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1
Gileles-Hillel, Alex, Ira Erlichman, and Joel Reiter. "Apnea of Prematurity: An Update." Journal of Child Science 09, no. 01 (January 2019): e50-e58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1678669.
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AbstractApnea of prematurity (AOP) affects the majority of infants born prematurely, before 34 weeks of gestational age. AOP is a common diagnosis in the neonatal intensive care unit and one of significant clinical importance, both immediate and long term, as it is associated with reduced survival and poorer respiratory and neurodevelopmental outcomes. In this review, we provide an up-to-date summary of recent advances in the understanding of the pathophysiology of AOP, as well as the clinical questions relevant to physicians and staff treating infants with AOP. Finally, we discuss monitoring and discharge decisions, as these are areas of significant uncertainty.
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Ma, Cheng, Denisse Broadbent, Garrett Levin, Sanjeet Panda, Devaraj Sambalingam, Norma Garcia, Edson Ruiz, and Ajay Pratap Singh. "Discharging Preterm Infants Home on Caffeine, a Single Center Experience." Children 7, no. 9 (August 28, 2020): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children7090114.
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Background: Apnea of prematurity (AOP) affects preterm neonates. AOP, combined with intermittent hypoxemic (IH) events frequently prolongs the length of stay. Caffeine is the preferred medication to treat AOP and may help improve IH events. There is lack of information on the safety of discharging preterm neonates home on caffeine for AOP in the literature. Our objective was to assess safety and benefits, if any, of discharging preterm infants home on caffeine. Methods: After IRB approval, preterm infants discharged home from the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) on caffeine were compared with those without a discharge prescription for the period of January 2013 to December 2017. Results: A total of 297 infants were started on caffeine, and of those, 87 infants were discharged home on caffeine. There was no difference in length of stay between two groups. Duration of caffeine at home was 31 (28–42) days. The average cost of apnea monitor and caffeine at home per 30 days was USD 1326 and USD 50. There was no difference in number or reasons for emergency department (ED) visits or hospitalizations between two groups. Conclusion: AOP affects almost all preterm infants and along with intermittent hypoxemic events, and is one of the most common reasons for prolonged hospital stay. Discharging stable preterm infants home on caffeine may be safe, especially in those who are otherwise ready to be discharged and are only awaiting complete resolution of AOP/IH events.
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Makgato, Stanford S., and Evans M. Nkhalambayausi-Chirwa. "Performance Evaluation of AOP/Biological Hybrid System for Treatment of Recalcitrant Organic Compounds." International Journal of Chemical Engineering 2010 (2010): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/590169.
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Process water from nuclear fuel recovery unit operations contains a variety of toxic organic compounds. The use of decontamination reagents such asCCl4together with phenolic tar results in wastewater with a high content of chlorophenols. In this study, the extent of dehalogenation of toxic aromatic compounds was evaluated using a photolytic advanced oxidation process (AOP) followed by biodegradation in the second stage. A hard-to-degrade toxic pollutant, 4-chlorophenol (4-CP), was used to represent a variety of recalcitrant aromatic pollutants in effluent from the nuclear industry. A UV-assisted AOP/bioreactor system demonstrated a great potential in treatment of nuclear process wastewater and this was indicated by high removal efficiency (>98%) under various 4-CP concentrations. Adding hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as a liquid catalyst further improved biodegradation rate but the effect was limited by the scavenging ofOH•radicals under high concentrations ofH2O2.
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Yasmeen, BH Nazma, Shaheen Akter, Fahmuda Akhter, Rowshan Jahan, Mahmuda Hassan, and Md Mahbubul Hoque. "Recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) reduces transfusion requirements in anaemia of prematurity." Northern International Medical College Journal 6, no. 2 (May 1, 2015): 53–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/nimcj.v6i2.23171.
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Background: During the last two decades with the application of advanced technological supports have improved the survival rate of preterm very low birth weight (PT VLBW) infants. At the same time anemia of prematurity (AOP) one of the most frequent complications of these patients also has been increased in the neonatal units. Packed red blood cell (PRBC) transfusions are the mainstay of treatment of AOP. The frequency of blood transfusion is directly related to the exposure of the tiny preterm infants to various risks of transfusion.Objectives : To evaluate whether recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) therapy reduces the need of transfusions in AOP.Methods : A randomized controlled trial study was carried out at Neonatal Unit and Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of Dhaka Shishu (children) Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh with 60 PTVLBW neonates. Among them 30 in group I (rHuEPO group) and 30 in group II (control) were assigned. Therapy with rHuEPO (200 IU / kg / dose) thrice weekly was initiated on day 7 of life to group I for 2 weeks. From day 14 or after that as soon as enteral feeding was initiated oral iron and folic acid were received by both groups. Hematological assessment (haemoglobin, haematocrit level and reticulocyte count) were done at 6 and 10 weeks of life.Results : At the time of enrollment in the study PTLBW babies of both groups were almost similar in gestetional age, birth weight, hemoglobin, hematocrit values and reticulocyte count (p>0.05). During the 10 weeks observation period, hematological values were increased and the number of blood transfusions as well as the number of infants who received any transfusion were reduced in rHuEPO group compared to control group (p<0.01). No adverse effect of erythropoietin were found.Conclusion : The combination of rHuEPO and Iron, folic acid therapy significantly reduces the number of blood transfusion as well as the percentage of infants who received any transfusion in AOP.Northern International Medical College Journal Vol.6(2) 2015: 53-56
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Stamm, Brian J., Christina M. Lineback, Lesli E. Skolarus, Lewis B. Morgenstern, and Gaurang V. Shah. "Artery of Percheron Infarct: 12 Cases and Their Complex Clinical Courses." Neurohospitalist 8, no. 3 (December 28, 2017): 141–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1941874417748543.
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Strokes involving the artery of Percheron (AOP), an anatomic variant of thalamic vascular supply, are rare. Little is known about the inpatient hospital course for these patients. We retrospectively identified consecutive patients with AOP in their medical charts from a university-based tertiary care hospital from January 1, 2000, to August 15, 2017. A chart review identified demographics, transfer status, in-hospital versus community onset of stroke, emergency medical services (EMS) use, presenting signs/symptoms, time to radiologic diagnosis (from time of presentation to tertiary care hospital or from time of initial symptom onset in an already hospitalized patient), tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) use, intensive care unit (ICU) stays, intubation, length of stay (LOS), and discharge location. After radiologic inclusion/exclusion criteria were applied, 12 patients were included in the study. There were 7 men and 5 women, and the mean age (SD) was 68 (15). Seven were transfers, and 4 had an in-hospital stroke. Of the 8 community-onset strokes, 7 utilized EMS. Mental status changes occurred in 11 of 12 and ocular disturbances in all patients. Time to radiologic diagnosis averaged 1.9 (median = 1.1) days. One patient received tPA. Eight received care in the ICU. Four were intubated. Average LOS was 8.3 days. Four were discharged home, 3 entered inpatient rehabilitation facilities, and 5 entered skilled nursing facilities. In-hospital stroke status further complicates the already challenging diagnosis of AOP infarct, and clinicians must maintain a high suspicion for this rare stroke in order to quickly diagnose and intervene.
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Park, Jong-Il, Young Lee, Kyoung-A. Jang, Keon-Hoi Kim, Tae-Hoon Lee, and Sun-Wook Kim. "A Study on the Comparative Analysis of 2-MIB Treatment Characteristics and Optimization of Process Operation in 2-types of Advanced Water Treatment Plants in the Han River Water Supply System." Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers 42, no. 12 (December 31, 2020): 674–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2020.42.12.674.
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Objectives:In this study, through the results of the high-concentration 2-MIB (2-Methyl Isoborneol) treatment by two different types of advanced treatment plants (Post Peroxone+GAC, UV/H2O2+GAC F/A) which intake raw water from the same water intake facility, the 2-MIB removal characteristics by oxidation process of each WTPs (Water Treatment Plants) were compared and analyzed, and optimal operation methods were derived.Methods:The 2-MIB removal rate was compared and analyzed according to each AOP (Advanced Oxidation Process) operating conditions (Post Peroxone+GAC of the G WTP and UV/H2O2+GAC F/A of the I WTP). The optimal equations of chemical injection were derived through the correlation between the operating conditions of the AOP for each WTPs and 2-MIB removal rate. By analyzing the operating characteristics of each WTPs, the cost and unit price for optimal operation were calculated according to the 2-MIB concentration of raw water and water production. Optimal operating conditions were derived through the performance of oxidation facilities and chemical injection equations of each WTPs, and economical operating plans were reviewed through linked operation of 2 WTPs.Results and Discussion:The 2-MIB removal rates for each WTPs were 70~100% for the G WTP and 50~96% for the I WTP. The operating conditions affecting the 2-MIB removal were [O3 injection×contact time], H2O2/O3 for Post Peroxone of the G WTP, and [UV dose×H2O2 injection] for UV/H2O2 of the I WTP. As a result of comparing the operating cost(electric power cost + chemical cost) of each WTPs, I WTP was 6.6~24.3 KRW/m3 higher than G WTP. It is considered to be because the H2O2 injection was 11~43 times for UV/H2O2 than Post Peroxone. Optimal operating conditions could be derived through the performance evaluation of each oxidation facilities and chemical injection equations of each WTPs. The G WTP and the I WTP are equipped with pipe line for linked operation in the water supply pipes, so the water production for each WTPs can be distributed. In the case of the same water production, it was confirmed that the unit price can be reduced when the water production ratio of the G WTP is increased. Because the decrease in cost of the I WTP is higher than the increase in cost of the G WTP.Conclusions:It was confirmed that both Post Peroxone+GAC of G WTP and UV/H2O2+GAC F/A of I WTP were effective in 2-MIB treatment. As for the operating cost, it was analyzed that UV/H2O2 had higher unit pice than Post Peroxone because of the large amount of H2O2 injection. Considering the 2-MIB removal rate and operating cost of each WTPs, it was possible to derive the optimal operating conditions for each WTPs and a linked operation plan.
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Keen, Olya, James Bolton, Marta Litter, Keith Bircher, and Thomas Oppenländer. "Standard reporting of Electrical Energy per Order (EEO) for UV/H2O2 reactors (IUPAC Technical Report)." Pure and Applied Chemistry 90, no. 9 (September 25, 2018): 1487–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2017-0603.
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Abstract The concept of Electrical Energy per Order (EEO) was introduced in 2001 as a figure of merit for evaluating the energy requirements of ultraviolet-based advanced oxidation processes (UV AOPs) used for the degradation of various organic contaminants. The EEO parameter represents the energy input into the reactor that can achieve an order of magnitude decrease in the concentration of a target contaminant in a unit volume. Since the introduction of this parameter, it has become increasingly popular among UV AOP researchers and practitioners. However, the EEO is often reported without important details that affect the parameter, making its interpretation difficult. The EEO depends on a variety of factors (e.g. the concentration and identity of the target contaminant and the amount of hydrogen peroxide added). Therefore, the EEO parameter needs to be reported in the literature with several other experimental details affecting the reactor performance and in a way that proper comparisons can be made between reactors across studies or manufacturers. This paper discusses the proper application of the EEO parameter for bench-, pilot-, and full-scale studies. Sucralose (artificial sweetener, C12H19Cl3O8) is proposed as a standard substance for reactor comparison.
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THONGMAK, MATHUPAYAS, and PORNSIRI MUENCHAISRI. "MAINTAINABILITY METRICS FOR ASPECT-ORIENTED SOFTWARE." International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering 19, no. 03 (May 2009): 389–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218194009004234.
