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Journal articles on the topic 'APETALA2'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 31 August 2024

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1

Liu, Z., and E. M. Meyerowitz. "LEUNIG regulates AGAMOUS expression in Arabidopsis flowers." Development 121, no. 4 (April 1, 1995): 975–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.121.4.975.

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LEUNIG was identified in a genetic screen designed to isolate second-site enhancer mutations of the floral homeotic mutant apetala2-1. leunig mutations not only enhance apetala2, but by themselves cause a similar but less-pronounced homeotic transformation than apetala2 mutations. leunig flowers have sepals that are transformed toward stamens and carpels, and petals that are either staminoid or absent. In situ hybridization experiments with leunig mutants revealed altered expression pattern of the floral homeotic genes APETALA1, APETALA3, PISTILLATA, and AGAMOUS. Double mutants of leunig and agamous exhibited a phenotype similar to agamous single mutants, indicating that agamous is epistatic to leunig. Our analysis suggests that a key role of LEUNIG is to negatively regulate AGAMOUS expression in the first two whorls of the Arabidopsis flower.

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2

Schultz, E. A., and G. W. Haughn. "Genetic analysis of the floral initiation process (FLIP) in Arabidopsis." Development 119, no. 3 (November 1, 1993): 745–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.119.3.745.

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Within the Arabidopsis inflorescence, two distinct developmental phases exist. The early inflorescence phase is characterized by nodes bearing coflorescences and leaves, and the late inflorescence phase by nodes bearing flowers. Four genes, TERMINAL FLOWER 1, LEAFY, APETALA1 and APETALA2 are necessary to initiate the switch from formation of early to formation of late inflorescence nodes at the appropriate time. We have investigated the relative roles of these genes in development by isolating and characterizing new alleles of TERMINAL FLOWER 1, LEAFY and APETALA1, and by constructing double mutants to test gene interactions. We suggest that the TERMINAL FLOWER 1 gene product is part of a mechanism that controls the timing of phase- switching in Arabidopsis. We propose that this mechanism involves factor(s) whose activity changes in response to shoot development and environmental variation. TERMINAL FLOWER 1 influences phase transitions in Arabidopsis, and appears to regulate the timing of expression of LEAFY, APETALA1 and APETALA2. LEAFY, APETALA1 and APETALA2 have partially redundant functions in initiating the floral program. In the absence of any one of the three genes, there is a gradual transition from coflorescence to flower-like lateral shoots. This suggests that (1) LEAFY, APETALA1 and APETALA2 are required in combination to ensure that the floral program is initiated rapidly and completely and (2) in the absence of one of the three genes, the others are activated slowly in response to the mechanism controlling timing of phase switching. Besides their role in establishing the floral program, phenotypes of flower-like lateral shoots in mutant inflorescences suggest that all three, LEAFY, APETALA1 and APETALA2, influence expression of whorl identity genes. Loss of LEAFY results in decreased Class B gene expression, as well as altered expression patterns of Class A and Class C genes. In the absence of either APETALA2 or APETALA1, reproductive organs develop in the perianth whorls, suggesting that both genes should be considered Class A organ identity genes, restricting Class C gene expression to inner whorls.

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3

Clark, S. E., M. P. Running, and E. M. Meyerowitz. "CLAVATA1, a regulator of meristem and flower development in Arabidopsis." Development 119, no. 2 (October 1, 1993): 397–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.119.2.397.

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We have investigated the effects on plant development of mutations in the Arabidopsis thaliana CLAVATA1 gene. In clavata1 plants, vegetative, inflorescence and floral meristems are all enlarged relative to wild type. The apical meristem can fasciate in the more severe mutant alleles, and this fasciation can occur prior to the transition to flowering. Flowers of clavata1 plants can have increased numbers of organs in all four whorls, and can also have additional whorls not present in wild-type flowers. Double mutant combinations of clavata1 with agamous, apetala2, apetala3 and pistillata indicate that CLAVATA1 controls the underlying floral meristem structure upon which these homeotic genes act. Double mutant combinations of clavata1 with apetala1 and leafy indicate CLAVATA1 plays a role in establishing and maintaining floral meristem identity, in addition to its role in controlling meristem size. In support of this, RNA expression patterns of AGAMOUS and APETALA1 are altered in clavata1 flowers.

