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Journal articles on the topic 'Apatite fission tracks'

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Published: 9 March 2023

Last updated: 10 March 2023

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1

Ravenhurst, Casey E., Mary K. Roden-Tice, and Donald S. Miller. "Thermal annealing of fission tracks in fluorapatite, chlorapatite, manganoanapatite, and Durango apatite: experimental results." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 40, no. 7 (July 1, 2003): 995–1007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e03-032.

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It is well known that the optically measured lengths of fission tracks in apatite crystals are a function of etching conditions, crystallographic orientation of the track, composition of the crystal, and the state of thermal annealing. In this study we standardize etching conditions and optimize track length measurability by etching until etch pits formed at the surface of each apatite crystal reached widths of about 0.74 μm. Etching times using 5M HNO3 at 21°C were 31 s for Otter Lake, Quebec, fluorapatite; 47 s for Durango, Mexico, apatite; 33 s for Portland, Connecticut, manganoanapatite; and 11 s for Bamle, Norway, chlorapatite. An etching experiment using two etchant strengths (5M and 1.6M HNO3) revealed that, despite significant differences in etch pit shape, fission-track length anisotropy with respect to crystallographic orientation of the tracks is not a chemical etching effect. A series of 227 constant-temperature annealing experiments were carried out on nuclear reactor induced tracks in oriented slices of the apatites. After etching, crystallographic orientations of tracks were measured along with their lengths. The 200300 track lengths measured for each slice were ellipse-fitted to give the major (c crystallographic direction) and minor (a crystallographic direction) semi-axes used to calculate equivalent isotropic lengths. The equivalent isotropic length is more useful than mean length for thermal history analysis because the variation caused by anisotropy has been removed. Using normalized etching procedures and equivalent isotropic length data, we found that the fluorapatite anneals most readily, followed by Durango apatite, manganoanapatite, and lastly chlorapatite.

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2

Vercoutere, C., and P. Van Den Haute. "Post-Palaeozoic cooling and uplift of the Brabant Massif as revealed by apatite fission track analysis." Geological Magazine 130, no. 5 (September 1993): 639–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001675680002094x.

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AbstractA fission track study has been carried out on apatite from the igneous rock belt running along the southern border of the Brabant Massif. The study includes age determinations and a length analysis of both surface tracks and confined tracks. Apatite fission track ages vary between 146 Ma and 209 Ma. Confined track length distributions and the projected length age spectra indicate that the rocks cooled relatively rapidly from above 100 °C to ambient temperatures. The fission track ages therefore date a cooling phase of the Brabant Massif which is interpreted as reflecting an important uplift during the major part of the Jurassic, related to the Cimmerian tectonism which affected the North Sea basin and adjacent areas. Two apatite samples from the southerly Dinant Basin yield fission track ages around 200 Ma, similar to the oldest ages observed in the Brabant Massif, and with comparable track length characteristics. This indicates that the uplift was not limited to the Brabant region but also affected the Hercynian basement to the south.

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3

Nachtergaele, Simon, and Johan De Grave. "AI-Track-tive: open-source software for automated recognition and counting of surface semi-tracks using computer vision (artificial intelligence)." Geochronology 3, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 383–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gchron-3-383-2021.

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Abstract. A new method for automatic counting of etched fission tracks in minerals is described and presented in this article. Artificial intelligence techniques such as deep neural networks and computer vision were trained to detect fission surface semi-tracks on images. The deep neural networks can be used in an open-source computer program for semi-automated fission track dating called “AI-Track-tive”. Our custom-trained deep neural networks use the YOLOv3 object detection algorithm, which is currently one of the most powerful and fastest object recognition algorithms. The developed program successfully finds most of the fission tracks in the microscope images; however, the user still needs to supervise the automatic counting. The presented deep neural networks have high precision for apatite (97 %) and mica (98 %). Recall values are lower for apatite (86 %) than for mica (91 %). The application can be used online at https://ai-track-tive.ugent.be (last access: 29 June 2021), or it can be downloaded as an offline application for Windows.

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4

MALLMANN, GUILHERME, JOSÉ ANTÔNIO CUPERTINO, and FARID CHEMALE JR. "Caraterização por Microssonda Eletrônica dos Teores de Cloro de Apatitas e sua Importância nos Estudos de Traços de Fissão." Pesquisas em Geociências 29, no. 2 (December 31, 2002): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1807-9806.19603.