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Maintainability is an important factor that developers should be concerned because two-thirds of software costs involve maintenance. Aspect-oriented programming (AOP) paradigm is aimed to increase the software maintainability. It solves code tangling and code scattering problems by introducing a new modular unit, called "aspect". Various research works are provided to support measuring the object-oriented software, but only few studies are set up to support measuring the aspect-oriented software. This paper proposes aspect-oriented software maintainability metrics and a set of aspect-oriented design guidelines to support the metrics. By combining the proposed guidelines, object-oriented design principles, and aspect-oriented design principles, the metrics are constructed according to the Factor-Strategy (FS) quality model and the Factor-Criteria-Metric (FCM) quality model. Principle violation check definitions in the form of Boolean expressions are also defined to conduct software measurement and to fulfill the metrics. Finally, the aspect-oriented software maintainability metrics are applied to detect design principle violations in fifty AspectJ systems. The results show that for all systems their hidden flaws are exposed. Moreover, the proposed metrics are used to compare the maintainability between two versions of systems written in Java and AspectJ.
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Oke, Ninad, Swati Singh, and Anurag Garg. "A comparative treatment of bleaching wastewater by physicochemical processes." Water Science and Technology 76, no. 9 (July 10, 2017): 2367–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2017.355.
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Abstract The bleaching effluent discharged from a pulp and paper mill contains chlorinated organic compounds which are toxic to living matter. Physicochemical treatments such as coagulation and different advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) were employed for combined bleaching effluent generated from the first two stages (i.e. chlorination and alkali extraction) (pH = 3.5, chemical oxygen demand (COD) = 1,920 mg/L, and total organic carbon (TOC) = 663 mg/L). At optimum conditions (pH = 7.5, polyaluminium chloride (PAC) dose = 3.84 g/L and slow mixing time = 25 min), ∼68% removal in UV254 and ∼23% TOC removal was obtained during coagulation. Among various AOPs, UV/Fe2+/TiO2/H2O2 system showed the highest TOC and COD removals (∼78%) after 2 h duration (Fe2+:H2O2 molar ratio = 1:100). After the AOP process, chloride ion concentration and biodegradability of the treated wastewater was increased to 2,762 mg/L and 0.46 from an initial value of 2,131 mg/L and 0.29, respectively. The wastewater and sludge analysis showed oxidation and adsorption as the major mechanisms for organics removal. Upon reuse of the regenerated catalysts, TOC removal was reduced significantly. It was found that three times more sludge per unit TOC removal was generated after coagulation in comparison to that produced after UV/Fe2+/TiO2/H2O2 treatment.
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Kaźmierkiewicz, R., C. Czaplewski, and J. Ciarkowski. "Elucidation of neurophysin/bioligand interactions from molecular modeling." Acta Biochimica Polonica 44, no. 3 (September 30, 1997): 453–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.18388/abp.1997_4396.
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This is a review of our recent modeling work aimed at: (i) development and assessment of techniques for reliable refinement of low-resolution protein structures and (ii) using these techniques, at solving specific problems pertinent to neurophysin-bioligand interactions. Neurophysins I and II (NPI and NPII) serve in the neurosecretory granules of the posterior pituitary as carrier proteins for the neurophyseal hormones oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (VP), respectively, until the latter are released into blood. NPs are homologous two-domain, sulphur rich small proteins (93-95 residues, 7 disulphide bridges per monomer), capable of being aggregated. The C2 symmetrical NPI2 and NPII2 homodimers, and the (NPI/OT)2 and (NPII/VP)2 heterotetramers, all believed to be the smallest functional units, were modeled using low-resolution structure information, i.e. the C alpha-carbon coordinates of the homologous NPII/dipeptide complex as a template. The all-atom representations of the models were obtained using the SYBYL suite of programs (by Tripos, Inc.). Subsequently, they were relaxed, using a constrained simulated annealing (CSA) protocol, and submitted to about 100 ps molecular dynamics (MD) in water, using the AMBER 4.1 force field. The (NPI/OT)2 and (NPII/VP)2 structures, averaged after the last 20 ps of MD, were remarkably similar to those recently reported either for NPII/dipeptide or NPII/oxytocin complex in the solid state (Chen et al., 1991, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., U.S.A. 88, 4240-4244; Rose et al., 1996, Nature Struct. Biol. 3, 163-169). The results indicate that the 3(10) helices (terminating the amino domains) and the carboxyl domains are more mobile than the remainder of the NP monomers. The hormones become anchored by residues 1-3 and 6 to the host, leaving residues 4-5 and 7-9 exposed on the surface and free to move. A cluster of attractive interactions, extending from the ligand binding site, Tyr-24-Ile-26 of unit 1(2), to the inter-monomer interface Val-36 of unit 1(2), Cys-79 and Ile-72 of unit 2(1), is clearly seen. We suggest that both these interactions as well as the increased mobility of the 3(10) helix and the carboxyl domain may contribute to the allosteric communication between the ligand and the unit1-unit2 interface.
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Schroeder, Dustin M., Emma J. MacKie, Timothy T. Creyts, and John B. Anderson. "A subglacial hydrologic drainage hypothesis for silt sorting and deposition during retreat in Pine Island Bay." Annals of Glaciology 60, no. 80 (December 2019): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aog.2019.44.
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AbstractLate Holocene sediment deposits in Pine Island Bay, West Antarctica, are hypothesized to be linked to intensive meltwater drainage during the retreat of the paleo-Pine Island Ice Stream after the Last Glacial Maximum. The uppermost sediment units show an abrupt transition from ice-proximal debris to a draped silt during the late Holocene, which is interpreted to coincide with rapid deglaciation. The small scale and fine sorting of the upper unit could be attributed to origins in subglacial meltwater; however the thickness and deposition rate for this unit imply punctuated- rather than continuous-deposition. This, combined with the deposit's location seaward of large, bedrock basins, has led to the interpretation of this unit as the result of subglacial lake outbursts in these basins. However, the fine-scale sorting of the silt unit is problematic for this energetic interpretation, which should mobilize and deposit a wider range of sediment sizes. To resolve this discrepancy, we present an alternative mechanism in which the silt was sorted by a distributed subglacial water system, stored in bedrock basins far inland of the grounding line, and subsequently eroded at higher flow speeds during retreat. We demonstrate that this mechanism is physically plausible given the subglacial conditions during the late Holocene. We hypothesize that similar silt units observed elsewhere in Antarctica downstream of bedrock basins could be the result of the same mechanism.
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Domsch, Michel, and Torsten J. Gerpott. "The Composition of R & D Units in West German Industry." Organization Studies 6, no. 4 (October 1985): 367–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/017084068500600404.
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It is widely assumed that industrial R & D units are composed of R & D professionals of different scientific disciplines, i.e. that such units have cross-disciplinary structures. However, empirical data on these structures are rare at best. This paper conceptualizes cross-disciplinarity as a dimension of an R & D unit's organizational complexity. Two measures of cross-disciplinary structures are developed to assess the relationships between cross-disciplinary structures, R & D unit size and industry in a comparative study of 210 West German industrial R & D units. One measure (number of different disciplines employed in a unit) has affinities with differentiation measures of prior organization research (e.g. the Aston approach), whereas a second distributional measure of disciplinary diversification has been rarely used. It is found that the two measures are differentially related to size and industry variables. Evidence is presented that the discovered lack of a relationship between R & D unit size and disciplinary diversification is theoretically interesting in that it can be used to explain why prior innovation research has found that smaller R & D units do not perform worse than larger units.
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Tian, Zuo Xi, Feng Yu, and Zeng Wu Liu. "Designs for Synchronous Data Acquisition of a Distributed System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 239-240 (December 2012): 869–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.239-240.869.
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To resolve the problem of acquiring multi sensors signals synchronously in a distributed system, a project of distributed synchronous data acquisition based network time server was designed. The system comprised multi distributed sensor units, a centralized control unit and D&C (display and control) center. Each sensor unit was equipped with a data acquisition module. All data from sensor units were concentrated and sent to the D&C center, and the D&C center implemented power supply and management of sensor units via the centralized control unit. To synchronize the data acquisition modules, a network time server was employed in the D&C center. It received standard time information from GPS and outputted the time signal with DCF77-encoding. Each data acquisition module received and decoded DCF77 time signal, obtaining absolute time and synchronizing its time base. Above project was applied successfully in a system comprising 20 distributed sensor units. The results prove the designs feasible.
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Scaradavou, Andromachi, Katherine Smith, Rebecca Hawke, Sinda Lee, Allison Schaible, Michelle Abboud, Nancy Collins, Nancy A. Kernan, Marcel Van den Brink, and Juliet N. Barker. "CD34+ Viability Is a Critical Determinant of the Engraftment Potential of Umbilical Cord Blood (UCB) in Double Unit Transplantation." Blood 110, no. 11 (November 16, 2007): 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v110.11.2015.2015.
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Abstract Compared to single unit historical controls double unit UCB transplantation (UCBT) has been associated with improved engraftment and survival in adult recipients, despite sustained donor engraftment of only one of the units. However, the mechanism of this advantage and unit predominance is not understood. Our hypothesis was that superior CD34+ and CD3+ viability (measured by 7-AAD staining) would be associated with unit predominance. Therefore, we evaluated 26 double unit UCBT recipients [median age 36 yrs (9–64); median weight 73 kg (40–111)] with high-risk hematologic malignancies who received myeloablative (n=15) or non-myeloablative (n=11) conditioning according to age and diagnosis. Units were 6/6 (n=2), 5/6 (n=25) and 4/6 (n=25) HLA-A, B antigen, DRB1 allele matched to the patient and ≥3/6 to each other. Flow cytometric evaluation was performed within 2 hours of thaw using CD45-FITC/CD34-PE/7-AAD/CD3-APC (dual-platform, modified ISHAGE protocol). 25/26 patients (96%) demonstrated donor engraftment by STR evaluation of day+21 bone marrow with one unit predominating (the “winner”). The % post-thaw CD34+ and CD3+ viability for the 26 double unit pairs is shown. Patients could be divided into 3 groups: 1) 10 in whom one of the 2 units had CD34+ viability ≥75% (always the winner) and the other <75% (always the loser); 2) 15 in whom both units had CD34+ viability ≥75% (either one was the winner); and 3) 1 in whom both units had CD34+ viability <75% and neither unit engrafted. CD3+ viability strongly correlated with CD34+ viability and was not an independent predictor of unit predominance. In univariate analysis infused viable CD3+ dose/kg was associated with unit predominance, while infused TNC/kg, viable CD34+/kg, CFU-total/kg, CFU-GM/kg, HLA-match and order of infusion were not. In summary, all engrafting units had CD34+ viability ≥75% and none of the units with CD34+ viability <75% engrafted (p: 0.007). Thus, in our analysis of unit predominance we have demonstrated that the % post-thaw CD34+ viability (but not the infused viable CD34+ dose) dictated the “engraftment potential” of a UCB unit, and, using the threshold of ≥75% viability, 12/52 units (23%) were unacceptable. When both CB units had CD34+ viability ≥75%, other factors (possibly related to CD3+ dose) determine unit predominance. Importantly, the finding that CD34+ viability is a marker of unit quality on the day of the transplant, if confirmed, has major implications for the clinical practice of UCBT. It suggests that double unit UCBT is superior because this approach significantly increases the chance that patients will receive at least one unit with engraftment potential. Figure Figure
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Gardiner, P. F. "Physiological properties of motoneurons innervating different muscle unit types in rat gastrocnemius." Journal of Neurophysiology 69, no. 4 (April 1, 1993): 1160–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1993.69.4.1160.
