore, the frequency, duration, and distribution of cyanoHABs are increasing, and conditions that favor cyanobacteria growth are predicted to increase in the coming years. Current methods for mitigating cyanoHABs are generally short-lived and resource-intensive, and have negative impacts on non-target species. Cyanophages (viruses that specifically target cyanobacteria) have the potential to provide a highly specific control strategy with minimal impacts on non-target species and propagation in the environment. A detailed review (primarily up to 2020) of cyanophage lifecycle, diversity, and factors influencing infectivity is provided in this paper, along with a discussion of cyanophage and host cyanobacteria relationships for seven prominent cyanoHAB-forming genera in North America, including: Synechococcus, Microcystis, Dolichospermum, Aphanizomenon, Cylindrospermopsis, Planktothrix, and Lyngbya. Lastly, factors affecting the potential application of cyanophages as a cyanoHAB control strategy are discussed, including efficacy considerations, optimization, and scalability for large-scale applications.
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Everson, Sally, Larelle Fabbro, Susan Kinnear, and Paul Wright. "Extreme differences in akinete, heterocyte and cylindrospermopsin concentrations with depth in a successive bloom involving Aphanizomenon ovalisporum (Forti) and Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Woloszynska) Seenaya and Subba Raju." Harmful Algae 10, no. 3 (March 2011): 265–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2010.10.006.

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22

Vidaurre, Andrea, Florencia S. Alvarez Dalinger, Liliana B. Moraña, and María M. Salusso. "Cianobacterias en un embalse subtropical de la provincia de Salta (Argentina)." Boletín de la Sociedad Argentina de Botánica 53, no. 4 (December 10, 2018): 543–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.31055/1851.2372.v53.n4.21977.

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El embalse Limón se ha convertido en la principal fuente de agua potable para el 80% de la población del norte de la provincia de Salta (22° 05’47,90’’S-63° 44’ 19,48’’ W). Al presente, no existe información sistematizada de las algas del fitoplancton presentes en esta presa. Se analizaron 19 muestras del período 2013-2015 en ambas fases del ciclo hidrológico, según técnicas estandarizadas, con el objeto de evaluar la representatividad de cianobacterias potencialmente tóxicas en Limón y su importancia relativa en el fitoplancton. Existió un predominio de cianobacterias, con un incremento interanual significativo, siendo éstas más abundantes en los estiajes, con un promedio de 110.160 células en 2015, con predominio de Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii y Raphidiopsis mediterranea (75.027 y 170.000 células/ml). Entre las especies con potencial toxicogénico se destacaron por sus densidades Anabaenopsis elenkinii, Aphanizomenon gracile, Aphanocapsa annulata, Coelomoron tropicale, Chroococcus dispersus, C. raciborskii, Microcysis flos-aquae, Planktolyngbia limnetica, Pseudanabaena limnetica, R. mediterránea y R. curvata. La representatividad del grupo dentro del fitoplancton fue superior al 70 %. Se concluye que el cuerpo de agua es un ambiente de riesgo y debe ser monitoreado permanentemente para su empleo para agua de consumo humano.
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Al-Tebrineh, Jamal, Troco Kaan Mihali, Francesco Pomati, and Brett A. Neilan. "Detection of Saxitoxin-Producing Cyanobacteria and Anabaena circinalis in Environmental Water Blooms by Quantitative PCR." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76, no. 23 (October 8, 2010): 7836–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00174-10.

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ABSTRACT Saxitoxins (STXs) are carbamate alkaloid neurotoxins produced by marine “red tide” dinoflagellates and several species of freshwater filamentous cyanobacteria, including Anabaena circinalis, Aphanizomenon spp., Lyngbya wollei, and Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii. A specific quantitative PCR (qPCR) method based on SYBR green chemistry was developed to quantify saxitoxin-producing Anabaena circinalis cyanobacteria, which are major bloom-forming freshwater cyanobacteria. The aim of this study was to infer the potential toxigenicity of samples by determining the copy number of a unique and unusual polyketide synthase (PKS) sequence (sxtA) in the STX biosynthesis gene cluster identified in cyanobacteria. Our qPCR approach was applied to water samples collected from different Australian lakes, dams, and rivers. The STX concentration and cyanobacterial cell density of these blooms were also determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and microscopic cell counting, respectively. STX concentrations correlated positively with STX gene copy numbers, indicating that the latter can be used as a measure of potential toxigenicity in Anabaena circinalis and possibly other cyanobacterial blooms. The qPCR method targeting STX genes can also be employed for both monitoring and ecophysiological studies of toxic Anabaena circinalis blooms and potentially several other STX-producing cyanobacteria.
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Mishra, Sonal, Neha Kumari, Donat-P. Häder, and Rajeshwar P. Sinha. "Cyanobacterial Blooms and Their Implications in the Changing Environment." Advances in Environmental and Engineering Research 3, no. 1 (January 3, 2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21926/aeer.2201011.