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4

Bowman, J. L., J. Alvarez, D. Weigel, E. M. Meyerowitz, and D. R. Smyth. "Control of flower development in Arabidopsis thaliana by APETALA1 and interacting genes." Development 119, no. 3 (November 1, 1993): 721–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.119.3.721.

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Mutations in the APETALA1 gene disturb two phases of flower development, flower meristem specification and floral organ specification. These effects become manifest as a partial conversion of flowers into inflorescence shoots and a disruption of sepal and petal development. We describe the changes in an allelic series of nine apetala1 mutants and show that the two functions of APETALA1 are separable. We have also studied the interaction between APETALA1 and other floral genes by examining the phenotypes of multiply mutant plants and by in situ hybridization using probes for several floral control genes. The results suggest that the products of APETALA1 and another gene, LEAFY, are required to ensure that primordia arising on the flanks of the inflorescence apex adopt a floral fate, as opposed to becoming an inflorescence shoot. APETALA1 and LEAFY have distinct as well as overlapping functions and they appear to reinforce each other's action. CAULIFLOWER is a newly discovered gene which positively regulates both APETALA1 and LEAFY expression. All functions of CAULIFLOWER are redundant with those of APETALA1. APETALA2 also has an early function in reinforcing the action of APETALA1 and LEAFY, especially if the activity of either is compromised by mutation. After the identity of a flower primordium is specified, APETALA1 interacts with APETALA2 in controlling the development of the outer two whorls of floral organs.

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5

Bowman, J. L., D. R. Smyth, and E. M. Meyerowitz. "Genetic interactions among floral homeotic genes of Arabidopsis." Development 112, no. 1 (May 1, 1991): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.112.1.1.

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We describe allelic series for three loci, mutations in which result in homeotic conversions in two adjacent whorls in the Arabidopsis thaliana flower. Both the structure of the mature flower and its development from the initial primordium are described by scanning electron microscopy. New mutations at the APETALA2 locus, ap2-2, ap2-8 and ap2-9, cause homeotic conversions in the outer two whorls: sepals to carpels (or leaves) and petals to stamens. Two new mutations of PISTILLATA, pi-2 and pi-3, cause second and third whorl organs to differentiate incorrectly. Homeotic conversions are petals to sepals and stamens to carpels, a pattern similar to that previously described for the apetala3-1 mutation. The AGAMOUS mutations, ag-2 and ag-3, affect the third and fourth whorls and cause petals to develop instead of stamens and another flower to arise in place of the gynoecium. In addition to homeotic changes, mutations at the APETALA2, APETALA3 and PISTILLATA loci may lead to reduced numbers of organs, or even their absence, in specific whorls. The bud and flower phenotypes of doubly and triply mutant strains, constructed with these and previously described alleles, are also described. Based on these results, a model is proposed that suggests that the products of these homeotic genes are each active in fields occupying two adjacent whorls, AP2 in the two outer whorls, PI and AP3 in whorls two and three, and AG in the two inner whorls. In combination, therefore, the gene products in these three concentric, overlapping fields specify the four types of organs in the wild-type flower. Further, the phenotypes of multiple mutant lines indicate that the wild-type products of the AGAMOUS and APETALA2 genes interact antagonistically. AP2 seems to keep the AG gene inactive in the two outer whorls while the converse is likely in the two inner whorls. This field model successfully predicts the phenotypes of all the singly, doubly and triply mutant flowers described.

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6

H D D Bandupriya. "Expression of Aintegumenta-like Gene Related to Embryogenic Competence in Coconut Confirmed by 454-pyrosequencing Transcriptome Analysis." CORD 31, no. 2 (October 1, 2015): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.37833/cord.v31i2.58.