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1. The contractile properties of gastrocnemius muscle units and the electrophysiological properties of their innervating motoneurons were examined in anesthetized adult male Sprague-Dawley rats in situ, using conventional microelectrode techniques. 2. Muscle units (n = 70) were classified as fast (F) or slow (S) on the basis of the degree of force summation during stimulation at 25 Hz, as well as fatigue resistance, in response to current injection into innervating motoneurons. S units categorized using these criteria were also found to invariably demonstrate twitch half-relaxation times (RT1/2) > 28 ms, with F units demonstrating RT1/2 < 27 ms. Some overlap was present between F and S units in twitch time-to-peck tension (TPT). 3. S muscle units were innervated by motoneurons with significantly higher afterhyperpolarization (AHP) times-to-peak and half-decay times, AHP amplitudes, and input resistances than F units. Motoneurons innervating S units also demonstrated slower mean axon conduction velocity than F units. 4. F units were further classified as fast fatiguing (FF), fast fatigue-resistant (FR), or fast intermediate (FI) on the basis of their fatigue resistance. Muscle unit forces were different among the unit types such that FF > FI > FR > S. Twitch TPT and RT1/2 differed such that FF < FI, FR < S. 5. No differences among FF, FI, and FR units were found for measures of AHP time course, AHP amplitude, rheobase, or input resistance. The only motoneuron property that differed among F unit types was axon conduction velocity, which was lower for FF than for FI and FR units. 6. The best relationships between muscle unit and motoneuron physiological properties were between expression of twitch time course, which included RT1/2 and AHP half-decay time (r = 0.73 to 0.74). S units always had AHP half-decay times > 20 ms, whereas for F units, values never exceeded 19 ms. Correlations between these variables increased when only S units were considered (r = 0.86-0.97), and were weak and not significant among F units only. 7. The only other significant correlations between muscle unit and motoneuron properties > 0.5 were between input resistance and expressions of twitch time course (r = 0.56-0.66). These relationships were nonexistent when type S units were not included in the analysis. 8. A sample of tibial motoneurons (n = 98) that innervated hindlimb muscles other than gastrocnemius was combined with the gastrocnemius motoneurons to examine interrelationships among motoneuron properties.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Zengel, J. E., S. A. Reid, G. W. Sypert, and J. B. Munson. "Membrane electrical properties and prediction of motor-unit type of medial gastrocnemius motoneurons in the cat." Journal of Neurophysiology 53, no. 5 (May 1, 1985): 1323–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1985.53.5.1323.
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Membrane electrical properties [time constant, action potential afterhyperpolarization (AHP), rheobase, input resistance, and axonal conduction velocity] were measured in motoneurons of cat medial gastrocnemius (MG) motor units. Motor units were classified on the basis of their mechanical responses as fast twitch, fast fatiguing (FF); fast twitch with intermediate fatigue resistance (FI); fast twitch, fatigue resistant (FR); or slow twitch, fatigue resistant (S; 11, 22). Motoneuron membrane time constant, estimated from the voltage response at the onset or termination of long (50-100 ms) current pulses and corrected for voltage-response nonlinearities (32), was found to differ significantly among the major motor-unit types, increasing in the order FF less than FR less than S. Afterhyperpolarization magnitude, half-decay time, and duration were all significantly greater for the fast (FF + FI + FR) versus the slow (S) motor units. The AHP half-decay time was correlated with muscle unit twitch time over the entire motoneuron population and within the type S motor-unit population. There was no significant correlation between twitch time and AHP half-decay time among the types FF and FR motor-unit populations. In agreement with previous studies, we found a significant difference in both rheobase and input resistance among the major motor-unit types, with rheobase increasing in the order S less than FR less than FF and input resistance decreasing in that order (S greater than FR greater than FF). The differences in input resistance were present both before and after correcting for voltage-response nonlinearities (32). Also in agreement with previous studies, the mean axonal conduction velocity was significantly faster among the fast (FF + FI + and FR) compared with the slow (S) motor units. These data were used to examine the properties alone to determine motor-unit type, which has traditionally been defined on the basis of the muscle unit's mechanical properties (11, 22). We used a discriminant analysis program to classify 73 mechanically typed motor units for which we had measures of rheobase, input resistance, membrane time constant, and AHP half-decay time. This model was able to properly classify 71 of the 73 motor units of this data set, indicating that the motor units of this data set could be grouped into three categories representing the three major motor-unit types (FF, FR, and S) on the basis of their rheobase, input resistance, membrane time constant, and AHP half-decay time.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Cheng, Shou Yu, Xin Kai Liu, and Min Jun Peng. "Monitor & Diagnosis Support System for Nuclear Power Plants." Applied Mechanics and Materials 121-126 (October 2011): 4033–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.121-126.4033.
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An Monitor& Diagnosis Support System for Nuclear Power Plants (NPPMDS) is developed in the embedded real-time operation system VxWorks in this paper. NPPMCS includes data collection and validation unit, operation monitoring unit, fault diagnosis unit, alarm analysis unit, operation procedures and Human-machine interface and so on. The paper introduces the design and implementation of NPPMDS including the structure of the NPPMDS and the main function units. In order to confirm the validity of this system, the SGTR simulation experiment was carried out on a full scale simulator of nuclear power plants. The experimental results show that the system provides operation support, the load and pressure for the workers can be reduced and the safety of nuclear power plants can be enhanced.
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Mrozowska, Alicja. "Implementation of the Contingency Plan On Offshore Units Including Mobile Offshore Drilling Units." Annual of Navigation 23, no. 1 (December 1, 2016): 235–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aon-2016-0017.
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Abstract The article discusses practical application of the contingency plan (called also the emergency response plan) to the risks that may occur on an offshore unit. The author, based on her own professional experience, discusses the plan and illustrates its use in practice based on selected elements of the plan for mobile offshore drilling units engaged in the exploration of resources beneath the seabed. The paper discusses the requirements of Directive 2013/30/EU, which is includes obligation to implement the contingency plan relating to offshore units, in order to prevent accidents resulting from offshore oil and gas operations.
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Barker, Juliet N., Daniel J. Weisdorf, Todd E. Defor, and John E. Wagner. "Double Unit Myeloablative Umbilical Cord Blood (UCB) Transplantation in Adults & Adolescents: High Incidence of Engraftment and Low Transplant-Related Mortality." Blood 104, no. 11 (November 16, 2004): 826. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v104.11.826.826.
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Abstract UCB cell dose is a critical determinant of hematopoietic recovery & survival after UCB transplantation (UCBT) & is the major barrier to adult UCBT. Therefore, we have investigated the combined transplantation of 2 partially HLA-matched UCB units to augment graft cell dose. Twenty-three patients with high-risk hematologic malignancy [median 24 yrs (range: 13–53)] received two UCB units [median infused dose 3.5 x 107 NC/kg (range 1.1–6.3); larger unit 1.9 (0.6–3.6) & smaller unit 1.5 (0.5–2.7)]. Of the 46 units used, only 3 were 6/6, 16 were 5/6 & 27 were 4/6 HLA-A,B,DRB1 antigen matched unit to the recipient. All patients received myeloablative conditioning using cyclophosphamide 120 mg/kg (60 mg/kg days −7 & −6), & TBI 1320 cGy in 8 fractions with cyclosporine-A (CSA) from day -3 for at least 6 months. In addition, the first 2 patients received ATG 15 mg/kg every 12 hours days −3 to −1 & methylprednisone (MP) 1 mg/kg every 12 hours days 5–19. Subsequent patients (n = 21) received fludarabine 75 mg/m2 (25 mg/m2 days −8 to −6) & mycophenolate mofetil 1 gm twice daily from days −3 to +30 instead of ATG/MP. All evaluable patients (n = 21) engrafted at a median of 23 days (range 15–41). At day 21, engraftment was derived from both donors in 24% and a single donor in 76%, with one unit predominating in all patients (median chimerism in day 21 BM 100%). Notably, the predominating unit had a relatively low infused cell dose [median 1.8 x 107 NC/kg (range 0.7–3.6); 1.5 x 105 CD34+/kg (range 0.6–10.4)]. While neither NC, CD34+ & CFU-GM dose, nor HLA-A,B,DRB1 match, predicted which unit would predominate, the predominating unit had a significantly higher CD3+ dose (p < 0.01). However, the NC, CD34+ & CFU-GM doses of the predominating unit were significantly associated with the speed of neutrophil recovery. For example, the median day of neutrophil recovery for patients (n=11) with a predominating unit of 1.6–10.4 x 105 CD34+/kg was day 19.5 (range 15–27) vs day 26 (range 15–41) in patients (n=10) with a predominating unit of 0.6–1.5 x 105 CD34+/kg (p=0.01). Incidences of grade II–IV & III–IV acute GVHD were 65% (95%CI: 42–88) and 13% (95%CI: 0–26) at day 100, respectively, with 23% (95%CI: 6–40) having chronic GVHD at 1 year. Six month transplant-related mortality was 22% (95%CI: 5–39). With a median follow-up of 10 months (range: 3.5 months–2.5 yrs), disease-free survival (DFS) is 57% (95%CI: 35–79) at 1 year, with 72% (95%CI: 49–95) of patients alive at 1 year if transplanted in remission. These data clearly demonstrate the safety of double unit UCBT. Despite the low infused CD34+ cell dose of the predominating unit, all evaluable patients achieved sustained engraftment, with a low incidence of severe acute GVHD despite HLA-disparity. This has resulted in a low TRM, & DFS is high if patients are transplanted in remission. While the NC & CD34+ cell doses of each unit do not predict unit predominance, these parameters in the predominating unit determine the speed of neutrophil recovery. As a suitable double unit graft can be identified for the majority of adults, this approach represents a major extension of access to HSC transplantation.
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Radovanović, Marko. "Modeling a unit for the fight against terrorism on the territory of the Republic of Serbia." Megatrend revija 17, no. 3 (2020): 97–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/megrev2003097r.
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The fight against terrorism is one of the most important factors that has an impact on both international and regional security and the security of the Republic of Serbia. Due to the expansion of terrorism in the world, it is necessary to establish effective mechanisms for protection against terrorism and terrorist activities. The establishment of anti-terrorist and counter-terrorist units and their modernization are key factors in the fight against terrorism. The paper analyzes the theoretical foundations of the elite antiterrorist units of the leading countries of the world, and the counterterrorism units of the Republic of Serbia. Using the AHP method in support of choosing the most effective counterterrorism unit, the conclusion was reached about the most effective counterterrorism unit in order to model an effective counterterrorism unit in the territory of the Republic of Serbia and modernize existing anti-terrorist units. Comparative analysis was carried out on the basis of criteria such as the number of members of the unit, the number of modular units, the type and level of weapons and military equipment used by counterterrorism units, the duration of selective training for entering a special unit, the duration of the training cycle of members of the unit and the average age of members of the unit. The result of this research can be implemented in anti-terrorist units in Serbia, in order to increase the efficiency of the anti-terrorist unit in the fight against terrorism. In the end, the modeling of one type of counterterrorism unit was carried out, which with its organizational-formation structure and equipment could successfully counter terrorism on the territory of the Republic of Serbia.
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Mazis, Christopher, Ioannis Politikos, Sean M. Devlin, Molly Maloy, Eric Davis, Candice Cooper, Melissa Nhaissi, et al. "Evaluation of Cord Blood (CB) Unit TNC & CD34+ Cell Content & Donor-Recipient High-Resolution 8 HLA-Allele Match By Patient Ancestry: An Evaluation of 513 CB Units in a Racially & Ethnically Diverse Population of Adults with Hematologic Malignancies." Blood 132, Supplement 1 (November 29, 2018): 3342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-99-116598.