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Cyanobacteria are the most ancient phytoplankton that first appeared at least 2.5 billion years ago and have a prolonged evolutionary history. They can form impenetrable and toxic blooms in aquatic ecosystems such as freshwater and marine environments. Cyanobacterial blooms produce cyanotoxins that endanger ecosystem functioning and deteriorate water quality used for recreation, drinking, and in fisheries, thus, adversely affecting human health and the economy. Some bloom-producing genera are Aphanizomenon, Planktothrix, Cylindrospermopsis, Nodularia, Trichodesmium, Dolichospermum, and Microcystis. They increase turbidity and suppress submerged aquatic vegetation. Due to the microbial bloom-mediated environmental degradation, oxygen scarcity might occur, inducing hypoxia and anoxia, and resulting in the death of fish and benthic invertebrates. Several cyanotoxins cause many diseases related to digestion, liver, and neurological disorders when ingested by birds and mammals, including humans. Global changes resulting from human impacts like eutrophication, rising CO2 levels, and global warming are major driving forces for the enhancement of cyanobacterial blooms in many aquatic systems worldwide. Various management strategies such as nutrient load reduction, hydrodynamic changes, and chemical and biological controls have been used to reduce bloom occurrence and proliferation of cyanobacteria. In this chapter, we have discussed the approaches regarding the understanding of how global changes affect cyanobacterial blooms and also suggested effective prediction and management strategies.
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Steenhauer, Lisa M., Peter C. Pollard, Corina P. D. Brussaard, and Christin Säwström. "Lysogenic infection in sub-tropical freshwater cyanobacteria cultures and natural blooms." Marine and Freshwater Research 65, no. 7 (2014): 624. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf13094.

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Lysogeny has been reported for a few freshwater cyanobacteria cultures, but it is unknown how prevalent it is in freshwater cyanobacteria in situ. Here we tested for lysogeny in (a) cultures of eight Australian species of subtropical freshwater cyanobacteria; (b) seven strains of one species: Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii; and (c) six cyanobacterial blooms in drinking water reservoirs in South East Queensland, Australia. Lysogenic infection in the cyanobacteria was induced through mitomycin C addition. By measuring the decline in host cell numbers and the concomitant increase in cyanophages over the course of the experiment, we observed lysogenic infection in five of the eight species of cyanobacteria (i.e. Nodularia spumigena, Anabaena circinalis, Anabaenopsis arnoldii, Aphanizomenon ovalisporum, Microcystis botrys, Microcystis aeruginosa, C. raciborskii and Anabaena spp., and in four of the seven strains of C. raciborskii) but only in two of the six natural cyanobacteria blooms. Lysogeny dominated laboratory culture strains whereas in natural blooms of cyanobacteria few species were lysogenic (i.e. not mitomycin C inducible). Thus, lysogenic laboratory cultures may not necessarily reflect the genetics nor the physiology of a natural cyanobacterial population, and more information on both forms is needed to understand better how cyanobacteria behave and exist in their natural habitat.
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Paerl, Hans W., Rolland S. Fulton, Pia H. Moisander, and Julianne Dyble. "Harmful Freshwater Algal Blooms, With an Emphasis on Cyanobacteria." Scientific World JOURNAL 1 (2001): 76–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2001.16.