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Apatite Fission Track Analysis (AFTA) provides important information for geochronology and is used in different tectonic settings. For example, in the study of sedimentary basins it helps estimate subsidence rates and dates periods of uplift of source areas and tectonic pulses. In geomorphology AFTA also helps to quantify rates of erosion and long-term continental denudation. The chlorine contents in apatites influences the ages obtained from fission track dating. Commonly, apatites with more than 0,4 wt% chlorine yield older ages than fluorapatites (Laslett, et al., 1987), because the stability of the tracks changes as chlorine content increases and consequently chlorine rich-apatites are more resistant to the temperature changes than fluorapatites (Green, 1992). We investigated this problem by first determining the chlorine contents of apatites with the microprobe before apatite fission track dating. We studied four samples of the sandstones from the Reconcavo and Camamu Basins using a total of 198 spots in different apatites. We calibrated CAMECA SX50 electron microprobe using 30 spots from the crystal fragment Durando apatite standard, which has a mean chlorine value of 0,42 wt%. The comparison of the chlorine contents of the apatites of these basins with the ages obtained by AFTA indicates some changes in the individual grains in two samples. These changes are related with the current chlorine content in the apatites, once the individual ages are sometimes distributed as straight line, whose inclination is function of the chlorine content. In the other hand, two samples with modest chlorine content there was not this linear correlation.

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5

Wu, Hang, Shixiang Wu, Nansheng Qiu, Jian Chang, Rima Bao, Xin Zhang, Nian Liu, and Shuai Liu. "Quantitative Identification of the Annealing Degree of Apatite Fission Tracks Using Terahertz Time Domain Spectroscopy (THz-TDS)." Applied Spectroscopy 72, no. 6 (March 6, 2018): 870–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003702818761668.

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Apatite fission-track (AFT) analysis, a widely used low-temperature thermochronology method, can provide details of the hydrocarbon generation history of source rocks for use in hydrocarbon exploration. The AFT method is based on the annealing behavior of fission tracks generated by 238U fission in apatite particles during geological history. Due to the cumbersome experimental steps and high expense, it is imperative to find an efficient and inexpensive technique to determinate the annealing degree of AFT. In this study, on the basis of the ellipsoid configuration of tracks, the track volume fraction model (TVFM) is established and the fission-track volume index is proposed. Furthermore, terahertz time domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) is used for the first time to identify the variation of the AFT annealing degree of Durango apatite particles heated at 20, 275, 300, 325, 450, and 500 ℃ for 10 h. The THz absorbance of the sample increases with the degree of annealing. In addition, the THz absorption index is exponentially related to annealing temperature and can be used to characterize the fission-track volume index. Terahertz time domain spectroscopy can be an ancillary technique for AFT thermochronological research. More work is urgently needed to extrapolate experimental data to geological conditions.

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6

Ketcham, Richard A., and Murat T. Tamer. "Confined fission-track revelation in apatite: how it works and why it matters." Geochronology 3, no. 2 (August 23, 2021): 433–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gchron-3-433-2021.

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Abstract. We present a new model for the etching and revelation of confined fission tracks in apatite based on variable along-track etching velocity, vT(x). Insights from step-etching experiments and theoretical energy loss rates of fission fragments suggest two end-member etching structures: constant-core, with a central zone of constant etching rate that then falls off toward track tips; and linear, in which etching rates fall linearly from the midpoint to the tips. From these, we construct a characterization of confined track revelation that encompasses all relevant processes, including penetration and widening of semi-tracks etching in from the polished grain surface, intersection with and expansion of confined tracks, and analyst selection of which tracks to measure and which to bypass. Both etching structures are able to fit step-etching data from five sets of paired experiments of fossil tracks and unannealed and annealed induced tracks in Durango apatite, supporting the correctness of our approach and providing a series of insights into the theory and practice of fission-track thermochronology. Etching rates for annealed induced tracks are much faster than those for unannealed induced and spontaneous tracks, impacting the relative efficiency of both confined track length and density measurements and suggesting that high-temperature laboratory annealing may induce a transformation in track cores that does not occur at geological conditions of partial annealing. The model quantifies how variation in analyst selection criteria, summarized as the ratio of along-track to bulk etching velocity at the etched track tip (vT/vB), likely plays a first-order role in the reproducibility of confined length measurements. It also accounts for and provides an estimate of the large proportion of tracks that are intersected but not measured, and it shows how length biasing is likely to be an insufficient basis for predicting the relative probability of detection of different track populations. The vT(x) model provides an approach to optimizing etching conditions, linking track length measurements across etching protocols, and discerning new information on the underlying structure of fission tracks.

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7

Jensen, Peter Klint, and Kirsten Hansen. "Deconvolution of fission-track length distributions and its application to dating and separating pre- and post-depositional components." Geochronology 3, no. 2 (December 21, 2021): 561–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gchron-3-561-2021.