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Abstract Introduction: Optimal CB unit selection guidelines recommend consideration of CD34+ cell dose & 8-allele donor-recipient HLA-match. How graft characteristics for these parameters vary by patient (pt) race/ ethnicity, however, is not known. Methods: We analyzed the infused graft & back-up unit cryopreserved total nucleated cell (TNC) x 107 & CD34+ x 105 cell content, the cell dose (incorporating pt weight), & 4-6/6 & 8-allele HLA-match by pt ancestry in CB transplant (CBT) recipients transplanted 1/2014-6/2018. Units were chosen based on banking practices (e.g. RBC depleted, standard cryo volumes), TNC & CD34+ dose & 4-6/6 & 8-allele HLA-match with dose usually taking priority over match given pt size at our center. The analysis included transplanted units (considered the best choice) & the next best high resolution typed back-up units (reserved but not shipped). Pt racial/ ethnic origins were prospectively obtained by detailed family history & grouped as previously described (Barker J. et al. BBMT 2010). Results: The characteristics of 513 units chosen for 136 CBT recipients by pt ancestry are shown (Table 1). Pts had highly diverse origins including 70 (51%) non-Europeans. The 513 units included 270 units infused as the graft (134 doubles & 2 singles) & 243 back-up units (109 pts had 2 back-ups, 25 pts had one & 2 had none). Thus, 4 best units were analyzed in 109 pts (all double unit recipients), 3 best in 25 pts (all doubles), & 1 unit in 2 pts (both singles). The median weight of the 136 pts was 81 kg. Asian pts (median 68 kg) had a lower weight than other groups. The median TNC content of units for the 66 European pts was higher than that for the 70 Non-Europeans (218 vs 196, p = 0.004). Units chosen for Northwestern (NW) Europeans had the highest median TNC content (235) with lower TNC content in units for Southern Europeans (202), Asian (193), African (191) & White Hispanic (189) pts. Units chosen for European pts also had a higher median CD34+ cell content (162) than Non-Europeans (138), p = 0.004. NW Europeans had units with a higher median CD34+ content (198) & the lowest CD34+ content were those for African (124) & Middle Eastern pts (124). When patient weight was considered, median TNC/kg dose per unit was similar in European and Non-European pts (2.7 vs 2.6, p = NS). Units for NW Europeans had the highest median TNC dose (3.0) whereas those for African pts had the lowest TNC dose (2.4). Units for Europeans had a higher median CD34+ dose (2.0) than Non-Europeans (1.7) although this difference was not significant (p = 0.15). Additionally, similar to TNC dose, median CD34+ dose was highest in units for NW European pts (2.2) & lowest in units chosen for African pts (1.5). 89% of chosen units were 4/6 HLA-matched with no differences between Europeans & non-Europeans. Furthermore, the median 8 allele HLA-match was 5/8 (range 2-8/8) with no overall differences between units for Europeans and Non-Europeans (p = NS). When only transplanted units were analyzed (Table 2), the median TNC & CD34+ contents were significantly lower in non-Europeans than Europeans (238 vs 216, p = 0.01 & 184 vs 160, p = 0.016). Overall, however, units received by Europeans vs non-European pts had similar TNC & CD34+ doses (p = NS). However, differences in the CD34+ content combined with differences in pt weights resulted in disparities in CD34+ doses by ancestry sub-group. NW Europeans (high weight, high CD34+ content) received the best CD34+ doses; lower CD34+ content in Asian pts was compensated for by their lower weight. African pts (high weight, low CD34+ content) received the lowest CD34+ doses. The median 8 allele HLA-match for all was 5/8 (range 3-8/8) with the exception of African pts [median 4/8 (range 3-7/8)]. Moreover, while 108 (40%) of transplanted units were 3-4/8 HLA-matched overall, there were marked differences between pt sub-groups with only 23% of units for NW Europeans being 3-4/8 vs 42% for southern Europeans, 46% for white Hispanics & 53% for Africans. Conclusions: While CB significantly extends transplant access to racial & ethnic minorities, differences in cellular content translates to many minority pts receiving lower dosed units. There are also marked racial/ ethnic differences in HLA-match grade with African pts the most likely to receive highly mismatched units. This data supports ongoing funding of public CB banks to further increase the inventory of high dosed & better matched units for all but especially racial & ethnic minority pts. Disclosures Shah: Janssen: Research Funding; Amgen: Research Funding. Kernan:National Cancer Institute: Research Funding.
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Mesa, Ruben A., John Catalano, Francisco Cervantes, Timothy Devos, Jason Gotlib, Jean-Jacques Kiladjian, Donal P. McLornan, et al. "Dynamic and Time-to-Event Analyses Demonstrate Marked Reduction in Transfusion Requirements for Janus Kinase Inhibitor-Naïve Myelofibrosis Patients Treated with Momelotinib Compared Head to Head with Ruxolitinib." Blood 134, Supplement_1 (November 13, 2019): 1663. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2019-122506.
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Momelotinib (MMB) is a potent, selective, orally-bioavailable, small-molecule inhibitor of JAK1, JAK2 and ACVR1 being developed for the treatment of intermediate and high risk myelofibrosis (MF). Systemic inflammation integral to the pathogenesis of MF leads to increased ACVR1 activity which in turn increases secretion of hepcidin, resulting in perturbed iron homeostasis and an iron-restricted anemia (Physiol Rev. 2013;93:1721-41, Am J Hematol. 2014;89:470-9). MMB's inhibition of ACVR1, unique amongst the JAK inhibitor (JAKi) class, leads to a reduction of hepcidin, restoring iron homeostasis and RBC production and alleviating anemia and transfusion dependency (TD). Chronic, progressive anemia is the key hallmark feature of MF; anemia and TD are strongly predictive of reduced survival (Am J Hematol. 2013;88:312-6). MMB is the only clinical stage JAKi to possess potent ACVR1 inhibitory activity, resulting in improvement of anemia in contrast to ruxolitinib (RUX) which results in worsening. The SIMPLIFY-1 (S1) trial, a double-blind, active-controlled Phase 3 study in which 432 patients received randomized treatment with MMB or RUX for 24 weeks was previously reported (JCO. 2017;35:3844-50). In addition to a significant reduction in splenomegaly and improvement in constitutional symptoms, the study demonstrated that patients in the MMB arm achieved nominal-statistical significance for all anemia endpoints tested, including a higher rate of transfusion independence (p<0.001) and lower rates of TD (p=0.019) at Week 24, compared to patients on RUX, consistent with MMB's pro-erythropoietic effect. Overall, a demonstrably decreased transfusion requirement was noted in patients who received MMB vs RUX. Since transfusion burden is of significant concern to clinicians and patients, to better understand the dynamics of RBC transfusions we further examined the S1 data through statistical models utilizing a variety of novel anemia benefit endpoints including time until transfusion and overall intensity of transfusions across time. The proportions of patients with 0 and 4 transfusions were calculated and time-to-event analyses examining time-to-first and time-to-fifth units transfused also conducted. Since transfusions typically comprise 2 units, the fifth unit transfused represents a de facto third transfusion event. The number of units transfused were also considered to be recurrent events and examined with and without patients' baseline characteristics as covariates. Finally, a mixture model, based on a zero-inflated negative binomial (ZINB) distribution fit to the transfusion data, was employed to compare between the treatment groups the proportions of subjects with zero transfusion burden and the mean transfusion rates. Kaplan-Meier estimates of the proportion of patients who did not require any units transfused during the 24 week randomized treatment period were 73% and 46% for MMB and RUX respectively (p<0.0001; Figure 1), while the proportion of patients requiring 4 or fewer units were 83% and 62% (p<0.0001). When examining units transfused as recurrent events, patients receiving MMB possessed a hazard ratio of approximately one-half that for patients on RUX (HR 0.522; p<0.0001) for models both with and without patients' baseline characteristics as covariates. The ZINB covariate model demonstrated that MMB increased the odds of having zero units transfused in the first 24 weeks by a factor of 9.3 (p<0.0001) vs RUX. Taken together, the novel dynamic and time-to-event analysis methods described are relevant and informative additions to standard measures of transfusion burden in patients with MF. The results of these analyses allow more detailed description of MMB's differentiated anemia benefit as compared to RUX in a double-blind study of JAKi-naïve patients. These results when combined with additional data from the SIMPLIFY studies demonstrate that MMB is able to address the three hallmark features of MF, namely anemia, constitutional symptoms and splenomegaly, differentiating it from other JAK inhibitors. The benefit of MMB in reducing transfusion burden will be further evaluated in MOMENTUM, a future Phase 3 study of MMB in MF patients. In addition to assessment of constitutional symptoms, anemia and splenomegaly, MOMENTUM will provide opportunity to further evaluate associations between anemia benefit and patient reported measures of clinical benefit. Disclosures Mesa: Promedior: Research Funding; Gilead Sciences: Research Funding; Galena Biopharma: Consultancy; AbbVie: Research Funding; Incyte: Other: travel, accommodations, expenses, Research Funding; Genotech: Research Funding; CTI: Research Funding; Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: travel, accommodations, expenses; Celgene Corporation: Research Funding; Sierra Oncology: Consultancy; PharmaEssentia: Research Funding; Genentech: Consultancy; NS Pharma: Research Funding; Pfizer: Research Funding; AOP Orphan Pharmaceuticals: Honoraria, Other: travel, accommodations, expenses; LaJolla: Consultancy; Samus: Research Funding; Shire: Honoraria; Baxalta: Consultancy. Catalano:Celgene: Other: Travel support (ASH 2018). Cervantes:Novartis: Honoraria, Speakers Bureau; Celgene: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau. Gotlib:Incyte: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Seattle Genetics: Research Funding; Promedior: Research Funding; Gilead: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Pharmacyclics: Research Funding; Novartis: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Allakos: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Blueprint Medicines: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Celgene: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Deceiphera: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding. Kiladjian:Novartis: Honoraria, Research Funding; Celgene: Consultancy; AOP Orphan: Honoraria, Research Funding. McLornan:Jazz Pharmaceuticals: Honoraria, Speakers Bureau; Novartis: Honoraria. Coart:IDDI: Consultancy, Employment. D'Hollander:IDDI: Consultancy, Employment. Donahue:Sierra Oncology Inc.: Employment. Kowalski:Sierra Oncology Inc.: Employment.
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Moura, Ana, and Pedro Pita Barros. "As Desigualdades Socioeconómicas na Atribuição de Médicos de Família em Portugal estão a Diminuir?" Acta Médica Portuguesa 31, no. 12 (December 28, 2018): 730. http://dx.doi.org/10.20344/amp.9873.
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Introduction: The percentage of citizens who were not registered with a family physician in Portugal reached 16.6% in 2011. In 2012 the Ministry of Health implemented several measures aiming at improving access to family physicians. One clear objective was that all individuals would be registered with a family physician by 2014. We evaluate the evolution of the socioeconomic inequalities regarding registration with family physicians in Portugal between 2009 and 2014.Material and Methods: We use data at the primary health care unit level on the number of individuals who are not registered with a family physician and the purchasing power of the population served by each unit. The analysis is done using concentration measures.Results: We find a higher concentration of individuals not registered with a family physician among units serving populations with higher socioeconomic status, although this has been decreasing over the years analyzed. Amongst units serving the most disadvantaged populations, we find a situation close to perfect equality.Discussion: Our results may reflect the fact that populations with higher economic status live in urban areas where there is greater shortage of family physicians. Alternatively, it may be that these populations choose not to have a family physician within the public system, thus relying on private providers. Conclusion: Our findings convey a reduction in existing socioeconomic inequalities in terms of registration with a primary care physician, during the period under analysis. This reduction took place among the populations which experienced more inequality.
