Journal articles: 'Apatite Mechanical properties'

1

Takeuchi, Akari, Akinari Nakagawa, Shigeki Matsuya, and Ishikawa Kunio. "Effect of Added Tricalcium Phosphate on Basic Properties of Apatite Cement." Key Engineering Materials 361-363 (November 2007): 339–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.361-363.339.

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Effect of added α-tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) and β-TCP was investigated to understand the setting reaction of apatite cement consisting of tetracalcium phosphate (TTCP) and dicalcium phosphate anhydrous (DCPA). Addition of TCP delayed the initial setting time because TCP was not involved in the initial setting reaction and resulted in the decreased initial mechanical strength. After the initial setting of the cement due to the conversion of TTCP and DCPA into apatite, α-TCP dissolved to supply calcium and phosphate ions and they were consumed for crystal growth of apatite. Therefore, mechanical strength of the apatite cement containing α-TCP was increased. In contrast, added β-TCP showed no reactivity in the cement and thus result in the decreased mechanical strength.

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Artilia, Ira, Myrna Nurlatifah Zakaria, and Arief Cahyanto. "Setting Time, Handling Property and Mechanical Strength Evaluation of SCPC50 and Apatite Cement Mixture in Various Combinations." Key Engineering Materials 829 (December 2019): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.829.40.

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Apatite cement is ideal self-setting cement for bone substitute material, however its use is limited only to areas that receive minimum load bearing because mechanical strength of apatite cement is low. Silica-calcium phosphate nanocomposite (SCPC50) is material having good mechanical strength and has an important role in bone remodeling (bone metabolism), mineralization, synthesis of cartilage, collagen production, proliferation and differentiation of bone cells. However, the unsetting and granule’s physical shape of SCPC50 limits the application. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of various mixtures of SCPC50 and apatite cement to manipulative index (setting time and handling property), and mechanical properties. The experimental results show that the setting time of apatite cement mixture with 5% and 10% SCPC50 was 40% higher (p<0.05). The mechanical strength evaluated by Diametral Tensile Strength showed that the addition of both 5% silica and 10% SCPC50 composition to apatite cement mixture increased the mechanical strength of apatite cement mixture (p<0.1). The handling property of cement paste was significantly increased between the apatite cement without SCPC50 and apatite cement with both 5% SCPC50 and 10% SCPC50 (p<0.05). It is concluded that the addition of SCPC50 to apatite cement mixture could improve the mechanical properties and it is expected to improve its bioactivity.

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Roveri, Norberto, Elisa Battistella, Claudia Letizia Bianchi, Ismaela Foltran, Elisabetta Foresti, Michele Iafisco, Marco Lelli, Alberto Naldoni, Barbara Palazzo, and Lia Rimondini. "Surface Enamel Remineralization: Biomimetic Apatite Nanocrystals and Fluoride Ions Different Effects." Journal of Nanomaterials 2009 (2009): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/746383.

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A new method for altered enamel surface remineralization has been proposed. To this aim carbonate-hydroxyapatite nanocrystals which mimic for composition, structure, nanodimensions, and morphology dentine apatite crystals and resemble closely natural apatite chemical-physical properties have been used. The results underline the differences induced by the use of fluoride ions and hydroxyapatite nanocrystals in contrasting the mechanical abrasions and acid attacks to which tooth enamel is exposed. Fluoride ions generate a surface modification of the natural enamel apatite crystals increasing their crystallinity degree and relative mechanical and acid resistance. On the other hand, the remineralization produced by carbonate-hydroxyapatite consists in a deposition of a new apatitic mineral into the eroded enamel surface scratches. A new biomimetic mineral coating, which progressively fills and shadows surface scratches, covers and safeguards the enamel structure by contrasting the acid and bacteria attacks.

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Okazaki, M., and H. Ohmae. "Mechanical and biological properties of apatite composite resins." Biomaterials 9, no. 4 (July 1988): 345—IN3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0142-9612(88)90031-2.

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Zhang, Yu, Cui Huang, and Jiang Chang. "Ca-Doped mesoporous SiO2/dental resin composites with enhanced mechanical properties, bioactivity and antibacterial properties." Journal of Materials Chemistry B 6, no. 3 (2018): 477–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7tb02864d.

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Roveri, Norberto, Elisa Battistella, Ismaela Foltran, Elisabetta Foresti, Michele Iafisco, Marco Lelli, Barbara Palazzo, and Lia Rimondini. "Synthetic Biomimetic Carbonate-Hydroxyapatite Nanocrystals for Enamel Remineralization." Advanced Materials Research 47-50 (June 2008): 821–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.47-50.821.

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New biomimetic carbonate-hydroxyapatite nanocrystals (CHA) have been designed and synthesized in order to obtain a remineralization of the altered enamel surfaces. Synthesized CHA mimic for composition, structure, nano dimension and morphology bone apatite crystals and their chemical-physical properties resemble closely those exhibited by enamel natural apatite. CHA can chemically bound themselves on the surface of natural enamel apatite thanks to their tailored biomimetic characteristics. The remineralization effect induced by CHA represents a real new deposition of carbonate-hydroxyapatite into the eroded enamel surface scratches forming a persistent biomimetic mineral coating, which covers and safeguards the enamel structure. The experimental results point out the possibility to use materials alternative to fluoride compounds which is commonly utilized to contrast the mechanical abrasions and acid attacks. The apatitic synthetic coating is less crystalline than enamel natural apatite, but consists of a new biomimetic apatitic mineral deposition which progressively fills the surface scratches. Therefore the application of biomimetic CHA may be considered an innovative approach to contrast the acid and bacteria attacks.