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Suspended algae, or phytoplankton, are the prime source of organic matter supporting food webs in freshwater ecosystems. Phytoplankton productivity is reliant on adequate nutrient supplies; however, increasing rates of nutrient supply, much of it manmade, fuels accelerating primary production or eutrophication. An obvious and problematic symptom of eutrophication is rapid growth and accumulations of phytoplankton, leading to discoloration of affected waters. These events are termed blooms. Blooms are a prime agent of water quality deterioration, including foul odors and tastes, deoxygenation of bottom waters (hypoxia and anoxia), toxicity, fish kills, and food web alterations. Toxins produced by blooms can adversely affect animal (including human) health in waters used for recreational and drinking purposes. Numerous freshwater genera within the diverse phyla comprising the phytoplankton are capable of forming blooms; however, the blue-green algae (or cyanobacteria) are the most notorious bloom formers. This is especially true for harmful toxic, surface-dwelling, scum-forming genera (e.g., Anabaena, Aphanizomenon, Nodularia, Microcystis) and some subsurface bloom-formers (Cylindrospermopsis, Oscillatoria) that are adept at exploiting nutrient-enriched conditions. They thrive in highly productive waters by being able to rapidly migrate between radiance-rich surface waters and nutrient-rich bottom waters. Furthermore, many harmful species are tolerant of extreme environmental conditions, including very high light levels, high temperatures, various degrees of desiccation, and periodic nutrient deprivation. Some of the most noxious cyanobacterial bloom genera (e.g., Anabaena, Aphanizomenon, Cylindrospermopsis, Nodularia) are capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen (N2), enabling them to periodically dominate under nitrogen-limited conditions. Cyanobacteria produce a range of organic compounds, including those that are toxic to higher-ranked consumers, from zooplankton to further up the food chain. Both N2- and non-N2-fixing genera participate in mutualistic and symbiotic associations with microorganisms, higher plants, and animals. These associations appear to be of great benefit to their survival and periodic dominance. In this review, we address the ecological impacts and environmental controls of harmful blooms, with an emphasis on the ecology, physiology, and management of cyanobacterial bloom taxa. Combinations of physical, chemical, and biotic features of natural waters function in a synergistic fashion to determine the sensitivity of water bodies. In waters susceptible to blooms, human activities in water- and airsheds have been linked to the extent and magnitudes of blooms. Control and management of cyanobacterial and other phytoplankton blooms invariably includes nutrient input constraints, most often focused on nitrogen (N) and/or phosphorus (P). The types and amount of nutrient input constraints depend on hydrologic, climatic, geographic, and geologic factors, which interact with anthropogenic and natural nutrient input regimes. While single nutrient input constraints may be effective in some water bodies, dual N and P input reductions are usually required for effective long-term control and management of harmful blooms. In some systems where hydrologic manipulations (i.e., plentiful water supplies) are possible, reducing the water residence time by enhanced flushing and artificial mixing (in conjunction with nutrient input constraints) can be particularly effective alternatives. Implications of various management strategies, based on combined ecophysiological and environmental considerations, are discussed.
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França, Josefa Marciana Barbosa de, Samíria Maria Oliveira da Silva, Cláudio Maurício Gesteira Monteiro, Walt Disney Paulino, and José Capelo Neto. "Qualidade da água em um sistema de reservatórios em cascata – um estudo de caso no semiárido brasileiro." Engenharia Sanitaria e Ambiental 27, no. 1 (February 2022): 113–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-415220200328.