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A member of the Aintegumenta sub-family of Apetala gene family encoding two APETALA2 (AP2) domains was isolated and termed as Cocos nucifera Aintegumenta like gene (CnANT). The deduced amino acid sequence of the conserved domains shared a high similarity with Aintegumenta-Like (ANT like) genes in Arabidopsis thaliana, Elaeis guineensis, Oryza sativa. Comparison of transcriptomes in different tissues revealed that CnANT transcripts were high in mature zygotic embryo (12 months after pollination; 12ME). Quantitative RT-PCR results confirmed the higher CnANT transcript accumulation in mature zygotic embryos while transcripts were rarely detected in vegetative tissues such as leaf. The expression data and global transcriptome data were therefore consistent across the embryo maturity stage and showed that CnANT could play a role in embryogenesis.

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7

Okamuro, Jack K., Wayne Szeto, Cynthia Lotys-Prass, and K. Diane Jofuku. "Photo and Hormonal Control of Meristem Identity in the Arabidopsis Flower Mutants apetala2 and apetala1." Plant Cell 9, no. 1 (January 1997): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3870369.

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8

Widiyanto, Srinanan M., Eri Mustari, Diky Setya Diningrat, and Rina Ratnasih. "APETALA2 and APETALA3 Genes Expression Profiling on Floral Development of Teak (Tectona grandis Linn f.)." Journal of Plant Sciences 11, no. 4 (April 1, 2016): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/jps.2016.61.68.

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9

Okamuro, J. K., W. Szeto, C. Lotys-Prass, and K. D. Jofuku. "Photo and hormonal control of meristem identity in the Arabidopsis flower mutants apetala2 and apetala1." Plant Cell 9, no. 1 (January 1997): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1105/tpc.9.1.37.

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10

Bowman, J. L., H. Sakai, T. Jack, D. Weigel, U. Mayer, and E. M. Meyerowitz. "SUPERMAN, a regulator of floral homeotic genes in Arabidopsis." Development 114, no. 3 (March 1, 1992): 599–615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.114.3.599.

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We describe a locus, SUPERMAN, mutations in which result in extra stamens developing at the expense of the central carpels in the Arabidopsis thaliana flower. The development of superman flowers, from initial primordium to mature flower, is described by scanning electron microscopy. The development of doubly and triply mutant strains, constructed with superman alleles and previously identified homeotic mutations that cause alterations in floral organ identity, is also described. Essentially additive phenotypes are observed in superman agamous and superman apetala2 double mutants. The epistatic relationships observed between either apetala3 or pistillata and superman alleles suggest that the SUPERMAN gene product could be a regulator of these floral homeotic genes. To test this, the expression patterns of AGAMOUS and APETALA3 were examined in superman flowers. In wild-type flowers, APETALA3 expression is restricted to the second and third whorls where it is required for the specification of petals and stamens. In contrast, in superman flowers, APETALA3 expression expands to include most of the cells that would normally constitute the fourth whorl. This ectopic APETALA3 expression is proposed to be one of the causes of the development of the extra stamens in superman flowers. The spatial pattern of AGAMOUS expression remains unaltered in superman flowers as compared to wild-type flowers. Taken together these data indicate that one of the functions of the wild-type SUPERMAN gene product is to negatively regulate APETALA3 in the fourth whorl of the flower. In addition, superman mutants exhibit a loss of determinacy of the floral meristem, an effect that appears to be mediated by the APETALA3 and PISTILLATA gene products.

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11

Patil, Vrushali, Hannah I. McDermott, Trisha McAllister, Michael Cummins, Joana C. Silva, Ewan Mollison, Rowan Meikle, et al. "APETALA2 control of barley internode elongation." Development 146, no. 11 (May 10, 2019): dev170373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.170373.

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12

Ohto, M. a., R. L. Fischer, R. B. Goldberg, K. Nakamura, and J. J. Harada. "Control of seed mass by APETALA2." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102, no. 8 (February 11, 2005): 3123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0409858102.

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13

Lin, Wanping, Suresh Kumar Gupta, Tzahi Arazi, and Ben Spitzer-Rimon. "MIR172d Is Required for Floral Organ Identity and Number in Tomato." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 9 (April 28, 2021): 4659. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22094659.