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Ibrahim, Nurul Farhana, Hasmaliza Mohamad, Siti Noor Fazliah Mohd Noor, and Nurazreena Ahmad. "Mechanical Properties of Hydroxyapatite Reinforced 45S5." Solid State Phenomena 264 (September 2017): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.264.29.

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Hydroxyapatite (HA) has similar constituent with natural bone mineral and is able to evoke apatite formation on the bone interface. Similarly, bioactive glass (BG) such as 45S5 has the ability to induce bone formation when exposed to physiological environment. However, both materials have drawbacks in mechanical properties such as brittleness and low compressive strength. Hence, HA-BG composite has potential for enhance properties. The current work aims to assess the effects of BG addition in HA system focusing on mechanical properties.

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Eskandari, A., M. Aminzare, H. Hassani, H. Barounian, S. Hesaraki, and S. K. Sadrnezhaad. "Densification Behavior and Mechanical Properties of Biomimetic Apatite Nanocrystals." Current Nanoscience 7, no. 5 (October 1, 2011): 776–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157341311797483646.

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HISAMORI, Noriyuki, and Yukito HAGIHARA. "503 Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of Apatite Ceramics Composite." Proceedings of the 1992 Annual Meeting of JSME/MMD 2005 (2005): 331–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmezairiki.2005.0_331.

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10

Leshkivich, K. S., and E. A. Monroe. "Synthetic silicate sulphate apatite: mechanical properties and biocompatibility testing." Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine 4, no. 1 (January 1993): 86–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00122984.

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11

Vinn, Olev. "Phosphatic Biomineralization in Scyphozoa (Cnidaria): A Review." Minerals 12, no. 10 (October 18, 2022): 1316. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12101316.

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Phosphatic biomineralization is unknown in modern species of Scyphozoa (Cnidaria). However, some extinct groups of Scyphozoa, such as conulariids and Sphenothallus, were capable of secreting phosphatic exoskeletons. Both conulariids and Sphenothallus used apatite to improve the mechanical properties of their skeletons, which offered better protection than the non-biomineralized periderms. The skeletons of conulariids and Sphenothallus have a lamellar microstructure. The shell lamellae of conulariids are often pierced by tiny pores. Several apatitic mineral structures have been described in conulariids and Sphenothallus, including plywood-like structures. Different lattice parameters of the apatite indicate that the biomineralization mechanisms of the phosphatic cnidarians Sphenothallus and conulariids differed from each other.

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Ghaemi, Mohammad, Sergiy Sayenko, Volodymyr Shkuropatenko, Anna Zykova, Kateryna Ulybkina, Olena Bereznyak, Andrzej Krupa, and Mirosław Sawczak. "The effect of Sr and Mg substitutions on structure, mechanical properties and solubility of fluorapatite ceramics for biomedical applications." Processing and Application of Ceramics 16, no. 3 (2022): 218–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pac2203218g.

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Ionic substitutions play important role in the modifications of biological apatites. Recently, the attention has been focused on the co-doping effects on functional properties of apatite based biomaterials. In this research work, the dense samples of fluorapatites, Ca10(PO4)6F2 and Ca8MgSr(PO4)6F2, were produced after sintering at 1250?C for 6 h in air. Structural characterization, carried out with XRD, IR, Raman and SEM, confirmed the formation of dense and homogeneous structure with main fluorapatite and small amount of Ca3(PO4)2 phase. The presented results also demonstrate the stability of structural and mechanical properties of fluorapatites after immersion tests in saline and buffer solutions. The durability of mechanical properties and biocompatibility of the Ca10(PO4)6F2 and Ca8MgSr(PO4)6F2 fluorapatites make these materials highly attractive for biomedical application.

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13

JIE, W., L. YUBAO, and H. YI. "Processing properties of nano apatite-polyamide biocomposites." Journal of Materials Science 40, no. 3 (February 2005): 793–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-005-6326-5.

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14

Kunio, Ishikawa, Koh-ichi Udoh, Hanae Wakae, Melvin L. Munar, Shigeki Matsuya, Masaharu Nakagawa, and Akihiko Nakajima. "Fabrication of Carbonate Apatite Form and its Basic Properties." Key Engineering Materials 284-286 (April 2005): 373–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.284-286.373.

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Carbonate apatite form that has three-dimensional fully interconnected pore was prepared based on so-called ceramics form preparation method. First, a-tricalcium phosphate (a-TCP) form was prepared by immersing polyurethane form into a-TCP powder suspension. The form was heated in an electronic furnace for sintering a-TCP as well as for burning out of the polyurethane form. Then hydrothermal treatment was preformed at 200 degrees in the presence of saturated sodium bicarbonate for 24 hours. Although the mechanical strength of the carbonate apatite form was poorer when compared with a-TCP form, we found that the hydrothermal treatment of a -TCP form result in the formation of B-type carbonate apatite form without changing the ideal morphology of a -TCP form.

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15

Yamane, Yuya, Takeshi Yabutsuka, Yusuke Takaoka, Chihiro Ishizaki, Shigeomi Takai, and Shunsuke Fujibayashi. "Surface Modification of Carbon Fiber-Polyetheretherketone Composite to Impart Bioactivity by Using Apatite Nuclei." Materials 14, no. 21 (November 6, 2021): 6691. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14216691.

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The authors aimed to impart the apatite-forming ability to 50 wt% carbon fiber-polyetheretherketone composite (50C-PEEK), which has more suitable mechanical properties as artificial bone materials than pure PEEK. First, the 50C-PEEK was treated with sulfuric acid in a short time to form pores on the surface. Second, the surface of the 50C-PEEK was treated with oxygen plasma to improve the hydrophilicity. Finally, fine particles of calcium phosphate, which the authors refer to as “apatite nuclei”, were precipitated on the surface of the 50C-PEEK by soaking in an aqueous solution containing multiple inorganic ions such as phosphate and calcium (modified-SBF) at pH 8.20, 25 °C. The 50C-PEEK without the modified-SBF treatment did not show the formation of apatitic phase even after immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF) for 7 days. The 50C-PEEK treated with the modified-SBF showed the formation of apatitic phase on the entire surface within 1 day in the SBF. The apatite nuclei-precipitated 50C-PEEK will be expected as a new artificial bone material with high bioactivity that is obtained without complicated fabrication processes.

