Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Apache Indians – Social conditions'
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HENDERSON, ERIC BRUCE. "WEALTH, STATUS AND CHANGE AMONG THE KAIBETO PLATEAU NAVAJO (ARIZONA)." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/187979.
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This study focuses on the wealth stratification system of the Navajo of the Kaibeto Plateau. The Kaibeto Plateau was settled by the Navajo in the mid-nineteenth century. By the 1930s they had developed an economically and socially stratified society rooted in a livestock economy and influenced by institutions of the surrounding society. In the years since livestock activities have been severely constrained by the federal government: Holdings have been radically decreased and pastoralism has ceased to be the main source of income and subsistence. These changes are described and analyzed. Wealth stratification is conceived of as a phenomenon to be explained and one which has implications for the study of social change. In the 1930s a handful of families owned most of the livestock in the region. These families were, uniformly, descendants of the wealthier and more prominent early settlers. Even after federal programs destroyed the economic advantage these wealthy families possessed, the children of the relatively wealthy have, at least until recent years, continued to prosper (relative to their poorer neighbors) in various ways. They have, on average, higher levels of educational attainment and better occupational profiles. The different responses of individuals at different levels in the social hierarchy have effected the composition of the rural population. More descendants of the wealthy have moved away and/or married individuals from distant communities. Social structures which functioned in the livestock economy to integrate families in the region have disintegrated. The chapter has emerged as an important social and political unit. Although the wealthy families seemed to have dominated chapter politics initially, recent elections indicate a declining influence. The historical facts reported here indicate the importance of social variability in the study of social change. It is argued that the Navajo were never a socially homogeneous group. Thus institutional pressures and shifting government policies have not affected all families in the same manner. Such findings have implications not only for the way in which anthropologists theorize about tribal people and social change, but also have implications for those responsible government officials who seek to formulate solutions to perceived problems on contemporary American Indian reservations.
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Powers, Timothy A. "Conscious choice of convenience, the relocation of the Mushuau Innu of Davis Inlet, Labrador." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq22808.pdf.
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Walz, Marta E. "A new war cry : a rhetorical analysis of the Native American social movement." Virtual Press, 1992. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/864929.
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Chapter one began with an introduction to the Native American social movement. The history of relations between the United States and the Native Americans was given, as well as a description of the origins of the Native American social movement. A literature review of communication studies was given which detailed the contributions of Randall Lake to the understanding of Native American rhetoric and the Native concept of time, along with the contributions of Richard Morris, Philip Wander, and Gerry Philipsen. Two research questions were presented dealing with the rhetorical confrontation of the movement and the success of the movement since 1969.Chapter Two detailed the functional approach to social movements schema that was developed by Charles Stewart, Craig Smith, and Roger Denton. Stewart et al. identify five functions that must be fulfilled in order for a social movement to exist and succeed. The functions are: 1) transforming perceptions of history, 2) altering perceptions of society, 3) prescribing courses of action, 4) mobilizing for action, and 5) sustaining the social movement.Chapter Three contains analysis of the four representative events of the progress of the NativeAmerican movement since 1969. The four events are: 1) the 1969 takeover of Alcatraz, 2) the 1973 takeover of wounded Knee, 3) the 100 year anniversary observance of the Wounded Knee massacre, and 4) the protests surrounding the celebration of the Columbus Day quincentennial.Chapter Four contains the summary and conclusions drawn from the analysis of the four events. The findings in terms of the research questions are that the movement has deemphasized the confrontational nature of its activities and this deemphasis has contributed significantly to the movement's newfound successes in the 1980s and 1990s.Department of Speech Communication
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Waite, Gerald E. "The red man's burden : establishing cultural boundaries in the age of technology." Virtual Press, 1994. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/902499.
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The technology of the dominant society, the omnipresence of a cash economy, and a history of the brutal treatment of culturally distinct peoples are among the assimilative pressures faced by native peoples within the United States. Some indigenous cultures have managed to resist the forces of assimilation in ways that are both adaptive and culturally sustaining. The Pueblos of the Southwestern United States have managed to preserve their culture through the creation of cultural boundaries that are both adaptive and culturally sustaining. The processes which serve to strengthen and renew the symbols which represent these boundaries are those of "revitalization" and "resynchronization," both of which arise from Pueblo religious practices and from the Pueblos' strong sense of family.Department of Anthropology
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Spiegel, Jerry M. "The social and economic impacts of environmental degradation on a northern Ontario Indian reserve community /." Thesis, McGill University, 1986. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=65341.
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Fox, Terri-Lynn, and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "Intergenerational communication & well-being in Aboriginal life." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Faculty of Arts and Science, 2004, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/257.
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This thesis discusses intergenerational communication and well-being in Aboriginal life, using a literature review and research conducted in relation to the Blood people and culture. It addresses issues concerning lack of communication of traditional ways of knowing, teaching, and being. Interviews were used to better understand the dynamics of intergenerational communication and well-being. It is historically know by First Nations communities that the older people of the clan or tribe taught the children from infancy to adolescence. This, unfortunately, is not the case in many First Nations communities today, due to colonization, assimilation, and segregation. It is hoped this research will assist those who wish to develop, implement and enhance future social, educational, and health programs for the well-being of the First Nations child, family and community. The results also suggest ways in which to enhance and foster the value of elders in the community.218 leaves : ill. ; 29 cm.
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Ellis, Rebecca. "A taste of movement : an exploration of the social ethics of the Tsimanes of lowland Bolivia." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2901.
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This thesis explores Tsimane understandings and creations of varying forms of sociality. Each chapter addresses different but related issues concerning sociality. Fieldwork was carried out in three riverine settlements over the period from December 1991 to August 1994. The thesis shows that sociality is created and perpetuated by individuals as a processual endeavour, and does not amount to a tangible structure predicated upon fixed social relationships. Community in a physically bound sense is not found amongst the Tsimanes. Given forms of sociality are shown to rest more upon an appropriateness or inappropriateness of mood or affectivity. These are created and effected by subtle details of each individual’s presence amongst others. Social presence is understood by the Tsimanes as both potentially nurturant and predatory. Tsimanes are explicit about their ideas of preferred and abhorred social presence and behaviour of human and non-human others. This thesis explores ways in which such ideas are articulated to create a discourse on social ethics. A Tsimane aesthetics of social living carries with it practical implications for creating and perpetuating forms of sociality. An underlying theme of the thesis is one of mobility and the oscillating nature of Tsimane movements between different groups of kin and affines, and between moods and forms of sociality. I demonstrate that the high value placed by the Tsimanes upon movement, and the enjoyment they experience from it, most efficiently enable the achievement of correct social existence. A lack of knowledge and intention, ultimately resulting in illness and death, are principally deemed to occur as a result of immobility.
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Dullabh, Neela. "An examination of the factors influencing the spatial distribution of the Indian communities in Grahamstown, King William's town, Queenstown and Uitenhage from 1880 to 1991." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005506.
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This study examines the factors influencing the spatial distribution of the Indian communities of Grahamstown, King William's Town, Queenstown and Uitenhage from 1880 to 1991. Primary sources of information were used to determine both the spatial distribution of the four communities and the factors influencing the distribution found. These primary sources included the use of directories, municipal and archival sources of information, interviews as well the work of various authors. The study found that the spatial distribution of Indians in the four study areas were similar with the Indians occupying residential and commercial premises in the central areas of the urban centres. After 1980 there was a substantial movement to other areas. Prior to 1950 the municipalities played an important role in influencing spatial distribution. However, after the introduction of the Group Areas Act, the govennment controlled Indian spatial distribution. Thus the Group Areas Act was the most important factor affecting Indian spatial distribution. Indians in small urban centres in the Cape Province were segregated and their spatial distribution was controlled both prior to and after 1950. Anti-Indian legislation and restrictions were the main factors influencing Indian spatial distribution.