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Abstract. To enable the separation of pre- and post-depositional components of the length distribution of (partially annealed) horizontal confined fission tracks, the length distribution is corrected by deconvolution. Probabilistic least-squares inversion corrects natural track length histograms for observational biases, considering the variance in data, modelization, and prior information. The corrected histogram is validated by its variance–covariance matrix. It is considered that horizontal track data can exist with or without measurements of angles to the c axis. In the latter case, 3D histograms are introduced as an alternative to histograms of c-axis-projected track lengths. Thermal history modelling of samples is not necessary for the calculation of track age distributions of corrected tracks. In an example, the age equations are applied to apatites with pre-depositional (inherited) tracks in order to extract the post-depositional track length histogram. Fission tracks generated before deposition in detrital apatite crystals are mixed with post-depositional tracks. This complicates the calculation of the post-sedimentary thermal history, as the grains have experienced different thermal histories prior to deposition. Thereafter, the grains share a common thermal history. Thus, the extracted post-depositional histogram without inherited tracks may be used for thermal history calculation.

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8

Green, P. F., I. R. Duddy, A. J. W. Gleadow, P. R. Tingate, and G. M. Laslett. "Thermal annealing of fission tracks in apatite." Chemical Geology: Isotope Geoscience section 59 (January 1986): 237–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9622(86)90074-6.

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9

Tamer, Murat T., Ling Chung, Richard A. Ketcham, and Andrew J. W. Gleadow. "Analyst and etching protocol effects on the reproducibility of apatite confined fission-track length measurement, and ambient-temperature annealing at decadal timescales." American Mineralogist 104, no. 10 (October 1, 2019): 1421–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/am-2019-7046.

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Abstract Previous inter-laboratory experiments on confined fission-track length measurements in apatite have consistently reported variation substantially in excess of statistical expectation. There are two primary causes for this variation: (1) differences in laboratory procedures and instrumentation, and (2) personal differences in perception and assessment between analysts. In this study, we narrow these elements down to two categories, etching procedure and analyst bias. We assembled a set of eight samples with induced tracks from four apatite varieties, initially irradiated between 2 and 43 years prior to etching. Two mounts were made containing aliquots of each sample to ensure identical etching conditions for all apatites on a mount. We employed two widely used etching protocols, 5.0 M HNO3 at 20 °C for 20 s and 5.5 M HNO3 at 21 °C for 20 s. Sets of track images were then captured by an automated system and exchanged between two analysts, so that measurements could be carried out on the same tracks and etch figures, in the same image data, allowing us to isolate and examine the effects of analyst bias. An additional 5 s of etching was then used to evaluate etching behavior at track tips. In total, 8391 confined fission-track length measurements were performed; along with 1480 etch figure length measurements. When the analysts evaluated each other's track selections within the same images for suitability for measurement, the average rejection rate was ~14%. For tracks judged as suitable by both analysts, measurements of 2D and 3D length, dip, and c-axis angle were in excellent agreement, with slightly less dispersion when using the 5.5 M etch. Lengths were shorter in the 5.0 M etched mount than the 5.5 M etched one, which we interpret to be caused by more prevalent under-etching in the former, at least for some apatite compositions. After an additional 5 s of etching, 5.0 M tracks saw greater lengthening and more reduction in dispersion than 5.5 M tracks, additional evidence that they were more likely to be under-etched after the initial etching step. Systematic differences between analysts were minimal, with the main exception being likelihood of observing tracks near perpendicular to the crystallographic c axis, which may reflect different use of transmitted vs. reflected light when scanning for tracks. Etch figure measurements were more consistent between analysts for the 5.5 M etch, though one apatite variety showed high dispersion for both. Within a given etching protocol, each sample reflected a decrease of mean track length with time since irradiation, giving evidence of 0.2–0.3 μm of annealing over year to decade timescales.

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10

Green, Paul F. "On the thermo-tectonic evolution of Northern England: evidence from fission track analysis." Geological Magazine 123, no. 5 (September 1986): 493–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800035081.