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16

Hofmann, I., D. Haas, A. Eckert, H. Rüf, H. Firgo, F. A. Müller, and P. Greil. "Mechanical properties of cellulose–apatite composite fibres for biomedical applications." Advances in Applied Ceramics 107, no. 5 (October 2008): 293–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174367508x297786.

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17

Rentería-Zamarrón, D., D. A. Cortés-Hernández, L. Bretado-Aragón, and W. Ortega-Lara. "Mechanical properties and apatite-forming ability of PMMA bone cements." Materials & Design 30, no. 8 (September 2009): 3318–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2008.11.024.

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18

Rattanachan, Sirirat T., Charussri Lorpayoon, and Piyanan Bunpayun. "Chitosan-Crystallized Apatite Composites for Bone Cements: Mechanical Strength and Setting Behavior." Key Engineering Materials 330-332 (February 2007): 839–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.330-332.839.

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Crystallized apatite behaved to plaster of Paris was prepared by the chemical method. Apatite powder was mixed with chitosan. In this study, it was also studied the effect of HA seed and sodium hydrogen phosphate as an additive on their mechanical strength, compared with the normal calcium phosphate cements. Setting time of paste cements was determined using Gillmore method. Phases of cement obtained from a crushed cylinder were analyzed using XRD analysis. From the results, chitosan was effective both in increasing mechanical properties and accelerating hardening of the normal bone cements. Nevertheless, the compressive strength of chitosan-crystallized apatite composites was not significantly improved as compared to the controlled one. In addition, it was found that the mechanical strength of the cements decreased when increasing the concentration of HA seed and an additive.

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Motojima, S., N. Igeta, Michiyo Honda, Nobuyuki Kanzawa, and Mamoru Aizawa. "Enhancement of the Mechanical Property of Apatite-Fiber Scaffold Using Type I-Collagen." Key Engineering Materials 361-363 (November 2007): 943–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.361-363.943.

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We have successfully fabricated apatite-fiber scaffolds (AFSs) that enable three-dimensional cell culture. The AFSs possessing large pores of 100~250 μm and micro pores of about 5 μm were fabricated by firing the green compacts consisting of the single-crystal apatite fibers and the carbon beads with a size of 150 μm. In order to enhance the mechanical properties of the AFSs, we have improved the process of AFS fabrication: Collagen gel (type I) solutions were introduced into the pores in the scaffolds; in addition, the resulting apatite/collagen scaffolds were chemically modified by thermally dehydrated cross-linking. Actually, the results of compressive strength tests show that the value of the AFS with chemically cross-linked I-collagen was about twice as high as that of the conventional AFS without I-collagen. We conclude that combination of I-collagen and thermal dehydrated cross-linking is effective for enhancement of the mechanical properties of AFSs.

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Fujisaki, Kazuhiro, Naoya Saito, Shunto Date, and Kazuhiko Sasagawa. "Observation of Apatite Formation on Titanium Plate and Bone Surfaces in Electric Stimulation." International Journal of Automation Technology 11, no. 6 (October 31, 2017): 902–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2017.p0902.

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Apatite formation due to mineralization has important implications in the biological function of hard tissues. The mechanical properties of mineralized tissues such as teeth enamel, dentin, and bone depend strongly on the apatite structure in the tissue. The control of both volume fraction and apatite texture is important in determining the structural characteristics. It is also important to create an apatite layer on the surface of implanted materials to improve biocompatibility between the surface and the tissues. In this study, apatite deposition and formation on Ti plates and bone surfaces were studied by means of electric stimulation conducted in apatite-neutralizing solution. Apatite particles were deposited not only on the Ti plate surfaces but also on the bone, combined with Ti wires wrapped under DC loading. Apatite crystal growth was observed on the samples during electric stimulation.

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Watanabe, Ryota, Aira Matsugaki, Takuya Ishimoto, Ryosuke Ozasa, Takuya Matsumoto, and Takayoshi Nakano. "A Novel Ex Vivo Bone Culture Model for Regulation of Collagen/Apatite Preferential Orientation by Mechanical Loading." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 13 (July 4, 2022): 7423. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23137423.

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The anisotropic microstructure of bone, composed of collagen fibers and biological apatite crystallites, is an important determinant of its mechanical properties. Recent studies have revealed that the preferential orientation of collagen/apatite composites is closely related to the direction and magnitude of in vivo principal stress. However, the mechanism of alteration in the collagen/apatite microstructure to adapt to the mechanical environment remains unclear. In this study, we established a novel ex vivo bone culture system using embryonic mouse femurs, which enabled artificial control of the mechanical environment. The mineralized femur length significantly increased following cultivation; uniaxial mechanical loading promoted chondrocyte hypertrophy in the growth plates of embryonic mouse femurs. Compressive mechanical loading using the ex vivo bone culture system induced a higher anisotropic microstructure than that observed in the unloaded femur. Osteocytes in the anisotropic bone microstructure were elongated and aligned along the long axis of the femur, which corresponded to the principal loading direction. The ex vivo uniaxial mechanical loading successfully induced the formation of an oriented collagen/apatite microstructure via osteocyte mechano-sensation in a manner quite similar to the in vivo environment.