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Bouwens, Jan, Christian Hofmann, and Laurence van Lent. "Performance Measures and Intra-Firm Spillovers: Theory and Evidence." Journal of Management Accounting Research 30, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 117–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jmar-51903.
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ABSTRACT We revisit the question of how performance measures are used to evaluate business unit managers in response to intra-firm spillovers. Specifically, we are interested in variation in the relative incentive weightings of aggregated “above-level” measures (e.g., firm-wide net income), “own-level” business unit measures (e.g., business unit profit), and specific “below-level” measures (e.g., R&D expenses) in response to spillover arising from either the focal unit's effect on other business units or the other units' effect on the focal unit. Our theory highlights complementarity between above- and below-level measures and the existence of an interaction between the two directions of spillovers. Based on a survey of 122 business unit managers, we report evidence consistent with an interaction effect and with complementarity between above- and below-level measures. In particular, we show that firms increase the weighting on both above- and below-level measures when they are coping simultaneously with high levels of spillovers on other units and spillovers from other units. JEL Classifications: D23; L22; M12; M4.
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Baum, Bernard R., and L. Grant Bailey. "The molecular diversity of the 5S rRNA gene in Kengyilia alatavica (Drobov) J.L. Yang, Yen &Baum (Poaceae: Triticeae): potential genomic assignment of different rDNA units." Genome 40, no. 2 (April 1, 1997): 215–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g97-031.
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5S rRNA sequences from several accessions of Kengyilia alatavica, a member of a tribe that includes wheat and wheat relatives, have been amplified by the polymerase chain reaction, cloned, and sequenced. From an evaluation of the aligned sequences, five 5S unit classes have been discerned. One class consists of short units, while the other four contain longer units. BLAST searches of the GenBank® database have allowed us to tentatively assign these to classes found in genomes of other species. For example, the short 5S unit class and one long 5S unit class were designated, respectively, "short P1" and "long P1" because of their match with the comparable sequenced 5S rDNA accessions of Agropyron cristatum, a carrier of the P genome. Another unit class, is coined as "long R1", because of its similarity to the units sequenced from Secale cereale and Secale vavilovii, carriers of the R genome. The third unit class was designated "long S1" and is found also in Elytrigia spicata, a carrier of the S genome. Implications of these findings on the possible association of some unit classes with cytological haplome and on concerted evolution are discussed.Key words: 5S RNA gene, genomes, concerted evolution, Triticeae.
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Putri, Herdyana Yanunda, Putri Adha Hidayanti, and Vera Mardiana Margareta Pasaribu. "EVALUASI KINERJA TURBINE CONDENSER E-2302 SEBELUM DAN SESUDAH DILAKSANAKAN TURN AROUND 2016." Konversi 6, no. 1 (April 1, 2017): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/k.v6i1.3010.
Full textAbstract:
Abstrak- pt. kaltim Parna Industri (KPI) merupakan pabrik ammonia dengan kapasitas 1.500 MPTD. Kemurnian produk yang dihasilkan sebesar 99,95% berat. Proses yang digunakan pada PT. KPI adalah Haldor Topsoe Process. Bahan baku yang digunakan untuk memproduksi ammonia adalah gas alam (sebagai sumber H2) dan udara (sebagai sumber N2). PT. Kaltim Parna Industri memiliki dua unit utama yaitu unit proses produksi dan utilitas. Dalam unit proses produksi terdapat beberapa unit utama yaitu unit desulphurizer, reforming system terdiri dari primary dan secondary reformer, unit CO Converter yang terdiri dari High & Low Temperature CO Converter (HTS & LTS), unit CO2, unit methanator, dan ammonia converter. Pada unit utilitas memiliki unit-unit utama yaitu unit sea water intake, unit desalinasi, demineralisasi, daerator, Package Boiler, Water Heat Boiler, sea water cooling tower, waste water treatment system, klorinasi, STG dan emergency diesel denerator, N2 generator, instrument air, dan storage tank. Turbine Condenser E-2302 mempunyai fungsi utama untuk mengkondensasikan steam low untuk memanfaatkan panas laten yang selanjutnya digunakan untuk menggerakan turbin steam-pump (TS/P-2301A/B). Koefisien transfer panas overall turbin kondensor E-2302 sebelum dilakukan Turn Around (TA) memiliki efisiensi sebesar 88,964% dan setelah dilaksakannya Turn Around (TA) sebesar 94,928% dengan teknik perhitungan koefsien tranfer panas overall menggunakan data panas dibanding dengan data luas permukangan dan LMTD (Log Mean Temperature Difference). Kata kunci : Amoniak, Turbine Condenser E-2302, Evaluasi Kinerja Abstract- PT. Kaltim Parna Industri (KPI) is an ammonia plant with a capacity of 1,500 MPTD. The purity of the products produced 99.95% by weight. The process that is used in PT. KPI is Haldor Topsoe Process. The raw material used to produce ammonia is natural gas (as a source of H2) and air (as a source of N2). PT. Kaltim Parna Industri has two main units of production processes and utilities. In the production process of the unit there are several major units, unit desulphurizer, reforming system consists of primary and secondary reformer, CO Converter unit consisting of High and Low Temperature CO Converter (HTS and LTS), CO2 units, unit methanator, and ammonia converter. In the unit utility has main units, there are units of sea water intake, units of desalination, demineralization, daerator, Package Boilers, Water Heat Boiler, sea water cooling towers, waste water treatment system, chlorination, STG and emergency diesel denerator, N2 generator, instrument water, and storage tanks. Turbine Condenser E-2302 has the main function to condense steam low to utilize the latent heat which is then used to drive a steam turbine-pump (TS / P-2301A / B). Overall heat transfer coefficient of turbine condenser E-2302 prior to Turn Around (TA) has an efficiency of 88.964% and afterTurn Around (TA) of 94 928% with heat transfer coefficient calculation technique overalls using calor compared with area and LMTD (Log Mean Temperature Difference). Keywords: Ammonia, Turbine Condenser E-2302, Performance Evaluation
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Igweonu, Obianuju U., and Nkechi G. Onyeneho. "Anemia in Pregnancy: Urban–Rural Comparison of Management and Prevention Among Women of Child-Bearing Age in Anambra State, Nigeria." International Quarterly of Community Health Education 39, no. 3 (December 30, 2018): 155–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272684x18819975.
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We explored management and prevention practices concerning anemia in pregnancy (AIP) in Anambra State, Nigeria from a cross-sectional survey of 600 women of child-bearing age through a multistage random selection process. The objective is to identify factors that influence recognition and management of AIP. A knowledge index of 45 points was developed with the mean score of 5.9 points (5.9 ± 6.1 SD). Furthermore, 49.3% of the respondents had good knowledge. The urban respondents had good knowledge (66.7%) compared with their rural counterparts (32%). There were misconceptions on the causes, management, and prevention of AIP during pregnancy. Multiple regression analyses revealed that variables such as religious affiliation, education, and residence influenced the knowledge about AIP. A unit increase in the educational level of the women will bring about 0.644 units of increase in the knowledge of AIP ( p = .003). A unit change from urban to rural locality would lead to 1.536 units increase in correct practices to prevent AIP ( p < .001). A unit change to being married would lead to 0.936 unit increase in correct practices to prevent AIP ( p = .025). Knowledge about the management and prevention of AIP was poor. Anemia-related education to improve knowledge and practice should be provided during antenatal care. Living in an urban community was associated with the odds ratio of 4.3 (95% CI [3.07, 6.07]) and 7.42 (95% CI [2.0, 27.6]) for knowledge and prevention of AIP, respectively.
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McFee, Renee M., and Katie Bidne. "PSV-22 Use of weekly quizzes in a graduate-level physiology course does not enhance student learning but may help regulate study time." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_3 (November 2, 2020): 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa054.391.
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Abstract Weekly quizzes are a popular method to assess student learning. Their use may increase knowledge retention via the testing effect and encourage spaced rather than massed study habits. We sought to understand the effects of weekly quizzes in a graduate-level systems physiology course. This study encompasses two academic years, 2018-2019 (Year 1, n=27) and 2019-2020 (Year 2, n=28). Four independent course units were utilized, with weekly quizzes and an end-of-unit summative exam administered during two units and just an end-of-unit exam administered during the other two units. Quizzes consisted of lower-level questions (remember, understand) while exams contained higher-level questions (apply, analyze). When weekly quizzes were not administered, lower-level questions were added to the unit exam. Identical quiz and exam questions were used for both years of the study. Treatments were reversed between Year 1 and Year 2 to account for variations in unit difficulty (Table 1). Study time was tracked via weekly student surveys. We observed a difference in quiz and exam scores between units; however, there were no differences from Year 1 and Year 2 within units. Overall weekly and non-exam week study time differed across units in Year 1, with increased study time in the first unit with quizzes. This same effect was not observed in Year 2. Between years, overall weekly and non-exam week study time was greater when quizzes were administered but only for the first unit of the year. No differences were observed between units or years in exam week study time. In both Year 1 and Year 2, hours studied per week correlated strongly with exam administration (r > 0.9) but not with quiz administration (r < 0.2). Overall, these data suggest that weekly quizzes may not enhance academic performance. They may help regulate weekly study time, but do not prevent “cramming’” before exams.
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Záboj, M. "Using RFID in supply chain and retail store unit." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 51, No. 9 (February 20, 2012): 427–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5130-agricecon.
Full textAbstract:
The paper deals with the very actual sphere of using new tool within the frame of entire supply chain from manufacturer towards consumer. The common idea is a management of the flow of goods by the method which should be enable more effective identification, control, tracking and many follow-ups processes in the distribution channel. Even in retail store, the final consumer could use this instrument for his/her increased satisfactory and comfort during his/her shopping. Presumption for realisation of this goal becomes the implementation of a new phenomenon RFID (radio frequency identification) into current operations performed throughout the all levels of value chain with using modern information technology.
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V.S., Volodin, and Tolokonskij A.O. "Parameters Settings of NPP Automatic Regulators via Analytical Simulators." KnE Engineering 3, no. 3 (February 21, 2018): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/keg.v3i3.1631.
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Purpose of I&C system is monitor and control of processing procedure and equipment for reaching main goal of NPP – electric energy generation providing nuclear and radiological safety and economic efficiency of processing procedure. One of the main functions of NPP I&C system is control of technological processes in nuclear unit equipment via automatic regulators providing optimality of electric energy generation process. Algorithms of I&C systems, especially laws of control, are realized on hardware and software complex (HSC) TPTS (technological hardware-software instrumentality). Control functions implemented on functional modules TPTS51.1412 and TPTS51.1411, which perform linear and pulse control. A great number of automatic regulators is used in process of electric energy generation on NPP. All automatic regulators can be divided to 4 groups. Despite nuclear units are standard (they have same reactor system project), they have unique characteristics – nuclear units differ by technological characteristics of reactor system equipment and technological equipment providing electric energy generation process control. That’s why parameters of respective automatic regulators for each nuclear unit correct after theoretical calculations in nuclear unit checkout process that cause specific economic and energetic losses. For solving this problem there is provided to use analytical simulators of NPP nuclear units, which are used for researches of reactor system physics and researches of behavior of technological equipment respective nuclear unit.