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Gagnon, Jean 1953 Oct 27. "Le navettage de travailleurs autochtones et sa portée économique pour les communautés du nord de la Saskatchewan /." Thesis, McGill University, 1987. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=75689.
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This dissertation deals with the organized commuting of native labour in northern Saskatchewan, it causes, and the economic consequences for the communities involved. A neo-marxist approach is used towards those objectives. The search for explanations is carried out through the analysis of the scenario of implementation of the commuting programs: the role of Capital, the initiator of the programs, is examined in the light of its imperatives (accumulation, legitimation); State action is discussed with respect to its roles of integration, legitimation, support to accumulation, and that of a capitalist; the participation of the native people is seen from a perspective where their culture and social fabric have been altered, in spite of apparently strong idiosyncrasies. The consequences of participation in commuting, and of the revenues thereby brought to the communities, are consistent with already existing trends among northern native population: a decline of reciprocity; an assimilation to capitalist society (consumption and monetization); a local circulation of income which varies in importance from a place to another, but which everywhere favors exclusively the local bourgeoisie; the survival of subsistence economy; and the enhancement of dependence and economic vulnerability.
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Pauli, Gisela. "The creation of real food and real people : gender complementarity among the Menku of Central Brazil." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/11062.
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The thesis aims to provide a first ethnographic description of the Menkü of Central Brazil by focussing on their non-hierarchical gender-complementarity as it realises itself in relationships of production and reproduction. The first part of the thesis comprises of an introduction to the group from a historical point of view by providing a description of the Menkü's historical experiences during this century. This is followed by a description of the settlement, and the social spaces it encompasses. The second part focusses on the creation of real food by firstly elaborating social and physical aspects of material production. Secondly, it explores the metaphysical aspects of production and reproduction by uncovering the relationships human beings engage in with the world of masters of the elements, animals and ancestors. The third part of the thesis investigates processes underlying the creation of real people by focussing on Menkü life cycle, kinship and social organisation. A person's life is depicted in the way it is geared towards the acquisition of gendered skills of production and reproduction, which are fully manifested by the married couple. An outline of the Menkü system of classificatory marriage reveals the stress on the married couple from another point of view. It will be shown that the ideal marriage partners are identified by a conflation of gender and affinity. The last chapter explores the generation of sociality as it reveals itself in happiness, abundance and togetherness. It shows the extent to which a high communal morale is preconditioned upon non-hierarchical gender-relationships.
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Mejia-Hudson, Yesenia Isela. "An argument for reparations for Native Americans and Black Americans." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2007. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/3072.
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This paper explores the issue of reparation and how institutionalized racism in the United States has influenced the outcome for the following ethnic groups - Japanese Americans, Black Americans and Native Americans.
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Kidd, Stephen William. "Love and hate among the people without things : the social and economic relations of the Enxet people of Paraguay." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/7281.
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This thesis examines the social and economic relations of the Enxet indigenous people of the Paraguayan Chaco region who place a high value on egalitarianism, generosity and personal autonomy. However, during the twentieth century their land has been colonized by cattle ranchers and they have been obliged to enter the market economy. While anthropologists have proposed a range of theories to explain indigenous social and economic relations, the main concern of this thesis is to examine how the Enxet themselves explain their social behaviour. The Enxet make salient use of "emotion words" when discussing their social and economic practices. For instance, a fundamental dichotomy in Enxet thought is between "love" and "hate" and much of their discourse centres on these two concepts. The Enxet seek to create "good/beautiful" people who know how to act appropriately. In certain contexts they should practise "love" while in other contexts "hate" is acceptable. Enxet social organization should not be understood as a structure but as a process, as something that is being continually created. I will consider different aspects of this process through an examination of kinship, co-residence, marital relations, "brideservice" and inter-community contact, and I will describe how economic transactions are key elements in the generation of "loving" social relations. However, self-centred practices create many challenges to a harmonious community life and I will consider how the Enxet strive to overcome them. Of particular interest will be demand sharing which responds, in part, to a strongly-held egalitarian ethic but can also provoke disharmony and discomfort in community life. I will also discuss commodity relations within Enxet communities and challenge the common assumption that money is necessarily destructive of indigenous social relations. I will conclude that the overriding goal of the Enxet is the attainment of tranquillity in both their personal and social lives. For the Enxet, economic relations are not about gaining material wealth but about living well with other people. They recognize that personal affective comfort is dependent on engendering tranquillity in other people. Therefore, the "emotion words" they use to explain their social behaviour should not be regarded as merely referring to "feelings" but as encompassing an aesthetics of social behaviour.
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Ariana, Proochista. "The multidimensionality of health and its correlates in the context of economic growth : the case of the indigenous communities in the highlands of Chiapas, Mexico." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.669979.
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Salsberg, Jonathan S. "History, tradition & aboriginal rights : a harvesters' support programme for the Mushuau Innu of Utshimassits." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=32940.
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The Mushuau Innu of Utshimassits (Davis Inlet), Nitassinan (Labrador), are at present in the midst of several key shifts in their political, economic, socio-cultural and environmental relations. Involuntarily settled at the coast since 1967, the Mushuau Innu have been removed from their traditional way of life through the circumstances of sedentarisation, while concurrently being marginalised with respect to mainstream Canadian and global economies. Currently, they are in the late stages of settling a comprehensive land claim agreement, near completion of a new village settlement in Natuashish at Shango Pond, and involved in Impact Benefit negotiations over the Voisey's Bay mine. This thesis explores the potential for implementing a Harvesters' Support Programme for Innu hunters as a tool within the Mushuau Innu's emerging development contexts. It is concluded, based on considerations of tradition, social organisation, sensitivity to contemporary gender realities, and emerging social and economic realities, that a programme differing from any currently extant could be appropriately implemented.
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Akard, William Keith. "Wocante Tinza : a history of the American Indian Movement." Virtual Press, 1987. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/515087.
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The purpose of the study was to develop an ethnohistorical record of the American Indian Movement with an emphasis placed on portraying of the Indian view of the organization. In the course of the study, the movement was examined to determine its validity as a social organization within Indian society. To accomplish the task, the movement's social roles were assessed on four levels: the individual level, the social group level, the Indian societal level and the greater American societal level. Two main research strategies were employed in the data collection process. First, participant-observation was carried out during a two-year term as a non-Indian member of the movement. Much of the data collected gave indication of the internal social structure and social dynamics of the organization. Secondly, interviews were conducted during the membership period and additionally, during a three-year period as a resident on the Rosebud Sioux Indian Reservation in South Dakota. The data collected in this manner included firsthand accounts movement activities and public opinion of the movement. Findinds. 1. The American Indian Movement functions within Indian society on the individual level as a social enclave to aid socially disenfranchised Indian individuals re-enter Indian society. 2. On the social group level, the movement presents a viewpoint on socio-political issues that differs from the monolithic position typical of the IRA tribal governments. 3. The American Indian Movement serves Indian society as a catalyst for social change, an endorsing force for tradition and culture, and as an advocate on behalf of Indian people. 4. The movement functions as a social reform movement to the greater American society by bringing Indian issues to the levels of national and international attention. 5. Structurally, the American Indian Movement is a formal social organization with a blend of traditional and acculturated social components. The American Indian Movement is clearly a valid functioning social organization within Indian society. The movement has successfully integrated socially to all levels of society. Although the efforts and strategies employed by the movement have been sensationalized by the media and provoked a negative controversial image, the American Indian Movement has made positive contributions to Indian society.