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Miyazaki, Toshiki, S. Yasunaga, Eiichi Ishida, Masahiro Ashizuka, and Chikara Ohtsuki. "Bioactivity and Mechanical Property of Starch-Based Organic-Inorganic Hybrids." Key Engineering Materials 330-332 (February 2007): 439–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.330-332.439.

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So-called bioactive ceramics bond to living bone through the apatite layer formed on their surfaces in the body. The apatite deposition is triggered by dissolution of calcium ion (Ca2+) and by silanol (Si-OH) group formed on the surfaces of the ceramics. It is expected that organic modification of these components would produce bioactive materials with high flexibility. In this study, we examined bioactivity and mechanical properties of the organic-inorganic hybrids from starch by modification with silanol group and calcium ion. Effect of cross-linking agent was also investigated. The obtained hybrids showed bioactivity and mechanical properties analogous to those of human cancellous bone by appropriate control in their compositions. Addition of cross-linking agent to improve mechanical strength of the hybrids did not decrease their bioactivity.

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Li, Chunmei, Hyoung-Joon Jin, Gregory D. Botsaris, and David L. Kaplan. "Silk apatite composites from electrospun fibers." Journal of Materials Research 20, no. 12 (December 1, 2005): 3374–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2005.0425.

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Human bone is a three-dimensional composite structure consisting of inorganic apatite crystals and organic collagen fibers. An attractive strategy for fabricating mimics of these types of composite biomaterials is to selectively grow apatite on polymers with control of structure, mechanical properties, and function. In the present study, silk/apatite composites were prepared by growing apatite on functionalized nanodiameter silk fibroin fibers prepared by electrospinning. The functionalized fibers were spun from an aqueous solution of silk/polyethylene oxide (PEO) (78/22 wt/wt) containing poly(L-aspartate) (poly-Asp), which was introduced as an analogue of noncollageous proteins normally found in bone. Silk fibroin associated with the acidic poly-Asp and acted as template for mineralization. Apatite mineral growth occurred preferentially along the longitudinal direction of the fibers, a feature that was not present in the absence of the combination of components at appropriate concentrations. Energy dispersive spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction confirmed that the mineral deposits were apatite. The results suggest that this approach can be used to form structures with potential utility for bone-related biomaterials based on the ability to control the interface wherein nucleation and crystal growth occur on the silk fibroin. With this level of inorganic–organic control, coupled with the unique mechanical properties, slow rates of biodegradation, and polymorphic features of this type of proteins, new opportunities emerge for utility of biomaterials.

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Yan, Ting Ting, Si Yu Wu, Min Fang, and Qing Hua Chen. "Research of Preparation and Properties of CaSO₄/HAw Bone Graft Substitute." Applied Mechanics and Materials 707 (December 2014): 154–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.707.154.

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Calcium sulfate/hydroxyl apatite whiskers composite is possible to be used as bone graft substitute, for its biocompatibility, controllable degradation, and suitable mechanical properties. In this study, calcium sulfate/hydroxyl apatite whisker composites were fabricated and characterized. The characteristics of the composites were assessed by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and immersing testing techniques. The composites prepared in this article have been confirmed to be ideally used as biodegradable implants.

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Chen, Lei, Dong Zhai, Zhiguang Huan, Nan Ma, Haibo Zhu, Chengtie Wu, and Jiang Chang. "Silicate bioceramic/PMMA composite bone cement with distinctive physicochemical and bioactive properties." RSC Advances 5, no. 47 (2015): 37314–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra04646g.

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New bioactive silicate/PMMA composite bone cements possess improved setting properties, high mechanical strength, excellent apatite-mineralization ability and biological activity for injectable bone regeneration materials application.

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Workie, Andualem Belachew, and Shao-Ju Shih. "A study of bioactive glass–ceramic's mechanical properties, apatite formation, and medical applications." RSC Advances 12, no. 36 (2022): 23143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d2ra03235j.

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Bioactive glass–ceramics are made by several steps, such as creating a microstructure from dispersed crystals within the residual glass, which provides high bending strength, and apatite crystallizes on surfaces of glass–ceramics with calcium ions.

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Sugino, Atsushi, Toshiki Miyazaki, Chikara Ohtsuki, Masao Tanihara, and Koichi Kuramoto. "Preparation of Apatite-Polyglutamic Acid Hybrid Through Biomimetic Process." Key Engineering Materials 309-311 (May 2006): 675–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.309-311.675.

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Natural bone has excellent mechanical properties such as high fracture toughness and high flexibility. These properties are achieved by specific microstructure of natural bone that is composed of the organic collagen and inorganic apatite. On the basis of these findings, apatite-polymer hybrids are expected as novel bone substitutes having excellent mehcanical performances and high bone-bonding ability, i.e. bioactivity. In this study, we attempted preparation of apatite-polyglutamic acid hybrids through biomimetic process that mimics the principle of biomineralization. Simple chemical modification of the polyglutamic acid gel with 1 M (= mol/L) calcium chloride solution provided the gel with apatite-forming ability in simulated body fluid (SBF, Kokubo solution). This type of hybrid is also useful for designing bioactive bone substitutes with injectability, since viscosity of the polyglutamic acid gel can be easily controlled according to degree of cross-linking.

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Kolafová, M., A. Nežiková, J. Kamprle, J. Strnad, and Z. Strnad. "Apatite-Forming Ability of ZrO₂ Ceramics Enhanced by Sandblasting and Chemical Treatment and the Influence on Mechanical Properties." Key Engineering Materials 631 (November 2014): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.631.8.