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RESUMO A escassez hídrica e o aumento da demanda de água para usos múltiplos incentivaram a construção de diversos reservatórios e sistemas de transferências hídricas entre bacias hidrográficas em diversas partes do mundo, principalmente em regiões áridas e semiáridas. Apesar de essas medidas mitigarem os aspectos quantitativos do abastecimento, a diminuição da qualidade da água disponível pode se tornar uma limitação importante. Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a qualidade da água no sistema de transferência que abastece a Região Metropolitana de Fortaleza, Ceará. Foram analisados 20 parâmetros de qualidade de água ao longo do sistema. Aplicou-se em seguida a análise de agrupamento utilizando a distância euclidiana associada ao método de ligação de Ward para agrupar os 13 pontos de coleta que foram estabelecidos conforme suas similaridades. A piora da qualidade da água ficou evidente ao longo do sistema, com o aumento da concentração de cianobactérias, pH, nitrogênio total, oxigênio dissolvido, turbidez e clorofila-a. Com relação às cianobactérias, duas espécies mostraram-se dominantes — Oscillatoria sp. e Microcystis sp. — e sete abundantes — Merismopedia sp., Cylindrospermopsis sp., Pseudanabaena sp., Anabaena sp., Aphanizomenon sp., Aphanocapsa sp. e Dolichospermum sp. A presença de cianobactérias potencialmente tóxicas e a piora da qualidade da água tornam a realização de monitoramentos frequentes e o desenvolvimento de sistemas de alerta essenciais para a adequada gestão dos recursos hídricos, tanto do ponto de vista ambiental quanto do de saúde pública.
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Castiglioni, Bianca, Ermanno Rizzi, Andrea Frosini, Kaarina Sivonen, Pirjo Rajaniemi, Anne Rantala, Maria Angela Mugnai, et al. "Development of a Universal Microarray Based on the Ligation Detection Reaction and 16S rRNA Gene Polymorphism To Target Diversity of Cyanobacteria." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, no. 12 (December 2004): 7161–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.70.12.7161-7172.2004.

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ABSTRACT The cyanobacteria are photosynthetic prokaryotes of significant ecological and biotechnological interest, since they strongly contribute to primary production and are a rich source of bioactive compounds. In eutrophic fresh and brackish waters, their mass occurrences (water blooms) are often toxic and constitute a high potential risk for human health. Therefore, rapid and reliable identification of cyanobacterial species in complex environmental samples is important. Here we describe the development and validation of a microarray for the identification of cyanobacteria in aquatic environments. Our approach is based on the use of a ligation detection reaction coupled to a universal array. Probes were designed for detecting 19 cyanobacterial groups including Anabaena/Aphanizomenon, Calothrix, Cylindrospermopsis, Cylindrospermum, Gloeothece, halotolerants, Leptolyngbya, Palau Lyngbya, Microcystis, Nodularia, Nostoc, Planktothrix, Antarctic Phormidium, Prochlorococcus, Spirulina, Synechococcus, Synechocystis, Trichodesmium, and Woronichinia. These groups were identified based on an alignment of over 300 cyanobacterial 16S rRNA sequences. For validation of the microarrays, 95 samples (24 axenic strains from culture collections, 27 isolated strains, and 44 cloned fragments recovered from environmental samples) were tested. The results demonstrated a high discriminative power and sensitivity to 1 fmol of the PCR-amplified 16S rRNA gene. Accurate identification of target strains was also achieved with unbalanced mixes of PCR amplicons from different cyanobacteria and an environmental sample. Our universal array method shows great potential for rapid and reliable identification of cyanobacteria. It can be easily adapted to future development and could thus be applied both in research and environmental monitoring.
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Wejnerowski, Lukasz, Slawek Cerbin, Maria Wojciechowicz, Tomasz Jurczak, Małgorzata Glama, Jussi Meriluoto, and Marcin Dziuba. "Effects of Daphnia exudates and sodium octyl sulphates on filament morphology and cell wall thickness of Aphanizomenon gracile (Nostocales), Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Nostocales) and Planktothrix agardhii (Oscillatoriales)." European Journal of Phycology 53, no. 3 (April 24, 2018): 280–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09670262.2018.1442585.

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Papadimitriou, Theodoti, Matina Katsiapi, Natassa Stefanidou, Aikaterini Paxinou, Vasiliki Poulimenakou, Chrysi S. Laspidou, Maria Moustaka-Gouni, and Konstantinos A. Kormas. "Differential Effect of Hydroxen Peroxide οn Toxic Cyanobacteria of Hypertrophic Mediterranean Waterbodies." Sustainability 14, no. 1 (December 23, 2021): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14010123.