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Furlund, Eivind B. "Singapore, from third to first world country : The effect of development in Little India and Chinatown." Thesis, Trondheim : Norwegian University of Science and Technology. Department of Geography, 2008. http://ntnu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:124648/FULLTEXT01.
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Smith, David Gray. "Archaeological systematics and the analysis of Iroquoian ceramics : a case study from the Crawford lake area, Ontario." Thesis, McGill University, 1987. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=76753.
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This study is an analytical examination of a stylistic anomaly observed among Middleport Iroquoian village sites (dating c. A.D. 1300-1450) located near Crawford Lake in southcentral Ontario, Canada. The anomaly is characterized by differing percentages of two forms of ceramic smoking pipes from closely spaced, contemporaneous village sites. This distinction occurs throughout southern Ontario, but is particularly pronounced in the Crawford Lake area. In order to develop and test a model to explain this anomaly, an approach employing a hierarchy of inference, including formal, spatial, temporal, economic, social, and cultural levels, is proposed. This is applied to an analysis of pottery and smoking pipes from eight Middleport sites. The key elements of the explanation are: (1) the two styles represent two distinct prehistoric communities; (2) these communities competed with each other for limited resources; and (3) they symbolized this competition through differences in pipe styles. This conclusion indicates that both the material culture and social relations among Middleport communities may be more complex than has previously been inferred.
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Foxen, Patricia. "K'iche' Maya in a re-imagined world : transnational perspectives on identity." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=38191.
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Over the past two decades, large-scale transnational migrations between Central America and the United States have had a significant impact upon both home and host societies. In Guatemala, cross-border movement was spawned by the brutal civil war that devastated many indigenous communities in the early 1980s. Over time, this flow resulted in the formation of complex transnational networks and identities that span home and host locations. This thesis examines the manners in which a community of K'iche' Indians straddled between the highlands of El Quiche, Guatemala and an industrial New England city have responded to the deterritorialization caused by the confluence of violence and displacement. It describes, on the one hand, the context of post-war reconstruction in El Quiche, which is shaped by a fragile institutional peace process and an emerging ethnopolitical movement that emphasizes a pan-Maya identity. On the other hand, it depicts an inner-city space in the US where K'iche' labor migrants lead hidden, marginal lives, seeking to obscure any overt form of collective organization or identity. By examining the flows of people, money, commodities and symbols between these contrasting environments, the thesis shows how K'iche's in both communities maintain concrete and imaginary connections with each other despite the many ruptures caused by violence and dislocation. The thesis also teases out the manners in which today's cross-border movements, which involve ever larger distances, absences, and cash inflows, are both inscribed in, and differ from, previous local strategies of, and discourses on, internal movement and migration within Guatemala, which have long formed part of K'iche' culture. Specifically, it shows how K'iche's draw on their "mobile" past in order to maintain a sense of continuity in the present and elaborate viable identities and strategies for the future. Overall, the thesis argues that the multiplicity of strategies and discourses developed b
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Weasel, Head Gabrielle, and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. ""All we need is our land" : an exploration of urban Aboriginal homelessness." Thesis, Arts and Science, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/2579.
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This thesis explores Blackfoot homelessness in relation to traditional attachments to Blackfoot territory. It addresses the underlying causes of Blackfoot homelessness in the city of Lethbridge. It speaks to the participants’ experiences of loss on a multitude of levels, disconnection from family and traditional community, and the complex notion of what “homelessness” means for the Blackfoot participants. The thesis uses a literature review to inform the study. The research methodology is a focused ethnography. Interviews with Blackfoot homeless participants were conducted at the city of Lethbridge’s homeless shelter in 2009 and 2010. Narrative analysis was used to interpret the data and the findings, and the subsequent discussion of them, were from a Blackfoot perspective. It is hoped that the information contained within this thesis will help those reading it to better understand Native homelessness and provide insights into the subjective nature of what it means to be “home.” The results of the findings also suggest ways for service providers to develop improved programming aimed at the Native homeless population.vi, 164 leaves ; 29 cm
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Marks, Sharon L. "The Obispeno Chumash indians: San Luis Obispo County's first environmentalists." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2001. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1973.
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The primary focus of this project is with the interaction between nature and people. How did the Obispeno Chumash affect their surroundings and what was the outcome? Did changes occur in the environment when other people took over the care of the land? Over the last 250 years, the Obispeno Chumash land has evolved from an ecologically green dominion under their stewardship to the present day where the area is noted for its mission, recreational value, wealth of opportunity, and a nuclear power plant located between Morro Bay and Point Buchon along the ocean.
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Smith, Cameron McPherson. "Social Stratification within a Protohistoric Plankhouse of the Pacific Northwest Coast: Use-wear and Spatial Distribution Analysis of Chipped Lithic Artifacts." PDXScholar, 1996. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/5139.
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The spatial distribution of chipped lithic artifacts excavated at site 35C05, a Chinookan plankhouse of the protohistoric period, was observed to test the hypothesis that a gradient of material culture -- reflecting social status -- should be evident within the plankhouse, ranging from the highest to the lowest social rank. Prior to the spatial analysis, use-wear analysis was used to evaluate the classificatory labels used to describe the assemblage by a previous researcher. The use-wear analysis largely confirmed the functional classification of chipped lithic artifacts used by the previous researcher. The spatial analyses revealed that while most tool types were rather evenly distributed throughout the plankhouse interior (taphonomic factors having been considered), cutting, graving and scraping tools (as well as some characteristics of these tools, such as raw material quality) were significantly unevenly distributed, correlating with the hypothesized gradient of social rank aligned with the long axis of the plankhouse. Further analyses strongly suggested that one or more labor specialists, using high frequencies of graving tools, were inhabitants of the elite portion of the plankhouse. Most domestic activities reflected by the stone tools of this assemblage were engaged in by plankhouse inhabitants of all social ranks. Knowing that this is the case, as well as that in some instances there is compelling evidence for status-determined labor specialization, aids in our understanding of the character of aboriginal social structure on the Pacific Northwest Coast.
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Klabacka, Rachel L. "Social cohesion and trade and exchange during the Late Woodland period investigated through the All Seasons Site (12M1225)." CardinalScholar 1.0, 2010. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1567416.
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Access to abstract permanently restricted to Ball State community onlyTheoretical background -- Environmental setting -- Prehistory within the Upper Wabash River Valley -- Data sets -- Results -- Discussion and conclusion.
Access to thesis permanently restricted to Ball State community only
Department of Anthropology
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Hanson, Monahseetah Le. "Violence in the heartland: A Southern California tribe's view of Native American victimization." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2000. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1652.
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Kuperis, Stanley Ronald. "A qualitative analysis of native child welfare : an identification of the cultural and structural dimensions of proposed Musqueam Idnidan Band family and child services." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29699.