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The apatite-forming ability of zirconia ceramics subjected to various surface treatments was investigated. Zirconia samples (Y-TZP) in the form of disks and rods were sandblasted and chemically etched in strong acids (HF, H3PO4, H2SO4) and/or in NaOH solution at an elevated temperature. The surface properties were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), wettability and roughness measurement. The ability to form bone-like apatite on the surface was evaluated by immersion of the sample in simulated body fluid, which has ion concentrations nearly equal to the inorganic part of human blood plasma. The effect of applied surface treatment on mechanical properties was investigated. Sandblasting resulted in significant increase of roughness. Chemical etching in H3PO4and H2SO4caused reduction of contact angle but this effect was lost when subsequent alkali treatment was applied. Etching in NaOH, H2SO4and two-step treatment combining H2SO4or H3PO4with NaOH resulted in the formation of bone-like apatite after immersion in simulated body fluid. These results indicate that sandblasted and chemically etched zirconia may be capable of direct bonding with living bone through an apatite layer created on its surface in a human environment. To avoid possible mechanical failure sandblasting conditions need further optimization.

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SAITO, Naoya, Kazuhiro FUJISAKI, Takeshi MORIWAKI, and Kazuhiko SASAGAWA. "Apatite desorption treatment for improvement of mechanical properties of bone tissue." Proceedings of the Bioengineering Conference Annual Meeting of BED/JSME 2018.30 (2018): 2H18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmebio.2018.30.2h18.

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Khorami, Mina, Saeed Hesaraki, Touradj Ebadzadeh, Sajad Farhangdoust, and Ali Zamanian. "The Effect of Microwave Irradiation on Structural and Mechanical Properties of Nano-Structured Bone-Like Carbonated Hydroxyapatite." Key Engineering Materials 493-494 (October 2011): 231–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.493-494.231.

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Nanocrystalline carbonated hydroxyapatite was produced through hydraulic conversion of calcium phosphate cement in simulated body fluid (SBF) and then heated in a microwave oven at 1000-1250 °C. The phase composition and microstructures were evaluated, before and after the thermal processing, using XRD and SEM, respectively. Total porosity and bending strength of the samples were also tested. Proliferation and morphology of osteoblastic cells on samples were evaluated using MTT method. Limited growth of apatite crystals was observed by the thermal treatment in which the samples exhibited a crystal size of ~ 150 nm at heating temperature of 1250 º. Based on the results, the microwave irradiation led to a little change in phase composition of carbonated apatite and slight amount of β-TCP phase was found together with large amount of apatite. The sample irradiated at 1250 °C formed more dense material having bending strength value up to 130 % that of unheated sample. The in vitro cell studies showed that the microwave irradiated samples could provide adequate cell proliferation and attachment.

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Riaz, Madeeha, Rehana Zia, Farhat Saleemi, Farooq Bashir, Riaz Ahmad, and Tousif Hossain. "Influence of Ta2O5 doping on mechanical and biological properties of silicate glass-ceramics." Materials Science-Poland 34, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/msp-2016-0013.

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AbstractThe mechanical properties of silicate glass-ceramics were evaluated based on the compressive strength tests. It was found that Ta2O5 addition improved densification, refinement of the microstructure and toughening of the bodies. The maximum compressive strength of the bodies with 1 mol% Ta2O5 was increased 3-fold (245.92 ±0.3 MPa) in comparison to undoped glass-ceramics which was measured to be 89.04 ±0.3 MPa, while for 3 mol% it became 4-fold (387.12 ±0.4 MPa) greater. The addition of Ta2O5 stabilized the system by controlling the biodegradation of the glass-ceramics. It effectively depressed the apatite formation as by addition of 3 mol% Ta2O5 no apatite layer was observed. It may be concluded from this study that mechanical and physical properties can be improved by the addition of Ta2O5, but at a cost of bioactivity. Still the optimized composition having Ta2O5 ⩽ 1 mol% may provide appropriate strength of biomaterials for high load bearing applications.

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Rhee, Sang Hoon, Yong Keun Lee, and Bum Soon Lim. "Effect of Silica Content in the PMMA/Silica Nano-Composite on the Mechanical Properties and Growth Behavior of Calcium Phosphate Crystals during Cell Culture." Key Engineering Materials 284-286 (April 2005): 165–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.284-286.165.

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The effect of silica content in the PMMA/silica nano-composite on the mechanical properties and the growth behavior of apatite crystals were investigated. The PMMA/silica nano-composites with different silica content were synthesized through the sol-gel reaction with triethoxysilane end-capped PMMA and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS). The compressive strength showed its maximum value when the content of TEOS was 20 wt% while the elastic modulus showed its maximum value when the content of TEOS was 60 wt%. The growth behavior of the apatite crystals following the cell culture showed different response according to the silica content. As increasing the TEOS content, the shape of the apatite crystals changed from globule-like structure to fiber-like one.

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Benezra, V., M. Spector, and L. W. Hobbs. "Use of Low Voltage High Resolution SEM (LVHRSEM) to Reveal Architectural Organization of Bone Mineral." Microscopy and Microanalysis 3, S2 (August 1997): 1227–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600013027.

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Load-bearing tissues in different organ systems display a wide variety of mechanical properties, yet are composed of only a few different molecules, with collagen as the principal structural protein. In bone, a mineral phase comprising carbonate-apatite crystallites confers compressive and torsional strength. The arrangement of collagen and apatite into three-dimensional hierarchical composite structures enables the tissue to bear high loads while maintaining flexibility. Moreover, bone serves as the body’s chemical storehouse for non-collagenous proteins and smaller molecular weight anions and cations such as calcium.An understanding of the three-dimensional structure of the apatite phase at the nanometer and micrometer levels can provide insights into the properties of bone, and serve as the guide for the development of bone substitute materials. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has been valuable in revealing certain ultrastructural features of the mineral. However, it has not yet been possible to obtain three-dimensional reconstructions of the morphology and distribution of the apatite phase of bone using this method.