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Cyanobacterial blooms have been known since ancient times; however, they are currently increasing globally. Human and ecological health risks posed by harmful cyanobacterial blooms have been recorded around the world. These risks are mainly associated with their ability to affect the ecosystem chain by different mechanisms like the production of cyanotoxins, especially microcystins. Their expansion and their harmful effects have led many researchers to seek techniques and strategies to control them. Among them, hydrogen peroxide could be a promising tool against cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins and it is well-established as an environmentally friendly oxidizing agent because of its rapid decomposition into oxygen and water. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of hydrogen peroxide on phytoplankton from two hypertrophic waterbodies in Greece. The effect of hydrogen peroxide on concentration of microcystins found in the waterbodies was also studied. Treatment with 4 mg/L hydrogen peroxide was applied to water samples originated from the waterbodies and Cyanobacterial composition and biomass, phycocyanin, chlorophyll-a, and intra-cellular and total microcystin concentrations were studied. Cyanobacterial biomass and phycocyanin was reduced significantly after the application of 4 mg/L hydrogen peroxide in water treatment experiments while chlorophytes and extra-cellular microcystin concentrations were increased. Raphidiopsis (Cylindrospermopsis) raciborskii was the most affected cyanobacterial species after treatment of the water of the Karla Reservoir in comparison to Aphanizomenon favaloroi, Planktolyngbya limnetica, and Chroococcus sp. Furthermore, Microcystis aeruginosa was more resistant to the treatment of Pamvotis lake water in comparison with Microcystis wesenbergii and Microcystis panniformis. Our study showed that hydrogen peroxide differentially impacts the members of the phytoplankton community, affecting, thus, its overall efficacy. Different effects of hydrogen peroxide treatment were observed among cyanobacerial genera as well as among cyanobacterial species of the same genus. Different effects could be the result of the different resistance mechanisms of each genus or species to hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide could be used as a treatment for the mitigation of cyanobacterial blooms in a waterbody; however, the biotic and abiotic characteristics of the waterbody should be considered.
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31

Park, Hae-Kyung, Mi-Ae Kwon, Hae-Jin Lee, Jonghee Oh, Su-Heon Lee, and In-Soo Kim. "Molecular Verification of Bloom-forming Aphanizomenon flos-aquae and Their Secondary Metabolites in the Nakdong River." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 8 (August 13, 2018): 1739. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15081739.

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Aphanizomenon spp. have formed harmful cyanobacterial blooms in the Nakdong River during spring, autumn, and now in winter, and the expansion of blooming period and area, associated with the global warming is predicted. The genus Aphanizomenon has been described to produce harmful secondary metabolites such as off-flavors and cyanotoxins. Therefore, the production of harmful secondary metabolites from the Aphanizomenon blooms in the Nakdong River needs to be monitored to minimize the risk to both water quality and public health. Here, we sampled the cyanobacterial blooms in the Nakdong River and isolated ten Aphanizomenon strains, morphologically classified as Aphanizomenon flos-aquae Ralfs ex Bornet et Flahault 1888. Phylogenetic analysis using 16S rRNA and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region nucleotide sequences confirmed this classification. We further verified the harmful secondary metabolites-producing potential of A. flos-aquae isolates and water samples containing cyanobacterial blooms using PCR with specific primer sets for genes involved in biosynthesis of off-flavor metabolites (geosmin) and toxins (microcystins, saxitoxins and cylindrospermopsins). It was confirmed that these metabolite biosynthesis genes were not identified in all isolates and water samples containing only Aphanizomenon spp. Thus, it is likely that there is a low potential for the production of off-flavor metabolites and cyanotoxins in Aphanizomenon blooms in the Nakdong River.
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Kokociński, Mikołaj, Joanna Mankiewicz-Boczek, Tomasz Jurczak, Lisa Spoof, Jussi Meriluoto, Edyta Rejmonczyk, Henna Hautala, Markus Vehniäinen, Jakub Pawełczyk, and Janne Soininen. "Aphanizomenon gracile (Nostocales), a cylindrospermopsin-producing cyanobacterium in Polish lakes." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 20, no. 8 (February 2, 2013): 5243–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-012-1426-7.

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Bácsi, István, Gábor Vasas, Gyula Surányi, Márta M-Hamvas, Csaba Máthé, Eszter Tóth, István Grigorszky, Attila Gáspár, Szilvia Tóth, and George Borbely. "Alteration of cylindrospermopsin production in sulfate- or phosphate-starved cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon ovalisporum." FEMS Microbiology Letters 269, no. 2 (April 2007): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2007.00700.x.