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The Musqueam Indian band has no formal child welfare agreement with the province of British Columbia. Recently the Musqueam Indian Band has expressed a desire to work towards developing community based child and family services on reserve. This research examines the historical factors as well as contemporary factors relating to child welfare at the Musqueam Indian Band. This research utilized a qualitative research paradigm to identify the specific community dimensions that would be the basis for autonomous family and child services at the band. This study identifies the importance of kinship, linguistic, geographic, religious, experimental and contemporary dimensions within the Musqueam community. This study goes on to provide policy and program recommendations for culturally specific family and child services at the band. This research will be incorporated into a funding proposal put forward to the provincial government for programs and services at the Musqueam Indian Band.Arts, Faculty of
Social Work, School of
Graduate
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Wolf, John William. "The Spatial Distribution of Ground Stone Tools as a Marker of Status Differentials in a Chinookan Plank House on the Lower Columbia River." PDXScholar, 1994. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2898.
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Social status was an integral part of the social structure of Northwest Coast societies. The presence of ranked social structures and household space based on rank is reported in the ethnographic literature. Archaeologists have long searched for independent and verifiable means to infer social structure from archaeological deposits. Burial goods have been used to identify status differences. Do other items of material culture also reflect such differences?
The purpose of this study was to ascertain whether or not the distribution of certain tools recovered from a Chinookan plank house on the lower Columbia River paralleled the household residence location that was keyed to social status. Among Northwest Coast societies the household was the basic social and economic unit. Ground stone tools were selected for study because they include tools which were instrumental parts of a technology that depended upon highly organized and scheduled activities, i.e. fishing and house construction. If these tools were controlled by particular individuals or families within the household, their archaeological deposition might reflect social status differences.
Two questions were asked in this study. (1) What is the correlation between the volume of sediment excavated and the number of ground stone artifacts recovered from the house? (2) What is the relationship between residence location and the density of ground stone artifacts recovered from the house?
The ground stone artifacts were identified, classified and counted. Correlation coefficients between the volumes of sediment excavated and the number of ground stone artifacts recovered showed that the correlation was suspiciously weak, in general, and not correlated for fishing net weights. Some factor other than solely excavation volumes was affecting ground stone artifact counts. To answer the second question linear regressions were performed. They revealed that although location was to some degree a function of the density of ground stone artifacts, that relationship was weak at the .05 significance level. However, the relationship was stronger for fishing net weights. It is likely that there are multiple reasons for ground stone tool distributions and sites must be excavated with broad exposures in order to understand the relationship between residence location and artifact densities.
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Eagan, April Hurst. "Heritage and Health: A Political-Economic Analysis of the Foodways of the Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah and the Bishop Paiute Tribe." PDXScholar, 2013. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/685.
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Funded by Nellis Air Force Base (NAFB), my thesis research and analysis examined Native American knowledge of heritage foods and how diminished access to food resources has affected Native American identity and health. NAFB manages the Nevada Test and Training Range (NTTR), land and air space in southern Nevada, which includes Native American ancestral lands. During a research period of 3 months in the spring/summer of 2012, I interviewed members of Native American nations culturally affiliated with ancestral lands on the NTTR, the Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah (PITU) and the Bishop Paiute Tribe. My research included participant observation and 31 interviews with tribal members considered knowledge holders by tribal leaders. In dialogue with the literature of the anthropology of food, political economy, and Critical Medical Anthropology, my analysis focused on the role of heritage foods in everyday consumption, taking into account the economic, social, environmental, and political factors influencing heritage foods access and diet. My work explored the effects of structural forces and rapid changes in diet and social conditions on Native American health. I found shifts in concepts of food-related identity across ethnic groups, tribes, ages, and genders. I also found evidence of collective efforts to improve diet-related health at tribal and community levels. Through the applied aspects of my research, participants and their families had the opportunity to share recipes and food dishes containing heritage foods as a way to promote human health and knowledge transmission.
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Bryja, Malgorzata Anna. "An evaluation of the potential for implementing adaptive co-management in the Waodani social-ecological system in the Ecuadorian Amazon." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1018192.
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Adaptive co-management (ACM), one of the most prominent management approaches to emerge in the recent years, combines iterative learning, flexibility, and adaptation promoted by adaptive management with the principles of nurturing diversity and fostering collaboration among different partners that underpin co-management philosophy. ACM has been proposed as an approach to address the deficiencies of centralized management in ensuring sustainability of social-ecological systems (SESs) in face of future uncertainties. This thesis aims to evaluate the readiness of resource users (the Waodani) as well as external actors (the Ecuadorian State and NGOs) for future implementation of ACM and thus enhancing the long-term social-ecological sustainability of the Waodani SES located in the Yasuni Biosphere Reserve in the Ecuadorian Amazon. Qualitative data obtained by means of focus groups with the Waodani and individual interviews with external actors and Waodani leaders revealed different levels of readiness for ACM. Firstly, in the case of the Waodani, the insufficient fulfillment of some conditions required for successful ACM as well as intercommunity differences in regards to these conditions can complicate the implementation of ACM, unless sufficient external assistance is offered to the SES. The analysis of NGOs demonstrated, on the other hand, a relative readiness for ACM, providing that such aspects as sufficient funding, long-term commitment to collaboration, and inter-institutional linkages are strengthened. The study also found that the Ecuadorian government’s potential to contribute to ACM is hindered by the lack of readiness to work with the indigenous society as well as by funding and communication challenges. Furthermore, the resource based economy supported by the State limits the scope of innovation and adaptation. Still, as in the case of other actors, overcoming the challenges and transitioning towards adaptive governance and thus ACM could be possible in the long-term, if recent legal and political changes are truly implemented.
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Kunvar, Yogita. "Reconceptualising notions of South African Indianess : a personal narrative." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1017767.
Full textAbstract:
The theoretical challenge of conceptualising South African Indianess is suffused with a plethora of variables that suggest complexity. While being misleadingly homogenous, Indian identity encompasses a multitude of expressions. This thesis seeks to reconceptualise notions of South African Indianess through personal narrative. The research context is contemporary South Africa with a specific focus on Johannesburg’s East Rand Reef. Inspired by the dearth of literature on contemporary Indianess this study addresses the gap in the present discourse. Following the autoethnographic work of Motzafi-Haller (1997) and Narayan (1993) the thesis presents a layered narrative by juxtaposing the experiences of research participants with my own. Using multi-sited autoethnographic data the thesis explores the question of what it means to be Indian in relation to South Africa’s Apartheid past. By drawing on concepts in popular diaspora theory and critiquing their application, the thesis illustrates the inadequacies inherent in the definitions of diaspora and suggests a broader understanding of its application. Through exploring layers of Indianess the thesis illustrates the inherent complexity in reconceptualising South African Indianess. The study suggests that as a result of changing global and local flows, South African Indians are reconceptualising what it means to be South African Indian.
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Town, Matthew Alan. "Racism, Heterosexism, Depression, and HIV Risk Behaviors of Native Men Who Have Sex With Men: Findings from the HONOR Project." PDXScholar, 2014. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1947.
Full textAbstract:
Racial minority men who have sex with men (MSM) experience greater levels of discrimination and higher rates of HIV infection. However, little is known about the associations between racial and heterosexist discrimination and HIV risk behavior. Further, little is known about the mechanisms of the association between racial and heterosexist discrimination and HIV risk behavior. There is some evidence to suggest that depression may be a mechanism that mediates the relationship between racial and heterosexist discrimination and HIV risk behavior. Thus, one purpose of this study was to investigate the extent to which discrimination based on both race and sexual orientation, alone and in combination, are associated with HIV risk behavior. A secondary purpose of this study was to examine whether the relationship between discrimination and HIV risk behavior is mediated by depressive symptoms. Lastly this study sought to examine whether the relationships between discrimination, depressive symptoms, and HIV risk behavior were mediated by social support, LGBT and Native identity, and LGBT and Native community participation.