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Ohtsuki, Chikara, Takahiro Kawai, Masanobu Kamitakahara, Masao Tanihara, Toshiki Miyazaki, Yoshimitsu Sakaguchi, and Shigeji Konagaya. "Comparison of Apatite Formation on Polyamide Films Containing Carboxyl and Sulfonic Groups in a Solution Mimicking Body Fluid." Key Engineering Materials 309-311 (May 2006): 477–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.309-311.477.

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Apatite formation on polyamide films containing either carboxyl or sulfonic groups was compared in 1.5SBF, whose ion concentrations are 1.5 times those of a simulated body fluid (SBF). The sulfonic groups induced the apatite nucleation earlier than the carboxyl groups. In contrast, the rate of crystal growth depended not on the kind of functional group, but on the degree of supersaturation of the surrounding solution. The more ready association of sulfonic groups with calcium ions may lead to earlier apatite nucleation than that of carboxyl groups. Adhesive strength of the apatite layer to polyamide film containing sulfonic groups was significantly lower than that with carboxyl groups depending on the chemical interactions as well as on the mechanical properties of the polyamide film.

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Sugino, Atsushi, Toshiki Miyazaki, and Chikara Ohtsuki. "Apatite-Forming Ability of Polyglutamic Acid Gel in Simulated Body Fluid: Effect of Cross-Linking Agent." Key Engineering Materials 330-332 (February 2007): 683–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.330-332.683.

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Development of the organic-inorganic hybrids composed of apatite crystals and organic polymer is expected to be an attractive material that has mechanical properties similar to natural bone as well as bone-bonding ability, i.e. bioactivity. It is reported that the carboxyl groups (-COOH) on the surfaces of the organic substrates act as a catalyst for induction of heterogeneous nucleation of apatite. The present authors previously showed that the apatite was successfully deposited on the polyglutamic acid gels containing abundant carboxyl groups through the biomimetic process, when they were priorly treated with calcium chloride solution. In this study, we fabricated the polyglutamic acid gels with different degree of cross-linking. Effect of the cross-linking on their ability of the apatite formation was examined in simulated body fluid (SBF). It was suggested that the apatite deposition on the polyglutamic acid gels is governed not only by the amount of –COOH that induces the heterogeneous nucleation of the apatite, but also by swelling property that controls local increase in degree of supersaturation with respect to the apatite.

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Baldassarri, M., H. C. Margolis, and E. Beniash. "Compositional Determinants of Mechanical Properties of Enamel." Journal of Dental Research 87, no. 7 (July 2008): 645–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154405910808700711.

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Dental enamel is comprised primarily of carbonated apatite, with less than 1% w/w organic matter and 4–5% w/w water. To determine the influence of each component on the microhardness and fracture toughness of rat incisor enamel, we mechanically tested specimens in which water and organic matrix were selectively removed. Tests were performed in mid-sagittal and transverse orientations to assess the effect of the structural organization on enamel micromechanical properties. While removal of organic matrix resulted in up to a 23% increase in microhardness, and as much as a 46% decrease in fracture toughness, water had a significantly lesser effect on these properties. Moreover, removal of organic matrix dramatically weakened the dentinoenamel junction (DEJ). Analysis of our data also showed that the structural organization of enamel affects its micromechanical properties. We anticipate that these findings will help guide the development of bio-inspired nanostructured materials for mineralized tissue repair and regeneration.

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Kunio, Ishikawa, Y. Miyamoto, T. Toh, Tetsuya Yuasa, Atsuo Ito, M. Nagayama, and Kiyoshi Suzuki. "Effects of Added ZnTCP on Mechanical and Biological Properties of Apatite Cement." Key Engineering Materials 192-195 (September 2000): 785–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.192-195.785.

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FUJISAKI, Kazuhiro, Keiichiro TANAKA, Takeshi MORIWAKI, and Kazuhiko SASAGAWA. "Effect of voltage-induced apatite deposition on mechanical properties of soft tissue." Proceedings of the Bioengineering Conference Annual Meeting of BED/JSME 2019.31 (2019): 1E23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmebio.2019.31.1e23.

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Ichibouji, Takashi, Toshiki Miyazaki, Eiichi Ishida, Atsushi Sugino, and Chikara Ohtsuki. "Apatite mineralization abilities and mechanical properties of covalently cross-linked pectin hydrogels." Materials Science and Engineering: C 29, no. 6 (August 2009): 1765–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2009.01.027.

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Lett, J. Anita, Suresh Sagadevan, Zohreh Shahnavaz, Muthiah Bavani Latha, Karthick Alagarswamy, M. A. Motalib Hossain, Faruq Mohammad, and Mohd Rafie Johan. "Exploration of gum ghatti-modified porous scaffolds for bone tissue engineering applications." New Journal of Chemistry 44, no. 6 (2020): 2389–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9nj05575d.

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Taking advantage of the tissue engineering principles, the formed hydroxyl apatite-modified gum ghatti biomaterial with its porous nature, biocompatibility, and efficient mechanical properties can be potential for the bone repair and regeneration.

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Ichibouji, Takashi, Toshiki Miyazaki, Eiichi Ishida, Masahiro Ashizuka, Atsushi Sugino, Chikara Ohtsuki, and Koichi Kuramoto. "Influence of Cross-Linking Agents on Apatite-forming Ability of Pectin Gels." Key Engineering Materials 361-363 (November 2007): 559–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.361-363.559.

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Natural bone is a kind of organic-inorganic hybrid composed of collagen and apatite crystals with a structure that provides specific mechanical properties such as high fracture toughness and flexibility. Materials exhibiting both high flexibility and bioactivity similar to natural bone are required for novel bone-repairing materials in medical fields. We expect that we can design such materials by mimicking the bone structure. Biomimetic process has been paid much attention where bone-like apatite is deposited on organic polymers in simulated body fluid (SBF). In this study, we investigated influence of cross-linking agents on apatite-forming ability of pectin gels. Pectin is a polysaccharide abundant in carboxyl group. Pectin gels were prepared by cross-linking of pectin aqueous solutions with calcium ions or divinylsulfone (DVS). Apatite-forming ability of the gels was examined in SBF. The citrus-derived pectin showed tendency to form the largest amount of the apatite independent on a kind of cross-linking agents in SBF.