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AbstractThe limited amount of fission track data previously available in Northern Britain has shown unexplained Cretaceous ages in the Southern Uplands and Lake District. Apatite fission track analysis has been applied to 23 samples from Caledonian intrusive bodies, to further investigate these ages. Fission track data of sphene has been carried out on seven samples and zircon in one sample.Apatite fission track ages vary from a maximum of 278 ± 12 Ma in the Cheviot Granite, down to ages of ∼ 60 Ma in the Carrock Fell region, with intermediate ages of ∼ 140 Ma in the Eskdale Granite and ∼ 80 Ma in the Shap Granite. This variation in fission track age is accompanied by changes in the distribution of confined fission track lengths. Samples with the youngest ages (∼ 60 Ma) have long, narrow distributions (mean length > 14 μm; standard deviation ∼ 1 μm) typical of samples which have had all pre-existing tracks erased by elevated temperatures, and subsequently cooled rapidly so that all tracks now observed have formed at low temperatures. As ages increased from 60 Ma, a component of shorter tracks becomes more dominant, representing tracks which have been shortened at elevated temperatures. Thus ages greater than 60 Ma are ‘apparent ages’, representing a partial overprint of a pre-existing track record, while the ∼ 60 Ma ages record a total resetting at this time.The heating responsible for the observed fission track annealing may be due to residence at temperatures in the range 70–125 °C over many tens of Ma, or to a short lived heat pulse perhaps associated with the Tertiary igneous province of the northwest. In either case, uplift and erosion on a scale of kilometres at ∼ 60 Ma ago is necessary to produce the observed pattern of fission track parameters. This uplift may be related in some way to basin inversions, also on a kilometre scale, known to have taken place at around the Late Cretaceous/Early Tertiary to the southeast (Cleveland, Sole Pit and Broad Fourteens Basins). No previous evidence of such uplift in Northern England has been reported, and the study reported here highlights the unique potential of apatite fission track analysis for the detection of mild thermo-tectonic events, often in areas where no other evidence exists.

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11

Hejl, Ewald. "Evidence for unetchable gaps in apatite fission tracks." Chemical Geology 122, no. 1-4 (May 1995): 259–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(95)00014-d.

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12

Li, Weixing, Maik Lang, Andrew J. W. Gleadow, Maxim V. Zdorovets, and Rodney C. Ewing. "Thermal annealing of unetched fission tracks in apatite." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 321-322 (March 2012): 121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.01.008.

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13

Dumitru, T. A., K. C. Hill, D. A. Coyle, I. R. Duddy, D. A. Foster, A. J. W. Gleadow, P. F. Green, B. P. Kohn, G. M. Laslett, and A. J. O'Sullivan. "FISSION TRACK THERMOCHRONOLOGY: APPLICATION TO CONTINENTAL RIFTING OF SOUTH-EASTERN AUSTRALIA." APPEA Journal 31, no. 1 (1991): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj90011.

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Over the last five to ten years, apatite fission track analysis has developed into a sophisticated technique for studying the low-temperature thermal history of rocks. It has particular utility in oil exploration because its temperature range of sensitivity, about 20° to 125°C, overlaps the oil generation window. Whereas older fission track thermal history approaches relied solely on the sample fission track age, the new interpretive approaches use sample age, single grain age and track length data. They also emphasise the analysis of systematic variations in data patterns in sequences of samples, such as samples from various depths in a well. Laboratory study of the thermal annealing of fission tracks and compilation of fission track data from geological case studies has greatly improved our understanding of apatite fission track systematics, allowing considerably more detailed interpretations of thermal histories.Application of apatite fission track analysis to the rifted continental margins of south-eastern Australia shows that rifting and separation of Australia from Antarctica and the Lord Howe Rise were accompanied by at least 1.5-3 km of uplift and erosion along the Tasman Sea and Bass Strait coasts. Uplift and erosion were much less 100 km or so inland. This shows that the uplift of the south-eastern Australian margins was caused by the continental rifting process, the same process that initiated major subsidence in the sedimentary basins in Bass Strait. The consistent fission track data patterns around south-eastern Australia suggest a generally similar tectonic setting for the Tasman Sea and Bass Strait parts of the margin. Lister et al. (in press) propose that the Tasman part of the margin is an upper plate type of margin that formed above a west-dipping detachment zone. The fission track data suggest that the Bass Strait part of the margin may also be of upper plate type.

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14

Kurz, W., A. Wölfler, and R. Handler. "CENOZOIC TECTONIC EVOLUTION OF THE EASTERN ALPS – A RECONSTRUCTION BASED ON 40AR/39AR WHITE MICA, ZIRCON AND APATITE FISSION TRACK, AND APATITE (U/Th)-He THERMOCHRONOLOGY." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 43, no. 1 (January 19, 2017): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.11182.

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The Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Eastern Alps is defined by nappe assembly within the Penninic and Subpenninic units and their subsequent exhumation. The units above, however, are affected by extension and related faulting. By applying distinct thermochronological methods with closure temperatures ranging from ~450° to ~40°C we reveal the thermochronological evolution of the eastern part of the Eastern Alps. 40Ar/39Ar dating on white mica, zircon and apatite fission track, and apatite U/Th-He thermochronology were carried out within distinct tectonic units (Penninic vs. Austroalpine) and on host rocks and fault- related rocks (cataclasites and fault gouges) along major fault zones. We use particularly the ability of fission tracks to record the thermal history as a measure of heat transfer in fault zones, causing measurable changes of fission track ages and track lengths. Additionally, these studies will provide a general cooling and exhumation history of fault zones and adjacentcrustal blocks.