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MicroRNA172 (miR172) functions as a central regulator of flowering time and flower development by post-transcriptional repression of APETALA2-LIKE transcription factors. In the model crop Solanum lycopersicum (tomato), the miR172 family is still poorly annotated and information about the functions of specific members is lacking. Here, de-novo prediction of tomato miR172 coding loci identified seven genes (SlMIR172a-g), that code for four unique species of miR172 (sly-miR172). During reproductive development, sly-miR172s are differentially expressed, with sly-miR172c and sly-miR172d being the most abundant members in developing flowers, and are predicted to guide the cleavage of eight APETALA2-LIKE transcription factors. By CRISPR-Cas9 co-targeting of SlMIR172c and SlMIR172d we have generated a battery of loss-of-function and hypomorphic mutants (slmir172c-dCR). The slmir172c-dCR plants developed normal shoot but their flowers displayed graded floral organ abnormalities. Whereas slmir172cCR loss-of-function caused only a slight greening of petals and stamens, hypomorphic and loss-of-function slmir172dCR alleles were associated with the conversion of petals and stamens to sepaloids, which were produced in excess. Interestingly, the degrees of floral organ identity alteration and proliferation were directly correlated with the reduction in sly-miR172d activity. These results suggest that sly-miR172d regulates in a dose-dependent manner floral organ identity and number, likely by negatively regulating its APETALA2-like targets.

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14

Crone, Wilson, and Elizabeth M. Lord. "Floral organ initiation and development in wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana (Brassicaceae) and in the organ identity mutants apetala2-1 and agamous-1." Canadian Journal of Botany 72, no. 3 (March 1, 1994): 384–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b94-052.

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The flowers of Arabidopsis thaliana (Brassicaceae) were examined for histological events during organ initiation and later development. An inflorescence floral plastochron of the main stem raceme was used as a basis for the timing and staging of developmental events. Sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels in wild-type Landsberg erecta Arabidopsis are distinguishable as primordia in terms of cell division events associated with initiation, size, and component cell numbers. Flower organogenesis in the organ identity (homeotic) mutants apetala2-1 and agamous-1 was compared with that of the wild type. In both mutants, each whorl of floral organs initiates much like the wild type and only subsequently produces visibly altered organs with mosaic features. The flower organ identity mutants achieve their mature phenotypes by alterations in tissue differentiation that occur after initiation and early primordial development. Key words: Arabidopsis, apetala2-1, agamous-1, plastochron, homeosis, flower.

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15

Hill, T. A., C. D. Day, S. C. Zondlo, A. G. Thackeray, and V. F. Irish. "Discrete spatial and temporal cis-acting elements regulate transcription of the Arabidopsis floral homeotic gene APETALA3." Development 125, no. 9 (May 1, 1998): 1711–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.125.9.1711.

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The APETALA3 floral homeotic gene is required for petal and stamen development in Arabidopsis. APETALA3 transcripts are first detected in a meristematic region that will give rise to the petal and stamen primordia, and expression is maintained in this region during subsequent development of these organs. To dissect how the APETALA3 gene is expressed in this spatially and temporally restricted domain, various APETALA3 promoter fragments were fused to the uidA reporter gene encoding beta-glucuronidase and assayed for the resulting patterns of expression in transgenic Arabidopsis plants. Based on these promoter analyses, we defined cis-acting elements required for distinct phases of APETALA3 expression, as well as for petal-specific and stamen-specific expression. By crossing the petal-specific construct into different mutant backgrounds, we have shown that several floral genes, including APETALA3, PISTILLATA, UNUSUAL FLORAL ORGANS, and APETALA1, encode trans-acting factors required for second-whorl-specific APETALA3 expression. We have also shown that the products of the APETALA1, APETALA3, PISTILLATA and AGAMOUS genes bind to several conserved sequence motifs within the APETALA3 promoter. We present a model whereby spatially and temporally restricted APETALA3 transcription is controlled via interactions between proteins binding to different domains of the APETALA3 promoter.

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16

Chandler, John W. "Class VIIIb APETALA2 Ethylene Response Factors in Plant Development." Trends in Plant Science 23, no. 2 (February 2018): 151–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2017.09.016.

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17

Bomblies, Kirsten, Nicole Dagenais, and Detlef Weigel. "Redundant Enhancers Mediate Transcriptional Repression of AGAMOUS by APETALA2." Developmental Biology 216, no. 1 (December 1999): 260–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/dbio.1999.9504.