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Rhee, Sang Hoon, Yong Keun Lee, and Bum Soon Lim. "Preparation of a Bioactive Poly(ε-Caprolactone) Triol/Silica Composite." Key Engineering Materials 309-311 (May 2006): 481–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.309-311.481.

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Effect of poly(ε-caprolactone) structure on the mechanical properties and apatite-forming ability of poly(ε-caprolactone)/silica composite was investigated. Star-shaped poly(ε-caprolactone) was used in the experiment and it was end-capped with 3-isocyanopropyl triethoxysilane following the reaction with tetraethyl orthosilicate by sol-gel method. It was heat-treated at 150 oC for 24 hours and then tensile mechanical and dynamic viscoelastic testings were conducted, respectively. Its bioactivity was evaluated by the apatite forming ability in simulated body fluid at 36.5 oC. Its tensile strength was about 22 MPa while elastic modulus was about 2.6 GPa when the content of poly(ε-caprolactone) was 60 wt.%. The formation of apatite crystals on its surface was confirmed after 1 week of soaking in the SBF. The high elastic modulus of this composite was explained in terms of its 3-dimensional network structure.

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Caridade, Sofia G., Esther G. Merino, Gisela M. Luz, N. M. Alves, and João F. Mano. "Bioactivity and Viscoelastic Characterization in Physiological Simulated Conditions of Chitosan/Bioglass® Composite Membranes." Materials Science Forum 636-637 (January 2010): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.636-637.26.

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A number of combinations of biodegradable polymers and bioactive ceramics have been used for orthopaedic applications including in hard tissue regeneration. Ideally, composites aimed to be used in orthopaedic applications should combine adequate mechanical properties and bioactivity. Chitosan (CTS) has been widely used for biomedical applications, namely in tissue regeneration or drug delivery. In this sense, membranes of chitosan and chitosan with Bioglass® (BG) were prepared by solvent casting and characterised using Scanning Electron Microscopy. In vitro bioactivity tests were performed in the composite membranes, namely by monitoring their capability to induce the precipitation of apatite upon immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF). The results showed that the addition of BG promoted the deposition of an apatite-like layer. The deposition of apatite could influence the mechanical performance of the material. Therefore, in order to follow this biomineralization, the viscoelastic properties of these composite membranes (immersed in SBF) were evaluated. The change in the storage modulus (E’) and the loss factor (Tan δ) were measured as a function of immersion time using non-conventional dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) tests, in which the samples were kept in wet conditions and at 37°C during the measurements. The mechanical properties of the chitosan membranes were improved by the addition of BG particles. An increase on the storage modulus was observed by the composite membranes while for the pure chitosan membranes the storage modulus was stable up to 7 days. Clear changes were detected in the composite membranes that contrasted with pure chitosan (CTS) membranes that exhibit stable viscoelastic properties up to 7 days. In addition, this work showed that sample characterization in the hydrated state can be useful to predict the mechanical performance of composites under meaningful physiological conditions.

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Piticescu, Roxana M., Viorica Trandafir, V. Danciu, Z. Vuluga, Eugeniu Vasile, and D. Iordachescu. "Ternary Bio-Nanostructured Systems Prepared under High Pressure Conditions." Key Engineering Materials 361-363 (November 2007): 539–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.361-363.539.

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Many researchers have assumed that a combination of hydroxyl apatite (HAP) and collagen (COL) may be the best solution for bone replacement and have prepared their composites by several techniques [1]. However, such HAP/COL composite had no nanostructure similar to bone, and consequently indicated no bone-like mechanical properties. These results demonstrate that the chemical composition similar to bone only is insufficient for bone metabolism and mechanical properties. Mechanical and biological performance of this type of materials could be improved by adding TiO2 within the initial mixture of nanostructured composites [2]. Ternary nanostructured systems consisting of hydroxyl apatite, TiO2 aerogel and collagen were prepared for the first time by hydrothermal procedure in high pressure conditions. Among many advantages, the synthesis method proposed in this paper could lead to formation of chemically bonded compounds as a consequence of high pressure conditions. The resulted material could find applications in bone tissue regenerative medicine, either in powder form for bone defects treatment, or in matrix form as osteoconductive coating for metal implants. Further studies are necessary to evaluate the osteoconductive properties.

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Xiao, K., K. W. Dalgarno, D. J. Wood, R. D. Goodridge, and C. Ohtsuki. "Indirect selective laser sintering of apatite—wollostonite glass—ceramic." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 222, no. 7 (October 1, 2008): 1107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544119jeim411.

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This paper develops an indirect selective laser sintering (SLS) processing route for apatite—wollastonite (A—W) glass—ceramic, and shows that the processing route, which can create porous three-dimensional products suitable for bone implants or scaffolds, does not affect the excellent mechanical and biological properties of the glass—ceramic. ‘Green parts’ with fine integrity and well-defined shape have been produced from glass particles of single-size range or mixed-size ranges with acrylic binder in various ratios by weight. A subsequent heat treatment process has been developed to optimize the crystallization process, and an infiltration process has been explored to enhance mechanical strength. Three-point bending test results show flexural strengths of up to 102 MPa, dependent on porosity, and simulated body fluid (SBF) tests show that the laser sintered porous A—W has comparable biological properties to that of conventionally produced A—W.