This study analyzed data from the HONOR project, the first national study of two-spirit individuals, which included 221 American Indian and Alaska Native MSM. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine the extent to which experiences of racial and heterosexist discrimination were associated with HIV risk behavior. Results indicate that heterosexist discrimination was associated with HIV risk behaviors, whereas racial discrimination was not. Conversely, results indicate that racial discrimination was associated with depressive symptoms, whereas heterosexist discrimination was not. This study found no association between depressive symptoms and HIV risk behavior, even when accounting for alcohol and substance use. Results indicate that depressive symptoms are not a mechanism that explains the association between discrimination and HIV risk and perhaps the better mechanism to examine in future studies is substance use. Finally, LGBT community participation was shown to have protective effects against HIV risk behaviors.
These findings have the potential to guide development of mental health and HIV prevention interventions for Native MSM, with special attention to LGBT community participation and social support. Future research should examine attributes such as types, sources, and frequency of heterosexist discrimination and LGBT community participation.
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Brown, Danica Love. "Our Vision of Health for Future Generations| An Exploration of Proximal and Intermediary Motivations with Women of the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma." Thesis, Portland State University, 2019. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=13422024.
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Health disparities and substance misuse are increasingly prevalent, costly, and deadly in Indian Country. Although women historically held positions of influence in pre-colonial Tribal societies and shared in optimum health, their current health is relegated to some of the worst outcomes across all racial groups in the United States. Women of the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma (CNO) have some of the highest prevalence estimates in physical inactivity and excessive drinking in the United States. Building on the Indigenous Stress Coping model of indigenous health, “Our Vision of Health for Future Generations” explores the intersection of a historical event, the Trail of Tears, and its lasting impact on the contemporary health outcomes in tribal members. This inquiry is positioned within the Yappallí Choctaw Road to Health project that explores these broader issues. This culturally-centered study explores proximal and settings-based/intermediary motivations of twenty-three women who completed the Yappallí project, walked the Trail of Tears, and developed a holitobit ibbak fohki “sacred giving” community health event. Analysis was conducted using the Listening Guide method, that highlighted the contrapuntal voices of embodiment, motivation, challenges, and transformation. Participants shared stories in relation to both their individual health concerns (proximal), and deep love and commitment for the health of their family, community and for future generations (intermediary). This study provides another framework for the development of indigenized research, by using in-depth interviews, haklo “listen deeply” as a form of indigenous storywork that is centering of the experiences of marginalized people, and reflexivity as anukfilli “Deep Reflection”.
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Dobek, Allison, and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "Neoliberalism in small town Alberta : a look at personhood, gender, race and poverty." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Faculty of Arts and Science, 2004, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/217.
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An in-school feeding project, Kids In Need or KIN, was introduced in the fall of 2001 to a rural community located between two First Nation's Reserves, in southern Alberta. I analyze the KIN project and its ensuing controversy as the site of struggle over the meaning of parenting. Given the predominance of neoliberalism as a discursive practice, centered on individual responsibility, the controversy generated by the KIN project reflects the central question of how to implement a program devised to assist children living with adults presumably "responsible" for their well-being. Implicitly the debate centered on particular class-based, neoconservative constructions of families, which support a gendered division of labor and were deployed in this community to reengage long standing notions about the parental deficits of Natives. This thesis explores the possible dangers, then, of the KIN project's focus on child poverty, in relation to neoliberal constructions of personhood, gender and race.vi, 124 leaves ; 29 cm.
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Freeland, Ballantyne Erin. "Sustainability's paradox : community health, climate change and petrocapitalism." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.711671.
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Fortney, Jeffrey L. Jr. "Slaves and Slaveholders in the Choctaw Nation: 1830-1866." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2009. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc28371/.
Full textAbstract:
Racial slavery was a critical element in the cultural development of the Choctaws and was a derivative of the peculiar institution in southern states. The idea of genial and hospitable slave owners can no more be conclusively demonstrated for the Choctaws than for the antebellum South. The participation of Choctaws in the Civil War and formal alliance with the Confederacy was dominantly influenced by the slaveholding and a connection with southern identity, but was also influenced by financial concerns and an inability to remain neutral than a protection of the peculiar institution. Had the Civil War not taken place, the rate of Choctaw slave ownership possibly would have reached the level of southern states and the Choctaws would be considered part of the South.
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Sapre, Manasi. "Memories of Motherland: Gender, Diaspora and National Identity in 1990s Indian Popular Culture." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2002. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc3076/.
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This thesis examines the role of globalization, an open economy and diasporic experiences on the 1990s popular Indian culture, focusing on discourses of gender, national identity and family. Recent Indian beauty queens and international beauty contests are discussed in the context of gendered nationhood in 1990s India. Several popular films of the 1990s are discussed as narratives expressing longing for an extended family and a homogeneous national identity under the leadership of a traditional father figure. In contrast, independent films interrogate the primacy of ethnic and national identity and raise interesting questions about exilic experience. All of these forms of national and popular culture reflect the conflicting and ever-changing anxieties surrounding national identity and the role of women in India.
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Martini, Daniel Moretto 1984. "A ousadia dos índios : a ação política no aldeamento de Barueri (séc. XVIII)." [s.n.], 2012. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/278637.
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Orientador: John Manuel MonteiroDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas.
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T21:09:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Martini_DanielMoretto_M.pdf: 11992073 bytes, checksum: 98cb98d7d32779e457b9c82a52d0a02c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012
Resumo: Esta dissertação de mestrado tem como objetivo principal a investigação da aldeia de Barueri ao longo do século XVIII. Baseando-se em pesquisas recentes, a intenção é entender como os índios dessa aldeia se inseriram dentro da sociedade colonial e como transformaram a identidade de índios aldeados em uma forma de lutar pelos direitos que essa condição supostamente lhes garantia. Para fazer isso esses índios tiveram que se inserir no jogo político da capitania de São Paulo e lidar com os problemas e conflitos entre as diversas autoridades que tinham interesses sobre o trabalho deles. Através dessa interação os índios conseguiram garantir formas particulares de ocupar as terras da aldeia e possibilidades de negar serviços que lhes eram ordenados. Essa situação começou a se transformar com o Diretório dos Índios que passou a exigir uma mudança territorial e, consequentemente, uma mudança de comportamento dos índios. Por fim, buscamos mostrar que existia uma população ativa e que formava famílias dentro da aldeia de Barueri, o que contradiz a bibliografia que vê esse lugar como decadente e despovoado ao longo do século XVIII
Abstract: This thesis focuses on the Indian settlement of Barueri, Captaincy of São Paulo, Brazil, during the eighteenth century. Based on recent research, this work seeks to understand how the Indians of this village became part of colonial society and how they used the condition of settled Indians in their struggle for the rights that this condition was supposed to guarantee. In order to do this, these Indians had to take part in the politics of the Captaincy and deal with the problems and conflicts involving different authorities who had an interest in their labor. This involvement allowed the Indians to guarantee specific forms of land tenure and to refuse to comply with work orders. This situation began to change with the introduction of the Indian Directorate, which set in motion territorial changes and consequently changes in the Indians' behavior. Finally, the thesis endeavors to document an active population that constituted families within Barueri, in disagreement with the prevailing bibliography, which sees this settlement as decadent and depopulated during the eighteenth century
Mestrado
Historia Social
Mestre em História
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Groke, Veronika. "'Es una comunidad libre' : contesting the potential of indigenous communities in southeastern Bolivia." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2549.