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18

Alegría-Mundo, H., L. Yong, A. Cruz-Ramírez, L. Herrera-Estrella, and A. Cruz-Hernández. "MOLECULAR ANALYSIS OF MARIGOLD (TAGETES ERECTA) APETALA2 IN FLOWER DEVELOPMENT." Acta Horticulturae, no. 929 (March 2012): 293–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2012.929.43.

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19

Kim, Sangtae, Pamela S. Soltis, Kerr Wall, and Douglas E. Soltis. "Phylogeny and Domain Evolution in the APETALA2-like Gene Family." Molecular Biology and Evolution 23, no. 1 (September 8, 2005): 107–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msj014.

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20

Ó’Maoiléidigh, Diarmuid S., Annabel D. van Driel, Anamika Singh, Qing Sang, Nolwenn Le Bec, Coral Vincent, Enric Bertran Garcia de Olalla, et al. "Systematic analyses of the MIR172 family members of Arabidopsis define their distinct roles in regulation of APETALA2 during floral transition." PLOS Biology 19, no. 2 (February 2, 2021): e3001043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001043.

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MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in regulating flowering and reproduction of angiosperms. Mature miRNAs are encoded by multipleMIRNAgenes that can differ in their spatiotemporal activities and their contributions to gene regulatory networks, but the functions of individualMIRNAgenes are poorly defined. We functionally analyzed the activity of all 5Arabidopsis thaliana MIR172genes, which encode miR172 and promote the floral transition by inhibiting the accumulation of APETALA2 (AP2) and APETALA2-LIKE (AP2-LIKE) transcription factors (TFs). Through genome editing and detailed confocal microscopy, we show that the activity of miR172 at the shoot apex is encoded by 3MIR172genes, is critical for floral transition of the shoot meristem under noninductive photoperiods, and reduces accumulation of AP2 and TARGET OF EAT2 (TOE2), an AP2-LIKE TF, at the shoot meristem. Utilizing the genetic resources generated here, we show that the promotion of flowering by miR172 is enhanced by the MADS-domain TF FRUITFULL, which may facilitate long-term silencing ofAP2-LIKEtranscription, and that their activities are partially coordinated by the TF SQUAMOSA PROMOTER-BINDING-LIKE PROTEIN 15. Thus, we present a genetic framework for the depletion of AP2 and AP2-LIKE TFs at the shoot apex during floral transition and demonstrate that this plays a central role in floral induction.

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21

Xie, Xiu-lan, Xue-ren Yin, and Kun-song Chen. "Roles of APETALA2/Ethylene-Response Factors in Regulation of Fruit Quality." Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 35, no. 2 (March 3, 2016): 120–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07352689.2016.1213119.

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22

Würschum, Tobias, Rita Groß-Hardt, and Thomas Laux. "APETALA2 Regulates the Stem Cell Niche in the Arabidopsis Shoot Meristem." Plant Cell 18, no. 2 (December 30, 2005): 295–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1105/tpc.105.038398.

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23

Eckardt, Nancy A. "A Role for APETALA2 in Maintenance of the Stem Cell Niche." Plant Cell 18, no. 2 (February 2006): 275–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1105/tpc.106.040972.

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24

Tang, Meifang, Guisheng Li, and Mingsheng Chen. "The Phylogeny and Expression Pattern of APETALA2-like Genes in Rice." Journal of Genetics and Genomics 34, no. 10 (October 2007): 930–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1673-8527(07)60104-0.

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25

Liu, Zhaolei, Chunsun Gu, Fadi Chen, Jiafu Jiang, Yinghao Yang, Peiling Li, Sumei Chen, and Zhen Zhang. "Identification and Expression of an APETALA2-Like Gene from Nelumbo nucifera." Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 168, no. 2 (July 22, 2012): 383–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12010-012-9782-9.

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26

Cheng, Cheng, Likun An, Fangzhe Li, Wahaj Ahmad, Muhammad Aslam, Muhammad Zia Ul Haq, Yuanxin Yan, and Ramala Masood Ahmad. "Wide-Range Portrayal of AP2/ERF Transcription Factor Family in Maize (Zea mays L.) Development and Stress Responses." Genes 14, no. 1 (January 11, 2023): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes14010194.