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Suresh, Aneesha K., Xiaogang Hu, Randall K. Powers, C. J. Heckman, Nina L. Suresh, and William Zev Rymer. "Changes in motoneuron afterhyperpolarization duration in stroke survivors." Journal of Neurophysiology 112, no. 6 (September 15, 2014): 1447–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01091.2012.
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Hemispheric brain injury resulting from a stroke is often accompanied by muscle weakness in limbs contralateral to the lesion. In the present study, we investigated whether weakness in contralesional hand muscle in stroke survivors is partially attributable to alterations in motor unit activation, including alterations in firing rate modulation range. The afterhyperpolarization (AHP) potential of a motoneuron is a primary determinant of motoneuron firing rate. We examined differences in AHP duration in motoneurons innervating paretic and less impaired (contralateral) limb muscles of hemiparetic stroke survivors as well as in control subjects. A novel surface EMG (sEMG) electrode was used to record motor units from the first dorsal interosseous muscle. The sEMG data were subsequently decomposed to derive single-motor unit events, which were then utilized to produce interval (ISI) histograms of the motoneuron discharges. A modified version of interval death rate (IDR) analysis was used to estimate AHP duration. Results from data analyses performed on both arms of 11 stroke subjects and in 7 age-matched control subjects suggest that AHP duration is significantly longer for motor units innervating paretic muscle compared with units in contralateral muscles and in units of intact subjects. These results were supported by a coefficient of variation (CV) analysis showing that paretic motor unit discharges have a lower CV than either contralateral or control units. This study suggests that after stroke biophysical changes occur at the motoneuron level, potentially contributing to lower firing rates and potentially leading to less efficient force production in paretic muscles.
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Kulińska, K., T. Kuliński, and J. Stawiński. "Hydration of C-H groups in natural dithymidine nucleotide and its methylphosphonate analogues." Acta Biochimica Polonica 45, no. 4 (December 31, 1998): 977–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.18388/abp.1998_4355.
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In this paper we report our preliminary studies on the hydration pattern of selected C-H groups in natural thymidyl(3'-5)thymidine and its Rp and Sp-methylphosphonate analogues using Molecular Dynamic simulations in aqueous solutions. The methyl groups attached to the phosphorus center (P-Me) in methylphosphonate analogues are hydrated by water molecules as efficiently as the hydrophilic P=O group in the natural dithymidine nucleotide and better than the neutral P=O functions in these compounds, although the nature of the hydration is different. The C5-Me centers of the 3'-yl units seem to be better hydrated in the methylphosphonate analogues than in the natural dithymidine phosphate and than other centers of the thymine bases in methylphosphonate analogues. Due to chirality of the phosphorus center, the C5-Me group of the 5'-yl unit in the Sp diastereomer coordinates more water than that in the Rp diastereomer. The C6-H group in the 5'-yl unit of the Sp diastereomer exhibits a specific interaction with water.
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Akunna, J. C., and C. Jefferies. "Performance of family-size sequencing batch reactor and rotating biological contactor units treating sewage at various operating conditions." Water Science and Technology 41, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0017.
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Field trials were carried out using two types of package units designed for the treatment of domestic sewage from individual households. One of the units was a commercially available rotating biological contactor (RBC) system. The other was a newly developed sequencing batch reactor (SBR) system. Trials were carried at the site of a local sewage treatment plant where degritted raw sewage from a combined sewerage network was fed to the two units for a period of four months. Both units produced good effluent quality, well below 20/30 (BOD/SS) during steady-state performance. However, shorter start-up time was observed with the SBR unit together with better effluent quality (up to BOD<10 mg/l and SS<15 mg/l). Furthermore, the SBR unit produced effluents with ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus levels of 3 mg/l and 2 mg/l respectively, for influent levels that varied from 20 to 60 mg N-NH3/l and from 15 to 17 mg/l of total phosphorus. On the other hand, significant nutrient removal did not seem tohave occurred in the RBC unit. During testing to meet the requirements of British Standard (BS 6297), it was observed that the SBR can tolerate shockloads and periods following zero flow better than the RBC unit.
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HOFFMAN, LEON. "Problems of the Inpatient Unit Director." American Journal of Psychiatry 146, no. 7 (July 1989): 950. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.146.7.950.
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Kindwall-Keller, Tamila L., Yael Hegerfeldt, Pingfu Fu, Hillard M. Lazarus, Brenda W. Cooper, Paul Barr, Stanton L. Gerson, et al. "Prospective Phase II Study of Biologic Assignment One Vs Two Unit Umbilical Cord Blood Transplant (UCBT) in the Reduced-Intensity Conditioning Setting." Blood 112, no. 11 (November 16, 2008): 1960. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v112.11.1960.1960.
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Abstract Retrospective analyses of UCBT using early historic controls show more robust graft vs leukemia effect in recipients given two-units vs one-unit. We present herein analyses from this single institution, prospective phase II clinical trial conducted 9/2003 to 5/2008 comparing 1 vs 2 unit UCBT in patients (pts) with high-risk, recurrent hematologic malignancies treated with reduced-intensity conditioning. The number of units infused in each pt was determined by biologic assignment based on the number of cells contained in the primary unit. Pts received 1 UCB unit if the cell dose was ≥ 2.5 x 107 nucleated cells/kg recipient weight and 2 UCB units for a minimum total combined cell dose of 1.5 x 107 cells/kg recipient weight if only smaller units were available. The UCB grafts were matched at ≥ 4/6 HLA loci (antigen level matching at class I A and B loci, and allele level matching class II DRB1 loci) except for 1 pt (3/6). If 2 UCB units were used they needed to be at least a 4/6 match to each other. The conditioning regimen included: Fludarabine 35 mg/m2/d x 5 days, cyclophosphamide 1 g/m2/day x 2 days, ATG 30 mg/kg/day x 2 days and single fraction TBI 200 cGy. Thirty-seven pts, 14 females, 23 males, median age 49 (range 20–71) years were enrolled. Most pts had advanced stage or high-risk hematologic malignancies; 28 pts (76%) had MDS/AML and 9 (24%) had other hematologic malignancies. Two pts underwent 2 transplants on this study after relapsing following the first UCBT. Twenty-seven pts received 1 unit and 10 pts received 2 units. The median follow up for survivors is 17.9 (range 1.2–55.9) months (mos) and median follow up for all pts is 10.1 mos. Median time to an ANC > 500/μL on 3 consecutive evaluations was 24.5 (range 12–55) days and 25 (range 13–43) days for 1 and 2 units, respectively (p=0.361). Median time to platelets > 20,000/μL without transfusion support on 3 consecutive evaluations was 38.5 (range 24–84) days and 63.5 (range 38–117) days for 1 and 2 UCB units, respectively (p=0.009). Median event-free survival (EFS) and median overall survival (OS) did not differ comparing 1 vs 2 units: 127 (range 16–1785+) days and 216 (range 16–1785+) days for 1 unit UCBT vs 92.5 (range 27– 1545+) days and 112 (range 27–1545+) days for 2 unit UCBT. The Kaplan-Meier (K-M) OS for 1 unit UCBT was 35.6% at 4 years compared to 33.3% for 2 unit UCBT (p=0.403). No statistically significant difference in K-M 4 year EFS was seen (p=0.894). At day +100, 7 pts (26%) had progressive disease or died in the 1 unit UCBT arm compared to 5 pts (50%) in the 2 unit UCBT arm. To date 51.8% of pts in the 1 unit arm have relapsed compared to 30% in the 2 unit arm (p=0.288). A total of 15/27 pts (56%) in the 1 unit UCBT arm died and 6/10 (60%) in the 2 unit UCBT arm died. Treatment-related mortality occurred in 3/10 pts in the 2 unit UCBT arm vs 2/27 in the 1 unit UCBT arm. Chimerism analyses were performed by VNTR analyses of blood mononuclear cells to confirm donor engraftment. Ten pts failed to achieve > 60% donor chimerism by day T+42, 8/26 in the 1 unit arm and 2/9 in the 2 unit arm (p=0.625). One pt died in each arm prior to T+42. Primary engraftment failure was defined by failure to restore donor or pt hematopoiesis requiring UCBT with the back up graft. Notably, 4 pts had primary and 1 pt had secondary engraftment failure in the 1 unit UCBT arm while no engraftment failures were observed in the 2 unit UCBT arm. No pts had grade 4 acute GVHD and no differences for overall incidence acute GVHD were noted comparing 1 vs 2 unit UCBT. Grade 3 acute GVHD was seen in 5/26 (19%) pts in the 1 unit UCBT arm and 3/10 (30%) in the 2 unit UCBT arm (p=0.658). Chronic GVHD was seen in 3 of 23 (3 limited) evaluable 1 unit UCBT pts and 2 of 7 (1 limited, 1 extensive) 2 unit UCBT pts. Pts who received a 2 unit UCBT had increased number of CD3+ cells (p=0.011) and total nucleated cells (TNC) (p<0.0001) per actual body weight infused compared to pts receiving only 1 unit of UCB. Those pts who relapsed had a trend toward lower numbers of CD3+ cells (p=0.054) and TNC (p=0.05) infused per actual body weight compared to pts without relapse. Total numbers of CD34+ cells, CD3+ cells and TNC infused were not predictive of EFS or OS by Cox univariate analysis. Equivalent clinical outcomes were seen in this prospective comparison of 1 vs 2 unit UCBT in the reduced-intensity conditioning setting. A trend towards better engraftment and improved donor chimerism at T+42 were seen in the 2 unit UCBT arm.
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Liu, F., Q. Zhang, D. Tong, B. Zheng, M. Li, H. Huo, and K. B. He. "High-resolution inventory of technologies, activities, and emissions of coal-fired power plants in China from 1990 to 2010." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15, no. 23 (December 1, 2015): 13299–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-13299-2015.
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Abstract. This paper, which focuses on emissions from China's coal-fired power plants during 1990–2010, is the second in a series of papers that aims to develop a high-resolution emission inventory for China. This is the first time that emissions from China's coal-fired power plants were estimated at unit level for a 20-year period. This inventory is constructed from a unit-based database compiled in this study, named the China coal-fired Power plant Emissions Database (CPED), which includes detailed information on the technologies, activity data, operation situation, emission factors, and locations of individual units and supplements with aggregated data where unit-based information is not available. Between 1990 and 2010, compared to a 479 % growth in coal consumption, emissions from China's coal-fired power plants increased by 56, 335, and 442 % for SO2, NOx, and CO2, respectively, and decreased by 23 and 27 % for PM2.5 and PM10 respectively. Driven by the accelerated economic growth, large power plants were constructed throughout the country after 2000, resulting in a dramatic growth in emissions. The growth trend of emissions has been effectively curbed since 2005 due to strengthened emission control measures including the installation of flue gas desulfurization (FGD) systems and the optimization of the generation fleet mix by promoting large units and decommissioning small ones. Compared to previous emission inventories, CPED significantly improved the spatial resolution and temporal profile of the power plant emission inventory in China by extensive use of underlying data at unit level. The new inventory developed in this study will enable a close examination of temporal and spatial variations of power plant emissions in China and will help to improve the performances of chemical transport models by providing more accurate emission data.
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Astawa, Nyoman, Imelda R. Silalahi, and Riza Rahardiawan. "GEOLOGI BAWAH PERMUKAAN DASAR LAUTPERAIRAN LEMBAR PETA 0421, DAERAH ISTIMEWA ACEH." JURNAL GEOLOGI KELAUTAN 10, no. 2 (February 16, 2016): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.32693/jgk.10.2.2012.220.