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The thesis is a study of a Guaraní community (comunidad) situated in the Department of Santa Cruz in the southeastern lowlands of Bolivia. The thesis uses the concept of ‘comunidad’ as a focus of investigation. While this concept is one that is familiar and firmly embedded in contemporary discourses throughout Bolivia, the meanings which different people and interest groups attach to it and the purposes which they ascribe to it are far from unanimous. Apart from the physical and legal entity, comprising a group of people, the land on which they live, and the legal title for its ownership, a comunidad is a multifaceted and multilayered complex of diverging and sometimes competing ideas, desires and agendas. Questioning the concept of ‘comunidad’ in this way opens up new perspectives on what people are doing and why that could easily be overlooked in continuing to assume that we know what we are talking about when talking about a ‘comunidad indígena’ in Bolivia today. The thesis explores the case of Cañón de Segura by eliciting and bringing together the various claims and perspectives that impact on the lives of its inhabitants (comunarios). Starting with a historical overview to situate the comunidad within Bolivian and Guaraní history, the thesis moves into an ethnographic discussion of the comunarios’ own perceptions and meanings of ‘comunidad’, followed by an exploration of various outsiders’ perspectives on the same topic that impact on the comunarios’ lives in different ways. The aim of the thesis is to illustrate the overlap and entanglements between these different positions in order to show how the different perspectives on the meaning and purpose of a Guaraní ‘comunidad’ all contribute to shape the actual realities of people’s lives ‘on the ground’.
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Wendel, Kendra Lesley. "Lifeblood of the earth| Nuwuvi (Southern Paiute) hydrological knowledge and perceptions of restoration in two Southern Nevada protected areas." Thesis, Portland State University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1553973.
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In the arid landscapes of the southern Great Basin and northern Mojave Desert, issues surrounding water resource management are often politically contentious. Nuwuvi (Southern Paiute) have known and managed these resources for thousands of years prior to Euro-American arrival in the region. A variety of factors, including federal policies that resulted in the creation of reservations and forced placement in boarding schools, as well as contemporary resource commodification, have influenced Nuwuvi knowledge and practice. In this thesis, I examined the character of Nuwuvi ethnohydrological knowledge, including management knowledge, of two protected areas: Spring Mountains National Recreation Area (SMNRA), managed by the U.S. Forest Service (USFS) and Desert National Wildlife Refuge (DNWR), managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). In addition, I investigated perceptions of water health and restoration among participants from the two managing agencies and six Nuwuvi Nations. I addressed these topics using the theoretical framework of political ecology and a methodology that included semi-structured interviews and demographic questionnaires with 16 Nuwuvi knowledge holders and four federal agency participants. I conducted text analysis of partial interview transcripts using the inductive coding method in order to identify recurring themes and concepts related to hydrology, management, and restoration. My results illustrated that Nuwuvi ethnohydrological knowledge, which developed incrementally over time, conceptualized water as a sentient being that required human interaction to remain healthy. There was also evidence that Nuwuvi knowledge of water was changing as a result of political, economic, and social forces. Furthermore, these findings suggest that Nuwuvi and agency approaches to hydrological management and restoration were built upon differing epistemologies, though there was convergence among specific management and restoration techniques. Based on these results, a report of findings from the Nuwuvi Knowledge-to-Action project, including recommendations for collaborative stewardship approaches, was delivered to participants in August 2013.
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Chamani, Demetria. "Les sans-terre en Bolivie (1952-2011) : les pénuries des enfants de la "Pachamama" et les oubliés de l'"Ivy Imarãa"." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCA078.
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La thèse tente de démontrer et d’expliquer le problème des grandes confrontations entre les propriétaires traditionnels amérindiens, dépossédés de la « Pacha Mama » comme les oubliés de l’ « Ivy Imarãa », et les grands propriétaires terriens. Ces indigènes aymaras, quechuas et tupis guaranis ont oeuvré en tant que groupes de pression dans le but d’obtenir la propriété de la terre, d’abord en tant que classe sociale, puis en tant que groupe ethnique. Dans leur détermination d’être reconnus politiquement et économiquement, ils se sont soulevés lors des mouvements indigènes contre les propriétaires terriens. S’organisant ainsi en groupes de pression afin d’obtenir l’accès à la terre et plus généralement à l’ensemble des ressources naturelles.Le début de la thèse s’intéresse aux recherches historiques sur toutes les pénuries que les indigènes des hautes terres et des basses terres de la Bolivie subirent, et qui mirent en péril leur survie.Ensuite, nous nous introduirons dans l’évolution précoloniale, coloniale et surtout dans la république, où se sont déroulés des luttes de pouvoir pour l’appropriation des terres et de leur richesse, allant jusqu’à déclencher des conflits internationaux. A ces guerres s’ajoutent les guerres civiles intérieures pour la conquête et la possession des mines, comme celles s’opposant aux barons de l’étain Patiño, Hochschild et Aramayo. En conséquence, nous assisterons à la naissance et à l’évolution des gouvernements libéraux et de divers partis politiques mus par la soif du pouvoir.Par ailleurs, la thèse tente de démontrer le problème que suscita la culture de la feuille de coca dans les années soixante dix à cause du narcotrafic et de la position forte des Etats Unis dans la politique interne bolivienne.Puis, il s’agira d’aborder le problème du financement économique dans lequel se trouvent certains territoires autonomes à cause de la répartition inégale des richesses de certains départements et régions.Nous nous attacherons par la suite au rôle important qu’exerce la femme dans la vie politique, économique et sociale, notamment dans la lutte pour l’obtention des terres et dans le processus visant à l’égalité des genres.Enfin, nous démontrerons qu’en dépit du gouvernement populiste et indigéniste d’Evo Morales, le problème de la répartition des terres n’a pas encore trouvé de solution adéquateThis thesis tries to explain the problem of the great confrontations between the traditional native Indians who was spoiled of their lands known as the « Pacha Mama » like the forgotten of the « Ivy Imaraa » and the big landowners.These native Aymaras, Quechuas and Tupis Guaranis worked as a pressure group in order to obtain the property of lands first as a social class then as an ethnic group. In their will to be recognised politically and economically they rise up during the natives movements against landowners of national lands and multinational companies. That’s why they organised themselves in pressure groups to get the access to land as well as the whole natural resources.At the beginning we will see the historical research about all the shortages that indigenous highlands and lowlands of Bolivia suffered, threatening their survival.Then we are going to look at the pre-colonial, colonial and especially republic evolution where took place the struggle for power and for the appropriation of lands and the wealth they contain and that can produce internationals wars like the war of Chaco for the oil. To these wars were added civil wars for the conquest and possession of mines such as the ones opposing the tin barons like Patiño, Hochschild and Aramayo.Therefore, we assist to the born and evolution of liberal governments and political party which craving for power. Besides that, the thesis attempts to demonstrate the problem aroused the coca leaf in the seventies because of the drug trade and the strong position of the US in Bolivian internal policy.Then we will address the problem of economic financing in which there are some autonomous territories because of the unequal distribution of wealth of some departments and regions.Thereafter we will focus in the important role exercised by women in the political, economic and social life, especially in the struggle for land and in the process of gender equality.Finally, we will demonstrate that despite the populist and nativist government of Evo Morales, the problem of land distribution has not yet found an adequate solution
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Badassy, Prinisha. ""- and my blood became hot!" : crimes of passion, crimes of reason : an analysis of the crimes against masters and mistresses by their Indian domestic servants, Natal, 1880-1920." Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/500.