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The APETALA2/Ethylene-Responsive Transcriptional Factors containing conservative AP2/ERF domains constituted a plant-specific transcription factor (TF) superfamily, called AP2/ERF. The configuration of the AP2/ERF superfamily in maize has remained unresolved. In this study, we identified the 229 AP2/ERF genes in the latest (B73 RefGen_v5) maize reference genome. Phylogenetic classification of the ZmAP2/ERF family members categorized it into five clades, including 27 AP2 (APETALA2), 5 RAV (Related to ABI3/VP), 89 DREB (dehydration responsive element binding), 105 ERF (ethylene responsive factors), and a soloist. The duplication events of the paralogous genes occurred from 1.724–25.855 MYA, a key route to maize evolution. Structural analysis reveals that they have more introns and few exons. The results showed that 32 ZmAP2/ERFs regulate biotic stresses, and 24 ZmAP2/ERFs are involved in responses towards abiotic stresses. Additionally, the expression analysis showed that DREB family members are involved in plant sex determination. The real-time quantitative expression profiling of ZmAP2/ERFs in the leaves of the maize inbred line B73 under ABA, JA, salt, drought, heat, and wounding stress revealed their specific expression patterns. Conclusively, this study unveiled the evolutionary pathway of ZmAP2/ERFs and its essential role in stress and developmental processes. The generated information will be useful for stress resilience maize breeding programs.

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27

Jofuku, K. Diane, Bart G. W. den Boer, Marc Van Montagu, and Jack K. Okamuro. "Control of Arabidopsis Flower and Seed Development by the Homeotic Gene APETALA2." Plant Cell 6, no. 9 (September 1994): 1211. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3869820.

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28

Finkelstein, Ruth R., Ming Li Wang, Tim J. Lynch, Shashirekha Rao, and Howard M. Goodman. "The Arabidopsis Abscisic Acid Response Locus ABI4 Encodes an APETALA2 Domain Protein." Plant Cell 10, no. 6 (June 1998): 1043. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3870689.

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29

Martínez-Fernández, Irene, Stéfanie Menezes de Moura, Marcio Alves-Ferreira, Cristina Ferrándiz, and Vicente Balanzà. "Identification of Players Controlling Meristem Arrest Downstream of the FRUITFULL-APETALA2 Pathway." Plant Physiology 184, no. 2 (August 10, 2020): 945–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.20.00800.

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30

Chen, X. "A MicroRNA as a Translational Repressor of APETALA2 in Arabidopsis Flower Development." Science 303, no. 5666 (March 26, 2004): 2022–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1088060.

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31

Finkelstein, Ruth R., Ming Li Wang, Tim J. Lynch, Shashirekha Rao, and Howard M. Goodman. "The Arabidopsis Abscisic Acid Response Locus ABI4 Encodes an APETALA2 Domain Protein." Plant Cell 10, no. 6 (June 1998): 1043–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1105/tpc.10.6.1043.

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32

Jofuku, K. D., B. G. den Boer, M. Van Montagu, and J. K. Okamuro. "Control of Arabidopsis flower and seed development by the homeotic gene APETALA2." Plant Cell 6, no. 9 (September 1994): 1211–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1105/tpc.6.9.1211.

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33

Vahala, Tiina, Bengt Oxelman, and Sara von Arnold. "Two APETALA2‐like genes of Picea abies are differentially expressed during development1." Journal of Experimental Botany 52, no. 358 (May 1, 2001): 1111–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jexbot/52.358.1111.

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34

Chandler, J. W., and W. Werr. "A phylogenetically conserved APETALA2/ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR, ERF12, regulates Arabidopsis floral development." Plant Molecular Biology 102, no. 1-2 (December 5, 2019): 39–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11103-019-00936-5.