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Hasil kegiatan penelitian geologi kelautan Lembar Peta 0421menghasilkan data seismik dan pemeruman sepanjang lebih kurang 963,73 kilometer. Dari peta batimetri ditemukan beberapa kelurusan dengan arah hampir baratlaut-tenggara dan diduga merupakan sesar.
Hasil penafsiran data menunjukkan bahwa stratigrafi rekaman seismik, daerah penelitian secara garis besar dapat dibagi menjadi 4 (empat) unit yaitu unit 1; unit 2; unit 3, dan unit 4. Jika dikaitkan dengan geologi regional daerah penelitian, unit 1 diduga dapat disebandingkan dengan Formasi Peunasu berumur Miosen, unit 2 diduga dapat disebandingkan dengan Formasi Seurula & Formasi Julurayeu berumur Pliosen, unit 3 diduga dapat disebandingkan dengan endapan volkanik Toba berumur Plistosen, dan unit 4 diduga dapat disebandingkan dengan aluvial berumur Holosen. Pembagian unit tersebut berdasarkan pada adanya bidang tidakselarasan (onlap), dan pepat erosi (erosional truncation).
Kata kunci : lembar peta 0421, unit seismik, ketidakselarasan.
The results of marine geological investigation of map of sheet 0421 gave a data of seismic and sounding approximately 963.73 kilometers long. Bathymetric map indicates some alignment with the direction of nearly northwest-southeast and presumed to be faults.
Seismic data interpretation indicate that the stratigraphy of the study area can broadly be divided into 4 (four) units those are unit 1; unit 2; unit 3, and unit 4. Correlation balance with regional geology, show that seismic, unit 1 correlates with Peunasu Formation of Miocene, unit 2 correlates with Seurula Formation and Julurayeu Formation of Pliocene, unit 3 correlates with Old Toba volcanic deposites of Pleistocene, and unit 4 correlates with Alluvium of Holocene. The division of seismic units was based on unconformity (onlap) and (erosional truncation).
Keywords: map of sheet 0421, seismic units, unconformity.
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Haque, Anwarul, Laila A. Ladak, Muhammad H. Hamid, Sadiq Mirza, Naveed R. Siddiqui, and Zulfiqar A. Bhutta. "A National Survey of Pediatric Intensive Care Units in Pakistan." Journal of Critical Care Medicine 2014 (January 5, 2014): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/842050.
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Purpose. To describe the structure, staffing resources, equipment, academic activities, and characteristics of pediatric population of pediatric intensive care units across the country. Material & Method. This was a prospective, descriptive, and observational survey of pediatric intensive care units from January to December 2009 across Pakistan. A questionnaire survey was emailed to director of each unit. Results. 16 PICUs were participated in this survey (100% response rate). A total of units with 155 beds were identified (1.1 bed /500,000 children). Regarding the categories, 12 (75%) were medical, 3 (19%) were pure cardiac intensive care units, and one unit (6%) was combined multidisciplinary cardiothoracic unit. 13 (81%) units were in public sector as compared to 3 (19%) were in private sector. The mean unit size was 9.7 (range 4–28) beds. Twelve (75%) units were located in three large cities. Only 3 (19%) units have trained intensivist. 37% (6/16) had nurse to patient ratio of 1 : 1-1 : 2 while others had ratios of 1 : 3–1 : 5 with all nurses specialized trained for pediatric intensive care units with bachelor degree or diploma in nursing. Only 50% had capacity for invasive monitoring. Conclusion. We found inadequacies in several aspects of PICUs in Pakistan including fewer PICUs, inadequate PICU beds, and lack of trained personal to look after critically ill pediatric population.
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Levine, David, Henry Spratt, June Hanks, Charles Woods, Ledbetter Joel, Kevin Gentner, and Lindsey Brunton. "Comparison of Bacterial Contamination in a Children’s Outpatient Clinic: General Medicine Versus Pulmonary Units." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 41, S1 (October 2020): s177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2020.708.
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Background: The bacteria that inhabit outpatient healthcare facilities influence patient outcomes and recovery, although the diversity and quantity of these bacterial communities is largely unknown. Whether differences in bacterial presence exist in individual medical specialty units of an outpatient clinic is also largely unknown. The purpose of this study was to compare bacterial species found in the general medicine and pulmonary units of an outpatient children’s clinic associated with a teaching hospital. Methods: In total, 6 locations (4 floor sites, counters, air ducts) were sampled in 3 rooms in the pulmonary (PUL) unit and 3 rooms in the general medicine (GM) unit on 13 days over a 6-month period. Sterile double transport swabs were utilized, transported on ice to a microbiology lab, and used to inoculate Hardy Diagnostics Cdiff Banana Broth (for Clostridium difficile), CHROM MRSA agar (for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus [MRSA]), eosin methylene blue (Levine-type, for Lac+ gram negatives [GN]), and Pseudomonas isolation agar (for Pseudomonas spp and P. aeruginosa [PS and PSA]). Media were incubated for 48 hours at 37°C and were scored for bacterial presence based on colonial observation. Results: The presence of bacteria isolated from GM and PUL units differed by species and location. Based on the percentage of positive swabs, the presence of GN was widespread in both units (Fig 1). Additionally, bacterial presence was greatest on the floors (GN ranged from 72% to 85% on floors in the 2 units), whereas counters had fewer positive swabs (GN ranged from 23% to 38% on counters), and swabs from return air ducts rarely led to bacterial growth. The 1 case in which swabs from the PUL unit resulted in higher levels of bacterial growth than for the GM unit was for PSA (GM, 8%; PUL, 13%). C. difficile detection was the same on both units (ie, 35% of floor samples showed contamination). Conclusions: The levels of environmental bacterial presence observed for these clinic units differed in some cases by unit and ranged from not detectable to very high levels. Detection of C. difficile on 35% of floor samples in both units could be problematic. Additionally, for the PUL unit, contamination of 13% of floor samples by PSA should raise concerns because many patients in this clinic have cystic fibrosis (CF). Although many CF patients are colonized by PSA, others may potentially contract an infection by this pathogen from the clinical environment. This observation supports current infection control recommendations for CF patients in outpatient settings.Funding: NoneDisclosures: None
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Jun, Sun-Ah. "The Accentual Phrase in the Korean prosodic hierarchy." Phonology 15, no. 2 (December 1998): 189–226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675798003571.
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A universal characteristic of speech is that utterances are generally broken down phonologically into smaller phrases which are marked by suprasegmental features such as intonational events and/or final lengthening. Moreover, phrases can be further divided into smaller-sized constituents. These constituents of varying size, or ‘prosodic units’, are typically characterised as performing the dual function of marking a unit of information and forming the domain of application of phonological rules. However, there is less agreement about how prosodic units are defined in generating an utterance. There are at least two different approaches (for a general review, see Shattuck-Hufnagel & Turk 1996). One approach posits that prosodic constituents are hierarchically organised and that prosodic constituents larger than a word are derived indirectly from the syntactic structure by referring to the edge of a maximal projection (Selkirk 1986), to the head–complement relation (Nespor & Vogel 1986) or to the c-command relation (Hayes 1989). This position, which I call the SYNTACTIC APPROACH, has been called the Prosodic Hierarchy theory, Prosodic Phonology or the Indirect Syntactic Approach (Selkirk 1984, 1986, Nespor & Vogel 1986, Hayes 1989).The other position, which I call the INTONATIONAL APPROACH, also assumes a hierarchical prosodic structure, but defines the prosodic units larger than a word based on the surface phonetic form of an utterance by looking at suprasegmental features such as intonation and final lengthening (e.g. Beckman & Pierrehumbert 1986, Pierrehumbert & Beckman 1988, Jun 1993, Beckman 1996). Both approaches assume a prosodic hierarchy in which prosodic units are hierarchically organised and obey the Strict Layer Hypothesis (Selkirk 1984, 1986, Nespor & Vogel 1986; a prosodic unit of a given level of the hierarchy is composed of one or more units of the immediately lower prosodic unit, and is exhaustively contained in the superordinate unit of which it is a part). The prosodic units which are higher than a word, and which are commonly assumed by proponents of the syntactic approach, are the Phonological Phrase and the Intonation Phrase, while those assumed by the intonational approach are the Accentual Phrase, the Intermediate Phrase and the Intonation Phrase. The prosodic units below the Phonological Phrase, i.e. the Syllable, Foot and Prosodic Word, do not differ much in the two approaches, since these units have more fixed roles vis-à-vis syntax or intonation.The intonational unit corresponding to the Phonological Phrase is the Intermediate Phrase in English (Beckman & Pierrehumbert 1986) or the Accentual Phrase in Korean (Jun 1993), in that these are the units immediately higher than a Word. The Phonological Phrase is defined based on the syntactic structure, but the intonational units are defined by intonational markers. The Intermediate Phrase in English is the domain of downstep, and is delimited by a phrase accent, H- or L-; the Accentual Phrase in standard (Seoul) Korean is demarcated by a phrase-final High tone. The next higher level, the Intonation Phrase, is much more similar in the two approaches. Even though the proponents of the syntactic approach define this level in terms of syntax (e.g. a sister node of a root sentence), they claim that this level is the domain of the intonational contour and is sensitive to semantic factors (Selkirk 1980, 1984, 1986, Nespor & Vogel 1986). In this paper, we will focus on the prosodic level corresponding to the Phonological Phrase.
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Samie, Ali, Alireza Salimi, and Jered C. Garrison. "Coordination chemistry of mercury(ii) halide complexes: a combined experimental, theoretical and (ICSD & CSD) database study on the relationship between inorganic and organic units." Dalton Transactions 49, no. 34 (2020): 11859–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0dt01541e.
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The coordination sphere can be influenced by many factors of inorganic and organic units. Despite the predominant role of inorganic unit in coordination sphere determination, organic unit can change it via one major or cooperativity of minor effects.
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Landon, Emily, Gretchen Pacholek, Demetria Runjo, Sylvia Garcia-Houchins, Jessica P. Ridgway, Stephen G. Weber, Vera Chu, Rachel Marrs, and Allison H. Bartlett. "Sustained Improvement in Hand Hygiene Compliance Using a Decentralized, Technology-Based Approach." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 4, suppl_1 (2017): S408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofx163.1020.
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Abstract Background We aimed to use weekly PI calls in conjunction with 24/7 hand hygiene monitoring technology (HHMT) to engage front-line Intensive Care Unit (ICUs) clinicians in improving Hand Hygiene (HH) compliance Methods HHMT is used to monitor aggregate, unit-based HH compliance in real time and displayed on monitors at the nursing stations at our academic medical center. After installation and validation were completed, unit-based teams of nursing and physician leadership joined weekly 15-minute HH PI calls to discuss their previous week’s compliance rate, next steps in their own PI plan, and share successes and failures. Calls were suspended for 6 months and restarted in early 2017. Results Graph representation of weekly HH compliance rates for the ICUs are shown in figure 1. Units AandB underwent physical moves during the break, Unit C had no change, and Unit D moved and consolidated with other ICUs constituting a major change in personnel and patient population. Each ICU participated in 84 calls and recorded approx. 50,000–100,000 HH opportunities during each month resulting in over 8 million opportunities for HH compliance recorded during the call-in periods. Unit A had an average compliance of 39% for the first 4 weeks of calls and 64% during the same 4 week period one year later (P < 0.0001). After 6 months without the calls, HH compliance was 48% (P < 0.0001 compared with baseline compliance) and unit A implemented 20 separate PI interventions over the course of the calls. Compliance was also significantly improved (P < 0.0001 for all comparison to baseline) for units B, C, and D (Unit B: 42% baseline, 71% at 1 year, 67% after the break, 23 interventions; Unit C: 54% baseline, 58% at 1 year, 59% after the break, 19 interventions; Unit D: 41% at baseline, 56% after 1 year, 49% after the break, 19 interventions). Attendance was >90% for nursing leadership and <25% for physician leadership. Conclusion Weekly 15-minute calls were successful in engaging local nursing leadership to undertake performance improvement interventions and significantly improved HH compliance that was sustained over 18 months of calls and did not drop back to baseline even after a 6 month break. Disclosures E. Landon, GOJO: Speaker, travel expenses for speaking; 
 J. P. Ridgway, Gilead FOCUS: Grant Investigator, Grant recipient; A. H. Bartlett, CVS Caremark: Consultant, Consulting fee
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Hannan, E. J., and D. S. Poskitt. "Unit Canonical Correlations between Future and Past." Annals of Statistics 16, no. 2 (June 1988): 784–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/aos/1176350836.