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This thesis posits that the experiences and emotional strain associated with being a domestic servant gave rise to a culture of anger and violence within the ranks of Indian Domestic Servants in Colonial Natal during the period 1880 to 1920. These acts of violence, in particular physical and indecent assault and poisoning are explored here not in admiration of their brutality, but for their historical relevance to the study of Indenture, more specifically in the area of servant-master/mistress relations. The study uses these crimes as a window into the social dynamics of the settler home and domestic space in Colonial Natal, since they were created within their own set of orchestrating emotions and situations. The thesis draws on international and local literature around master/mistress-servant relations as well as relations between domestic slaves and the owners of their labour at the same time in other regions of the world. The findings of this thesis contribute to the historiography of South Africa; to the historiography of Indian South African life; to the historiography of servantmaster/mistress relationships; to the analysis of the complex intermingling of private and public labour and lives bound up with this labour form, both in past moulds and in its present form; and to the growing literature on the linkages between utilizing analysis of legal institutions and legal records in researching and writing the history of South African lives. Most importantly however, this thesis is the story of ordinary men and women whose lives, cultures, individualities and histories intersected with the domestic and colonial nexus.Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2005
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Pillay, Kathryn. "A cross-generational study of the perception and construction of South Africans of Indian descent as foreigners by fellow citizens." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/11406.
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This thesis examined how the perceptions of South Africans of Indian descent as foreign, by fellow South African citizens, have changed or the extent to which they have remained the same from the time of the first arrival of indentured labourers from India in 1860 to the present. In so doing the study also revealed how those classified as ‘Indian’ in South Africa have constructed their identities in relation to, and because of, differing social, political and economic contexts. In order to achieve the aims of this research, the study was periodised based on the key political transitions over the last 150 years. As a result, the constructions and perceptions of ‘Indians’ by others were explored from the period of indenture under colonialism (1860-1910), through to the formation of Union (1910-1948), into apartheid (1948-1994) and ultimately through to democracy (1994-present). The data collection methods included documentary sources, oral histories, and semi-structured interviews. The main documentary sources collected included articles from The Mercury and Ilanga newspapers, spanning 150 years but taken from the key periods as discussed above. In addition it was deemed equally important to conduct in-depth interviews with South African families of Indian descent. The trajectories of five such families, and of the individuals within these family units, were explored, covering the period from the arrival of the first immigrant from India to South Africa, to the present day.
The findings reveal that the perceptions of ‘Indians’ as foreign have endured more than it has altered in the psyche of fellow South Africans through each of the political dispensations and because the dominant racial discourse has persisted throughout the various periods albeit through varying mechanisms and diverse narratives justifying it at different times. Although democracy brought with it hope for a more inclusive South Africa with the African National Congress-dominated parliament adopting a constitution based on shared citizenship, the basis of the policies that followed however represent the antithesis of inclusion by entrenching existing notions of difference through the perpetuation of ‘race’ categories that were previously reproduced and legitimised by the repealed apartheid-era Population Registration Act. Blatant xenophobic discourse against South Africans of Indian descent are indeed still apparent, with the latest expressions centering around notions of autochthony which imply that ‘Indians’ are not indigenes of South Africa and hence should have no claim to its resources.Ph.D. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 2014.
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Morrison, Sandra Lynne. "Household archaeology at the Scowlitz site, Fraser Valley, B.C." Thesis, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/7640.
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This thesis examines the role of the household in the social history of Sto:lo society, and
specifically its role in the development of social complexity. Based on the archaeological house
remains from the Scowlitz site, this research proposes a model for household archaeology in the
Fraser Valley as an independent line of evidence to investigate the emergence of Sto:lo social
complexity. The primary assumption of this research is that the physical structure of the house
itself is an accurate representation of its social counterpart, the household. Ethnohistorical and
ethnographic data demonstrate that Sto:lo house size and architectural design relate to the size,
status, and socio-economic behaviour of households. This thesis applies the model of household
archaeology to the Scowlitz data and specifically questions how house size and architectural
design change through time, and what these changes may indicate about the evolution of Sto:lo
society. Structural features from four superimposed houses at the site document a general
increase in house size over the past 3000 years, concurrent with increasingly greater investment
being placed in house construction. These changes appear to correspond to transformations in
the social and economic organization of ancient Sto:lo society, however future research is
necessary to build on the Scowlitz material, and further define the relationship between house
form, the household, and social change.
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John-Naidu, Aline Jeanette. "The struggle to be South African": cultural politics in Durban, contesting Indian identity in the public sphere." Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/3387.
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South Africa officially emerged from apartheid in 1994. Almost a decade later we are still confronting the persisting legacies of apartheid. One of them is the separate spaces that were designed to foster delineated ethnic and racial identities. In the past, enforced separation encouraged the perpetuation of different cultural spheres. Now spaces have been made more permeable, but the ' officially' sanctioned identities still persist. At state level, the discourses of ' non-racialism ' and ' Rainbow Nation' are dominant, but at the local level, the old categories of Indian, Coloured, White and Black are often aggressively asserted. It is suggested that, although apartheid has ended, there exists in contemporary South Africa a heightened sense of ethnic identification. Indians in contemporary South Africa grapple with questions of their identity, their ' place' in the new South Africa, and (like other minority groups) express anxiety about being part of the majority of South African society. This disssertation examines a broadly defined Indian cultural sphere in Durban, in particular a public sphere related to media and religion, where old Indian identities retain currency and, at the same time, new articulations of identity are constantly being made. The role of public discourses in shaping such identities is examined in detail using data collected through interviews with Indian cultural leaders and media communications between 1999 and 2001. An interrogation of discourses prevalent in the public sphere exposes the inherent contradictions and complexities of attempts to (re)create such "essentialised" identities. This paper demonstrates that Indian-ness is a highly contested and hybrid identification.Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2005.
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Velásquez, Nimatuj Irma Alicia. "Pueblos indígenas, estado y lucha por tierra en Guatemala: estrategias de sobrevivencia y negociación ante la desigualdad globalizada." Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/1811.
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Ajb'ee. "Los caminos de la resistencia : comunidad, política e historia Maya en Guatemala." 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/17869.