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Abstract Key message Arabidopsis ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR12 (ERF12), the rice MULTIFLORET SPIKELET1 orthologue pleiotropically affects meristem identity, floral phyllotaxy and organ initiation and is conserved among angiosperms. Abstract Reproductive development necessitates the coordinated regulation of meristem identity and maturation and lateral organ initiation via positive and negative regulators and network integrators. We have identified ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR12 (ERF12) as the Arabidopsis orthologue of MULTIFLORET SPIKELET1 (MFS1) in rice. Loss of ERF12 function pleiotropically affects reproductive development, including defective floral phyllotaxy and increased floral organ merosity, especially supernumerary sepals, at incomplete penetrance in the first-formed flowers. Wildtype floral organ number in early formed flowers is labile, demonstrating that floral meristem maturation involves the stabilisation of positional information for organogenesis, as well as appropriate identity. A subset of erf12 phenotypes partly defines a narrow developmental time window, suggesting that ERF12 functions heterochronically to fine-tune stochastic variation in wild type floral number and similar to MFS1, promotes meristem identity. ERF12 expression encircles incipient floral primordia in the inflorescence meristem periphery and is strong throughout the floral meristem and intersepal regions. ERF12 is a putative transcriptional repressor and genetically opposes the function of its relatives DORNRÖSCHEN, DORNRÖSCHEN-LIKE and PUCHI and converges with the APETALA2 pathway. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that ERF12 is conserved among all eudicots and appeared in angiosperm evolution concomitant with the generation of floral diversity.

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Drews, Gary N., John L. Bowman, and Elliot M. Meyerowitz. "Negative regulation of the Arabidopsis homeotic gene AGAMOUS by the APETALA2 product." Cell 65, no. 6 (June 1991): 991–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(91)90551-9.

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Gao, Jin, Yaoxin Zhang, Zhengguo Li, and Mingchun Liu. "Role of ethylene response factors (ERFs) in fruit ripening." Food Quality and Safety 4, no. 1 (January 3, 2020): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fqsafe/fyz042.

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Abstract The ethylene response factors (ERFs) belong to the APETALA2/ethylene response factor (AP2/ERF) superfamily and act downstream of the ethylene signalling pathway to regulate the expression of ethylene responsive genes. In different species, ERFs have been reported to be involved in plant development, flower abscission, fruit ripening, and defense responses. In this review, based on the new progress made by recent studies, we summarize the specific role and mode of action of ERFs in regulating different aspects of ripening in both climacteric and non-climacteric fruits, and provide new insights into the role of ethylene in non-climacteric fruit ripening.

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Weigel, Detlef. "The APETALA2 Domain Is Related to a Novel Type of DNA Binding Domain." Plant Cell 7, no. 4 (April 1995): 388. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3870077.

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Moose, S. P., and P. H. Sisco. "Glossy15, an APETALA2-like gene from maize that regulates leaf epidermal cell identity." Genes & Development 10, no. 23 (December 1, 1996): 3018–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gad.10.23.3018.

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Jofuku, K. D., P. K. Omidyar, Z. Gee, and J. K. Okamuro. "Control of seed mass and seed yield by the floral homeotic gene APETALA2." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102, no. 8 (February 11, 2005): 3117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0409893102.

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Weigel, D. "The APETALA2 domain is related to a novel type of DNA binding domain." Plant Cell 7, no. 4 (April 1995): 388–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1105/tpc.7.4.388.

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Chen, Xuemei, Li Zhao, and YunJu Kim. "miR172 modulates the output of the AGAMOUS/APETALA2 antagonistic pair in floral patterning." Developmental Biology 295, no. 1 (July 2006): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.04.006.

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Mlotshwa, Sizolwenkosi, Zhiyong Yang, YunJu Kim, and Xuemei Chen. "Floral patterning defects induced by Arabidopsis APETALA2 and microRNA172 expression in Nicotiana benthamiana." Plant Molecular Biology 61, no. 4-5 (July 2006): 781–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11103-006-0049-0.

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Nilsson, Lars, Annelie Carlsbecker, Annika Sundås-Larsson, and Tiina Vahala. "APETALA2 like genes from Picea abies show functional similarities to their Arabidopsis homologues." Planta 225, no. 3 (September 5, 2006): 589–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00425-006-0374-1.