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15

Arne, Dennis C., Ian R. Duddy, and Don F. Sangster. "Thermochronologic constraints on ore formation at the Gays River Pb–Zn deposit, Nova Scotia, Canada, from apatite fission track analysis." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 27, no. 8 (August 1, 1990): 1013–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e90-105.

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Fission tracks in detrital apatites from the Cambro-Ordovician metasedimentary basement in the vicinity of the Carboniferous-hosted Gays River Pb–Zn deposit, Nova Scotia, provide a record of final cooling during uplift and erosion of the Meguma Zone and constrain the timing of ore formation. Apatite fission track ages range from 203 to 241 Ma, with typical uncertainties of ± 10 Ma. Mean confined track lengths generally vary between 12.0 and 13.4 μm and indicate that the apatites record "apparent" ages only. An inferred thermal history involving regional heating to paleotemperatures > 110 °C during late Paleozoic burial followed by cooling to ~ 110 °C prior to 240–220 Ma is suggested. A more recent phase or regional heating to paleotem-peratures probably in the range of 60–80 °C during Late Cretaceous – early Tertiary (ca. 100–50 Ma) burial is also indicated by the track length data. Apatite fission track ages and mean track lengths from drill-core samples immediately beneath the Gays River orebody are similar to those for regional outcrop samples. At minimum temperatures > 200 °C estimated for ore formation, sulphide mineralization must either have preceded or accompanied regional heating to paleotemperatures > 110 °C during the late Paleozoic. Sulphide mineralization at Gays River must therefore have taken place at some time after ca. 330 Ma (the stratigraphic age of the lower Windsor Group host rocks) but before ca. 240–220 Ma (the last cooling of Meguma Group basement below 110 °C). These constraints on the timing of ore formation at Gays River are compatible with previous suggestions that Pb–Zn mineralization of Carboniferous strata in Nova Scotia occurred at ca. 300 Ma.

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16

Ketcham, R. A., A. Carter, R. A. Donelick, J. Barbarand, and A. J. Hurford. "Improved measurement and modeling of fission tracks in apatite." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 70, no. 18 (August 2006): A316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2006.06.638.

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17

SELL, I., G. POUPEAU, J. M. GONZÁLEZ-CASADO, and J. LÓPEZ-MARTÍNEZ. "A fission track thermochronological study of King George and Livingston islands, South Shetland Islands (West Antarctica)." Antarctic Science 16, no. 2 (June 2004): 191–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102004001907.

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This paper reports the dating of apatite fission tracks in eleven rock samples from the South Shetland Archipelago, an island arc located to the north-west of the Antarctic Peninsula. Apatites from Livingston Island were dated as belonging to the Oligocene (25.8 Ma: metasediments, Miers Bluff Formation, Hurd Peninsula) through to the Miocene (18.8 Ma: tonalites, Barnard Point). Those from King George Island were slightly older, belonging to the Early Oligocene (32.5 Ma: granodiorites, Barton Peninsula). Towards the back-arc basin (Bransfield Basin), the apatite appears to be younger. This allows an opening rate of approximately 1.1 km Ma−1 (during the Miocene–Oligocene interval) to be calculated for Bransfield Basin. Optimization of the apatite data suggests cooling to 100 ± 10°C was coeval with the end of the main magmatic event in the South Shetland Arc (Oligocene), and indicates slightly different tectonic-exhumation histories for the different tectonic blocks.

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18

Jonckheere, Raymond, Carolin Aslanian, Bastian Wauschkuhn, and Lothar Ratschbacher. "Some geometrical properties of fission-track-surface intersections in apatite." American Mineralogist 105, no. 9 (September 1, 2020): 1355–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/am-2020-7271.

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Abstract Parallel fission-track-surface intersections identify the grains in an etched apatite mount that have been polished parallel to their prism faces and mark the orientations of their c-axes. Their lengths (Dpar) are a practical kinetic parameter that is indicative of the track annealing rate of apatite. Little is known, however, about their geometrical properties in non-prism faces. We present a model calculation of the frequency distributions of the orientations, lengths, and widths of track-surface intersections in non-prism faces. The current model does not include the effects of surface etching or measurement imprecision. However, as far as it goes, it is consistent with measurements in apatite surfaces up to 30° to the c-axis. Regardless of the model, we submit that the statistical properties of the fission-track-surface intersections have practical uses. The distribution of their orientations is characteristic of the orientation of the etched surface relative to the c-axis. The distribution of their lengths presents a possible tool for investigating track etching, in particular for evaluating the tracks added and lost through surface etching. The distribution of their widths is a potential kinetic parameter independent of surface orientation and less susceptible to the factors, such as the sampling method and surface etch rate, that produce conflicting Dpar values.