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Hansen, Jennie C., Eric Schmutz, and Li Sheng. "Covering random points in a unit disk." Advances in Applied Probability 40, no. 1 (March 2008): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1239/aap/1208358884.
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Let D be the punctured unit disk. It is easy to see that no pair x, y in D can cover D in the sense that D cannot be contained in the union of the unit disks centred at x and y. With this fact in mind, let Vn = {X1, X2, …, Xn}, where X1, X2, … are random points sampled independently from a uniform distribution on D. We prove that, with asymptotic probability 1, there exist two points in Vn that cover all of Vn.
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Luu, Billy L., Silvia Muceli, Julian P. Saboisky, Dario Farina, Martin E. Héroux, Lynne E. Bilston, Simon C. Gandevia, and Jane E. Butler. "Motor unit territories in human genioglossus estimated with multichannel intramuscular electrodes." Journal of Applied Physiology 124, no. 3 (March 1, 2018): 664–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00889.2017.
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The discharge patterns of genioglossus motor units during breathing have been well-characterized in previous studies, but their localization and territories are not known. In this study, we used two newly developed intramuscular multichannel electrodes to estimate the territories of genioglossus motor units in the anterior and posterior regions of the muscle. Seven healthy men participated. Each electrode contained fifteen bipolar channels, separated by 1 mm, and was inserted percutaneously below the chin, perpendicular to the skin, to a depth of 36 mm. Single motor unit activity was recorded with subjects awake, supine, and breathing quietly through a nasal mask for 180 s. Motor unit territories were estimated from the spike-triggered averages of the electromyographic signal from each channel. A total of 30 motor units were identified: 22 expiratory tonic, 1 expiratory phasic, 2 tonic, 3 inspiratory tonic, and 2 inspiratory phasic. Motor units appeared to be clustered based on unit type, with peak activities for expiratory units predominantly located in the anterior and superficial fibers of genioglossus and inspiratory units in the posterior region. Of these motor unit types, expiratory tonic units had the largest estimated territory, a mean 11.3 mm (SD 1.9). Estimated territories of inspiratory motor units ranged from 3 to 6 mm. In accordance with the distribution of motor unit types, the estimated territory of genioglossus motor units varied along the sagittal plane, decreasing from anterior to posterior. Our findings suggest that genioglossus motor units have large territories relative to the cross-sectional size of the muscle. NEW & NOTEWORTHY In this study, we used a new multichannel intramuscular electrode to address a fundamental property of human genioglossus motor units. We describe the territory of genioglossus motor units in the anterior and posterior regions of the muscle and show a decrease in territory size from anterior to posterior and that expiratory-related motor units have larger estimated territories than inspiratory-related motor units.
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Alderson, Brian. "Sendak & Co." Lion and the Unicorn 13, no. 2 (1989): 152–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/uni.0.0154.
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Betriana, Feni. "How Do We Help Nurses Deal with Their Grief? - A perspective." Real in Nursing Journal 2, no. 3 (December 20, 2019): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.32883/rnj.v2i3.579.
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<p>Dying and death of patients are continuous events in healthcare setting. Even in the high technological situation, those are unavoidable and become parts of nurses` everyday work, especially in some units such as emergency department (ED), intensive care unit (ICU), high care unit (HCU), etc. Facing dying and death of patients were reported to cause nurses` grief (Shorter & Stayt, 2009). In some cases, the grief may stay longer than it should be.</p><p> </p>
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Peled, Tony, Hadas Shoham, Oshrat Golan, Dorit Ashengrau, Dima Yaacobov, Gabi Frei, Arnon Nagler, Eitan Fibach, and Amnon Peled. "Experimental Double Cord Blood Transplantation (DCBT) of An Expanded Unit Together with a Non-Manipulated Unit in NOD/SCID Mice." Blood 112, no. 11 (November 16, 2008): 2313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v112.11.2313.2313.
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Abstract We found that nicotinamide (NAM), a form of VitB3 and a recognized inhibitor of SIRT1, the human ortholog of the yeast Sir2 class III NAD+-dependent histone deacetylase, inhibits in vitro differentiation and promotes expansion of hematopoietic progenitor cells. Cord blood (CB)-derived CD34+ cells cultured with cytokines (FLT3, TPO, IL-6, SCF; 50ng/ml) and NAM (2.5mM) (Sigma Aldrich, catalog number N5535) display enhanced in vitro migratory activity toward SDF-1 and home to the BM (24hr following infusion in vivo) with higher efficacy than cells cultured with cytokines only. The number of SCID-repopulating cells increased by 9- and 7.6-fold in cultures treated with NAM relative to non-cultured cells and cytokine only cultured cells, respectively. This net increase in repopulation potential was sustained in competitive transplant experiments where cultured cells were infused along with non-cultured competitor cells derived from the same CB unit. Several experimental clinical protocols of CB-derived expanded cells involve co-transplantation of cultured and non-cultured cells in a double CB transplantation (DCBT). We therefore sought to investigate the engraftment potential of NAM-treated cultured cells in a DCBT setting in NOD/SCID mice, using two CBUs marked as “unit-1” and “unit-2”. Two similar experiments were conducted, each experiment had 4 groups of mice (n=10/ experimental group): non-cultured cells cells cultured with NAM transplanted along with the CD34 negative cell fraction from the same unit that was kept frozen till the day of transplantation. groups a + b non-cultured cells from unit-1 transplanted along with non-cultured-cells from unit-2. Mice were transplanted with similar number of nuclear cells from the cultured or non-cultured units in the single or the DCBT groups. In Experiment-1, non-cultured cells were derived from one unit-1 and NAM-treated cultured cells were derived from another unit-2. In Experiment-2, we switched between the units (such an experiment was possible since our CBUs are frozen in several portions). Level of engraftment was evaluated two weeks post transplantation by FACS analysis of human CD45+ cells while the contribution of each unit to engraftment was measured by quantitative PCR for informative short tandem repeat (qSTR) regions that distinguished the units. The results show that in both experiments, the level of engraftment in the DCBT cohort of a cultured unit transplanted along with a non-cultured unit (12.8±1.8 %) was similar to the level of engraftment of the cultured unit when individually transplanted (15.4 % ±3, p>0.05). This level of engraftment was 9.8-fold higher (p<0.05) than the level of engraftment obtained in the DCBT cohort of two non-cultured units (1.3 % ±0.2). Chimerism analysis indicated that in recipients transplanted with two non-cultured units, engraftment was predominantly derived from unit-1, while in the two experiments of DCBT of a cultured unit transplanted along with a non-cultured unit the engraftment was predominantly derived from the cultured unit. In conclusion, the outstanding engraftment advantage of NAM cultured cells may explain their predominance in a DCBT setting.
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Taborda, Lúcia, Filipa Barros, Vitor Fonseca, Manuel Irimia, Ramiro Carvalho, Cláudia Diogo, and Armindo Ramos. "Síndrome de Dificuldade Respiratória Aguda: Casuística de Dois Anos numa Unidade de Cuidados Intensivos." Acta Médica Portuguesa 27, no. 2 (April 30, 2014): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.20344/amp.4266.
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<strong>Introduction:</strong> Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome has a significant incidence and mortality at Intensive Care Units. Therefore, more studies are necessary in order to develop new effective therapeutic strategies. The authors have proposed themselves to characterize Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome patients admitted to an Intensive Care Unit for 2 years.<br /><strong>Material and Methods:</strong> This was an observational retrospective study of the patients filling the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome criteria from the American-European Consensus Conference on ARDS, being excluded those non invasively ventilated. Demographic data, Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome etiology, comorbidities, Gravity Indices, PaO2/FiO2, ventilator modalities and programmation, pulmonary compliance, days of invasive mechanical ventilation, corticosteroids use, rescue therapies, complications, days at<br />Intensive Care Unit and obits were searched for and were submitted to statistic description and analysis.<br /><strong>Results:</strong> A 40 patients sample was obtained, with a median age of 72.5 years (interquartile range = 22) and a female:male ratio of ≈1:1.86. Fifty five percent of the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome cases had pulmonary etiology. The mean minimal PaO2/FiO2 was 88mmHg (CI 95%: 78.5–97.6). The mean maximal applied PEEP was 12.4 cmH2O (Standard Deviation 4.12) and the mean maximal used tidal volume was 8.2 mL/ Kg ideal body weight (CI 95%: 7.7–8.6). The median invasive mechanical ventilation days was 10. Forty seven and one half percent of the patients had been administered corticosteroids and 52.5% had been submitted to recruitment maneuvers. The most frequent complication was Ventilator Associated Pneumonia (20%). The median Intensive Care Unit stay was 10.7 days (interquartile range 10.85). The fatality rate was 60%. The probability of the favorable outcome ‘non-death in Intensive Care Unit’ was 4.4x superior for patients who were administered corticosteroids and 11x superior for patients < 65 years old.<br /><strong>Discussion and Conclusions:</strong> Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome is associated with long hospitalization and significant mortality. New prospective studies will be necessary to endorse the potential benefit of steroid therapy and to identify the subgroups of patients that warrant its use.
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Dexter, Franklin, David A. Lubarsky, Bill C. Gilbert, and Christine Thompson. "A Method to Compare Costs of Drugs and Supplies among Anesthesia Providers." Anesthesiology 88, no. 5 (May 1, 1998): 1350–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-199805000-00027.
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Background Comparison of costs among anesthesia providers using "cost per case" does not adjust for variations in casemix (such as the type of procedure and patient condition). The authors propose an alternative method for comparing costs using the American Society of Anesthesiologists' Relative Value Scale (ASARVS) system, which incorporates basic units (for the procedure), modifier units (for the patient's physical condition), "other" units (such as for the placement of invasive monitors), and time units (proportional to the case duration). Methods Data were obtained from a series of 3,340 anesthetics performed at a tertiary hospital. Administered and discarded drug, supply, and fluid costs were used. Results Costs expressed as dollars per ASARVS unit had 54% less variability than costs expressed as dollars per case (P < 0.0001). Pearson correlations between demographic variables and cost per ASARVS unit ranged from -0.10 to 0.13. Total (e.g., quarterly) costs for simulated sets of cases were predicted within 0.0 +/- 2.3% by multiplying (1) their sum of units and (2) a like set of case's sum of costs divided by sum of units. Conclusions Costs of anesthetic supplies and drugs of a case were more accurately reported as "cost per unit" than as "cost per case." This method of calculating the cost of anesthetic drugs and supplies has several applications, including (1) comparison of costs among anesthesia providers and (2) benchmarking costs among hospitals and anesthesia groups. By design, anesthesia providers' time is quantified by their ASARVS units. Together anesthesia costs (personnel, supplies, and drugs) are better reported as "cost per unit" than as "cost per case."