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Rücker, Jacqueline, Anke Stüken, Brigitte Nixdorf, Jutta Fastner, Ingrid Chorus, and Claudia Wiedner. "Concentrations of particulate and dissolved cylindrospermopsin in 21 Aphanizomenon-dominated temperate lakes." Toxicon 50, no. 6 (November 2007): 800–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.06.019.

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35

Shalev-Alon, G. "A novel gene encoding amidinotransferase in the cylindrospermopsin producing cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon ovalisporum." FEMS Microbiology Letters 209, no. 1 (March 19, 2002): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1097(02)00490-1.

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36

Guzmán-Guillén, Remedios, Inmaculada Lomares Manzano, Isabel M. Moreno, Ana I. Prieto Ortega, Rosario Moyano, Alfonso Blanco, and Ana M. Cameán. "Cylindrospermopsin induces neurotoxicity in tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus) exposed to Aphanizomenon ovalisporum." Aquatic Toxicology 161 (April 2015): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.01.024.

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37

Banker, R., S. Carmeli, O. Hadas, B. Teltsch, R. Porat, and A. Sukenik. "IDENTIFICATION OF CYLINDROSPERMOPSIN IN APHANIZOMENON OVALISPORUM (CYANOPHYCEAE) ISOLATED FROM LAKE KINNERET, ISRAEL1." Journal of Phycology 33, no. 4 (August 1997): 613–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3646.1997.00613.x.

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38

Moustaka-Gouni, Maria, Anastasia Hiskia, Savvas Genitsaris, Matina Katsiapi, Korina Manolidi, Sevasti-Kiriaki Zervou, Christophoros Christophoridis, Theodoros M. Triantis, Triantafyllos Kaloudis, and Sotiris Orfanidis. "First report of Aphanizomenon favaloroi occurrence in Europe associated with saxitoxins and a massive fish kill in Lake Vistonis, Greece." Marine and Freshwater Research 68, no. 4 (2017): 793. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf16029.

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The cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon favaloroi was identified for the first time in Europe in the Mediterranean brackish Lake Vistonis during July–August 2014. It formed a dense bloom (from 16×106 to 81×106 trichomes L–1), causing a brown colouration of the lake water. When A. favaloroi formed 100% of the total phytoplankton biomass (44mg L–1), saxitoxins (saxitoxin and neo-saxitoxin) were detected in the lake seston (42 and 17μg g–1 phytoplankton dry weight respectively), which was screened for saxitoxins, cylindrospermopsin, anatoxin-a, microcystins and nodularin. A massive fish kill coincided with the A. favaloroi bloom. This new saxitoxin-producing species of cyanobacteria, with traits for successful dispersal, may pose a health risk to animals and humans and cause adverse effects on water quality and water services because of its expansion potential.
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Ballot, A., J. Ramm, T. Rundberget, R. N. Kaplan-Levy, O. Hadas, A. Sukenik, and C. Wiedner. "Occurrence of non-cylindrospermopsin-producing Aphanizomenon ovalisporum and Anabaena bergii in Lake Kinneret (Israel)." Journal of Plankton Research 33, no. 11 (August 3, 2011): 1736–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbr071.

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Preußel, Karina, Anke Stüken, Claudia Wiedner, Ingrid Chorus, and Jutta Fastner. "First report on cylindrospermopsin producing Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (Cyanobacteria) isolated from two German lakes." Toxicon 47, no. 2 (February 2006): 156–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2005.10.013.

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Preußel, Karina, Ingrid Chorus, and Jutta Fastner. "Nitrogen Limitation Promotes Accumulation and Suppresses Release of Cylindrospermopsins in Cells of Aphanizomenon Sp." Toxins 6, no. 10 (September 30, 2014): 2932–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins6102932.

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Barón-Sola, Ángel, Francisca Fernández del Campo, and Soledad Sanz-Alférez. "Influence of Glycine and Arginine on Cylindrospermopsin Production and aoa Gene Expression in Aphanizomenon ovalisporum." Toxins 9, no. 11 (November 1, 2017): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins9110355.

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Dreher, Theo W., Amanda J. Foss, Edward W. Davis, and Ryan S. Mueller. "7-epi-cylindrospermopsin and microcystin producers among diverse Anabaena/Dolichospermum/Aphanizomenon CyanoHABs in Oregon, USA." Harmful Algae 116 (July 2022): 102241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2022.102241.