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19

Tamer, Murat T., and Richard A. Ketcham. "The along-track etching structure of fission tracks in apatite: Observations and implications." Chemical Geology 553 (October 2020): 119809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2020.119809.

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20

Guibaldo, Cristina Noemi, Sofía Bordese, and Mario Ignacio Simoy. "Results report of apatite fission-track analysis by LA-ICP-MS and its comparison with the conventional external detector method of dating." Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 37, no. 2 (2022): 369–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ja00284h.

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In this work, the dating of apatite fission tracks by LA-ICP-MS and the EDM is compared. The central ages of the four samples analyzed are in good agreement, just like the measured uranium content in the same grains.

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21

Laslett, G. M., and R. F. Galbraith. "Statistical modelling of thermal annealing of fission tracks in apatite." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 60, no. 24 (December 1996): 5117–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-7037(96)00307-9.

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22

Murtazaev, Kh, V. P. Perelygin, R. I. Petrova, and S. G. Stetsenko. "Determining the age of apatite crystals from uranium fission tracks." Soviet Atomic Energy 71, no. 5 (November 1991): 943–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01124217.

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23

Galbraith, R. F., and G. M. Laslett. "Some aspects of length measurements of fission tracks in apatite." International Journal of Radiation Applications and Instrumentation. Part D. Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements 17, no. 3 (January 1990): 412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1359-0189(90)90072-6.

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24

Li, Weixing, Lumin Wang, Maik Lang, Christina Trautmann, and Rodney C. Ewing. "Thermal annealing mechanisms of latent fission tracks: Apatite vs. zircon." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 302, no. 1-2 (February 2011): 227–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2010.12.016.

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25

Watt, S., and S. A. Durrani. "Thermal stability of fission tracks in apatite and sphene: Using confined-track-length measurements." Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements (1982) 10, no. 3 (January 1985): 349–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0735-245x(85)90124-3.

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26

Laslett, G. M., P. F. Green, I. R. Duddy, and A. J. W. Gleadow. "Thermal annealing of fission tracks in apatite 2. A quantitative analysis." Chemical Geology: Isotope Geoscience section 65, no. 1 (March 1987): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9622(87)90057-1.

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27

Duddy, I. R., P. F. Green, and G. M. Laslett. "Thermal annealing of fission tracks in apatite 3. Variable temperature behaviour." Chemical Geology: Isotope Geoscience section 73, no. 1 (July 1988): 25–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9622(88)90019-x.

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28

Jonckheere, Raymond C., and Günther A. Wagner. "On the occurrence of anomalous fission tracks in apatite and titanite." American Mineralogist 85, no. 11-12 (November 2000): 1744–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/am-2000-11-1218.

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29

Huntsberger, T. L., and I. Lerche. "DETERMINATION OF PALEO HEAT-FLUX FROM FISSION SCAR TRACKS IN APATITE." Journal of Petroleum Geology 10, no. 4 (October 1987): 365–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-5457.1987.tb00580.x.

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30

Min, Myo, Eva Enkelmann, Raymond Jonckheere, Christina Trautmann, and Lothar Ratschbacher. "Measurements of fossil confined fission tracks in ion-irradiated apatite samples with low track densities." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 259, no. 2 (June 2007): 943–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2007.03.012.

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31

Nadzri, A., D. Schauries, P. Mota-Santiago, C. Trautmann, A. J. W. Gleadow, A. Hawley, and P. Kluth. "Composition and orientation dependent annealing of ion tracks in apatite - Implications for fission track thermochronology." Chemical Geology 451 (February 2017): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2016.12.039.

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32

Guedes, Sandro, Eduardo A. C. Curvo, Carlos A. Tello, Julio C. Hadler, Pedro J. Iunes, Sérgio R. Paulo, and Rosane Palissari. "On the annealing of fission tracks in randomly oriented grains of apatite." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 256, no. 2 (March 2007): 683–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2006.12.185.

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33

Al-Khalifa, I. J. M., K. James, S. A. Durrani, and M. S. Khalifa. "Radiation damage studies of mineral apatite, using fission tracks and thermoluminescence techniques." International Journal of Radiation Applications and Instrumentation. Part D. Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements 15, no. 1-4 (January 1988): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1359-0189(88)90102-1.

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34

Jonckheere, Raymond, and Peter Van den Haute. "Observations on the geometry of etched fission tracks in apatite; implications for models of track revelation." American Mineralogist 81, no. 11-12 (December 1, 1996): 1476–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/am-1996-11-1219.

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35

Jonckheere, Raymond, Bastian Wauschkuhn, and Lothar Ratschbacher. "On growth and form of etched fission tracks in apatite: A kinetic approach." American Mineralogist 104, no. 4 (April 1, 2019): 569–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/am-2019-6762.