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Ripoll, J. J., A. H. K. Roeder, G. S. Ditta, and M. F. Yanofsky. "A novel role for the floral homeotic gene APETALA2 during Arabidopsis fruit development." Development 138, no. 23 (October 26, 2011): 5167–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.073031.

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Tsaftaris, Athanasios S., Konstantinos Pasentsis, Panagiotis Madesis, and Anagnostis Argiriou. "Sequence Characterization and Expression Analysis of Three APETALA2-like Genes from Saffron Crocus." Plant Molecular Biology Reporter 30, no. 2 (September 16, 2011): 443–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11105-011-0355-9.

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Zeng, Danqi, Jaime A. Teixeira da Silva, Mingze Zhang, Zhenming Yu, Can Si, Conghui Zhao, Guangyi Dai, Chunmei He, and Juan Duan. "Genome-Wide Identification and Analysis of the APETALA2 (AP2) Transcription Factor in Dendrobium officinale." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 10 (May 14, 2021): 5221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22105221.

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The APETALA2 (AP2) transcription factors (TFs) play crucial roles in regulating development in plants. However, a comprehensive analysis of the AP2 family members in a valuable Chinese herbal orchid, Dendrobium officinale, or in other orchids, is limited. In this study, the 14 DoAP2 TFs that were identified from the D. officinale genome and named DoAP2-1 to DoAP2-14 were divided into three clades: euAP2, euANT, and basalANT. The promoters of all DoAP2 genes contained cis-regulatory elements related to plant development and also responsive to plant hormones and stress. qRT-PCR analysis showed the abundant expression of DoAP2-2, DoAP2-5, DoAP2-7, DoAP2-8 and DoAP2-12 genes in protocorm-like bodies (PLBs), while DoAP2-3, DoAP2-4, DoAP2-6, DoAP2-9, DoAP2-10 and DoAP2-11 expression was strong in plantlets. In addition, the expression of some DoAP2 genes was down-regulated during flower development. These results suggest that DoAP2 genes may play roles in plant regeneration and flower development in D. officinale. Four DoAP2 genes (DoAP2-1 from euAP2, DoAP2-2 from euANT, and DoAP2-6 and DoAP2-11 from basal ANT) were selected for further analyses. The transcriptional activation of DoAP2-1, DoAP2-2, DoAP2-6 and DoAP2-11 proteins, which were localized in the nucleus of Arabidopsis thaliana mesophyll protoplasts, was further analyzed by a dual-luciferase reporter gene system in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Our data showed that pBD-DoAP2-1, pBD-DoAP2-2, pBD-DoAP2-6 and pBD-DoAP2-11 significantly repressed the expression of the LUC reporter compared with the negative control (pBD), suggesting that these DoAP2 proteins may act as transcriptional repressors in the nucleus of plant cells. Our findings on AP2 genes in D. officinale shed light on the function of AP2 genes in this orchid and other plant species.

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Prunet, Nathanaël, Patrice Morel, Priscilla Champelovier, Anne-Marie Thierry, Ioan Negrutiu, Thomas Jack, and Christophe Trehin. "SQUINT promotes stem cell homeostasis and floral meristem termination inArabidopsisthrough APETALA2 and CLAVATA signalling." Journal of Experimental Botany 66, no. 21 (August 12, 2015): 6905–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erv394.

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Chuck, G., R. B. Meeley, and S. Hake. "The control of maize spikelet meristem fate by the APETALA2-like gene indeterminate spikelet1." Genes & Development 12, no. 8 (April 15, 1998): 1145–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gad.12.8.1145.

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Zhou, Yan, Danfeng Lu, Canyang Li, Jianghong Luo, Bo-Feng Zhu, Jingjie Zhu, Yingying Shangguan, et al. "Genetic Control of Seed Shattering in Rice by the APETALA2 Transcription Factor SHATTERING ABORTION1." Plant Cell 24, no. 3 (March 2012): 1034–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1105/tpc.111.094383.

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WU, Yan-qing, Zhi-yuan LI, Da-qiu ZHAO, and Jun TAO. "Comparative analysis of flower-meristem-identity gene APETALA2 (AP2) codon in different plant species." Journal of Integrative Agriculture 17, no. 4 (April 2018): 867–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2095-3119(17)61732-5.

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