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44

Shaw, Glen R., Assaf Sukenik, Adi Livne, Robyn K. Chiswell, Maree J. Smith, Alan A. Seawright, Ross L. Norris, Geoffrey K. Eaglesham, and Michael R. Moore. "Blooms of the cylindrospermopsin containing cyanobacterium,Aphanizomenon ovalisporum (Forti), in newly constructed lakes, Queensland, Australia." Environmental Toxicology 14, no. 1 (February 1999): 167–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1522-7278(199902)14:1<167::aid-tox22>3.0.co;2-o.

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45

Cordeiro, Rita, Joana Azevedo, Rúben Luz, Vitor Vasconcelos, Vítor Gonçalves, and Amélia Fonseca. "Cyanotoxin Screening in BACA Culture Collection: Identification of New Cylindrospermopsin Producing Cyanobacteria." Toxins 13, no. 4 (April 3, 2021): 258. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13040258.

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Microcystins (MCs), Saxitoxins (STXs), and Cylindrospermopsins (CYNs) are some of the more well-known cyanotoxins. Taking into consideration the impacts of cyanotoxins, many studies have focused on the identification of unknown cyanotoxin(s)-producing strains. This study aimed to screen strains from the Azorean Bank of Algae and Cyanobacteria (BACA) for MCs, STX, and CYN production. A total of 157 strains were searched for mcy, sxt, and cyr producing genes by PCR, toxin identification by ESI-LC-MS/MS, and cyanotoxin-producing strains morphological identification and confirmation by 16S rRNA phylogenetic analysis. Cyanotoxin-producing genes were amplified in 13 strains and four were confirmed as toxin producers by ESI-LC-MS/MS. As expected Aphanizomenon gracile BACA0041 was confirmed as an STX producer, with amplification of genes sxtA, sxtG, sxtH, and sxtI, and Microcystis aeruginosa BACA0148 as an MC-LR producer, with amplification of genes mcyC, mcyD, mcyE, and mcyG. Two nostocalean strains, BACA0025 and BACA0031, were positive for both cyrB and cyrC genes and ESI-LC-MS/MS confirmed CYN production. Although these strains morphologically resemble Sphaerospermopsis, the 16S rRNA phylogenetic analysis reveals that they probably belong to a new genus.
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Fadel, Ali, Ali Atoui, Bruno Lemaire, Brigitte Vinçon-Leite, and Kamal Slim. "Dynamics of the Toxin Cylindrospermopsin and the Cyanobacterium Chrysosporum (Aphanizomenon) ovalisporum in a Mediterranean Eutrophic Reservoir." Toxins 6, no. 11 (October 28, 2014): 3041–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins6113041.

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47

Shalev-Malul, Gali, Judy Lieman-Hurwitz, Yehudith Viner-Mozzini, Assaf Sukenik, Ariel Gaathon, Mario Lebendiker, and Aaron Kaplan. "An AbrB-like protein might be involved in the regulation of cylindrospermopsin production by Aphanizomenon ovalisporum." Environmental Microbiology 10, no. 4 (April 2008): 988–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2007.01519.x.

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48

Cirés, Samuel, Lars Wörmer, Jesus Timón, Claudia Wiedner, and Antonio Quesada. "Cylindrospermopsin production and release by the potentially invasive cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon ovalisporum under temperature and light gradients." Harmful Algae 10, no. 6 (September 2011): 668–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2011.05.002.

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Stüken, Anke, Rebecca J. Campbell, Antonio Quesada, Assaf Sukenik, Pawan K. Dadheech, and Claudia Wiedner. "Genetic and morphologic characterization of four putative cylindrospermopsin producing species of the cyanobacterial genera Anabaena and Aphanizomenon." Journal of Plankton Research 31, no. 5 (February 18, 2009): 465–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbp011.

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Barón-Sola, Ángel, Francisca F. del Campo, and Soledad Sanz-Alférez. "Dynamics of Cylindrospermopsin Production and Toxin Gene Expression in <i>Aphanizomenon ovalisporum</i>." Advances in Microbiology 06, no. 05 (2016): 381–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/aim.2016.65037.

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