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36

Bigot-Cormier, Florence, Christophe Basile, Gérard Poupeau, Jean-Pierre Bouillin, and Erika Labrin. "Denudation of the Côte d'Ivoire-Ghana transform continental margin from apatite fission tracks." Terra Nova 17, no. 2 (April 8, 2005): 189–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3121.2005.00605.x.

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37

Rabone, J. A. L., A. Carter, A. J. Hurford, and N. H. de Leeuw. "Modelling the formation of fission tracks in apatite minerals using molecular dynamics simulations." Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 35, no. 10 (June 28, 2008): 583–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00269-008-0250-6.

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38

Grivet, M., M. Rebetez, N. Ben Ghouma, A. Chambaudet, and R. Jonckheere. "The use of the Projected Track Length Distributions of fission tracks in apatite for thermal hisory analysis." Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements 21, no. 4 (October 1993): 594. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1359-0189(93)90222-u.

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39

McDannell, Kalin T., and Dale R. Issler. "Simulating sedimentary burial cycles – Part 1: Investigating the role of apatite fission track annealing kinetics using synthetic data." Geochronology 3, no. 1 (May 25, 2021): 321–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gchron-3-321-2021.

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Abstract:

Abstract. Age dispersion is a common feature of apatite fission track (AFT) and apatite (U–Th) / He (AHe) thermochronological data, and it can be attributed to multiple factors. One underappreciated and underreported cause for dispersion is variability in apatite composition and its influence on thermal annealing of fission tracks. Using synthetic data we investigate how multikinetic AFT annealing behaviour, defined using the rmr0 parameter, can be exploited to recover more accurate, higher-resolution thermal histories than are possible using conventional interpretation and modelling approaches. Our forward model simulation spans a 2 Gyr time interval with two separate heating and cooling cycles and was used to generate synthetic AFT and AHe data for three different apatite populations with significantly different annealing kinetics. The synthetic data were then used as input for inverse modelling in the Bayesian QTQt software to recover thermal-history information under various scenarios. Results show that essential features of the dual peak thermal history are captured using the multikinetic AFT data alone, with or without imposed constraints. Best results are achieved when the multikinetic AFT data are combined with the AHe data and geologic constraint boxes are included. In contrast, a more conventional monokinetic interpretation that ignores multikinetic AFT behaviour reproduces all the input data but yields incorrect thermal-history solutions. Under these conditions, incorporation of constraints can be misleading and fail to improve model results. In general, a close fit between observed and modelled parameters is no guarantee of a robust thermal-history solution if data are incorrectly interpreted. For the case of overdispersed AFT data, it is strongly recommended that elemental data be acquired to investigate if multikinetic annealing is the cause of the AFT apparent age scatter. Elemental analyses can also be similarly useful for broadly assessing AHe data. A future companion paper (Issler et al., 2021) will explore multikinetic AFT methodology and application to detrital apatite samples from Yukon, Canada.

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Jonckheere, Raymond, Eva Enkelmann, Myo Min, Christina Trautmann, and Lothar Ratschbacher. "Confined fission tracks in ion-irradiated and step-etched prismatic sections of Durango apatite." Chemical Geology 242, no. 1-2 (July 2007): 202–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2007.03.015.

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41

Barbarand, Jocelyn, Ivan Bour, Maurice Pagel, Florence Quesnel, Bernard Delcambre, Christian Dupuis, and Johan Yans. "Post-Paleozoic evolution of the northern Ardenne Massif constrained by apatite fission-track thermochronology and geological data." BSGF - Earth Sciences Bulletin 189, no. 4-6 (2018): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bsgf/2018015.

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The exhumation history of basement areas is poorly constrained because of large gaps in the sedimentary record. Indirect methods including low temperature thermochronology may be used to estimate exhumation but these require an inverse modeling procedure to interpret the data. Solutions from such modeling are not always satisfactory as they may be too broad or may conflict with independent geological data. This study shows that the input of geological constraints is necessary to obtain a valuable and refined exhumation history and to identify the presence of a former sedimentary cover presently completely eroded. Apatite fission-track (AFT) data have been acquired on the northern part of the Ardenne Massif close to the Variscan front and in the southern Brabant, in particular for the Visean ash-beds. Apatite fission-track ages for surface samples range between 140 ± 13 and 261 ± 33 Ma and confined tracks lengths are ranging between 12.6 ± 0.2 and 13.8 ± 0.2 μm. Thermal inversion has been realized assuming that (1) samples were close to the surface (20–40 °C) during Triassic times, this is supported by remnants of detrital Upper Permian–Triassic sediments preserved in the south of the Ardenne and in the east (border of the Roer Graben and Malmédy Graben), and (2) terrestrial conditions prevailed during the Early Cretaceous for the Ardenne Massif, as indicated by radiometric ages on paleoweathering products. Inversion of the AFT data characterizes higher temperatures than surface temperatures during most of the Jurassic. Temperature range is wide but is compatible with the deposition on the northern Ardenne of a significant sedimentary cover, which has been later eroded during the Late Jurassic and/or the Early Cretaceous. Despite the presence of small outliers of Late Cretaceous (Hautes Fagnes area), no evidence is recorded by the fission-track data for the deposition of a significant chalk cover as highlighted in different parts of western Europe. These results question the existence of the London-Brabant Massif as a permanent positive structure during the Mesozoic.