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Khanna, Prachi, and Racquel Z. LeGeros. "Properties of Gelatin/Carbonate Apatite Composite Compared to Bovine Bone." Key Engineering Materials 529-530 (November 2012): 413–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.529-530.413.

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Bone is a composite of approximately 65% inorganic phase (carbonate apatite, CHA) and a 35% organic phase (mostly collagen). To date, several commercial composites consisting of natural or synthetic polymers and calcium phosphates ( hydroxyapatite, tricalcium phosphate, biphasic calcium phosphates) are recommended for use in bone repair. Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the physico-chemical properties of gelatin/carbonate apatite composites with that of bovine bone. Native (Gel) or cross-linked (Gel*) was used. Methods: The CHA was prepared by hydrolysis method. The gelatin (denatured collagen) was cross-linked using Genipin. The gelatin/CHA composite were prepared by mixing of 35% gelatin and 65% CHA and freeze-drying. The composites were characterized using x-ray diffraction (XRD), FT-IR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermogravimetry (TGA). Dissolution properties were determined in acidic buffer (0.1M KAc, pH 6, 37°C). Mechanical strength was determined using 3-point bend test. Bovine bone was similarly characterized for comparison. Results: The composition and crystallite size of the CHA were similar to that of the bone mineral. The Gel/CHA and Gel*/CHA composites showed several physico-chemical properties (crystallinity, composition, thermal stability, mechanical strength, dissolution rate) similar to that of bone. Gel*/CHA compared to Gel/CHA composites showed lower elastic modulus, flexural strength, dissolution rate, swelling and higher porosity. Conclusion: The Gel*/CHA composites presented several properties similar to those of bovine bone and may have potential as bone substitute materials.

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Jakab, Miklós, Margit Enisz-Bódogh, and Kristóf Kovács. "Apatite-forming ability of bioglass coated bovine bone scaffolds." Processing and Application of Ceramics 16, no. 3 (2022): 276–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pac2203276j.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the bone-like apatite forming ability of bioglass coated bones by immersing them in simulated body fluid (SBF). Various types of bioactive coatings with an average thickness of 15 ?m were deposited on the surface of the cortical bovine bone by vacuum assisted infiltration.More intense apatite crystallization was observed using additives such as hydroxyapatite, sintered bone and ?-whitlockite in the base glass. The dissolution properties of the scaffolds were determined by ICP-OES and XRF methods. The consequence of the release of Ca and P during immersion in SBF on the mechanical properties was observed through measurements of microhardness, bending and compressive strength.

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Morales-Flórez, Victor, J. A. Toledo-Fernández, R. Mendoza-Serna, Manuel Piñero, Nicolás de la Rosa-Fox, A. Santos, and Luis Maria Esquivias Fedriani. "Mechanical Properties of Bioactive Hybrid Organic/Inorganic Aerogels." Key Engineering Materials 423 (December 2009): 155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.423.155.

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Hybrid silica-organic polymer aerogels based on tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) have been synthesized, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and methyltriethoxysilane (MTES) have been used as organic phases. Synthetic wollastonite powder was added as bioactive phase. The composites were prepared by dispersing wollastonite powder in the sol with the assistance of high power ultrasounds to control the gelling time. Wet composites were dried under supercritical conditions of the solvent. The mechanical characterization was performed by uniaxial compression and by nanoindentation. Young`s modulus from uniaxial compression increase from 5 MPa to 100 MPa for increasing MTES content and also rupture modulus was enhanced from 0.85 MPa to about 50 MPa, so the incorporation of cross linkers in this kind of aerogels, was proven to enhance the mechanical resistance. However the inclusion of wollastonite powders provokes a dropping of the Young’s modulus and hardness. All the composites showed bioactivity by the formation of an apatite layer when immersed in Simulated Body Fluid (SBF).

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Lin, Yi, Chiung Fang Huang, Hsin Chung Cheng, and Yung Kang Shen. "A Modified Surface on Titanium Alloy by Micro-Blasting Process." Advanced Materials Research 797 (September 2013): 696–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.797.696.

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Hydroxyapatite (HA) coating of hard tissue implants is widely employed for its biocompatible and osteoconductive properties as well as its improved mechanical properties. In this study, a novel micro-blasting process has been used to successfully modify a titanium alloy substrate with a HA treatment using a dopant/abrasive regime. The impact of a series of apatite abrasives, was investigated to determine the effect of abrasive particle size on the surface properties of both micro-blasting (abrasive only) and continuous (HA/abrasive) treatments. The resultant HA treated substrates were compared to substrates treated with abrasive only (micro-blasted) and an untreated Ti. The HA powder, apatite abrasives and the treated substrates were characterized for chemical composition, coating coverage, crystalline and topography. The results show that the surface roughness of the HA blasted modification was affected by the particle size of the apatite abrasives used. This study demonstrates the ability of the continuous process to deposit HA coatings with a range of surface properties onto Ti alloy substrates. The ability of the continuous technology to offer diversity in modifying surface topography offers exciting new prospects in tailoring the properties of medical devices for applications ranging from dental to orthopedic settings.

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Yamaguchi, Seiji, and Takeshi Yao. "Development of Bioactive Alumina-Wollastonite Composite by Electrophoretic Deposition." Key Engineering Materials 284-286 (April 2005): 863–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.284-286.863.

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Alumina is excellent biomaterial and used in hip prostheses, dental implants and so on. Wollastonite particles were deposited in pores of porous alumina by electrophoretic deposition and an alumina-wollastonite composite was produced. Apatite was formed both inside the pores and on the surface of the composite of the alumina-wollastonite composite by soaking in a simulated body fluid. It was indicated that the deposited wollastonite particles induced the apatite formation. Novel composite material with both excellent mechanical properties and high bioactivity was developed.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Apatite Mechanical properties'

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