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This dissertation is about Mayan people’s resistance and identity formation, particularly in Ixtahuacán, a Maya-Mam town in northwestern Guatemala. It focuses on a central paradox: that a notion of “locality,” including but not limited to the municipio or township, is deployed both as part of the processes that oppress the Maya and the processes through which Mayan people contest oppression and engage in collective self-affirmation. Building on 18 months of ethnographic research and theoretical perspectives of both Mayan and non-Mayan origins, I seek to resolve this paradox by delving into the varied and complex ways that Mam people respond to the myriad faces of oppression. In so doing, I propose to understand Mam struggles through what I call kojb’il, which in the Mam language basically means community. I argue that kojb’il is a window of inquiry that can lead us to a better understanding not just of the ways in which people resist but also the ways a new collective identity emerges. I first analyze Mam people’s political organizing experiences and the ways kojb’il has been constructed historically. Second, I study the ways kojb’il relates to Mam people’s own understanding of their collectivity as well as how this collectivity is constructed discursively. Third, I analyze the ways people talk about current crisis or threats to their kojb’il, their collectivity and their well-being. Fourth, since a main part of this dissertation is about Mam people’s agency, I seek to further develop an understanding of who these actors are. I argue that in order to understand Mayan people’s struggles we must focus on voices from the margins that are rarely taken into account. And finally, I examine other cultural practices that are essential in the formation of kojb’il. In particular, I focus on the poom which is fundamental to Mam spiritualityand is the heart of Mam collective identity. This dissertation contributes to an understanding of how Mam people resist, and it takes into account owr own ways of understanding the world and owe own ways of talking about it and constructing it. It also contributes to the body of literature that focuses on Mayan studies and indigenous people’s social movements in Latin America.text
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Villeneuve, Jeanette. "Fanning the teacher fire : an exploration of factors that contribute to teacher success in First Nations communities." Thesis, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/4446.
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This study explores the conditions that contribute to teacher success in First
Nations communities by focusing on the experiences of educators and community
members from the Ermineskin Reserve, which is located in central Alberta. The study
addresses the question: what factors do educators and community members identify as
being major contributors to the success of teachers in First Nations communities? The
study is based on a review and analysis of data obtained through semi-structured
interviews conducted with twelve teachers, six administrators, six Native students and six parents of Native children. These educators and community members share their
experiences and ideas about how teacher success can be optimized in First Nations
settings. The study identifies a number of interrelated factors that positively and negatively influence the work of teachers in First Nations communities. Educators and community members emphasize the importance of educators and community members working
together to create a school system that not only meets the needs of students but also
nurtures and validates educators, parents and the larger First Nations community.
Recommendations are provided for educators, Native communities, Native school boards,
and post-secondary institutions who are interested in developing, nurturing and supporting teacher success in First Nations settings.
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Singh, Reshma Ambaram. "Through a saffron-tinted looking glass: reminiscing, remembering and melancholia. The story of a small Indian South African town: 22 years after apartheid." Thesis, 2017. https://hdl.handle.net/10539/24419.
Full textAbstract:
Apartheid helped create enclaves of safety and familiarity for some communities in South
Africa, making those communities impermeable to outside influences, preserving class,
culture, caste, religion and race into neat little packages. The demise of apartheid broke those
enclaves, changing the landscape of those comfort zones and forcing them to reimagine a
new sense of community. Clutching onto the remnants of this past, yet wanting liberation and
economic change, these communities are fast learning that some things have got to give.
Tongaat, a town constituted like most other South African Indian townships, is one that I grew
up in. This research project is my personal journey in which I recount my own memories of
the town’s culture, caste system and racial divides using the safety net of being an outsider
yet having the privilege of being an insider. Through interviews I investigate if the residents
of the town have taken possession of their new political freedoms since the end of apartheid
from a class, culture, caste, race and economic perspective. I examine the policy interventions
that were introduced in relation to land reform, housing, education and socio-economic
empowerment to enable change on the social front. Have these interventions impacted on
the lives of the towns inhabitants and what is the future of Tongaat?XL2018
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Seebran, Radhna. "A new diaspora : a study of South African Indian migration to New Zealand." Thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/10548.
Full textAbstract:
"I love this country with a passion, but I cannot live here anymore. I can no longer live slung about with panic buttons and gear locks. I am tired of driving with car windows closed and the doors locked, tired of being afraid of stopping at red lights. I am tired of being constantly alert, having that sudden frisson of fear at the sight of a shadow by the gate, of a group of youths approaching - although nine times out of ten they are innocent of harmful intent. Such is the suspicion that dogs us all." (Paton, A. London Sunday Times, November 29 1998) This credence and conviction was echoed repeatedly during personal interviews in South Africa and New Zealand. The added pressure South African Indian respondent's felt emanated from being Indian. This study argues that although the shift to post-apartheid epoch has dawned, the providence of the Indian in South Africa remains relatively unaltered. The consequence is that South African Indians are voyaging for security elsewhere. New Zealand has offered them an alternative home. This area of exploration has not been investigated before, since South African Indian migration to New Zealand is a relatively new exodus. This research explores and investigates why South African Indians are migrating to New Zealand, on a micro and macro level. This dissertation focuses on three main aspects: the reasons for migration to New Zealand, the effects on the respective countries and the formation of new 'identities and home.' I developed my main arguments based on the data retrieved from the personal interviews - the greatest source of information for this work.Thesis (M.Soc.Sc.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2002
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González-Ponciano, Jorge Ramón. "De la Patria del Criollo a la Patria del Shumo: whiteness and the criminalization of the dark plebeian in modern Guatemala." Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/1555.
Full text
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Steinert, Per Ole Christian. "Ethnic communities and ethno-political strategies : the struggle for ethnic rights : a comparison of Peru, Ecuador and Guatemala /." Thesis, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3116399.
Full text
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Bhopalsingh, Lisa Ann. "Building and burning bridges: a study of social capital and disaster vulnerability in Upper St'át'imc Territory including Lillooet, British Columbia." Thesis, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/10354.
Full textAbstract:
Through the analysis of relationships between aboriginal and non-aboriginal communities in
Upper St'at'imc Territory in British Columbia, this thesis illustrates how bridging and bonding forms of
social capital affect vulnerability and cooperation to prepare for disasters in communities characterised by
cultural conflict. Social capital is based upon networks of trust and reciprocity, which enable individuals
to cooperate to achieve shared goals. In Upper St'at'imc Territory, people are most likely to have close
relationships or bonds with those from the same cultural background. The absence of inter-cultural bonds
means that bridges linking those less well known to each other (from each culture) are necessary to
facilitate cooperation. However, there are few arenas that enable the formation of bridges between
aboriginals and non-aboriginals.
Pre-existing patterns of social capital between aboriginals and non-aboriginals were played out in
BC Hydro's Exercise "Bridge River", a simulation exercise to prepare for a potential dam incident
affecting downstream communities. Lack of bridges between the cultures was highlighted by low levels
of cultural interaction during the exercise and the establishment of separate emergency operations centers.
Nevertheless, the exercise resulted in some aboriginals and non-aboriginals coming into contact with each
other and building new bridges. Unfortunately opportunities for strengthening these bridges through
regular cultural interaction are limited. This is due to cultural divisions in membership of emergency
preparedness organisations as well as wider social and employment networks.
The exercise reinforced the strong bonds that enable non-aboriginal emergency responders to
work well together. The benefits of these strong bonds are restricted if they result in excluding aboriginal
participation in emergency response organisations. Exercise "Bridge River" organisers were unaware of
the strong bonds among non-aboriginal emergency responders. This affected their ability to anticipate
how these bonds were used during the exercise and resulted in delaying the process.
Social capital is essentially a neutral phenomenon, how it is used determines whether or not it is a
destructive weapon or a constructive tool for building disaster resilient communities. Nevertheless, social
capital can be easily destroyed and bridges burnt by conflict and lack of trust between cultural groups.
Understanding a community's social capital will enhance disaster preparedness and mitigation efforts.
Inter-cultural social capital produced in one arena can be used to increase cooperation in disaster
preparedness. At the same time, disaster preparedness activities can be used as a foundation to strengthen
and build bridges between cultures.