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42

Willett, S. D. "Inverse modeling of annealing of fission tracks in apatite; 1, A controlled random search method." American Journal of Science 297, no. 10 (December 1, 1997): 939–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2475/ajs.297.10.939.

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43

Guedes, S., J. C. Hadler N, K. M. G. Oliveira, P. A. F. P. Moreira, P. J. Iunes, and C. A. Tello S. "Kinetic model for the annealing of fission tracks in minerals and its application to apatite." Radiation Measurements 41, no. 4 (April 2006): 392–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2005.06.040.

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44

Jonckheere, R. "On methodical problems in estimating geological temperature and time from measurements of fission tracks in apatite." Radiation Measurements 36, no. 1-6 (June 2003): 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1350-4487(03)00096-9.

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45

Green, P. F., I. R. Duddy, G. M. Laslett, K. A. Hegarty, A. J. W. Gleadow, and J. F. Lovering. "Thermal annealing of fission tracks in apatite 4. Quantitative modelling techniques and extension to geological timescales." Chemical Geology: Isotope Geoscience section 79, no. 2 (August 1989): 155–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9622(89)90018-3.

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46

Liu, Dongna, Junwei Lin, Anchao Zhou, Fenghua Zhao, Rui Zhou, and Yu Zou. "Tectono-Thermal Events of Coal-Bearing Basin in the Northern North China Craton: Evidence from Zircon–Apatite Fission Tracks and Vitrinite Reflectance." Minerals 12, no. 8 (July 26, 2022): 942. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12080942.

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In order to further reveal the tectonic activity of the central and northern North China Craton (NCC) since late Paleozoic, the Datong coal-bearing basin was selected as the research object. The tectono-thermal events and uplifting cooling events of the basin were retrieved through zircon and apatite fission tracks and vitrinite reflectance measurements. The research shows that the Datong coal-bearing basin experienced three tectono-thermal events with ages of 245–207 Ma (middle–late Triassic), 179 ± 9 Ma (early Jurassic), and 140 Ma to 78 ± 11 Ma (middle–late Cretaceous), respectively. That just coincides with the lamprophyre activity, Kouquan fault activity, and Zuoyun basaltic andesite magmatic activity which surround the Datong coalfield. The basin also experienced three uplift events with the peak ages of 202 ± 18 Ma (late Triassic), 157 ± 7 Ma (late Jurassic), and 45 ± 3 Ma or 36 ± 3 Ma (middle Eocene), respectively. The Datong Permo-Carboniferous and Jurassic coal vitrinite reflectance proved that the average metamorphism temperature is 104–108 °C, even reaching 163–367 °C. The fission track results showed that the paleotemperature was even higher than 170–250 °C from 117 to 282 Ma and 80–120 °C from 20 to 68 Ma, in the Datong coal-bearing basin. The results show that the deep tectonic activities of the NCC were still active in the Mesozoic and even Cenozoic Paleogene.

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47

Tello Saenz, C. A., J. C. Hadler Neto, P. J. Iunes, S. Guedes, P. C. Hackspacher, L. F. B. Ribeiro, S. R. Paulo, and A. M. Osorio A. "Thermochronology of the South American platform in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, through apatite fission tracks." Radiation Measurements 39, no. 6 (December 2005): 635–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2004.08.005.

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48

Suzuki, Tatsuo. "Detection efficiency of fission tracks in apatite related to mica external detectors by the spike irradiation technique." Radiation Measurements 40, no. 2-6 (November 2005): 528–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2005.03.016.

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49

Tello, C. A. "Annealing experiments on induced fission tracks in apatite: Measurements of horizontal-confined track lengths and track densities in basal sections and randomly oriented grains." American Mineralogist 91, no. 2-3 (February 1, 2006): 252–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/am.2006.1269.

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50

Gunnell, Y., R. Braucher, D. Bourles, and G. Andre. "Quantitative and qualitative insights into bedrock landform erosion on the South Indian craton using cosmogenic nuclides and apatite fission tracks." Geological Society of America Bulletin 119, no. 5-6 (May 1, 2007): 576–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/b25945.1.

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